PT J
AU Schulz, H
   von Rad, U
   Erlenkeuser, H
AF Schulz, H
   von Rad, U
   Erlenkeuser, H
TI Correlation between Arabian Sea and Greenland climate oscillations of the past 110,000 years
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID last deglaciation; north-atlantic; ice-core; 75 ka; toba; events; eruption; ocean; ash; antarctica
AB Palaeoclimate studies have revealed the general high-frequency instability of Late Pleistocene climate-for example, the so-called Dansgaard-Oeschger and Heinrich events-on timescales of a few millennia, centuries or even decades(1-11). Here we present evidence for a general relationship between low-latitude monsoonal climate variability and the rapid temperature fluctuations of high northern latitudes that are recorded in the Greenland ice records. Sediment cores from the northeastern Arabian Sea show laminated, organic-carbon-rich bands, reflecting strong monsoon-induced biological productivity, that correlate with the mild interstadial climate events in the northern North Atlantic region. In contrast, periods of lowered southwest monsoonal intensity, indicated by bioturbated, organic-carbon-poor bands, are associated with intervals of high-latitude atmospheric cooling and the injection of melt water into the North Atlantic basin. Our records suggest that Dansgaard-Oeschger and Heinrich events are strongly expressed in low-latitude (monsoonal) climate variability, suggesting the importance of common forcing agents such as atmospheric moisture and other greenhouse gases.
C1 Bundesanstalt Geowissensch & Rohstoffe, D-30631 Hannover, Germany.
   Univ Kiel, Leibniz Lab Altersbestimmung & Isotopenforsch, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
C3 University of Kiel
RP Schulz, H (corresponding author), Bundesanstalt Geowissensch & Rohstoffe, PF 510153, D-30631 Hannover, Germany.
EM hartmut.schulz@io-warnemuende.de
NR 30
TC 666
Z9 771
U1 3
U2 95
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 7
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6680
BP 54
EP 57
DI 10.1038/31750
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZM028
UT WOS:000073497500044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Meng, ID
   Manning, BH
   Martin, WJ
   Fields, HL
AF Meng, ID
   Manning, BH
   Martin, WJ
   Fields, HL
TI An analgesia circuit activated by cannabinoids
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rostral ventromedial medulla; receptor; brain; pain; neurons; delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol; antinociception; morphine; agonist
AB Although many anecdotal reports indicate that marijuana and its active constituent, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC), may reduce pain sensation(1,2), studies of humans have produced inconsistent results(3-6). In animal studies, the apparent pain-suppressing effects of delta-9-THC and other cannabinoid drugs(7-12) are confounded by motor deficits(13,14). Here we show that a brainstem circuit that contributes to the pain-suppressing effects of morphine(15) is also required for the analgesic effects of cannabinoids. Inactivation of the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) prevents the analgesia but not the motor deficits produced by systemically administered cannabinoids, Furthermore, cannabinoids produce analgesia by modulating RVM neuronal activity in a manner similar to, but pharmacologically dissociable from, that of morphine. We also show that endogenous cannabinoids tonically regulate pain thresholds in part through the modulation of RVM neuronal activity. These results show that analgesia produced by cannabinoids and opioids involves similar brainstem circuitry and that cannabinoids are indeed centrally acting analgesics with a new mechanism of action.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Neurol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Anat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Physiol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, WM Keck Fdn Ctr Integrat Neurosci, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Meng, ID (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Neurol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
NR 31
TC 319
Z9 358
U1 1
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 24
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6700
BP 381
EP 383
DI 10.1038/26481
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 122QW
UT WOS:000076083800053
PM 9759727
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hatzes, AP
   Cochran, WD
   Bakker, EJ
AF Hatzes, AP
   Cochran, WD
   Bakker, EJ
TI Further evidence for the planet around 51 Pegasi
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID companion
AB The discovery(1) of a planet around the solar-type star 51 Pegasi marked a watershed in the search for extrasolar planets. Since then, seven other planets have been discovered(2-6), of which several have surprisingly short orbital periods, like the planet around 51 peg. These planets were detected using the indirect technique of measuring variations in the Doppler shifts of lines in the spectra of the primary stars, But it is possible that regular oscillations of the stars themselves (or other effects) could mimic the signature of the planets, particularly the short-period planets, The apparent lack of spectral(7) and brightness(8) variations, however, led to widespread acceptance that there is a planet around 51 Peg. This conclusion was challenged by the observation(9) of systematic variations in the line shapes of 51 Peg, which suggest stellar oscillations(10). If these observations are correct, then there is no need to invoke a planet around 51 Peg to explain the data. Here we report observations of 51 Peg at a much higher spectral resolution than those in ref. 9, in which we find no evidence for systematic changes in the line shapes. The data are most consistent with a planetary companion to 51 Peg.
C1 Univ Texas, Mcdonald Observ, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin
RP Hatzes, AP (corresponding author), Univ Texas, Mcdonald Observ, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
NR 12
TC 40
Z9 40
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 8
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6663
BP 154
EP 156
DI 10.1038/34369
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YQ378
UT WOS:000071380900043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tegner, C
   Lesher, CE
   Larsen, LM
   Watt, WS
AF Tegner, C
   Lesher, CE
   Larsen, LM
   Watt, WS
TI Evidence from the rare-earth-element record of mantle melting for cooling of the tertiary Iceland plume
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID flood basalts; east greenland; magmatism; constraints; generation; evolution; margin; ridge
AB Widespread flood basalt volcanism and continental rifting in the northeast Atlantic in the early Tertiary period (similar to 55 Myr ago) have been linked to the mantle plume now residing beneath Iceland(1-5) Although much is known about the present-day Iceland plume(6-9), its thermal structure, composition and position in the early Tertiary period remain unresolved. Estimates of its temperature, for example, range from >1,600 degrees C in some plume models(3) to similar to 1,500 degrees C based on the volume and composition of basaltic crust(10-12). Several recent studies(4) have emphasized similarities in the thermal and chemical structure of the Tertiary and present-day plumes to argue for stability of the mantle anomaly, whereas others(12,13) relate variations in basalt volumes and compositions to changes in plume flux. Moreover, some authors(1,2,13) have assumed that the plume was rift-centred for its entire history, whereas others argue that it became ridge-centred only after plate separation(14,15), Here we report compositional data for similar to 6,000 metres of flood basalts erupted in east Greenland, dose to the inferred plume axis, that we use to constrain the Tertiary plume structure. Rare-earth-element systematics place limits on the pressures and extents of mantle melting and show that the mantle was initially moderately hot (similar to 1,500 degrees C), but that its temperature declined during flood volcanism. These observations are difficult to reconcile with current plume-head models, and call for important lithospheric control(5,10,16-18) on actively upwelling mantle along the rifted margin.
C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Geol, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   Danish Lithosphere Ctr, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.
   Aarhus Univ, Dept Earth Sci, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
   Geol Survey Denmark & Greenland, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark.
C3 University of California System; University of California Davis; Aarhus University; Geological Survey Of Denmark & Greenland
RP Lesher, CE (corresponding author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Geol, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
EM lesher@geology.ucdavis.edu
NR 33
TC 112
Z9 116
U1 0
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 8
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6702
BP 591
EP 594
DI 10.1038/26956
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 127QW
UT WOS:000076362900045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Croce, F
   Appetecchi, GB
   Persi, L
   Scrosati, B
AF Croce, F
   Appetecchi, GB
   Persi, L
   Scrosati, B
TI Nanocomposite polymer electrolytes for lithium batteries
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electrochemical property; composite
AB Ionically conducting polymer membranes (polymer electrolytes) might enhance lithium-battery technology by replacing the liquid electrolyte currently in use and thereby enabling the fabrication of flexible, compact, laminated solid-state structures free from leaks and available in varied geometries'. Polymer electrolytes explored for these purposes are commonly complexes of a lithium salt (LiX) with a high-molecular-weight polymer such as polyethylene oxide (PEO). But PEO tends to crystallize below 60 degrees C, whereas fast ion transport is a characteristic of the amorphous phase. So the conductivity of PEO-LiX electrolytes reaches practically useful values (of about 10(-4) S cm(-1)) only at temperatures of 60-80 degrees C. The most common approach for lowering the operational temperature has been to add liquid plasticizers, but this promotes deterioration of the electrolyte's mechanical properties and increases its reactivity towards the lithium metal anode. Here we show that nanometre-sized ceramic powders can perform as solid plasticizers for PEG, kinetically inhibiting crystallization on annealing from the amorphous state above 60 degrees C. We demonstrate conductivities of around 10(-4) S cm(-1) at 50 degrees C and 10(-5) S cm(-1) at 30 degrees C in a PEO-LiClO4 mixture containing powders of TiO2 and Al2O3 with particle sizes of 5.8-13 nm, Further optimization might lead to practical solid-state polymer electrolytes for lithium batteries.
C1 Univ La Sapienza, Dipartimento Chim, Sez Elettrochim, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
C3 Sapienza University Rome
RP Scrosati, B (corresponding author), Univ La Sapienza, Dipartimento Chim, Sez Elettrochim, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
EM scrosati@axrma.uniromal.it
NR 19
TC 2948
Z9 3340
U1 39
U2 2703
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 30
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6692
BP 456
EP 458
DI 
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 105NT
UT WOS:000075080400045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wang, HY
   Oster, G
AF Wang, HY
   Oster, G
TI Energy transduction in the F1 motor of ATP synthase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID f1-atpase; mechanism; rotation; catalysis; transport; subunit
AB ATP synthase is the universal enzyme that manufactures ATP from ADP and phosphate by using the energy derived from a transmembrane protonmotive gradient. It can also reverse itself and hydrolyse ATP to pump protons against an electrochemical gradient. ATP synthase carries out both its synthetic and hydrolytic cycles by a rotary methanism(1-4). This has been confirmed in the direction of hydrolysis(5,6) after isolation of the soluble F-1 portion of the protein and visualization of the actual rotation of the central 'shaft' of the enzyme with respect to the rest of the molecule, making ATP synthase the world's smallest rotary engine. Here we present a model for this engine that accounts for its mechanochemical behaviour in both the hydrolysing and synthesizing directions. We conclude that the pi motor achieves its high mechanical torque and almost 100% efficiency because it converts the free energy of ATP binding into elastic strain, which is then released by a coordinated kinetic and tightly coupled conformational mechanism to create a rotary torque.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Coll Nat Resources, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Oster, G (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, 229 Stanley Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 19
TC 377
Z9 410
U1 0
U2 62
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 19
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6708
BP 279
EP 282
DI 10.1038/24409
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 140VY
UT WOS:000077110400051
PM 9834036
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Morwood, MJ
   O'Sullivan, PB
   Aziz, F
   Raza, A
AF Morwood, MJ
   O'Sullivan, PB
   Aziz, F
   Raza, A
TI Fission-track ages of stone tools and fossils on the east Indonesian island of Flores
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The islands of Wallacea, located between the Southeast Asian (Sunda) and Australian (Sahul) continental areas, offer unique potential for the study of evolution and cultural change. Located east of Java and Bali, which were periodically connected to the Asian mainland, the Wallacean islands could only be reached by sea crossings. Consequently, before human intervention all these islands had impoverished faunas comprising only species that were capable of crossing water by swimming, rafting on flotsam, or by flying in sufficient numbers to establish biologically viable populations', Here we report zircon fission-track dates from two fossil sites on the Wallacean island of Flores. Tangi Talo, which has an endemic fauna, dates to 0.90 +/- 0.07 Myr BP, whereas Mata Menge, where stone tools are found with elements of continental Southeast Asian fauna, dates to between 0.88 +/- 0.07 and 0.80 +/- 0.07 Myr BP. Even at times when the sea level was lowest, water crossings were necessary to reach Flores from Southeast Asia. We conclude that Homo erectus in this region was capable of repeated water crossings using watercraft.
C1 Univ New England, Dept Anthropol & Palaeoanthropol, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
   La Trobe Univ, Sch Earth Sci, Bundoora, Vic 3083, Australia.
   Geol Res & Dev Ctr, Bandung 4011, Indonesia.
C3 University of New England; La Trobe University
RP Morwood, MJ (corresponding author), Univ New England, Dept Anthropol & Palaeoanthropol, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
NR 26
TC 177
Z9 190
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 12
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6672
BP 173
EP 176
DI 10.1038/32401
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZB349
UT WOS:000072462700060
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mathur, AM
   Drescher, B
   Scranton, AB
   Klier, J
AF Mathur, AM
   Drescher, B
   Scranton, AB
   Klier, J
TI Polymeric emulsifiers based on reversible formation of hydrophobic units
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID synthetic-polymers; complexation; oligomers; glycol)
AB Emulsions consist of mixtures of immiscible liquids where one liquid is finely dispersed within the continuous phase of another, They are generally not thermodynamically stable: the dispersion tends to separate over time. Aqueous emulsions, widely used in food, pharmaceutical, and many other industries, are often stabilized by block copolymers containing alternating hydrophilic and hydrophobic segments (typically based on ethylene oxide/ propylene oxide diblock and triblock systems) that penetrate into the oil and aqueous phase, respectively(1,2). Here we describe a conceptually new type of emulsifier whose hydrophobic blocks are formed spontaneously and reversibly by the complexation of hydrophilic segments, thereby allowing the stabilizing properties of the system to be switched on and off. We illustrate this approach using a comb-type graft copolymer containing a poly(methacrylic acid) backbone and short grafts of poly(ethylene glycol), The uncomplexed polymer is hydrophilic, but acidic conditions induce the formation of hydrogen-bonded hydrophobic complexes between parts of the backbone and the grafts. As a result, the grafted copolymer forms alternating blocks of hydrophilic (uncomplexed) and hydrophobic (complexed) segments that stabilize acidic emulsions, An increase in pH suppresses complex formation and thus leads to the breakup of the emulsion. Emulsion tests show that although the performance of the grafted copolymers is not Vet competitive with existing emulsifiers, this approach provides an efficient strategy for the design of fully reversible emulsifiers.
C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Chem Engn, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
   Dow Chem Co USA, Cent Res & Dev, Midland, MI 48674 USA.
C3 Michigan State University; Dow Chemical Company
RP Scranton, AB (corresponding author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Chem Engn, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
EM scranton@egr.msu.edu
NR 13
TC 130
Z9 140
U1 1
U2 50
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 26
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6674
BP 367
EP 370
DI 10.1038/32856
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZD694
UT WOS:000072713600045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU White, A
   Ding, XC
   vanderSpek, JC
   Murphy, JR
   Ringe, D
AF White, A
   Ding, XC
   vanderSpek, JC
   Murphy, JR
   Ringe, D
TI Structure of the metal-ion-activated diphtheria toxin repressor tox operator complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID regulatory element dtxr; corynebacterium-diphtheriae; molecular-dynamics; crystal-structures; binding; resolution; site; refinement; reveals; errors
AB The virulent phenotype of the pathogenic bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae is conferred by diphtheria toxin, whose expression is an adaptive response to low concentrations of iron. The expression of the toxin gene (tox) is regulated by the repressor DtxR (ref. 1), which is activated by transition metal ions. X-ray crystal structures of DtxR with(2-5) and without (apo-form(2)) its coordinated transition metal ion have established the general architecture of the repressor, identified the location of the metal-binding sites, and revealed a metal-ion-triggered subunit-subunit 'caliper-like' conformational change, Here we report the three-dimensional crystal structure of the complex between a biologically active Ni(II)-bound DtxR(C102D) mutant, in which a cysteine is replaced by an aspartate at residue 102, and a 33-base-pair DNA segment containing the toxin operator toxO. This structure shows that DNA interacts with two dimeric repressor proteins bound to opposite sides of the tox operator. We propose that a metal-ion-induced helix-to-coil structural transition in the amino-terminal region of the protein is partly responsible for the unique mode of repressor activation by transition metal ions.
C1 Brandeis Univ, Rosenstiel Basic Med Sci Res Ctr MS029, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
   Brandeis Univ, Dept Biochem, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
   Brandeis Univ, Dept Chem, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
   Boston Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02118 USA.
C3 Brandeis University; Brandeis University; Brandeis University; Boston University
RP Ringe, D (corresponding author), Brandeis Univ, Rosenstiel Basic Med Sci Res Ctr MS029, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
EM ringe@binah.cc.brandeis.edu
NR 30
TC 142
Z9 170
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 30
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6692
BP 502
EP 506
DI 10.1038/28893
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 105NT
UT WOS:000075080400058
PM 9697776
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Grenfell, BT
   Wilson, K
   Finkenstädt, BF
   Coulson, TN
   Murray, S
   Albon, SD
   Pemberton, JM
   Clutton-Brock, TH
   Crawley, MJ
AF Grenfell, BT
   Wilson, K
   Finkenstädt, BF
   Coulson, TN
   Murray, S
   Albon, SD
   Pemberton, JM
   Clutton-Brock, TH
   Crawley, MJ
TI Noise and determinism in synchronized sheep dynamics
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID soay sheep; populations; mortality; gradient; behavior; patterns; chaos
AB A major debate in ecology concerns the relative importance of intrinsic factors and extrinsic environmental variations in determining population size fluctuations(1-6), Spatial correlation of fluctuations in different populations caused by synchronous environmental shocks(2,7,8) is a powerful tool for quantifying the impact of environmental variations on population dynamics(8,9) However, interpretation of synchrony is often complicated by migration between populations(8,10). Here we address this issue by using time series from sheep populations on two islands in the St Kilda archipelago(11-13). Fluctuations in the sizes of the two populations are remarkably synchronized over a 40-year period, A nonlinear time-series model shows that a high and frequent degree of environmental correlation is required to achieve this level of synchrony. The model indicates that if there were less environmental correlation, population dynamics would be much less synchronous than is observed. This is because of a threshold effect that is dependent on population size; the threshold magnifies random differences between populations. A refined model shows that part of the required environmental synchronicity can be accounted for by large-scale weather variations. These results underline the importance of understanding the interaction between intrinsic and extrinsic influences on population dynamics(14).
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
   Univ Stirling, Dept Biol & Mol Sci, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland.
   Zool Soc London, Inst Zool, London NW1 4RY, England.
   Scottish Nat Heritage, Stilligarry HS8 5RS, Scotland.
   Inst Terr Ecol, Banchory AB31 4BY, Kincardine, Scotland.
   Univ Edinburgh, Inst Cell Anim & Populat Biol, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Ascot SL5 7PY, Berks, England.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of Stirling; Zoological Society of London; UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH); University of Edinburgh; Imperial College London
RP Grenfell, BT (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
NR 30
TC 435
Z9 471
U1 0
U2 100
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 13
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6694
BP 674
EP 677
DI 10.1038/29291
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 110MD
UT WOS:000075384200042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Grotewiel, MS
   Beck, CDO
   Wu, KH
   Zhu, XR
   Davis, RL
AF Grotewiel, MS
   Beck, CDO
   Wu, KH
   Zhu, XR
   Davis, RL
TI Integrin-mediated short-term memory in Drosophila
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID aplysia sensory neurons; mushroom body; transmitter release; preferential expression; protein-synthesis; gene; facilitation; modulation; potentiation; induction
AB Volado is a new memory mutant of Drosophila. the locus encodes two isoforms of a new a-integrin, a molecule that dynamically mediates cell adhesion and signal transduction. The Volado gene is expressed preferentially in mushroom body cells, which are neurons known to mediate olfactory learning in insects. Volado proteins are concentrated in the mushroom body neuropil, brain areas that contain mushroom body processes in synaptic contact with other neurons. Volado mutants display impaired olfactory memories within 3 min of training, indicating that the integrin is required for short-term memory processes. Conditional expression of a Volado transgene during adulthood rescues the memory impairment. This rescue of memory is reversible, fading over time along with expression of the transgene. Thus the Volado integrin is essential for the physiological processes underlying memory. We propose a model in which integrins act as dynamic regulators of synapse structure or the signalling events underlying short-term memory formation.
C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Cell Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Neurol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
C3 Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine
RP Davis, RL (corresponding author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Cell Biol, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
EM rdavis@bcm.tmc.edu
NR 42
TC 234
Z9 262
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 29
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6666
BP 455
EP 460
DI 10.1038/35079
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YU290
UT WOS:000071701800040
PM 9461212
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Li, WH
   Llopis, J
   Whitney, M
   Zlokarnik, G
   Tsien, RY
AF Li, WH
   Llopis, J
   Whitney, M
   Zlokarnik, G
   Tsien, RY
TI Cell-permeant caged InsP3 ester shows that Ca2+ spike frequency can optimize gene expression
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inositol trisphosphate; 1,4,5-trisphosphate; recognition; receptor; signals
AB Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP(3)) releases calcium from intracellular stores and triggers complex waves and oscillations in levels of cytosolic free calcium(1-5). To determine which longer-term responses are controlled by oscillations in InsP(3) and cytosolic free calcium, it would be useful to deliver exogenous InsP(3), under spatial and temporal control, into populations of unpermeabilized cells. Here we report the 15-step synthesis of a membrane-permeant, caged InsP(3) derivative from myo-inositol. This derivative diffused into intact cells and was hydrolysed to produce a caged, metabolically stable InsP(3) derivative. This latter derivative accumulated in the cytosol at concentrations of hundreds of micromolar, without activating the InsP(3) receptor. Ultraviolet illumination uncaged an InsP(3) analogue nearly as potent as real InsP(3), and generated spikes of cytosolic free calcium, and stimulated gene expression via the nuclear factor of activated T cells(6,7). The same total amount of InsP(3) analogue elicited much more gene expression when released by repetitive flashes at 1-minute intervals than when released at 0.5- or greater than or equal to 2-minute intervals, as a single pulse, or as a slow sustained plateau, Thus, oscillations in cytosolic free calcium levels at roughly physiological rates maximize gene expression for a given amount of InsP(3).
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Pharmacol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Chem & Biochem, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Howard Hughes Med Inst, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Aurora Biosci Corp, San Diego, CA 92121 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Tsien, RY (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Pharmacol, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
NR 26
TC 756
Z9 817
U1 0
U2 32
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 30
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6679
BP 936
EP 941
DI 10.1038/31965
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZK759
UT WOS:000073359900053
PM 9582076
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sampath, K
   Rubinstein, AL
   Cheng, AHS
   Liang, JO
   Fekany, K
   Solnica-Krezel, L
   Korzh, V
   Halpern, ME
   Wright, CVE
AF Sampath, K
   Rubinstein, AL
   Cheng, AHS
   Liang, JO
   Fekany, K
   Solnica-Krezel, L
   Korzh, V
   Halpern, ME
   Wright, CVE
TI Induction of the zebrafish ventral brain and floorplate requires cyclops/nodal signalling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID central-nervous-system; developing spinal-cord; activin-a; expression; midline; plate; forebrain; differentiation; asymmetry; pattern
AB Zebrafish cyclops (cyc) mutations cause deficiencies in the dorsal mesendoderm(1,2) and ventral neural tube(3,4), leading to neural defects and cyclopia(5,6). Here we report that cyc encodes a transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)-related intercellular signalling molecule that is similar to mouse nodal(7). cyc is expressed in dorsal mesendoderm at gastrulation and in the prechordal plate until early somitogenesis. Expression reappears transiently in the left lateral-plate mesoderm, and in an unprecedented asymmetric pattern in the left forebrain. Injection of cyc RNA non-autonomously restores sonic hedgehog-expressing cells of the ventral brain and floorplate that are absent in cyc mutants, whereas inducing activities are abolished by cyc(m294), a mutation of a conserved cysteine in the mature ligand. Our results indicate that cyc provides an essential non-cell-autonomous signal at gastrulation, leading to induction of the floorplate and ventral brain.
C1 Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Nashville, TN 37232 USA.
   Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Mol Biol, Nashville, TN 37232 USA.
   Natl Univ Singapore, Inst Mol Agrobiol, Singapore 117604, Singapore.
   Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Embryol, Baltimore, MD 21210 USA.
C3 Vanderbilt University; Vanderbilt University; National University of Singapore; Institute of Molecular Agrobiology - NUS; Carnegie Institution for Science
RP Wright, CVE (corresponding author), Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, 221 Kirkland Hall, Nashville, TN 37232 USA.
NR 32
TC 412
Z9 467
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 10
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6698
BP 185
EP 189
DI 10.1038/26020
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 118GK
UT WOS:000075829900045
PM 9744278
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Martin, W
   Stoebe, B
   Goremykin, V
   Hansmann, S
   Hasegawa, M
   Kowallik, KV
AF Martin, W
   Stoebe, B
   Goremykin, V
   Hansmann, S
   Hasegawa, M
   Kowallik, KV
TI Gene transfer to the nucleus and the evolution of chloroplasts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID complete sequence; euglena; prochlorophytes; chlorophyll; origins; genome; algae; trees; model; dna
AB Photosynthetic eukaryotes, particularly unicellular forms, possess a fossil record that is either wrought with gaps or difficult to interpret, or both. Attempts to reconstruct their evolution have focused on plastid phylogeny, but were limited by the amount and type of phylogenetic information contained within single genes(1-5). Among the 210 different protein-coding genes contained in the completely sequenced chloroplast genomes from a glaucocystophyte, a rhodophyte, a diatom, a euglenophyte and five land plants, we have now identified the set of 45 common to each and to a cyanobacterial outgroup genome. Phylogenetic inference with an alignment of 11,039 amino-acid positions per genome indicates that this information is sufficient - but just barely so - to identify the rooted nine-taxon topology. We mapped the process of gene loss from chloroplast genomes across the inferred tree and found that, surprisingly, independent parallel gene losses in multiple lineages outnumber phylogenetically unique losses by more than 4:1. We identified homologues of 44 different plastid-encoded proteins as functional nuclear genes of chloroplast origin, providing evidence for endosymbiotic gene transfer to the nucleus in plants.
C1 Tech Univ Carolo Wilhelmina Braunschweig, Inst Genet, D-38023 Braunschweig, Germany.
   Univ Dusseldorf, Inst Bot, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany.
   Inst Stat Math, Minato Ku, Tokyo 106, Japan.
C3 Braunschweig University of Technology; Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf; Research Organization of Information & Systems (ROIS); Institute of Statistical Mathematics (ISM) - Japan
RP Martin, W (corresponding author), Tech Univ Carolo Wilhelmina Braunschweig, Inst Genet, Spielmannstr 7, D-38023 Braunschweig, Germany.
EM w.martin@tu-bs.de
NR 30
TC 611
Z9 678
U1 1
U2 108
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 14
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6681
BP 162
EP 165
DI 10.1038/30234
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZN200
UT WOS:000073619900046
PM 11560168
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Marszalek, PE
   Oberhauser, AF
   Pang, YP
   Fernandez, JM
AF Marszalek, PE
   Oberhauser, AF
   Pang, YP
   Fernandez, JM
TI Polysaccharide elasticity governed by chair-boat transitions of the glucopyranose ring
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular-dynamics simulations; alpha-d-glucose; force microscopy; adhesion; walls
AB Many common, biologically important polysaccharides contain pyranose rings made of five carbon atoms and one oxygen atom. They occur in a variety of cellular structures, where they are often subjected to considerable tensile stress(1-6). The polysaccharides are thought to respond to this stress by elastic deformation, but the underlying molecular rearrangements allowing such a response remain poorly understood. It is typically assumed, however, that the pyranose ring structure is inelastic and locked into a chair-like conformation. Here we describe single-molecule force measurements(7-12) on individual polysaccharides that identify the pyranose rings as the structural unit controlling the molecule's elasticity. In particular, we find that the enthalpic component of the polymer elasticity(10,11,13,14) Of amylose, dextran and pullulan is eliminated once their pyranose rings are cleaved. We interpret these observations as indicating that the elasticity of the three polysaccharides results from a force-induced elongation of the ring structure and a final transition from a chair-like to a boat-like conformation. We expect that the force-induced deformation of pyranose rings reported here plays an important role in accommodating mechanical stresses and modulating ligand binding in biological systems.
C1 Mayo Clin & Mayo Fdn, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Rochester, MN 55905 USA.
   Mayo Clin & Mayo Fdn, Mayo Clin Canc Ctr, Rochester, MN 55905 USA.
   Mayo Clin & Mayo Fdn, Dept Pharmacol, Rochester, MN 55905 USA.
C3 Mayo Clinic; Mayo Clinic; Mayo Clinic
RP Fernandez, JM (corresponding author), Mayo Clin & Mayo Fdn, Dept Physiol & Biophys, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA.
EM fernandez.julio@mayo.edu
NR 30
TC 404
Z9 445
U1 3
U2 115
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 17
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6712
BP 661
EP 664
DI 10.1038/25322
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 150YT
UT WOS:000077694200049
PM 9872313
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ganopolski, A
   Rahmstorf, S
   Petoukhov, V
   Claussen, M
AF Ganopolski, A
   Rahmstorf, S
   Petoukhov, V
   Claussen, M
TI Simulation of modern and glacial climates with a coupled global model of intermediate complexity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atlantic thermohaline circulation; ocean-atmosphere model; last 30,000 years; heat fluxes; fresh-water; transport; maximum; isotope; records
AB A global coupled ocean-atmosphere model of intermediate complexity is used to simulate the equilibrium climate of both today and the Last Glacial Maximum, around 21,000 years ago. The model successfully predicts the atmospheric and oceanic circulations, temperature distribution, hydrological cycle and sea-ice covet of both periods without using 'flux adjustments'. Changes in oceanic circulation, particularly in the Atlantic Ocean, play an important role in glacial cooling.
C1 Potsdam Inst Climate Impact Res, D-14412 Potsdam, Germany.
C3 Potsdam Institut fur Klimafolgenforschung
RP Rahmstorf, S (corresponding author), Potsdam Inst Climate Impact Res, POB 601203, D-14412 Potsdam, Germany.
EM rahmstorf@pik-potsdam.de
NR 45
TC 329
Z9 356
U1 0
U2 35
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 22
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6665
BP 351
EP 356
DI 10.1038/34839
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YT444
UT WOS:000071604200043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dickson, D
AF Dickson, D
TI Back on track: the rebirth of human genetics in China
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 4
Z9 5
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 26
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6709
BP 303
EP 306
DI 10.1038/24470
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 142MJ
UT WOS:000077204000015
PM 9845060
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Clark, JM
   Hopson, JA
   Hernandez, R
   Fastovsky, DE
   Montellano, M
AF Clark, JM
   Hopson, JA
   Hernandez, R
   Fastovsky, DE
   Montellano, M
TI Foot posture in a primitive pterosaur
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The nature of the hindlimb posture and gait of pterosaurs has been controversial(1-16), partly because most of the pterosaur skeletons that have been found were flattened in thin-bedded rocks, therefore obscuring three-dimensional anatomy. A major controversy concerns the extent to which pterosaurs move on the ground; they have been variously interpreted as ranging from sprawling, quadrupedal walkers to erect, bird-like bipedal cursors(1). Study of pelvis and femur material from the derived group Pterodactyloidea(11-13) has resolved which movements are possible at the hip, but the lack of three-dimensional, articulated pterosaur feet has prevented examination of all of the movements that are possible within the foot. We have found a large, uncrushed, partial skeleton of a new species of the basal pterosaur Dimorphodon in thick-bedded deposits of Tamaulipas, Mexico; this material includes such a three-dimensional foot, The nature of this skeleton contradicts an important part of the cursorial interpretation, that is, that only the toes contacted the ground during terrestrial locomotion(2-7). The flattened metatarsal-phalangeal joint at the base of the first four toes of this specimen would not allow such a digitigrade posture without separating most of the joints. A hat-footed stance is consistent with presumed footprints of pterosaurs(8-10) that show impressions of the entire sole of the foot.
C1 George Washington Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Washington, DC 20052 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Organismal Biol & Anat, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Geol, Del Coyoacan 04510, DF, Mexico.
   Univ Rhode Isl, Dept Geol, Kingston, RI 02881 USA.
C3 George Washington University; University of Chicago; Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico; University of Rhode Island
RP Clark, JM (corresponding author), George Washington Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Washington, DC 20052 USA.
EM jclark@gwis2.circ.gwu.edu
NR 24
TC 56
Z9 66
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 26
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6670
BP 886
EP 889
DI 10.1038/36092
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YZ206
UT WOS:000072230900050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kemp, M
AF Kemp, M
TI Dali's dimensions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Hist Art, Oxford OX1 2PG, England.
C3 University of Oxford
RP Kemp, M (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Hist Art, 35 Beaumont St, Oxford OX1 2PG, England.
NR 0
TC 3
Z9 4
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 1
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6662
BP 27
EP 27
DI 10.1038/34063
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YP888
UT WOS:000071326100029
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Budakian, R
   Weninger, K
   Hiller, RA
   Putterman, SJ
AF Budakian, R
   Weninger, K
   Hiller, RA
   Putterman, SJ
TI Picosecond discharges and stick-slip friction at a moving meniscus of mercury on glass
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID contact electrification; sonoluminescence
AB At a meeting of the French Academy in 1700, Bernoulli demonstrated that swirling mercury in an evacuated flask generates light(1,2). He emphasized that this 'barometer light' "has not been explained since its discovery about 30 years ago" by Picard(3). Here we revisit this phenomenon and find that the repetitive emission of Light from mercury moving over glass is accompanied by the collective picosecond transfer of large numbers of electrons, When brought into contact with mercury, the glass acquires a net charge. This charge separation provides a force which, in our experiment in a rotating flask, drags mercury against gravity in the direction of the motion of the glass. Eventually the edge of the mercury slips relative to the glass, accompanied by a picosecond electrical discharge and a flash of light. This repetitive build-up and discharge of static electricity thus gives rise to stick-slip motion, The statistics of the intervals between events and their respective magnitudes are history-dependent and are not yet understood.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Putterman, SJ (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
NR 32
TC 24
Z9 29
U1 2
U2 32
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 15
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6664
BP 266
EP 268
DI 10.1038/34617
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YR328
UT WOS:000071484400044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Drinkwater, LE
   Wagoner, P
   Sarrantonio, M
AF Drinkwater, LE
   Wagoner, P
   Sarrantonio, M
TI Legume-based cropping systems have reduced carbon and nitrogen losses
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID soil organic-matter; corn; fertilizer; residues; turnover; storage; wheat
AB In agricultural systems, optimization of carbon and nitrogen cycling through soil organic matter can improve soil fertility and yields while reducing negative environmental impact. A basic tenet that has guided the management of soil organic matter for decades has been that equilibrium levels of carbon and nitrogen are controlled by their net input and that qualitative differences in these inputs are relatively unimportant(1-3). This contrasts with natural ecosystems in which there are significant effects of species composition and litter quality on carbon and nitrogen cycling(4,5). Here we report the net balances of carbon and nitrogen from a 15-year study in which three distinct maize/soybean agroecosystems are compared. Quantitative differences in net primary productivity and nitrogen balance across agroecosystems do not account for the observed changes in soil carbon and nitrogen. We suggest that the use of low carbon-to-nitrogen organic residues to maintain soil fertility, combined with greater temporal diversity in cropping sequences, significantly increases the retention of soil carbon and nitrogen, which has important implications for regional and global carbon and nitrogen budgets, sustained production, and environmental quality.
C1 Rodale Inst, Kutztown, PA 19530 USA.
RP Drinkwater, LE (corresponding author), Rodale Inst, 611 Siegfriedale Rd, Kutztown, PA 19530 USA.
EM ldrink@rodaleinst.org
NR 29
TC 796
Z9 1012
U1 8
U2 431
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 19
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6708
BP 262
EP 265
DI 10.1038/24376
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 140VY
UT WOS:000077110400046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Paetzel, M
   Dalbey, RE
   Strynadka, NCJ
AF Paetzel, M
   Dalbey, RE
   Strynadka, NCJ
TI Crystal structure of a bacterial signal peptidase in complex with a β-lactam inhibitor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID coli leader peptidase; catalytically active form; escherichia-coli; protein; requirement; detergent
AB The signal peptidase (SPase) from Escherichia coli is a membrane-bound endopeptidase with two amino-terminal transmembrane segments and a carboxy-terminal catalytic region which resides in the periplasmic space(1). SPase functions to release proteins that have been translocated into the inner membrane from the cell interior, by cleaving off their signal peptides(1). We report here the X-ray crystal structure of a catalytically active soluble fragment of E. coli SPase (SPase Delta 2-75)(2,3). We have determined this structure at 1.9 Angstrom resolution in a complex with an inhibitor, a beta-lactam (5S,6S penem)(4,5), which is covalently bound as an acyl-enzyme intermediate to the gamma-oxygen of a serine residue at position 90, demonstrating that this residue acts as the nucleophile in the hydrolytic mechanism of signal-peptide cleavage. The structure is consistent with the use by SPase of Lys 145 as a general base in the activation of the nucleophilic Ser90, explains the specificity requirement at the signal-peptide cleavage site, and reveals a large exposed hydrophobic surface which could be a site for an intimate association with the membrane. As enzymes that are essential for cell viability, bacterial SPases present a feasible antibacterial target(4-6): our determination of the SPase structure therefore provides a template for the rational design of antibiotic compounds.
C1 Univ British Columbia, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
   Ohio State Univ, Dept Chem, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
C3 University of British Columbia; University System of Ohio; Ohio State University
RP Strynadka, NCJ (corresponding author), Univ British Columbia, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
EM natalie@byron.biochem.ubc.ca
NR 29
TC 271
Z9 297
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 12
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6707
BP 186
EP 190
DI 10.1038/24196
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 139DU
UT WOS:000077013300057
PM 9823901
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Trilling, DE
   Brown, RH
AF Trilling, DE
   Brown, RH
TI A circumstellar dust disk around a star with a known planetary companion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID kuiper-belt; beta-pictoris; origin; comets; pluto
AB A planet with a minimum mass of 0.84 Jupiter masses (M-J) has been indirectly detected(1) in a dose orbit (radius 0.11 astronomical units, period 14.65 days) around the star 55 Cancri, which is of spectral type G8 and about 3 billion years old. The detection of excess infrared emission from this system also suggests(2) the presence of circumstellar dust. Our Solar System has a disk of dust land larger bodies) that is roughly coplanar with the planets-the so-called Kuiper Belt(3). Here we report infrared coronagraphic observations of 55 Cancri in which the light from the primary star is blocked, allowing us to image a circumstellar dust disk. We find that the dust lies in a disk that extends to at least 40 AU, comparable to the expected extent for our Kuiper Belt(3), whereas the inferred mass of the disk is approximately ten times that estimated for our Kuiper Belt. The disk around 55 Cancri is relatively dark at a wavelength of 2.3 mu m, which is consistent with absorption of light by methane ice on the dust particles. Assuming that the disk is coplanar with the planet, we determine the planet's mass to be 1.9(-0.4)(+1.1) Jupiter masses. All the available evidence is suggestive of a mature planetary system around 55 Cancri.
C1 Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
C3 University of Arizona
RP Trilling, DE (corresponding author), Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, 1629 E Univ Blvd, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
NR 19
TC 46
Z9 46
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 22
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6704
BP 775
EP 777
DI 10.1038/27389
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 132AL
UT WOS:000076607400048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jones, KA
   Borowsky, B
   Tamm, JA
   Craig, DA
   Durkin, MM
   Dai, M
   Yao, WJ
   Johnson, M
   Gunwaldsen, C
   Huang, LY
   Tang, C
   Shen, QR
   Salon, JA
   Morse, K
   Laz, T
   Smith, KE
   Nagarathnam, D
   Noble, SA
   Branchek, TA
   Gerald, C
AF Jones, KA
   Borowsky, B
   Tamm, JA
   Craig, DA
   Durkin, MM
   Dai, M
   Yao, WJ
   Johnson, M
   Gunwaldsen, C
   Huang, LY
   Tang, C
   Shen, QR
   Salon, JA
   Morse, K
   Laz, T
   Smith, KE
   Nagarathnam, D
   Noble, SA
   Branchek, TA
   Gerald, C
TI GABAB receptors function as a heteromeric assembly of the subunits GABABR1 and GABABR2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID muscarinic receptors; expression cloning; k+-channel; rat-brain; dimerization; antagonists; neurons; agonists; proteins; cells
AB The principal inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) exerts its effects through two ligand-gated channels, GABA(A) and GABA(C) receptors, and a third receptor, GABA(B) (ref. 1), which acts through G proteins to regulate potassium and calcium channels. Cells heterologously expressing the cloned DNA. encoding the GABA(B)R1 protein exhibit high-affinity antagonist-binding sites(2), but they produce little of the functional activity expected from studies of endogenous GABAB receptors in the brain. Here we describe a new member of the GABA(B) polypeptide family, GABA(B)R2, that shows sequence homology to GABA(B)R1. Neither GABA(B)R1 nor GABA(B)R2, when expressed individually, activates GIRK-type potassium channels; however, the combination of GABA(B)R1 and GABA(B)R2 confers robust stimulation of channel activity. Both genes are co-expressed in individual neurons, and both proteins co-localize in transfected cells. Moreover, immunoprecipitation experiments indicate that the two polypeptides associate with each other, probably as heterodimers. Several G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) exist as high-molecutar-weight species, consistent with the formation of dimers by these receptors(3-7), but the relevance of these species for the functioning of GPCRs has not been established We have now shown that co-expression of two GPCR structures, GABA(B)R1 and GABA(B)R2, belonging to the same subfamily is essential for signal transduction by GABAB receptors.
C1 Synapt Pharmaceut Corp, Paramus, NJ 07652 USA.
C3 Lundbeck Corporation; Lundbeck Research USA, Inc.
RP Jones, KA (corresponding author), Synapt Pharmaceut Corp, 215 Coll Rd, Paramus, NJ 07652 USA.
EM kjones@synapticcorp.com
NR 30
TC 905
Z9 1045
U1 1
U2 57
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 17
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6712
BP 674
EP 679
DI 10.1038/25348
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 150YT
UT WOS:000077694200053
PM 9872315
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Perez-Reyes, E
   Cribbs, LL
   Daud, A
   Lacerda, AE
   Barclay, J
   Williamson, MP
   Fox, M
   Rees, M
   Lee, JH
AF Perez-Reyes, E
   Cribbs, LL
   Daud, A
   Lacerda, AE
   Barclay, J
   Williamson, MP
   Fox, M
   Rees, M
   Lee, JH
TI Molecular characterization of a neuronal low-voltage-activated T-type calcium channel
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID absence epilepsy; ca2+ channels; cells; inactivation; conductance; permeation; motif; mouse
AB The molecular diversity of voltage-activated calcium channels was established by studies showing that channels could be distinguished by their voltage-dependence, deactivation and single-channel conductance(1-3). Low-voltage-activated channels are called 'T' type because their currents are both transient (owing. to fast inactivation) and tiny (owing to small conductance)(2). T-type channels are thought to be involved in pacemaker activity, low-threshold calcium spikes, neuronal oscillations and resonance, and rebound burst firing(4). Here we report the identification of a neuronal T-type channel. Our cloning strategy began with an analysis of Genbank sequences defined as sharing homology with calcium channels. We sequenced an expressed sequence tag (EST), then used it to done a full-length complementary DNA from rat brain. Northern blot analysis indicated that this gene is expressed predominantly in brain, in particular the amygdala, cerebellum and thalamus. We mapped the human gene to chromosome 17q22, and the mouse gene to chromosome 11. Functional expression of the channel was measured in Xenopus oocytes. Based on the channel's distinctive voltage dependence, slow deactivation kinetics, and 7.5-pS single-channel conductance, we conclude that this channel is a low-voltage-activated T-type calcium channel.
C1 Loyola Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Physiol, Maywood, IL 60153 USA.
   Loyola Univ, Med Ctr, Cardiovasc Inst, Maywood, IL 60153 USA.
   Metrohlth Med Ctr, Rammelkamp Ctr Res & Educ, Cleveland, OH 44109 USA.
   Univ London Univ Coll, Sch Med, Rayne Inst, Dept Paediat, London WC1E 6JJ, England.
   Galton Lab, MRC, Human Biochem Genet Unit, London NW1 2HE, England.
C3 Loyola University Chicago; Loyola University Chicago; MetroHealth System; University of London; King's College London; University College London; UCL Medical School; University of London; University College London
RP Perez-Reyes, E (corresponding author), Loyola Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Physiol, Maywood, IL 60153 USA.
EM eperez@luc.edu
NR 30
TC 628
Z9 713
U1 2
U2 28
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 26
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6670
BP 896
EP 900
DI 10.1038/36110
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YZ206
UT WOS:000072230900053
PM 9495342
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Winfree, E
   Liu, FR
   Wenzler, LA
   Seeman, NC
AF Winfree, E
   Liu, FR
   Wenzler, LA
   Seeman, NC
TI Design and self-assembly of two-dimensional DNA crystals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID double-crossover molecules; atomic force microscope; nucleic-acid junctions; gold spheres; construction; nanoconstruction; components; sequences; biochip; device
AB Molecular self-assembly presents a 'bottom-up' approach to the fabrication of objects specified with nanometre precision. DNA molecular structures and intermolecular interactions are particularly amenable to the design and synthesis of complex molecular objects. We report the design and observation of two-dimensional crystalline forms of DNA that self-assemble from synthetic DNA double-crossover molecules. Intermolecular interactions between the structural units are programmed by the design of 'sticky ends' that associate according to Watson-Crick complementarity, enabling us to create specific periodic patterns on the nanometre scale. The patterned crystals have been visualized by atomic force microscopy.
C1 CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   NYU, Dept Chem, New York, NY 10003 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology; New York University
RP Winfree, E (corresponding author), CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM winfree@hope.caltech.edu; ned.seeman@nyu.edu
NR 40
TC 2350
Z9 2908
U1 9
U2 898
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 6
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6693
BP 539
EP 544
DI 10.1038/28998
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 107YN
UT WOS:000075238700036
PM 9707114
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Billker, O
   Lindo, V
   Panico, M
   Etienne, AE
   Paxton, T
   Dell, A
   Rogers, M
   Sinden, RE
   Morris, HR
AF Billker, O
   Lindo, V
   Panico, M
   Etienne, AE
   Paxton, T
   Dell, A
   Rogers, M
   Sinden, RE
   Morris, HR
TI Identification of xanthurenic acid as the putative inducer of malaria development in the mosquito
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID plasmodium; vector
AB Malaria is transmitted from vertebrate host to mosquito vector by mature sexual blood-living stages called gametocytes(1,2). Within seconds of ingestion into the mosquito bloodmeal, gametocytes undergo gametogenesis. Induction requires the simultaneous exposure to at least two stimuli in vitro: a drop in bloodmeal temperature to 5 degrees C below that of the vertebrate host(1-3), and a rise in pH from 7.4 to 8.0-8.2 (refs 1, 4). In vivo the mosquito bloodmeal has a pH of between 7.5 and 7.6 (refs 5, 6). It is thought that in vivo the second inducer is an unknown mosquito-derived gametocyte-activating factor(5,7,8). Here we show that this factor is xanthurenic acid. We also show that low concentrations of xanthurenic acid can act together with pH to induce gametogenesis in vitro. Structurally related compounds are at least ninefold less effective at inducing gametogenesis in vitro. In Drosophila mutants with lesions in the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism (of which xanthurenic acid is a side product), no alternative active compound was detected in crude insect homogenates. These data could form the basis of the rational development of new methods of interrupting the transmission of malaria using-drugs or new refractory mosquito genotypes to block parasite gametogenesis.
C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Biol, London SW7 2BB, England.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Biochem, London SW7 2AZ, England.
   M Scan Inc, W Chester, PA 19380 USA.
C3 Imperial College London; Imperial College London
RP Sinden, RE (corresponding author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Biol, London SW7 2BB, England.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 26
TC 496
Z9 588
U1 1
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 19
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6673
BP 289
EP 292
DI 10.1038/32667
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZC739
UT WOS:000072612300049
PM 9521324
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McNamara, BJ
   Harrison, TE
AF McNamara, BJ
   Harrison, TE
TI The optical counterparts of γ-ray bursts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID error boxes; network; localizations; afterglow; model
AB The origin of gamma-ray bursts-which are among the most energetic events in the Universe-has puzzled astronomers far 25 years. Since 1991, new events have been discovered at a rate of about one per day, but because their positions were poorly determined, the objects responsible for these outbursts could not be identified. Now, following the launch of the BeppoSAX satellite in 1996, gamma-ray bursts have been rapidly and accurately located, which has led to the breakthrough discoveries of X-ray and optical counterparts in 1997, and the demonstration that these objects are in general very distant.
C1 New Mexico State Univ, Dept Astron, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA.
C3 New Mexico State University
RP McNamara, BJ (corresponding author), New Mexico State Univ, Dept Astron, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA.
NR 42
TC 8
Z9 8
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 19
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6708
BP 233
EP 236
DI 10.1038/24317
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 140VY
UT WOS:000077110400037
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Snow, TP
   Le Page, V
   Keheyan, Y
   Bierbaum, VM
AF Snow, TP
   Le Page, V
   Keheyan, Y
   Bierbaum, VM
TI The interstellar chemistry of PAH cations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polycyclic aromatic-hydrocarbons; bands; molecules; ions; hydrogen; c10h8+; dust
AB Diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs) are mysterious absorption lines in the optical spectra of stars, and have been known for 75 years(1). Although it is widely believes(2-4) that they arise from gas-phase organic molecules (rather than from dust grains) in the interstellar medium, no consensus has been reached regarding their precise cause. The realization that many emission features in astronomical infrared spectra probably arise from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(5-8) (PAHs), which may themselves be very abundant in the interstellar medium, has led to the suggestion that ionized PAHs might be the source of the DIBs(9-12). Laboratory investigations have revealed that small, positively charged PAHs in matrices have absorption features that bear some resemblance to DIBs(13-15), but no clear identification of any DIB with any specific PAH cation has yet been made. Here we report a laboratory study of the chemical reactivity of PAH cations (C6H6+, C10H8+ and C16H10+) in the gas phase. We find that these PAH cations are very reactive, and are therefore unlikely to survive in high abundances in the interstellar medium. Rather, such molecules will react rapidly with hydrogen, and we therefore suggest that the resulting protonated PAH cations (and species derived from them) should become the focus of future searches for a correspondence between molecular absorption features and the DIBs.
C1 Univ Colorado, Ctr Astrophys & Space Astron, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   CNR, Ist Chim Nucl, I-00016 Rome, Italy.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)
RP Snow, TP (corresponding author), Univ Colorado, Ctr Astrophys & Space Astron, Campus Box 389, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
NR 32
TC 213
Z9 220
U1 0
U2 53
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 15
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6664
BP 259
EP 260
DI 10.1038/34602
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YR328
UT WOS:000071484400041
PM 9440689
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gorman, ML
   Mills, MG
   Raath, JP
   Speakman, JR
AF Gorman, ML
   Mills, MG
   Raath, JP
   Speakman, JR
TI High hunting costs make African wild dogs vulnerable to kleptoparasitism by hyaenas
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID doubly labeled water; energy-expenditure; lycaon-pictus; population; pack
AB The African wild dog Lycaon pictus is critically endangered, with only about 5,000 animals remaining in the wild(1). Across a range of habitats, there is a negative relationship between the densities of wild dogs and of the spotted hyaena Crocuta crocuta(2). It has been suggested that this is because hyaenas act as 'kleptoparasites' and steal food from dogs. We have now measured the daily energy expenditure of free-ranging dogs to model the impact of kleptoparasitism on energy balance, The daily energy expenditures of six dogs, measured by the doubly labelled water technique, averaged 15.3 megajoules per day. We estimated that the instantaneous cost of hunting was twenty-five times basal metabolic rate. As hunting is energetically costly, a small loss of food to kleptoparasites has a large impact on the amount of time that dogs must hunt to achieve energy balance. They normally hunt for around 3.5 hours per day but need to increase this to 12 hours if they lose 25% of their food. This would increase their sustained metabolic scope to a physiologically unfeasible twelve times the basal metabolic rate. This may explain why there are low populations of wild dogs in regions where the risk of kleptoparasitism is high.
C1 Univ Aberdeen, Dept Zool, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland.
   Kruger Natl Pk, Natl Parks Board, ZA-1350 Skukuza, South Africa.
C3 University of Aberdeen
RP Gorman, ML (corresponding author), Univ Aberdeen, Dept Zool, Tillydrone Ave, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland.
EM m.gorman@abdn.ac.uk
NR 27
TC 227
Z9 272
U1 1
U2 102
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 29
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6666
BP 479
EP 481
DI 10.1038/35131
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YU290
UT WOS:000071701800048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sahijpal, S
   Goswami, JN
   Davis, AM
   Grossman, L
   Lewis, RS
AF Sahijpal, S
   Goswami, JN
   Davis, AM
   Grossman, L
   Lewis, RS
TI A stellar origin for the short-lived nuclides in the early Solar System
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gamma-ray lines; isotope composition; molecular clouds; ion microprobe; efremovka cais; cosmic-rays; al-26; nebula; potassium; ca-41
AB Primitive meteorites contain isotopes that are the decay products of short-lived nuclides in the early Solar System(1,2). The relative abundances of these isotopes provide a means to determine timescales for the formation and accretion of primitive Solar System objects, the abundances of the parent nuclides being fixed when these objects solidified, The abundances can also be used to investigate the source of the nuclides (such as (41)Ca, (26)Al, (60)Fe, (53)Mn and (107)Pd), although this is an area of controversy. The nuclides could have originated from a single stellar object(2-6), such as a nearby red-giant or a supernova. But observations of enhanced ion fluxes in a molecular cloud(7) have led to other models(8-10) in which these nuclides are formed by energetic particle irradiation of gas and dust in the protosolar molecular cloud; alternatively, irradiation by energetic particles from the active early Sun may have occurred within the solar nebula itself(11-18). Here we show that there is a correlation between the initial abundances of (41)Ca and (26)Al in samples of primitive meteorite (as inferred from their respective decay products, (41)K and (26)Mg), implying a common origin for the short-lived nuclides. We can therefore rule out the mechanisms based on energetic particle irradiation, as they cannot produce simultaneously the inferred initial abundances of both nuclides. If, as our results suggest, a single stellar source is responsible for generating these nuclides, we can constrain to less than one million years the timescale for the collapse of the protosolar cloud to form the Sun.
C1 Phys Res Lab, Ahmadabad 380009, Gujarat, India.
   Univ Chicago, Enrico Fermi Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Geophys Sci, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 Department of Space (DoS), Government of India; Physical Research Laboratory - India; University of Chicago; University of Chicago
RP Goswami, JN (corresponding author), Phys Res Lab, Ahmadabad 380009, Gujarat, India.
EM goswami@prl.ernet.in
NR 31
TC 94
Z9 101
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 5
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6667
BP 559
EP 561
DI 10.1038/35325
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YV594
UT WOS:000071842300042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chicurel, ME
   Singer, RH
   Meyer, CJ
   Ingber, DE
AF Chicurel, ME
   Singer, RH
   Meyer, CJ
   Ingber, DE
TI Integrin binding and mechanical tension induce movement of mRNA and ribosomes to focal adhesions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID anchorage-dependent fibroblasts; signal-transduction mechanisms; protein-kinase-c; messenger-rna; endothelial-cells; growth; fibronectin; eif-4e; hybridization; cytoskeleton
AB The extracellular matrix (ECM) activates signalling pathways that control cell behaviour by binding to cell-surface integrin receptors and inducing the formation of focal adhesion complexes (FACs)(1,2). In addition to clustered integrins, FACs contain proteins that mechanically couple the integrins to the cytoskeleton(3) and to immobilized signal-transducing molecules(1,2). Cell adhesion to the ECM also induces a rapid increase in the translation of preexisting messenger RNAs4,5. Gene expression can be controlled locally by targeting mRNAs to specialized cytoskeletal domains(6). Here we investigate whether cell binding to the ECM promotes formation of a cytoskeletal microcompartment specialized for translational control at the site of integrin binding. High-resolution in situ hybridization revealed that mRNA and ribosomes rapidly and specifically localized to FACs that form when cells bind to ECM-coated microbeads, Relocation of these protein synthesis components to the FAC depended on the ability of integrins to mechanically couple the ECM to the contractile cytoskeleton and on associated tension-moulding of the actin lattice. Our results suggest a new type of gene regulation by integrins and by mechanical stress which may involve translation of mRNAs into proteins near the sites of signal reception.
C1 Childrens Hosp, Dept Surg, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Childrens Hosp, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Yeshiva Univ Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Anat & Struct Biol, Bronx, NY 10461 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Yeshiva University
RP Ingber, DE (corresponding author), Childrens Hosp, Dept Surg, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 30
TC 318
Z9 375
U1 1
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 16
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6677
BP 730
EP 733
DI 10.1038/33719
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZH612
UT WOS:000073129000063
PM 9565036
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Price, SR
   Evens, PR
   Nagai, K
AF Price, SR
   Evens, PR
   Nagai, K
TI Crystal structure of the spliceosomal U2B"-U2A′ protein complex bound to a fragment of U2 small nuclear RNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID leucine-rich repeats; binding domain; u1a protein; premessenger rna; a-protein; ribonucleoprotein; recognition; sequence; identification; motif
AB We have determined the crystal structure at 2.4 Angstrom resolution of a ternary complex between the spliceosomal U2B "/U2A' protein complex and hairpin-loop IV of U2 small nuclear RNA. Unlike its close homologue the U1A protein, U2B " binds to its cognate RNA only in the presence of U2A', which contains leucine-rich repeats in its sequence. The concave surface of a parallel p-sheet within the leucine-rich-repeat region of U2A' Interacts with the ribonucleoprotein domain of U2B " on the surface opposite its RNA-binding surface. The basic carboxy-terminal region of U2A' interacts with the RNA stem. the crystal structure reveals how protein-protein interaction regulates RNA-binding specificity, and how replacing only a few key residues allows the U2B " and U1B proteins to discriminate between their cognate RNA hairpins by forming alternative networks of interactions.
C1 MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
C3 MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology
RP Nagai, K (corresponding author), MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
EM kn@mrc-lmb.cam.ac
NR 50
TC 318
Z9 364
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 13
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6694
BP 645
EP 650
DI 10.1038/29234
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 110MD
UT WOS:000075384200033
PM 9716128
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Grignani, F
   De Matteis, S
   Nervi, C
   Tomassoni, L
   Gelmetti, V
   Cioce, M
   Fanelli, M
   Ruthardt, M
   Ferrara, FF
   Zamir, I
   Seiser, C
   Grignani, F
   Lazar, MA
   Minucci, S
   Pelicci, PG
AF Grignani, F
   De Matteis, S
   Nervi, C
   Tomassoni, L
   Gelmetti, V
   Cioce, M
   Fanelli, M
   Ruthardt, M
   Ferrara, FF
   Zamir, I
   Seiser, C
   Grignani, F
   Lazar, MA
   Minucci, S
   Pelicci, PG
TI Fusion proteins of the retinoic acid receptor-α recruit histone deacetylase in promyelocytic leukaemia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rar-alpha; leukemia fuses; translocation; pml; differentiation; transglutaminase; repression; t(15-17); domains; gene
AB The transforming proteins of acute promyelocytic leukaemias (APL) are fusions of the promyelocytic leukaemia (PML) and the promyelocytic leukaemia zinc-finger (PLZF) proteins with retinoic acid receptor-alpha (RAR alpha)(1,2). These proteins retain the RAR alpha DNA- and retinoic acid (RA)-binding domains, and their ability to block haematopoietic differentiation depends on the RAR alpha DNA-binding domain(3-6), Thus RA-target genes are downstream effectors(7,8). However, treatment with RA induces differentiation of leukaemic blast cells and disease remission in PML-RAR alpha APLs, whereas PLZF-RAR alpha APLs are resistant to RA(1,2), Transcriptional regulation by RARs involves modifications of chromatin by histone deacetylases, which are recruited to RA-target genes by nuclear co-repressors(9,10), Here we show that both PML-RAR alpha and PLZF-RAR alpha fusion proteins recruit the nuclear co-repressor (N-CoR)-histone deacetylase complex through the RAR alpha CoR box, PLZF-RAR alpha contains a second, RA-resistant binding site in the PLZF amino-terminal region, High doses of RA release histone deacetylase activity from PML-RAR alpha, but not from PLZF-RAR alpha. Mutation of the N-CoR binding site abolishes the ability of PML-RAR alpha to block differentiation, whereas inhibition of histone deacetylase activity switches the transcriptional and biological effects of PLZF-RAR alpha from being an inhibitor to an activator of the RA signalling pathway, Therefore, recruitment of histone deacetylase is crucial to the transforming potential of APL fusion proteins, and the different effects of RA on the stability of the PML-RAR alpha and PLZF-RAR alpha co-repressor complexes determines the differential response of APLs to RA.
C1 Univ Perugia, Ist Med Interna & Sci Oncol, I-06100 Perugia, Italy.
   Ist Super Sanita, Dept Haematol & Oncol, I-00161 Rome, Italy.
   European Inst Oncol, Dept Expt Oncol, I-20141 Milan, Italy.
   Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Med, Div Endocrinol Diabet & Metab, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Vienna, Vienna Bioctr, Inst Mol Biol, Vienna, Austria.
   Univ Frankfurt, Dept Haematol, D-6000 Frankfurt, Germany.
C3 University of Perugia; Istituto Superiore di Sanita (ISS); IRCCS European Institute of Oncology (IEO); University of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania; Vienna Biocenter (VBC); Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA); University of Vienna; Goethe University Frankfurt
RP Pelicci, PG (corresponding author), Univ Perugia, Ist Med Interna & Sci Oncol, I-06100 Perugia, Italy.
NR 29
TC 911
Z9 1003
U1 1
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 19
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6669
BP 815
EP 818
DI 10.1038/35901
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YX884
UT WOS:000072089500059
PM 9486655
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sha, BD
   Phillips, SE
   Bankaitis, VA
   Luo, M
AF Sha, BD
   Phillips, SE
   Bankaitis, VA
   Luo, M
TI Crystal structure of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae phosphatidylinositol-transfer protein
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phospholipid transfer protein; yeast golgi; gene; sec14; mutations; membranes; product; pathway
AB The yeast phosphatidylinositol-transfer protein (Sec14) catalyses exchange of phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylcholine between membrane bilayers in vitro(1,2). In vivo, Sec14 activity is essential for vesicle budding from the Golgi complex(3). Hero we report a three-dimensional structure for Sec14 at 2.5 A resolution. Sec14 consists of twelve alpha-helices, six beta-strands, eight 3(10)-helices and has two distinct domains. The carboxy-terminal domain forms a hydrophobic pocket which, in the crystal structure, is occupied by two molecules of N-octyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside and represents the phospholipid-binding domain. This pocket is reinforced by a string motif whose disruption in a sec14 temperature-sensitive mutant results in destabilization of the phospholipid-binding domain. Finally, we have identified an unusual surface helix that may play a critical role in driving Sec14-mediated phospholipid exchange. From this structure, we derive the first molecular clues into how a phosphatidylinositol-transfer protein functions.
C1 Univ Alabama Birmingham, Dept Cell Biol, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA.
   Univ Alabama Birmingham, Ctr Macromol Crystallog, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA.
C3 University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Birmingham; University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Birmingham
RP Bankaitis, VA (corresponding author), Univ Alabama Birmingham, Dept Cell Biol, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA.
EM vabankaitis@tmg.bhs.uab.edu; ming@orion.cmc.vab.edu
NR 29
TC 239
Z9 272
U1 4
U2 31
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 29
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6666
BP 506
EP 510
DI 10.1038/35179
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YU290
UT WOS:000071701800056
PM 9461221
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Anthony, RG
   Waldin, TR
   Ray, JA
   Bright, SWJ
   Hussey, PJ
AF Anthony, RG
   Waldin, TR
   Ray, JA
   Bright, SWJ
   Hussey, PJ
TI Herbicide resistance caused by spontaneous mutation of the cytoskeletal protein tubulin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dinitroaniline herbicides; eleusine-indica; gene family; zea-mays; plants; invitro; cells
AB The dinitroaniline herbicides (such as trifluralin and oryzalin) have been developed for the selective control of weeds in arable crops. However, prolonged use of these chemicals has resulted in the selection of resistant biotypes of goosegrass, a major weed. These herbicides bind to the plant tubulin protein but not to mammalian tubulin(1). Here we show that the major alpha-tubulin gene of the resistant biotype has three base changes within the coding sequence. These base changes swap cytosine and thymine, most likely as the result of the spontaneous deamination of methylated cytosine. One of these base changes causes an amino-acid change in the protein: normal threonine at position 239 is changed to isoleucine. This position is dose to the site of interaction between tubulin dimers in the microtubule protofilament. We show that the mutated gene is the cause of the herbicide resistance by using it to transform maize and confer resistance to dinitroaniline herbicides. Our results provide a molecular explanation for the resistance of goosegrass to dinitroanaline herbicides, a phenomenon that has arisen, and been selected for, as a result of repeated exposure to this class of herbicide.
C1 Univ London Royal Holloway & Bedford New Coll, Sch Biol Sci, Egham TW20 0EX, Surrey, England.
   Zeneca Agrochem, Jeolotts Hill Res Stn, Bracknell RG42 6ET, Berks, England.
C3 University of London; Royal Holloway University London
RP Hussey, PJ (corresponding author), Univ London Royal Holloway & Bedford New Coll, Sch Biol Sci, Egham Hill, Egham TW20 0EX, Surrey, England.
NR 19
TC 123
Z9 146
U1 0
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 21
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6682
BP 260
EP 263
DI 10.1038/30484
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZP513
UT WOS:000073761000051
PM 9607761
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Collins, KL
   Chen, BK
   Kalams, SA
   Walker, BD
   Baltimore, D
AF Collins, KL
   Chen, BK
   Kalams, SA
   Walker, BD
   Baltimore, D
TI HIV-1 Nef protein protects infected primary cells against killing by cytotoxic T lymphocytes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immunodeficiency-virus type-1; fine specificity; down-modulation; antigens; rna
AB Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) lyse virally infected cells that display viral peptide epitopes in association with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules on the cell surface. However, despite a strong CTL response directed against viral epitopes, untreated people infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) develop AIDS. To resolve this enigma, we have examined the ability of CTLs to recognize and kill infected primary T lymphocytes, We found that CTLs inefficiently lysed primary cells infected with HIV-1 if the viral nef gene product was expressed. Resistance of infected cells to CTL killing correlated with nef-mediated downregulation of MHC class I (ref. 1) and could be overcome by adding an excess of the relevant HIV-1 epitope as soluble peptide. Thus, Nef protected infected cells by reducing the epitope density on their surface. This effect of nef may allow evasion of CTL lysis by HN-1-infected cells.
C1 MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Brigham & Womens Hosp, Combined Infect Dis Training Program, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, AIDS Res Ctr, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Infect Dis Unit, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA.
   Rockefeller Univ, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Rockefeller University
RP Baltimore, D (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Biol, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM baltimo@caltech.edu
NR 27
TC 873
Z9 1043
U1 0
U2 34
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 22
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6665
BP 397
EP 401
DI 10.1038/34929
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YT444
UT WOS:000071604200057
PM 9450757
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Moore, LR
   Rocap, G
   Chisholm, SW
AF Moore, LR
   Rocap, G
   Chisholm, SW
TI Physiology and molecular phylogeny of coexisting Prochlorococcus ecotypes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID skeletonema-costatum bacillariophyceae; divinyl chlorophyll-a; north-atlantic ocean; community structure; genetic diversity; sequence-analysis; sea; synechococcus; picoplankton; distributions
AB The cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus(1,2) is the dominant oxygenic phototroph in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world's (1,3,4). It can grow at a range of depths over which light oceans intensities can vary by up to 4 orders of magnitude. This broad depth distribution has been hypothesized to stem from the coexistence of genetically different populations adapted for growth at high-and low-light intensities(4-6). Here we report direct evidence supporting this hypothesis, which has been generated by isolating and analysing distinct co-occurring populations of Prochlorococcus at two locations in the North Atlantic. Go-isolates from the same water sample have very different light-dependent physiologies, one growing maximally at light intensities at which the other is completely photoinhibited. Despite this ecotypic differentiation, the co-isolates have 97% similarity in their 16S ribosomal RNA sequences, demonstrating that molecular microdiversity, commonly observed in microbial systems(7-12), can be due to the coexistence of closely related, physiologically distinct populations. The coexistence and distribution of multiple ecotypes permits the survival of the population as a whole over a broader range of environmental conditions than would be possible for a homogeneous population.
C1 MIT, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT Woods Hole Oceanog Inst Joint Program Oceanog, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Chisholm, SW (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, 48-425,77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM chisholm@mit.edu
NR 29
TC 609
Z9 677
U1 1
U2 93
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 4
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6684
BP 464
EP 467
DI 10.1038/30965
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZR842
UT WOS:000074020000043
PM 9624000
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Raymond, CS
   Shamu, CE
   Shen, MM
   Seifert, KJ
   Hirsch, B
   Hodgkin, J
   Zarkower, D
AF Raymond, CS
   Shamu, CE
   Shen, MM
   Seifert, KJ
   Hirsch, B
   Hodgkin, J
   Zarkower, D
TI Evidence for evolutionary conservation of sex-determining genes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nematode caenorhabditis-elegans; c-elegans; drosophila; tra-1; orientation; fruitless; proteins; regions; domain; mice
AB Most metazoans occur as two sexes. Surprisingly, molecular analyses have hitherto indicated that sex-determining mechanisms differ completely between phyla. Here we present evidence to the contrary, We have isolated the male sexual regulatory gene mab-3 (ref. 1) from the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and found that it is related to the Drosophila melanogaster sexual regulatory gene doublesex (dsx)(2). Both genes encode proteins with a DNA-binding motif(3) that we have named the 'DM domain'. Both genes control sex-specific neuroblast differentiation and yolk protein gene transcription; dsx controls other sexually dimorphic features as well, The form of DSX that is found in males can direct male-specific neuroblast differentiation in C. elegans. This structural and functional similarity between phyla suggests a common evolutionary origin of at least some aspects of sexual regulation. We have identified a human gene, DMT1, that encodes a protein with a DM domain and find that DMT1 is expressed only in testis. DMT1 maps to the distal short arm of chromosome 9, a location implicated in human XY sex reversal(4). Proteins with DM domains may therefore also regulate sexual development in mammals.
C1 Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Inst Human Genet, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
   Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
   Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Dept Lab Med & Pathol, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
   MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
C3 University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology
RP Zarkower, D (corresponding author), Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Inst Human Genet, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
NR 30
TC 660
Z9 787
U1 1
U2 149
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 12
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6668
BP 691
EP 695
DI 10.1038/35618
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YW872
UT WOS:000071982500051
PM 9490411
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Masood, E
AF Masood, E
TI Social equity versus private property: striking the right balance
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 1
TC 3
Z9 4
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 9
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6676
BP 537
EP 537
DI 10.1038/33243
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZG300
UT WOS:000072987200015
PM 9560139
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Beck, JG
   Duvall, TL
   Scherrer, PH
AF Beck, JG
   Duvall, TL
   Scherrer, PH
TI Long-lived giant cells detected at the surface of the Sun
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID solar; convection; oscillations; depth
AB Giant convective cells have been predicted(1) to exist in the Sun. Such cells should span the entire zone unstable to convective motions-now known to cover the outer 29 per cent of the Sun's radius(2)-and could be dredging up the magnetic flux that is thought to be the source of solar activity (sunspots). Several studies(3-5) have failed to detect these giant cells, although there have been hints(6-9) of their existence. We have detected long-lived velocity cells, which we identify as the elusive giant convective cells, extending over 40-50 degrees of longitude but less than 10 degrees of latitude. The large aspect ratio (>4) is surprising (although predicted by one model(10)) and may be a consequence of the Sun's differential rotation, whereby features with a larger extent in latitude are broken up by rotational shear.
C1 Stanford Univ, WW Hansen Expt Phys Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
C3 Stanford University; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
RP Beck, JG (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, WW Hansen Expt Phys Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
NR 23
TC 55
Z9 60
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 13
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6694
BP 653
EP 655
DI 10.1038/29245
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 110MD
UT WOS:000075384200035
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Davis, KD
   Kiss, ZHT
   Luo, L
   Tasker, RR
   Lozano, AM
   Dostrovsky, JO
AF Davis, KD
   Kiss, ZHT
   Luo, L
   Tasker, RR
   Lozano, AM
   Dostrovsky, JO
TI Phantom sensations generated by thalamic microstimulation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID adult human brain; cortical reorganization; somatosensory cortex; nervous-system; monkeys; deafferentation; amputation; plasticity; digit; pain
AB Many amputees have a sense of their missing 'phantom' limb(1-3) Amputation can alter the representation of the body's surface in the cerebral cortex(4-14) and thalamus(15,16), but it is unclear how these changes relate to such phantom sensations, One possibility is that, in amputees who experience phantom sensations, the region of the thalamus that originally represented the missing limb remains functional and can give rise to phantom sensations even when some thalamic 'limb' neurons begin to respond to stimulation of other body regions, Here we use microelectrode recording and microstimulation during functional stereotactic mapping of the ventrocaudal thalamus in amputees to determine both the responses of the neurons to stimulation of the skin and the perceptual effects of electrical activation of these neurons. Thalamic mapping revealed an unusually large thalamic stump representation, consistent with the findings from animal experiments. We also found that thalamic stimulation in amputees with a phantom limb could evoke phantom sensations, including pain, even in regions containing neurons responsive to tactile stimulation of the stump, These findings support the hypothesis that the thalamic representation of the amputated limb remains functional. in amputees with phantoms.
C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Surg, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Physiol, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Playfair Neurosci Unit, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada.
C3 University of Toronto; University of Toronto; University of Toronto
RP Davis, KD (corresponding author), Univ Toronto, Dept Surg, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada.
NR 29
TC 177
Z9 205
U1 1
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 22
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6665
BP 385
EP 387
DI 10.1038/34905
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YT444
UT WOS:000071604200053
PM 9450753
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Geissler, PE
   Greenberg, R
   Hoppa, G
   Helfenstein, P
   McEwen, A
   Pappalardo, R
   Tufts, R
   Ockert-Bell, M
   Sullivan, R
   Greeley, R
   Belton, MJS
   Denk, T
   Clark, B
   Burns, J
   Veverka, J
AF Geissler, PE
   Greenberg, R
   Hoppa, G
   Helfenstein, P
   McEwen, A
   Pappalardo, R
   Tufts, R
   Ockert-Bell, M
   Sullivan, R
   Greeley, R
   Belton, MJS
   Denk, T
   Clark, B
   Burns, J
   Veverka, J
TI Evidence for non-synchronous rotation of Europa
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ice shell; galilean satellites; polar wander
AB Non-synchronous rotation of Europa was predicted on theoretical grounds(1), by considering the orbitally averaged torque exerted by Jupiter on the satellite's tidal bulges, If Europa's orbit were circular, or the satellite were comprised of a frictionless fluid without tidal dissipation, this torque would average to zero. However, Europa has a small forced eccentricity e approximate to 0.01 (ref. 2), generated by its dynamical interaction with Io and Ganymede, which should cause the equilibrium spin rate of the satellite to be slightly faster than synchronous, Recent gravity data(3) suggest that there may be a permanent asymmetry in Europa's interior mass distribution which is large enough to offset the tidal torque; hence, if non-synchronous rotation is observed, the surface is probably decoupled from the interior by a subsurface layer of liquid(4) or ductile ice(1), Non-synchronous rotation was invoked to explain Europa's global system of lineaments and an equatorial region of rifting seen in Voyager images(5,6). Here we report an analysis of the orientation and distribution of these surface features, based on initial observations made by the Galileo spacecraft. We find evidence that Europa spins faster than the synchronous rate (or did so in the past), consistent with the possibility of a global subsurface ocean.
C1 Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85712 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Lab Planetary Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
   Natl Opt Astron Observ, Tucson, AZ 85726 USA.
   Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
   DLR, Inst Planetary Explorat, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
C3 University of Arizona; Cornell University; Brown University; National Optical Astronomy Observatory; Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe; Helmholtz Association; German Aerospace Centre (DLR)
RP Geissler, PE (corresponding author), Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85712 USA.
EM geissler@pirl.lpl.arizona.edu
NR 17
TC 103
Z9 120
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 22
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6665
BP 368
EP 370
DI 10.1038/34869
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YT444
UT WOS:000071604200047
PM 9450751
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU van Oudenaarden, A
   Devoret, MH
   Nazarov, YV
   Mooij, JE
AF van Oudenaarden, A
   Devoret, MH
   Nazarov, YV
   Mooij, JE
TI Magneto-electric Aharonov-Bohm effect in metal rings
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID h/e
AB The quantum-mechanical phase of the wavefunction of an electron can be changed by electromagnetic potentials, as was predicted by Aharonov and Bohm(1) in 1959. Experiments on propagating electron waves in vacuum have revealed both the magnetic(2-4) and electrostatic(5) Aharonov-Bohm effect, Surprisingly, the magnetic effect was also observed in micrometre-sized metal rings(6-8), demonstrating that electrons keep their phase coherence in such samples despite their diffusive motion. The search for the electrostatic contribution to the electron phase in these metal rings(9,10) was hindered by the high conductivity of metal, which makes it difficult to apply a well defined voltage difference across the ring. Here we report measurements of quantum interference of electrons in metal rings that are interrupted by two small tunnel junctions, In these systems, a well defined voltage difference between the two parts of the ring can be applied, Using these rings we simultaneously explore the influence of magnetic and electrostatic potentials an the Aharonov-Bohm quantum-interference effect, and we demonstrate that these two potentials play interchangeable roles.
C1 Delft Univ Technol, Dept Appl Phys, NL-2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands.
   Delft Univ Technol, DIMES, NL-2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands.
   CEA Saclay, Serv Phys Etat Condense, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
C3 Delft University of Technology; Delft University of Technology; Universite Paris Saclay; CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP van Oudenaarden, A (corresponding author), Delft Univ Technol, Dept Appl Phys, Lorentzweg 1, NL-2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands.
EM socrates@qt.tn.tudelft.nl
NR 15
TC 107
Z9 116
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 19
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6669
BP 768
EP 770
DI 10.1038/35808
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YX884
UT WOS:000072089500044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Iiri, T
   Farfel, Z
   Bourne, HR
AF Iiri, T
   Farfel, Z
   Bourne, HR
TI G-protein diseases furnish a model for the turn-on switch
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID heterotrimeric g-protein; crystal-structure; beta-gamma; gtp hydrolysis; alpha-subunit; transducin; rhodopsin; mechanism; activation; g(i-alpha-1)
AB How does a trimeric a protein on the inside of a cell membrane respond to activation by a transmembrane receptor? G-protein mutations in patients with hypertension and inherited endocrine disorders enhance or block signals from stimulated receptors. In combination with three-dimensional crystal structures and results from biochemical experiments, the phenotypes produced by these mutations suggest a model for the molecular activation mechanism that relays hormonal and sensory signals transmitted by many transmembrane receptors.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Mol & Cellular Pharmacol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Med, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Tel Aviv Univ, Biochem Pharmacol Lab, IL-52621 Tel Hashomer, Israel.
   Tel Aviv Univ, Chaim Sheba Med Ctr, Dept Med E, IL-52621 Tel Hashomer, Israel.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv University; Chaim Sheba Medical Center
RP Bourne, HR (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Mol & Cellular Pharmacol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM h_bourne@quickmail.ucsf.edu
NR 45
TC 166
Z9 199
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 2
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6688
BP 35
EP 38
DI 10.1038/27831
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZY030
UT WOS:000074579600039
PM 9665125
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wardle, JFC
   Homan, DC
   Ojha, R
   Roberts, DH
AF Wardle, JFC
   Homan, DC
   Ojha, R
   Roberts, DH
TI Electron-positron jets associated with the quasar 3C279
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID active galactic nuclei; gamma-ray emission; relativistic jets; radio-sources; x-ray; superluminal motion; extragalactic jets; 3c-279; blazars; models
AB A long-standing question in extragalactic astrophysics is the composition of the relativistic jets of plasma that stream from the nuclei of quasars and active galaxies-do they consist of a 'normal' (electron-proton) plasma, or a 'pair' (electron-positron) plasma? Distinguishing between these possibilities is crucial for understanding the physical processes occurring close to the putative supermassive black holes that are believed responsible for the jets. Here we report the detection of circularly polarized radio emission from the jets of the archtypal quasar 3C279. The circular polarization is produced by Faraday conversion, which requires the energy distribution of the radiating particles to extend to very low energies, Indicating that electron-positron pairs are an important component of the jet plasma. Similar detections in three other radio sources suggest that, in general, extragalactic radio jets are composed mainly of an electron-positron plasma.
C1 Brandeis Univ, Dept Phys, Waltham, MA 02254 USA.
C3 Brandeis University
RP Wardle, JFC (corresponding author), Brandeis Univ, Dept Phys, Waltham, MA 02254 USA.
EM ifcw@quasar.astro.brandeis.edu
NR 39
TC 369
Z9 384
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 1
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6701
BP 457
EP 461
DI 10.1038/26675
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 124ZG
UT WOS:000076212200045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU van der Heijden, MGA
   Klironomos, JN
   Ursic, M
   Moutoglis, P
   Streitwolf-Engel, R
   Boller, T
   Wiemken, A
   Sanders, IR
AF van der Heijden, MGA
   Klironomos, JN
   Ursic, M
   Moutoglis, P
   Streitwolf-Engel, R
   Boller, T
   Wiemken, A
   Sanders, IR
TI Mycorrhizal fungal diversity determines plant biodiversity, ecosystem variability and productivity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID species-diversity; soil; community; hypothesis; stability; grassland
AB The functioning and stability of terrestrial ecosystems are determined by plant biodiversity and species composition(1-5). However. the ecological mechanisms by which plant biodiversity and species composition are regulated and maintained are not well understood. These mechanisms need to be identified to ensure successful management for conservation and restoration of diverse natural ecosystems. Here we show,by using two-independent, but complementary, ecological experiments, that below-ground diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is a major factor contributing to the maintenance of plant biodiversity and to ecosystem functioning. At low AMF diversity, the plant species composition and overall structure of microcosms that simulate European calcareous grassland fluctuate greatly when the AMF taxa that are present are changed. Plant biodiversity, nutrient capture and productivity in macrocosms that simulate North American old-fields increase significantly with increasing AMF-species richness. These results emphasize the need to protect AMF and to consider these fungi in future management practices in order to maintain diverse ecosystems. Our results also show that microbial interactions can drive ecosystem functions such as plant biodiversity, productivity and variability.
C1 Univ Basel, Inst Bot, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
   Univ Guelph, Dept Bot, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
   Premier Tech Riviere du Loup, Quebec City, PQ G5R 4C9, Canada.
C3 University of Basel; University of Guelph
RP Sanders, IR (corresponding author), Univ Basel, Inst Bot, Hebelstr 1, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
EM sanders@ubaclu.unibas.ch
NR 27
TC 2598
Z9 3069
U1 32
U2 2011
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 5
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6706
BP 69
EP 72
DI 10.1038/23932
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 136HE
UT WOS:000076852700054
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hill, K
   Model, K
   Ryan, MT
   Dietmeier, K
   Martin, F
   Wagner, R
   Pfanner, N
AF Hill, K
   Model, K
   Ryan, MT
   Dietmeier, K
   Martin, F
   Wagner, R
   Pfanner, N
TI Tom40 forms the hydrophilic channel of the mitochondrial import pore for preproteins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID outer-membrane protein; receptor complex; precursor proteins; cell viability; contact sites; translocation; identification; recognition; presequence; machinery
AB The mitochondrial outer membrane contains machinery for the import of preproteins encoded by nuclear genes(1-3). Eight different Tom (translocase of outer membrane) proteins have been identified that function as receptors and/or are related to a hypothetical general import pore. Many mitochondrial membrane channel activities have been described(4-7), including one related to Tim23 of the inner-membrane protein-import system(5); however, the pore-forming subunit(s) of the Tom machinery have not been identified until now. Here we describe the expression and functional reconstitution of Tom40, an integral membrane protein with mainly beta-sheet structure. Tom40 forms a cation-selective high-conductance channel that specifically binds to and transports mitochondrial-targeting sequences added to the cis side of the membrane. We conclude that Tom40 is the pore-forming subunit of the mitochondrial general import pore and that it constitutes a hydrophilic, similar to 22 Angstrom wide channel for the import of preproteins.
C1 Univ Freiburg, Inst Biochem & Mol Biol, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
   Univ Osnabruck, Fachbereich Biol Chem, D-49034 Osnabruck, Germany.
   Univ Freiburg, Fak Biol, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
C3 University of Freiburg; University Osnabruck; University of Freiburg
RP Pfanner, N (corresponding author), Univ Freiburg, Inst Biochem & Mol Biol, Hermann Herder Str 7, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
EM pfanner@ruf.uni-freiburg.de
NR 30
TC 424
Z9 477
U1 0
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 1
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6701
BP 516
EP 521
DI 10.1038/26780
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 124ZG
UT WOS:000076212200060
PM 9774109
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kitazawa, S
   Kimura, T
   Yin, PB
AF Kitazawa, S
   Kimura, T
   Yin, PB
TI Cerebellar complex spikes encode both destinations and errors in arm movements
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID purkinje-cell complex; monkey; discharge; neurons
AB Purkinje cells of the cerebellum discharge complex spikes, named after the complexity of their waveforms(1), with a frequency of similar to 1 Hz during arm movements(1-13). Despite the low frequency of firing, complex spikes have been proposed to contribute to the initiation of arm movements(2,7-10) or to the gradual improvement of motor skills(2,4-6,14-6). Here we recorded the activity of Purkinje cells from the hemisphere of cerebellar lobules IV-VI while trained monkeys made short-lasting reaching movements (of similar to 200 milliseconds in duration) to touch a visual target that appeared at a random location on a tangent screen, We examined the relationship between complex-spike discharges and the absolute touch position, and between complex-spike discharges and relative errors in touching the screen. We used information theory to show that the complex spikes occurring at the beginning of the reach movement encode the absolute destination of the reach, and the complex spikes occurring at the end of the short-lasting movements encode the relative errors, Thus, complex spikes convey multiple types of information, consistent with the idea that they contribute both to the generation of movements and to the gradual, long-term improvement of these movements.
C1 Electrotech Lab, Informat Sci Div, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058568, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, PRESTO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058568, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, CREST, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058568, Japan.
C3 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST); Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Kitazawa, S (corresponding author), Electrotech Lab, Informat Sci Div, 1-1-4 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058568, Japan.
NR 19
TC 314
Z9 361
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 2
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6675
BP 494
EP 497
DI 10.1038/33141
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZF215
UT WOS:000072875200058
PM 9548253
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU MacLeod, K
   Bäcker, A
   Laurent, G
AF MacLeod, K
   Bäcker, A
   Laurent, G
TI Who reads temporal information contained across synchronized and oscillatory spike trains?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID encoding neural assembly; visual-cortex; neurons; representations; brain
AB Our inferences about brain mechanisms underlying perception rely on whether it is possible for the brain to 'reconstruct' a stimulus from the information contained in the spike trains from many neurons(1-5). How the brain actually accomplishes this reconstruction remains largely unknown. Oscillatory and synchronized activities in the brain of mammals have been correlated with distinct behavioural states or the execution of complex cognitive tasks(6-11) and are proposed to participate in the 'binding' of individual features into more complex percepts(12-14). But if synchronization is indeed relevant, what senses it? In insects, oscillatory synchronized activity in the early olfactory system seems to be necessary for fine odour discrimination(15) and enables the encoding of information about a stimulus in spike times relative to the oscillatory 'clock'(16). Here we study the decoding of these coherent oscillatory signals. We identify a population of neurons downstream from the odour-activated, synchronized neuronal assemblies. These downstream neurons show odour responses whose specificity is degraded when their inputs are desynchronized. This degradation of selectivity consists of the appearance of responses to new odours and a loss of discrimination of spike trains evoked by different odours. Such loss of information is never observed in the upstream neurons whose activity is desynchronized. These results indicate that information encoded in time across ensembles of neurons converges onto single neurons downstream in the pathway.
C1 CALTECH, Div Biol 139 74, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology
RP Laurent, G (corresponding author), CALTECH, Div Biol 139 74, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM laurentg@cco.caltech.edu
NR 25
TC 208
Z9 237
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 15
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6703
BP 693
EP 698
DI 10.1038/27201
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 129PR
UT WOS:000076472600051
PM 9790189
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tachibana, K
   Hirota, S
   Iizasa, H
   Yoshida, H
   Kawabata, K
   Kataoka, Y
   Kitamura, Y
   Matsushima, K
   Yoshida, N
   Nishikawa, S
   Kishimoto, T
   Nagasawa, T
AF Tachibana, K
   Hirota, S
   Iizasa, H
   Yoshida, H
   Kawabata, K
   Kataoka, Y
   Kitamura, Y
   Matsushima, K
   Yoshida, N
   Nishikawa, S
   Kishimoto, T
   Nagasawa, T
TI The chemokine receptor CXCR4 is essential for vascularization of the gastrointestinal tract
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID blood-vessel development; hiv-1 infection; tyrosine kinase; angiogenesis; entry; mice; gene; vasculogenesis; lestr/fusin; endothelium
AB Vascularization of organs generally occurs by remodelling of the preexisting vascular system during their differentiation and growth to enable them to perform their specific functions during development. The molecules required by early vascular systems, many of which are receptor tyrosine kinases and their ligands, have been defined by analysis of mutant mice(1-3). As most of these mice die during early gestation before many of their organs have developed, the molecules responsible for vascularization during organogenesis have not been identified. The cell-surface receptor CXCR4 (refs 4-6) is a seven-transmembrane-spanning, G-protein-coupled receptor for the CXC chemokine PBSF/SDF-1 (for pre-B-cell growth-stimulating factor/stromal-cell-derived factor), which is responsible for B-cell lymphopoiesis, bone-marrow myelopoiesis and cardiac ventricular septum formation(7). CXCR4 also functions as a co-receptor for T-cell-line tropic human immunodeficiency virus HIV-1 (ref. 8). Here we report that CXCR4 is expressed in developing vascular endothelial cells, and that mice lacking CXCR4 or PBSF/SDF-1 have defective formation of the large vessels supplying the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, mice lacking CXCR4 die in utero and are defective in vascular development, haematopoiesis and cardiogenesis, like mice lacking PBSF/SDF-1, indicating that CXCR4 is a primary physiological receptor for PBSF/SDF-1. We conclude that PBSF/SDF-1 and CXCR4 define a new signalling system for organ vascularization.
C1 Osaka Med Ctr Maternal & Child Hlth, Res Inst, Dept Immunol, Osaka 59002, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Suita, Osaka 565, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Med, Dept Mol Prevent Med, Div Social Med,Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 113, Japan.
   Kyoto Univ, Fac Med, Dept Mol Genet, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 606, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med 3, Suita, Osaka 565, Japan.
C3 University of Osaka; University of Tokyo; Kyoto University; University of Osaka
RP Nagasawa, T (corresponding author), Osaka Med Ctr Maternal & Child Hlth, Res Inst, Dept Immunol, 840 Murodo Cho, Osaka 59002, Japan.
NR 30
TC 1302
Z9 1538
U1 2
U2 47
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 11
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6685
BP 591
EP 594
DI 10.1038/31261
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZT988
UT WOS:000074150100056
PM 9634237
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU White, CT
   Todorov, TN
AF White, CT
   Todorov, TN
TI Carbon nanotubes as long ballistic conductors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tubules; wires
AB Early theoretical work on single-walled carbon nanotubes(1-3) predicted that a special achiral subset of these structures known as armchair nanotubes(3) should be metallic. Tans et al.(4) have recently confirmed these predictions experimentally and also showed directly that coherent electron transport can be maintained through these nanowires up to distances of at least 140 nm. But single-walled armchair nanotubes are one-dimensional conductors with only two open conduction channels (energy subbands in a laterally confined system that cross the Fermi level)(1-3). Hence, with increasing length, their conduction electrons ultimately become localize(5) owing to residual disorder in the tube which is inevitably produced by interactions between the tube and its environment. We present here calculations which show, however, that unlike normal metallic wires, conduction electrons in armchair nanotubes experience an effective disorder averaged over the tube's circumference, leading to electron mean free paths that increase with nanotube diameter. This increase should result in exceptional ballistic transport properties and localization lengths of 10 mu m or more for tubes with the diameters that are typically produced experimentally(6).
C1 USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Mat, Oxford OX1 3PH, England.
C3 United States Department of Defense; United States Navy; United States Naval Research Laboratory; NRL Chesapeake; University of Oxford
RP White, CT (corresponding author), USN, Res Lab, Code 6179, Washington, DC 20375 USA.
NR 14
TC 721
Z9 840
U1 2
U2 190
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 21
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6682
BP 240
EP 242
DI 10.1038/30420
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZP513
UT WOS:000073761000044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schubert, CJ
   Villanueva, J
   Calvert, SE
   Cowie, GL
   von Rad, U
   Schulz, H
   Berner, U
   Erlenkeuser, H
AF Schubert, CJ
   Villanueva, J
   Calvert, SE
   Cowie, GL
   von Rad, U
   Schulz, H
   Berner, U
   Erlenkeuser, H
TI Stable phytoplankton community structure in the Arabian Sea over the past 200,000 years
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID organic-matter; productivity; monsoon; marine; accumulation; parameters; sterol
AB Glacial to interglacial climate changes have been related to organic carbon cycling in oceanic surface waters', and this possible link has led to the development of sedimentary tracers of past marine biological production. For example, sediment records of organic carbon(2), opal(3) and biogenic barium(4) have been used to reconstruct past variations in production in different oceanic regimes, but these tracers cannot be used to discriminate between the relative contributions of different phytoplankton groups. Such a discrimination would provide greater insight into the operation of the biological 'pump' transporting material down out of surface waters, and into the possible influence of the structure of oceanic food chains on carbon fluxes. Several organic biomarker compounds have now been established for tracing the contribution of different planktonic groups to organic carbon in sediments(5-7). Here we show that four such biomarkers-dinosterol, alkenones, brassicasterol and chlorins, which represent dinoflagellates, prymnesiophytes, diatoms and chlorophyll-producers, respectively-have concordant concentration maxima that coincide with organic carbon maxima over the past 200,000 years in a sediment core from the northeastern Arabian Sea. Not only do these organic tracers track changes in ocean production in this region, but the similar distributions of dinosterol and brassicasterol indicate that the relative contributions of the dominant members of the phytoplankton community (diatoms and dinoflagellates) to production were roughly uniform on timescales greater than 3,000-4,000 years over the past 200,000 years.
C1 Univ British Columbia, Dept Earth & Ocean Sci, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
   Bundesanstalt Geowissensch & Rohstoffe, D-30631 Hannover, Germany.
   Univ Kiel, Leibniz Lab Altersbestimmung & Isotopenforsch, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
C3 University of British Columbia; University of Kiel
RP Schubert, CJ (corresponding author), Univ British Columbia, Dept Earth & Ocean Sci, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
EM cschuber@mpi-bremen.de
NR 30
TC 154
Z9 194
U1 0
U2 73
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 6
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6693
BP 563
EP 566
DI 10.1038/29047
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 107YN
UT WOS:000075238700043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Raymo, ME
   Ganley, K
   Carter, S
   Oppo, DW
   McManus, J
AF Raymo, ME
   Ganley, K
   Carter, S
   Oppo, DW
   McManus, J
TI Millennial-scale climate instability during the early Pleistocene epoch
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atlantic deep-water; north-atlantic; iceberg discharges; circulation; events; deglaciation; stratigraphy; variability; calibration; record
AB Climate-proxy records of the past 100,000 years show that the Earth's climate has varied significantly and continuously on timescales as short as a few thousand years (refs 1-7), Similar variability has also recently been observed for the interval 340-500 thousand years ago(8). These dramatic climate shifts, expressed most strongly in the North Atlantic region, may be linked to - and possibly amplified by - alterations in the mode of ocean thermohaline circulation(4-9). Here we use sediment records of past iceberg discharge and deep-water chemistry to show that such millennial-scale oscillations in climate occurred over one million years ago. This was a time of significantly different climate boundary conditions; not only was the early Pleistocene epoch generally warmer, but global climate variations were governed largely by changes in Earth's orbital obliguity, Our results suggest that such millennial-scale climate instability may be a pervasive and long-term characteristic of Earth's climate, rather than just a feature of the strong glacial-interglacial cycles of the past 800,000 years.
C1 MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Geol & Geophys, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
RP Raymo, ME (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM raymo@mit.edu
NR 31
TC 144
Z9 157
U1 1
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 16
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6677
BP 699
EP 702
DI 10.1038/33658
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZH612
UT WOS:000073129000053
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Epping-Jordan, MP
   Watkins, SS
   Koob, GF
   Markou, A
AF Epping-Jordan, MP
   Watkins, SS
   Koob, GF
   Markou, A
TI Dramatic decreases in brain reward function during nicotine withdrawal
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID abstinence syndrome; nucleus-accumbens; smoking cessation; rat; stimulation; dependence; antagonist; tolerance; threshold; infusion
AB Tobacco smoking is a worldwide public health problem. In the United States alone, over 400,000 deaths and $50 billion in medical costs annually are directly attributed to smoking(1). Accumulated evidence indicates that nicotine is the component of tobacco smoke that leads to addiction(2), but the means by which nicotine produces addiction remain unclear. Nicotine is less effective as a positive reinforcer than other drugs of abuse in non-dependent animals(3). Nevertheless, nicotine-withdrawal symptoms, including depressed mood, anxiety, irritability and craving(4,5) in dependent subjects may contribute to the addictive liability of nicotine(6,7). We show here that spontaneous nicotine withdrawal in rats resulted in a significant decrease in brain reward function, as measured by elevations in brain reward thresholds, which persisted for four days. Further, systemic injections of a competitive nicotinic-receptor antagonists led to a dose-dependent increase in brain reward thresholds in chronic nicotine-treated rats. The decreased function in brain reward systems during nicotine withdrawal is comparable in magnitude and duration to that of other major drugs of abuse(9-13), and may constitute an important motivational factor that contributes to craving, relapse and continued tobacco consumption in humans(7).
C1 Scripps Res Inst, Dept Neuropharmacol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute
RP Markou, A (corresponding author), Scripps Res Inst, Dept Neuropharmacol, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
NR 30
TC 554
Z9 627
U1 3
U2 41
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 7
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6680
BP 76
EP 79
DI 10.1038/30001
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZM028
UT WOS:000073497500050
PM 9590692
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mitchell, R
   McCulloch, D
   Lutz, E
   Johnson, M
   MacKenzie, C
   Fennell, M
   Fink, G
   Zhou, W
   Sealfon, SC
AF Mitchell, R
   McCulloch, D
   Lutz, E
   Johnson, M
   MacKenzie, C
   Fennell, M
   Fink, G
   Zhou, W
   Sealfon, SC
TI Rhodopsin-family receptors associate with small G proteins to activate phospholipase D
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID adp-ribosylation-factor; guanine-nucleotide; hl-60 cells; gtp; arf; rho; exchange; fractions; fluoride; contains
AB G-protein-coupled receptors of the rhodopsin family transduce many important neural and endocrine signals, These receptors activate heterotrimeric G proteins and in many cases also cause activation of phospholipase D, an enzyme that can be controlled by the small G proteins ARF and RhoA(1-3). Here we show that the activation of phospholipase D that is induced by many, but not all, Ca2+-mobilizing G-protein-coupled receptors is sensitive to inhibitors of ARF and of RhoA. Receptors of this type were coimmunoprecipitated with ARF or RhoA on exposure to agonists, and the effects of GTP analogues on ligand binding to the receptor changed to a profile that is characteristic of small G proteins, These receptors contain the amino-acid sequence Asn-ProXXTyr in their seventh transmembrane domain, whereas receptors capable of activating phospholipase D without involving ARF contain the sequence AspProXXTyr. Mutation of this latter sequence to AsnProXXTyr in the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor conferred sensitivity to an inhibitor of ARF, and the reciprocal mutation in the 5-HT2A receptor for 5-hydroxy-tryptamine reduced its sensitivity to the inhibitor, Receptors carrying the AsnProXXTyr motif thus seem to form functional complexes with ARF and RhoA.
C1 MRC, Brain Metab Unit, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Neurol, New York, NY 10029 USA.
   Mt Sinai Sch Med, Fishberg Ctr Neurobiol, New York, NY 10029 USA.
C3 Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
RP Mitchell, R (corresponding author), MRC, Brain Metab Unit, 1 George Sq, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, Midlothian, Scotland.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 186
Z9 210
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 26
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6674
BP 411
EP 414
DI 10.1038/32937
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZD694
UT WOS:000072713600058
PM 9537328
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Canfield, DE
AF Canfield, DE
TI A new model for Proterozoic ocean chemistry
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sulfur-isotope; atmospheric oxygen; carbon; geochemistry; sediments; ratios; rise; usa
AB There was a significant oxidation of the Earth's surface around 2 billion years ago (2 Gyr)(1-4). Direct evidence for this oxidation comes, mostly, from geological records of the redox-sensitive elements Fe and U reflecting the conditions prevailing during weathering(1-3). The oxidation event was probably driven by an increased input of oxygen to the atmosphere arising from an increased sedimentary burial of organic matter between 2.3 and 2.0 Gyr(5). This episode was postdated by the final large precipitation of banded iron formations around 1.8 Gyr(1,2). It is generally believed that banded iron formations precipitated from an ocean whose bottom waters contained significant concentrations of dissolved ferrous iron, and that this sedimentation process terminated when aerobic bottom waters developed, oxidizing the iron and thus removing it from solution(1,2). In contrast, I argue here that anoxic bottom waters probably persisted until well after the deposition of banded iron formations ceased; I also propose that sulphide, rather than oxygen, was responsible for removing iron from deep ocean water. The sulphur-isotope record supports this hypothesis as it indicates increasing concentrations of oceanic sulphate, starting around 2.3 Gyr(6), leading to increasing rates of sulphide production by sulphate reduction. The increase in sulphide production became sufficient, around 1.8 Gyr,to precipitate the total flux of iron into the oceans. I suggest that aerobic deep-ocean waters did not develop until the Neoproterozoic era (1.0 to similar to 0.54 Gyr), in association with a second large oxidation of the Earth's surface. This new model is consistent with the emerging view of Precambrian sulphur geochemistry and the chemical events leading to the evolution of animals, and it is fully testable by detailed geochemical analyses of preserved deep-water marine sediments.
C1 Odense Univ, Inst Biol, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.
C3 University of Southern Denmark
RP Canfield, DE (corresponding author), Odense Univ, Inst Biol, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.
EM dec@biology.ou.dk
NR 29
TC 897
Z9 1078
U1 2
U2 324
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 3
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6710
BP 450
EP 453
DI 10.1038/24839
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 145KL
UT WOS:000077370100049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU de Quervain, DJF
   Roozendaal, B
   McGaugh, JL
AF de Quervain, DJF
   Roozendaal, B
   McGaugh, JL
TI Stress and glucocorticoids impair retrieval of long-term spatial memory
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID declarative memory; corticosterone; performance; rat
AB Extensive evidence from animal and human studies indicates that stress and glucocorticoids influence cognitive function(1-11). Previous studies have focused exclusively on glucocorticoid effects on acquisition and long-term storage of newly acquired information. Here we report that stress and glucocorticoids also affect memory retrieval. We show that rats have impaired performance in a water-maze spatial task after being given footshock 30 min before retention testing but are not impaired when footshock is given 2 min or 4 h before testing. These time-dependent effects on retention performance correspond to the circulating corticosterone levels at the time of testing, which suggests that the retention impairment is directly related to increased adrenocortical function. In support of this idea, we find that suppression of corticosterone synthesis with metyrapone blocks the stress-induced retention impairment. In addition, systemic corticosterone administered to non-stressed rats 30 min before retention testing induces dose-dependent retention impairment. The impairing effects of stress and glucocorticoids on retention are not due to disruption of spatial navigation per se. Our results indicate that besides the well described effects of stress and glucocorticoids on acquisition and consolidation processes, glucocorticoids also affect memory retrieval mechanisms.
C1 Univ Calif Irvine, Ctr Neurobiol Learning & Memory, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
   Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Psychobiol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Irvine; University of California System; University of California Irvine
RP Roozendaal, B (corresponding author), Univ Calif Irvine, Ctr Neurobiol Learning & Memory, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
NR 21
TC 922
Z9 1068
U1 1
U2 87
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 20
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6695
BP 787
EP 790
DI 10.1038/29542
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 112PR
UT WOS:000075503600047
PM 9723618
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Seidemann, E
   Zohary, E
   Newsome, WT
AF Seidemann, E
   Zohary, E
   Newsome, WT
TI Temporal gating of neural signals during performance of a visual discrimination task
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID area mt; functional-property; response property; attention; macaque; direction; neurons; monkey; microstimulation; organization
AB The flow of neural signals within the cerebral cortex must be subject to multiple controls as behaviour unfolds in time. In a visual discrimination task that includes a delay period, the transmission of sensory signals to circuitry that mediates memory, decision-making and motor-planning must be governed closely by 'filtering' or 'gating' mechanisms so that extraneous events occurring before, during or after presentation of the critical visual stimulus have little or no effect on the subject's behavioural responses. Here we study one such mechanism physiologically by applying electrical microstimulation(1-3) to columns of directionally selective neurons in the middle temporal visual area(4-9) at varying times during single trials of a direction-discrimination task. The behavioural effects of microstimulation varied strikingly according to the timing of delivery within the trial, indicating that signals produced by microstimulation may be subject to active 'gating'. Our results show several important features of this gating process: first, signal flow is modulated upwards on onset of the visual stimulus and downwards, typically with a slower time course, after stimulus offset; second, gating efficacy can be modified by behavioural training; and third, gating is implemented primarily downstream of the middle temporal visual area.
C1 Stanford Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Sch Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Neurobiol, Sch Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Inst Life Sci, Dept Neurobiol, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Stanford University; Stanford University; Hebrew University of Jerusalem
RP Seidemann, E (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Sch Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
NR 19
TC 63
Z9 71
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 2
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6688
BP 72
EP 75
DI 10.1038/27906
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZY030
UT WOS:000074579600050
PM 9665129
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Markl, G
   Bucher, K
AF Markl, G
   Bucher, K
TI Composition of fluids in the lower crust inferred from metamorphic salt in lower crustal rocks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hydrothermal fluids; granulite metamorphism; chlorine; amphiboles; biotite; adirondacks; equilibrium; silicates; sylvite; ternary
AB Knowledge of the rheological properties of the lower crust and the metamorphic processes that operate there is important for our understanding of orogenic processes and granite genesis. The rheological properties critically depend on whether fluids are present in the lower crust(1,2) and, if present, on their composition(3-6). Fluid-inclusion(7-9) and phase-equilibria(4,10) studies of lower crustal granulites have shown that fluids with low water activities (due to the presence of dissolved components such as CH4, N-2, CO, CO2 and chlorides)(11) are present at least episodically in the lower crust. Here we report the occurrence of a solid salt solution (NaCl-KCl) found together with chlorine-rich amphibole and biotite in lower crustal granulites. A desiccation mechanism explains how salt and chlorine-rich minerals formed from an originally water-rich fluid through a short-lived series of hydration reactions in the granulites, during which chlorine was progressively enriched in the fluid. Consequently, it would appear that fluid was present in the lower crust in only small amounts and was not stable over geologically long periods of time, leading to the conclusion that the lower crust is devoid of a free fluid phase during most of its history.
C1 Univ Freiburg, Inst Mineral Petrol & Geochem, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
C3 University of Freiburg
RP Markl, G (corresponding author), Univ Freiburg, Inst Mineral Petrol & Geochem, Albertstr 23B, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
NR 34
TC 142
Z9 154
U1 1
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 19
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6669
BP 781
EP 783
DI 10.1038/35836
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YX884
UT WOS:000072089500049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Meng, J
   McKenna, MC
AF Meng, J
   McKenna, MC
TI Faunal turnovers of Palaeogene mammals from the Mongolian plateau
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tectonic events; paleogene; oligocene; evolution; boundary; neogene
AB Most orders and many families of modern mammals were established during the Palaeogene. Mammalian evolution during this period of time has been correlated with global climatic events(1-4) although the timing mode and scale of such a climate-evolution link remain debatable(1,5,6). The Palaeogene global climate was step-punctuated by a warming across the Palaeocene/Eocene boundary about 55 Myr ago and a cool-off throughout the late Eocene and early Oligocene epochs(1,2,7-10). The most severe cooling was at 33.5 Myr, slightly after the Eocene/Oligocene boundary, and was characterized by a drop in the mean annual temperature and by changes in vegetation from Eocene dense forests to Oligocene more open country(5). Here we analyse 33 Palaeogene mammal faunas from the Mongolian Plateau of China and Mongolia. There is a distinct pattern of faunal turnovers: perissodactyl-dominant faunas of the Eocene were abruptly replaced by rodent/lagomorph-dominant faunas of the Oligocene. We interpret the turnovers as having been effected by global climatic shifts and name the prominent biotic reorganization across the Eocene/Oligocene boundary the Mongolian Remodelling; which correlates to the European Grande Coupure.
C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Biol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA.
   Univ Massachusetts, Grad Program Organism & Evolutionary, Amherst, MA 01003 USA.
   Amer Museum Nat Hist, Dept Vertebrate Paleontol, New York, NY 10024 USA.
C3 University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Amherst; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Amherst; American Museum of Natural History (AMNH)
RP Meng, J (corresponding author), Univ Massachusetts, Dept Biol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA.
NR 30
TC 242
Z9 299
U1 0
U2 57
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 23
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6691
BP 364
EP 367
DI 10.1038/28603
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 103QF
UT WOS:000074968800049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cox, CL
   Zhou, Q
   Sherman, SM
AF Cox, CL
   Zhou, Q
   Sherman, SM
TI Glutamate locally activates dendritic outputs of thalamic interneurons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lateral geniculate-nucleus; patch-clamp recordings; cat; neurons; cells; gaba
AB The relay of information through thalamus to cortex is dynamically gated, as illustrated by the retinogeniculocortical pathway(1). Important to this is the inhibitory interneuron in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). For the typical neuron, synaptic information arrives through postsynaptic dendrites and is transmitted by axon terminals. However, the typical thalamic interneuron, in addition to conventional axonal outputs, has distal dendrites that serve both pre- and postsynaptic roles(2-6). These dendritic terminals participate in curious and enigmatic triadic arrangements, in which each contacts a relay cell dendrite and is contacted by a glutamatergic retinal terminal that innervates the same relay cell dendrite. Here we show that agonists of the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) activate dendritic terminals of interneurons in the absence of action potentials, thereby inhibiting the postsynaptic relay neuron. Somatic recordings from LGN interneurons reveal that there is no response to mGluR agonists, suggesting that their dendritic terminals are electrically isolated from their somata and axons, consistent with anatomical modelling of these cells', Our results offer insight into the functioning of triadic circuitry and indicate that thalamic interneurons can perform independent computations expressed through axonal as opposed to dendritic outputs.
C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Neurobiol, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University
RP Sherman, SM (corresponding author), SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Neurobiol, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
EM ssherman@neurobio.sunysb.edu
NR 21
TC 71
Z9 82
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 30
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6692
BP 478
EP 482
DI 10.1038/28855
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 105NT
UT WOS:000075080400052
PM 9697770
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sims, DW
   Quayle, VA
AF Sims, DW
   Quayle, VA
TI Selective foraging behaviour of basking sharks on zooplankton in a small-scale front
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID english-channel; satellite; fishes
AB The basking shark Cetorhinus maximus is the second largest fish species, attaining lengths of up to 11 m. During summer months in temperate coastal waters circumglobally, these sharks filter-feed on surface zooplankton(1-4) near water-mass boundaries (fronts)(5,6); however, little else is known about their biology(1). Their foraging behaviour has not been investigated until now, although they have been described(2) as indiscriminate planktivores that are unlikely to orientate to specific plankton-rich waters. We have now tracked basking sharks responding to zooplankton gradients, We show that they are selective filter-feeders that choose the richest, most profitable plankton patches. They forage along thermal fronts and actively select areas that contain high densities of large zooplankton above a threshold density. They remain for up to 27 hours in rich patches that are transported by tidal currents and move between patches over periods of 1-2 days. We mapped feeding locations of these sharks in two years; the maps show that these sharks indicate broad shifts in front-located secondary production. Foraging behaviour of basking sharks therefore indicates the distribution, density and characteristics of zooplankton directly, This makes these sharks unique biological 'plankton recorders', with potential use as detectors of trends in abundance of zooplankton species that are influenced by climatic fluctuations of the North Atlantic Oscillation(7).
C1 Univ Plymouth, Dept Sci Biol, Plymouth PL4 8AA, Devon, England.
   Univ Plymouth, Plymouth Environm Res Ctr, Plymouth PL4 8AA, Devon, England.
C3 University of Plymouth; University of Plymouth
RP Sims, DW (corresponding author), Univ Plymouth, Dept Sci Biol, Plymouth PL4 8AA, Devon, England.
NR 27
TC 255
Z9 302
U1 3
U2 96
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 4
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6684
BP 460
EP 464
DI 10.1038/30959
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZR842
UT WOS:000074020000042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Roberts, F
   Roberts, CW
   Johnson, JJ
   Kyle, DE
   Krell, T
   Coggins, JR
   Coombs, GH
   Milhous, WK
   Tzipori, S
   Ferguson, DJP
   Chakrabarti, D
   McLeod, R
AF Roberts, F
   Roberts, CW
   Johnson, JJ
   Kyle, DE
   Krell, T
   Coggins, JR
   Coombs, GH
   Milhous, WK
   Tzipori, S
   Ferguson, DJP
   Chakrabarti, D
   McLeod, R
TI Evidence for the shikimate pathway in apicomplexan parasites
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chorismate synthase; plasmodium-falciparum; neurospora-crassa; cloning; genes; acid; 3-phosphate; sulfadoxine; glyphosate; mechanisms
AB Parasites of the phylum Apicomplexa cause substantial morbidity, mortality and economic losses, and new medicines to treat them are needed urgently(1,2). The shikimate pathway is an attractive target for herbicides and antimicrobial agents because it is essential in algae, higher plants, bacteria and fungi, but absent from mammals(3,4). Here we present biochemical, genetic and chemotherapeutic evidence for the presence of enzymes of the shikimate pathway in apicomplexan parasites. In vitro growth of Toxoplasma gondii, Plasmodium falciparum (malaria) and Cryptosporidium parvum was inhibited by the herbicide glyphosate, a well-characterized inhibitor(3) of the shikimate pathway enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl shikimate 3-phosphate synthase. This effect on T. gondii and P. falciparum was reversed by treatment with p-aminobenzoate, which suggests that the shikimate pathway supplies folate precursors for their growth. Glyphosate in combination with pyrimethamine limited T. gondii infection in mice. Four shikimate pathway enzymes were detected in extracts of I: gondii and glyphosate inhibited 5-enolpyruvyl shikimate 3-phosphate synthase activity. Genes encoding chorismate synthase, the final shikimate pathway enzyme, were cloned from T. gondii and P.falciparum This discovery of a functional shikimate pathway in apicomplexan parasites provides several targets for the development of new antiparasite agents.
C1 Michael Reese Hosp & Med Ctr, Chicago, IL 60616 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Chicago, IL 60616 USA.
   Univ Strathclyde, Dept Immunol, Glasgow G4 0NR, Lanark, Scotland.
   Walter Reed Army Med Ctr, Walter Reed Army Inst Res, Washington, DC 20307 USA.
   Univ Glasgow, Inst Biomed & Life Sci, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Lanark, Scotland.
   Tufts Univ, Sch Vet Med, North Grafton, MA 01536 USA.
   Univ Oxford, John Radcliffe Hosp, Oxford OX3 9DU, England.
   Univ Cent Florida, Orlando, FL 32816 USA.
C3 Michael Reese Hospital & Medical Center; University of Chicago; University of Strathclyde; United States Department of Defense; United States Army; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR); Walter Reed National Military Medical Center; University of Glasgow; Tufts University; University of Oxford; State University System of Florida; University of Central Florida
RP McLeod, R (corresponding author), Michael Reese Hosp & Med Ctr, Chicago, IL 60616 USA.
EM rmcleod@midway.uchicago.edu
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 423
Z9 492
U1 0
U2 76
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 25
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6687
BP 801
EP 805
DI 10.1038/31723
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZW652
UT WOS:000074433100053
PM 9655396
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Narayana, C
   Luo, H
   Orloff, J
   Ruoff, AL
AF Narayana, C
   Luo, H
   Orloff, J
   Ruoff, AL
TI Solid hydrogen at 342 GPa: no evidence for an alkali metal
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray-diffraction; megabar pressures; optical evidence; dense hydrogen; metallization; transition; velocity; crystal; xenon
AB Solid hydrogen, an electrical insulator, is predicted to become an alkali metal under extreme compression, although controversy surrounds the pressure required to achieve this(1-3). The electrical conductivity of hydrogen as a function of pressure and temperature is of both fundamental and practical interest-metallic hydrogen may be of relevance to planetary interiors(4), and has been suggested as a potential high-temperature superconductor(5). Calculations(1,2) suggest that depairing (destruction of the molecular bond) should occur around 340 GPa, accompanied by the formation of an alkali metal at this pressure(1), or at substantially higher pressures(2,3). Here we report that solid hydrogen does not become an alkali metal at pressures of up to 342 +/- 10 GPa, achieved using a diamond anvil cell. This pressure (which is almost comparable to that at the centre of the Earth) significantly exceeds those reached in earlier experiments-216 GPa (ref, 6) and 191 GPa (ref. 7)-at which hydrogen was found to be nonmetallic. The failure of solid hydrogen to become an alkali metal at the extreme pressures reported here has implications for our current theoretical understanding of the solid-state phase.
C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Inst Plasma Res, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
C3 Cornell University; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park
RP Ruoff, AL (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
EM ruoff@msc.cornell.edu
NR 37
TC 229
Z9 254
U1 1
U2 43
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 7
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6680
BP 46
EP 49
DI 10.1038/29949
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZM028
UT WOS:000073497500041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chakrabarty, D
   Morgan, EH
AF Chakrabarty, D
   Morgan, EH
TI The two-hour orbit of a binary millisecond x-ray pulsar
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID radio pulsars; transients; evolution; period; mass
AB Typical radio pulsars are magnetized neutron stars that are born rapidly rotating and slow down as they age on time scales of 10 to 100 million years. In contrast, millisecond radio pulsars spin very rapidly even though many are billions of years old(1). The most compelling explanation is that they have been 'spun up' by the transfer of angular momentum during the accretion of material from a companion star in so-called low-mass X-ray binary systems, LMXBs. (LMXBs consist of a neutron star or black hole accreting matter from a companion with mass less than one solar mass(2).) The recent detection of coherent X-ray pulsations with a millisecond period from a suspected low-mass X-ray binary system appears to confirm this link(3). Here we report observations showing that the orbital period of this binary system is two hours, which establishes it as an LMXB, We also find an apparent modulation of the X-ray nux at the orbital period (at the two per cent level), with a broad minimum when the pulsar is behind the low-mass companion star. This system seems closely related to the 'black-widow' millisecond radio pulsars, which are evaporating their companions through irradiation(4-8). It may appear as an eclipsing radio pulsar during periods of X-ray quiescence.
C1 MIT, Ctr Space Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Chakrabarty, D (corresponding author), MIT, Ctr Space Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM deepto@space.mit.edu
NR 30
TC 309
Z9 319
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 23
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6691
BP 346
EP 348
DI 10.1038/28561
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 103QF
UT WOS:000074968800043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Frank, KM
   Sekiguchi, JM
   Seidl, KJ
   Swat, W
   Rathbun, GA
   Cheng, HL
   Davidson, L
   Kangaloo, L
   Alt, FW
AF Frank, KM
   Sekiguchi, JM
   Seidl, KJ
   Swat, W
   Rathbun, GA
   Cheng, HL
   Davidson, L
   Kangaloo, L
   Alt, FW
TI Late embryonic lethality and impaired V(D)J recombination in mice lacking DNA ligase IV
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID strand break repair; ku86-deficient mice; signal; growth; defect; cells
AB The DNA-end-joining reactions used for repair of double-strand breaks in DNA and for V(D)J recombination, the process by which immunoglobulin and T-cell antigen-receptor genes are assembled from multiple gene segments, use common factors. These factors include components of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), namely DNA-PE;cs and the Ku heterodimer, Ku70-Ku80, and XRCC4 (ref. 1). The precise function of XRCC4 is unknown, but it interacts with DNA ligase IV. Ligase IV is one of the three known mammalian DNA ligases(2); however, the in vivo functions of these Ligases have not been determined unequivocally. Here we show that inactivation of the ligase IV gene in mice leads to late embryonic lethality. Lymphopoiesis in these mice is blocked and V(D)I joining does not occur. Ligase IV-deficient embryonic fibroblasts also show marked sensitivity to ionizing radiation, growth defects and premature senescence. All of these phenotypic characteristics, except embryonic lethality, resemble those associated with Ku70 and Ku80 deficiencies(3-6), indicating that they may result from an impaired end-joining process that involves both Ku subunits and ligase N. However, Ku-deficient mice are viable, so ligase TV must also be required for processes and/or in cell types in which Ku is dispensable.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Childrens Hosp, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Blood Res, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Program in Cellular & Molecular Medicine (PCMM)
RP Alt, FW (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Childrens Hosp, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 28
TC 470
Z9 561
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 12
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6707
BP 173
EP 177
DI 10.1038/24172
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 139DU
UT WOS:000077013300053
PM 9823897
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Turner, KL
   Miller, SA
   Hartwell, PG
   MacDonald, NC
   Strogatz, SH
   Adams, SG
AF Turner, KL
   Miller, SA
   Hartwell, PG
   MacDonald, NC
   Strogatz, SH
   Adams, SG
TI Five parametric resonances in a microelectromechanical system
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The Mathieu equation(1) governs the forced motion of a swing(2), the stability of ships(3) and columns(4), Faraday surface wave patterns on water(5,6), the dynamics of the electrons in Penning traps(7), and the behaviour of parametric amplifiers based on electronic(8) or superconducting devices(9). Theory predicts that parametric resonances occur near drive frequencies of 2 omega(o)/n, where omega(o), is the system's natural frequency and n is an integer greater than or equal to 1. But in macroscopic systems, only the first instability region can typically be observed, because of damping and the exponential narrowing(10) of the regions with increasing n. Here we report parametrically excited torsional oscillations in a single-crystal silicon microelectromechanical system. Five instability regions can be measured, due to the low damping, stability and precise frequency control achievable in this system. The centre frequencies of the instability regions agree with theoretical predictions. We propose an application that uses parametric excitation to reduce the parasitic signal in capacitive sensing with microelectromechanical systems. Our results suggest that microelectromechanical systems can provide a unique testing ground for dynamical phenomena that are difficult to detect in macroscopic systems.
C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Theoret & Appl Mech, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Sch Appl & Engn Phys, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Sch Elect Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Cornell Nanofabricat Facil, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
C3 Cornell University; Cornell University; Cornell University; Cornell University
RP Turner, KL (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Dept Theoret & Appl Mech, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
EM turner@tam.cornell.edu
NR 16
TC 398
Z9 449
U1 0
U2 76
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 12
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6707
BP 149
EP 152
DI 10.1038/24122
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 139DU
UT WOS:000077013300046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ohlmeyer, JT
   Kalderon, D
AF Ohlmeyer, JT
   Kalderon, D
TI Hedgehog stimulates maturation of Cubitus interruptus into a labile transcriptional activator
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID kinesin-related protein; drosophila-melanogaster; signal-transduction; wingless; gene; compartment; encodes; boundary; expression; suppressor
AB In Drosophila, signalling by the protein Hedgehog (Hh) alters the activity of the transcription factor Cubitus interruptus (Ci) by inhibiting the proteolysis of full-length Ci (Ci-155) to its shortened Ci-75 form(1,2). Ci-75 is found largely in the nucleus and is thought to be a transcriptional repressor(1), whereas there is evidence(3-5) to indicate that Ci-155 may be a transcriptional activator(1,2,6). However, Ci-155 is detected only in the cytoplasm, where it is associated with the protein kinase Fused (Fu), with Suppressor of Fused (Su(fu)), and with the microtubule-binding protein Costal-2 (refs 1,7-9), It is not clear how Ci-155 might become a nuclear activator. We show here that mutations in Su(fu) cause an increase in the expression of Hh-target genes in a dose-dependent manner while simultaneously reducing Ci-155 concentration by some mechanism other than proteolysis to Ci-75, Conversely, eliminating Fu kinase activity reduces Hh-target gene expression while increasing Ci-155 concentration. We propose that Fu kinase activity is required for Hh to stimulate the maturation of Ci-155 into a short-lived nuclear transcriptional activator and that Su(fu) opposes this maturation step through a stoichiometric interaction with Ci-155.
C1 Columbia Univ, Dept Biol Sci, New York, NY 10027 USA.
C3 Columbia University
RP Kalderon, D (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Dept Biol Sci, 1212 Amsterdam Ave, New York, NY 10027 USA.
NR 30
TC 265
Z9 307
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 31
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6713
BP 749
EP 753
DI 10.1038/25533
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 151WC
UT WOS:000077742800032
PM 9874371
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU de Silva, SL
   Zielinski, GA
AF de Silva, SL
   Zielinski, GA
TI Global influence of the AD1600 eruption of Huaynaputina, Peru
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID major volcanic-eruptions; tephra fall deposits; tree-ring evidence; explosive volcanism; climatic impact; ice core; volume
AB It has long been estabished that gas and fine ash from large equatorial explosive eruptions can spread globally, and that the sulphuric acid that is consequently produced in the stratosphere can cause a small, but statistically significant, cooling of global temperatures(1,2). Central to revealing the ancient volcano-climate connection have been studies linking single eruptions to features of climate-proxy records such as found in ice-core(3-5) and tree-ring(6-8) chronologies. Such records also suggest that the known inventory of eruptions is incomplete, and that the climatic significance of unreported or poorly understood eruptions remains to be revealed, The AD1600 eruption of Huaynaputina, in southern Peru, has been speculated to be one of the largest eruptions of the past 500 years; acidity spikes from Greenland and Antarctica ice(3-5), tree-ring chronologies(6-8), along with records of atmospheric perturbations in early seventeenth-century Europe and China(9,10), implicate an eruption of similar or greater magnitude than that of Krakatau in 1883. Here we use tephra deposits to estimate the volume of the AD1600 Huaynaputina eruption, revealing that it was indeed one of the largest eruptions in historic times. The chemical characteristics of the glass from juvenile tephra allow a firm cause-effect link to be established with glass from the Antarctic ice, and thus improve on estimates of the stratospheric loading of the eruption.
C1 Indiana State Univ, Dept Geog Geol & Anthropol, Terre Haute, IN 47809 USA.
   Univ New Hampshire, Climate Change Res Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA.
C3 Indiana State University; University System Of New Hampshire; University of New Hampshire
RP de Silva, SL (corresponding author), Indiana State Univ, Dept Geog Geol & Anthropol, Terre Haute, IN 47809 USA.
EM gesilva@scifac.indstate.edu
NR 33
TC 124
Z9 140
U1 0
U2 36
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 4
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6684
BP 455
EP 458
DI 10.1038/30948
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZR842
UT WOS:000074020000040
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Phillipson, SL
   Guénault, AM
   Fisher, SN
   Pickett, GR
   Thibault, PJY
AF Phillipson, SL
   Guénault, AM
   Fisher, SN
   Pickett, GR
   Thibault, PJY
TI Mesoscopic behaviour of the neutral Fermi gas 3He confined in quantum wires
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The behaviour of electron gases in restricted geometries provides a means to explore the fundamental quantum-mechanical properties of fermion gases at mesoscopic length scales(1). But the existence of Coulomb repulsion between electrons unavoidably complicates the physics. Quantum gases of neutral fermions-such as He-3 quasiparticles in a dilute solution of He-3 in He-4, cooled to millikelvin temperatures(2)-therefore offer a means of probing regimes completely inaccessible to electronic systems. Here we demonstrate the quantum exclusion of a He-3 fermion gas from a network of narrow channels, connected to a reservoir of He-3/He-4 solution. The effect is expected from simple quantum-mechanical arguments, which predict that the He-3 atoms cannot enter the channels when their wavelength exceeds root 2 times the channel width. By adjusting the temperature of the solution, the energy of the particles and hence their average wavelength can be controlled. In this way, we observe temperature-dependent changes in the penetration of the 3He quasiparticles into the channels. Our results demonstrate the macroscopic response of an atomic gas to basic quantum-mechanical restrictions at the mesoscopic level.
C1 Univ Lancaster, Dept Phys, Lancaster LA1 4YB, England.
C3 Lancaster University
RP Guénault, AM (corresponding author), Univ Lancaster, Dept Phys, Lancaster LA1 4YB, England.
EM a.guenault@lancaster.ac.uk
NR 7
TC 11
Z9 12
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 8
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6702
BP 578
EP 580
DI 10.1038/26927
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 127QW
UT WOS:000076362900040
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cimatti, A
   Andreani, P
   Rottgering, H
   Tilanus, R
AF Cimatti, A
   Andreani, P
   Rottgering, H
   Tilanus, R
TI Vigorous star formation hidden by dust in a galaxy at a redshift of 1.4
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fsc-10214+4724; population; evolution
AB Near-infrared surveys have revealed a substantial population of faint galaxies that are extremely red in their optical to near-infrared colours(1). These enigmatic galaxies are about as numerous as faint quasars(1). The extremely red colours could arise either because of an absence of recently formed stars, implying that the galaxies formed almost all of their stars at very high redshifts(2), or because the galaxies contain large amounts of dust, which reddens the light by preferentially absorbing the shorter-wavelength radiation. Determining why these objects are red will help us to understand the early evolution of galaxies. The object HR10, at a redshift of z = 1.44 (refs 1, 3), is considered the archetype of the extremely red galaxies. Here we report the detection of continuum emission from warm dust in HR10, demonstrating that it is a dusty galaxy undergoing a burst of massive-star formation. Our result provides a clear example of a high-redshift galaxy where the star-formation rate inferred from the ultraviolet luminosity (the usual method at these redshifts) would be underestimated by a factor of more than 500, showing that great caution must be used to infer the global star-formation history of the Universe from optical and ultraviolet observations(4).
C1 Osserv Astrofis Arcetri, I-50125 Florence, Italy.
   Dipartimento Astron, I-35122 Padua, Italy.
   Sterrewacht Leiden, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.
   Joint Astron Ctr, Hilo, HI 96720 USA.
   Netherlands Fdn Res Astron, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands.
C3 Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); University of Padua; Leiden University; Leiden University - Excl LUMC
RP Cimatti, A (corresponding author), Osserv Astrofis Arcetri, Largo E Fermi 5, I-50125 Florence, Italy.
EM cimatti@arcetri.astro.it
NR 29
TC 105
Z9 106
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 30
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6679
BP 895
EP 897
DI 10.1038/31872
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZK759
UT WOS:000073359900039
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cao, YQ
   Mantyh, PW
   Carlson, EJ
   Gillespie, AM
   Epstein, CJH
   Basbaum, AI
AF Cao, YQ
   Mantyh, PW
   Carlson, EJ
   Gillespie, AM
   Epstein, CJH
   Basbaum, AI
TI Primary afferent tachykinins are required to experience moderate to intense pain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dorsal horn neurons; substance-p; receptor; rat; hyperalgesia; inflammation; inhibition; activation; glutamate; formalin
AB The excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate coexists,vith the peptide known as substance P in primary afferents that respond to painful stimulation(1). Because blockers of glutamate receptors reliably reduce pain behaviour(2-4), it is assumed that 'pain' messages are mediated by glutamate action on dorsal horn neurons, The contribution of substance P, however, is still unclear, We have now disrupted the mouse preprotachykinin A gene (PPT-A), which encodes substance P and a related tachykinin, neurokinin A (ref. 5). We find that although the behavioural response to mildly painful stimuli is intact in these mice, the response to moderate to intense pain is significantly reduced. Neurogenic inflammation, which results from peripheral release of substance P and neurokinin A (ref. 6), is almost absent in the mutant mice. We conclude that the release of tachykinins from primary afferent pain-sensing receptors (nociceptors) is required to produce moderate to intense pain.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Anat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Physiol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, WM Keck Fdn, Ctr Integrat Neurosci, Dept Pediat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Vet Adm Med Ctr, Mol Neurobiol Lab, Minneapolis, MN 55417 USA.
   Univ Minnesota, Dept Psychiat, Minneapolis, MN 55417 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; US Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Health Administration (VHA); Minneapolis VA Health Care System; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities
RP Basbaum, AI (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Anat, UCSF Box 0452, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM aib@phy.ucsf.edu
NR 29
TC 516
Z9 592
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 26
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6674
BP 390
EP 394
DI 10.1038/32897
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZD694
UT WOS:000072713600052
PM 9537322
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schroeter, EH
   Kisslinger, JA
   Kopan, R
AF Schroeter, EH
   Kisslinger, JA
   Kopan, R
TI Notch-1 signalling requires ligand-induced proteolytic release of intracellular domain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID golgi-complex; endoplasmic-reticulum; transcription factor; proteins; cells; virus; rbp-j-kappa/su(h); transduction; suppressor; expression
AB Notch proteins are ligand-activated transmembrane receptors involved in cell-fate selection throughout development(1-3). No known enzymatic activity is contained within Notch and the molecular mechanism by which it transduces signals across the cell membrane is poorly understood. In many instances, Notch activation results in transcriptional changes in the nucleus through an association with members of the CSL family of DNA-binding proteins (where CSL stands for CBF1, Su(H), Lag-1)(1-4). As Notch is located in the plasma membrane and CSL is a nuclear protein, two models have been proposed to explain how they interact (Fig. I). The first suggests that the two interact transiently at the membrane(1,5-7). The second postulates that Notch is cleaved by a protease, enabling the cleaved fragment to enter the GRAPHICS nucleus(6,8-14). Here we show that signalling by a constitutively active membrane-bound Notch-1 protein requires the proteolytic release of the Notch inh acellular domain (NICD), which interacts preferentially with CSL, Very small amounts of NICD are active, explaining why it is hard to detect in the nucleus in vivo, We also show that it is ligand binding that induces release of NICD.
C1 Washington Univ, Div Dermatol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Washington Univ, Dept Mol Biol & Pharmacol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL)
RP Kopan, R (corresponding author), Washington Univ, Div Dermatol, Box 8123,4940 Parkview Pl, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
EM kopan@pharmdec.wustl.edu
NR 30
TC 1429
Z9 1684
U1 0
U2 53
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 28
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6683
BP 382
EP 386
DI 10.1038/30756
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZQ593
UT WOS:000073883600058
PM 9620803
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ho, KM
   Shvartsburg, AA
   Pan, BC
   Lu, ZY
   Wang, CZ
   Wacker, JG
   Fye, JL
   Jarrold, MF
AF Ho, KM
   Shvartsburg, AA
   Pan, BC
   Lu, ZY
   Wang, CZ
   Wacker, JG
   Fye, JL
   Jarrold, MF
TI Structures of medium-sized silicon clusters
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID si clusters; electronic-structure; spectra
AB Silicon is the most important semiconducting material in the microelectronics industry, If current miniaturization trends continue, minimum device features will soon approach the size of atomic clusters. In this size regime, the structure and properties of materials often differ dramatically from those of the hulk, An enormous effort has been devoted to determining the structures of free silicon clusters(1-22). Although progress has been made for Si-n with n < 8, theoretical predictions for larger clusters are contradictory(2-22) and none enjoy any compelling experimental support, Here we report geometries calculated for medium-sized silicon clusters using an unbiased global search with a genetic algorithm. Ion mobilities(23) determined for these geometries by trajectory calculations are in excellent agreement,vith the values that we measure experimentally, The cluster geometries that we obtain do not correspond to fragments of the hulk, For n = 12-18 they are built on a structural motif consisting of a stack of Si-9 tricapped trigonal prisms, For n greater than or equal to 19, our calculations predict that near-spherical cage structures become the most stable, The transition to these more spherical geometries occurs in the measured mobilities for slightly larger clusters than in the calculations, possibly because of entropic effects.
C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Chem, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
   Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Ames Lab, US DOE, Ames, IA 50011 USA.
   Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Phys & Astron, Ames, IA 50011 USA.
C3 Northwestern University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Ames National Laboratory; Iowa State University; Iowa State University
RP Jarrold, MF (corresponding author), Northwestern Univ, Dept Chem, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
EM mfj@chem.nwu.edu
NR 34
TC 633
Z9 657
U1 2
U2 96
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 9
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6676
BP 582
EP 585
DI 10.1038/33369
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZG300
UT WOS:000072987200053
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Domínguez, M
   de Celis, JF
AF Domínguez, M
   de Celis, JF
TI A dorsal/ventral boundary established by Notch controls growth and polarity in the Drosophila eye
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dorsal; expression; fringe; gene
AB In the Drosophila compound eye the dorsal and ventral fields of eye units (ommatidia) meet along the dorsoventral midline, forming a line of mirror image symmetry called the equator(1), The molecular mechanism establishing the equator is not fully understood, but it involves the transcription factors' encoded by the Iroquois gene complex(3), The Iroquois genes are expressed in the dorsal half of the eye(2) and here we show that they regulate the expression of the secreted molecule Fringe. A boundary between fringe-expressing and fringe-non-expressing cells is essential, from the time of the second larval instar, for eye growth and formation of the equator. Boundaries of fringe expression determine where the transmembrane receptor Notch is activated(4,5). We find that Notch is activated at the dorsoventral midline, where it is required to promote growth and set up the axis of mirror symmetry. As boundaries of fringe expression and Notch activation are also important during Drosophila wing formation(6) and vertebrate somitogenesis(7-9), we suggest that these boundaries constitute a general mechanism that directs growth and patterning of large fields of cells.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Genet, Cambridge CB2 3EH, England.
   MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
C3 University of Cambridge; MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology
RP de Celis, JF (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Genet, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EH, England.
EM jdc@mole.bio.cam.ac.uk
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 25
TC 214
Z9 262
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 19
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6708
BP 276
EP 278
DI 10.1038/24402
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 140VY
UT WOS:000077110400050
PM 9834035
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kristensen, P
   Judge, ME
   Thim, L
   Ribel, U
   Christjansen, KN
   Wulff, BS
   Clausen, JT
   Jensen, PB
   Madsen, OD
   Vrang, N
   Larsen, PJ
   Hastrup, S
AF Kristensen, P
   Judge, ME
   Thim, L
   Ribel, U
   Christjansen, KN
   Wulff, BS
   Clausen, JT
   Jensen, PB
   Madsen, OD
   Vrang, N
   Larsen, PJ
   Hastrup, S
TI Hypothalamic CART is a new anorectic peptide regulated by leptin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID messenger-ribonucleic-acid; neuropeptide-y; rna; polypeptide; amphetamine; cocaine; mouse; rats; food; mice
AB The mammalian hypothalamus strongly influences ingestive behaviour through several different signalling molecules and receptor systems(1-4). Here we show that CART (cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript), a brain-located peptide(5-8), is a satiety factor and is closely associated with the actions of two important regulators of food intake, leptin and neuropeptide Y. Food-deprived animals show a pronounced decrease in expression of CART messenger RNA in the arcuate nucleus. In animal models of obesity with disrupted leptin signalling, CART mRNA is almost absent from the arcuate nucleus. Peripheral administration of leptin to obese mice stimulates CART mRNA expression. When injected intracerebroventricularly into rats, recombinant CART peptide inhibits both normal and starvation-induced feeding, and completely blocks the feeding response induced by neuropeptide Y. An antiserum against CART increases feeding in normal rats, indicating that CART may be an endogenous inhibitor of food intake in normal animals.
C1 Novo Nordisk AS, Hlth Care Discovery, DK-2880 Bagsvaerd, Denmark.
   Hagedorn Res Inst, DK-2820 Gentofte, Denmark.
   Univ Copenhagen, Dept Anat, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
C3 Novo Nordisk; Novo Nordisk; Hagedorn Research Institute; University of Copenhagen
RP Kristensen, P (corresponding author), Novo Nordisk AS, Hlth Care Discovery, Novo Alle 6A1-47, DK-2880 Bagsvaerd, Denmark.
EM pekr@novo.dk
NR 20
TC 1059
Z9 1194
U1 1
U2 35
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 7
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6680
BP 72
EP 76
DI 10.1038/29993
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZM028
UT WOS:000073497500049
PM 9590691
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Doake, CSM
   Corr, HFJ
   Rott, H
   Skvarca, P
   Young, NW
AF Doake, CSM
   Corr, HFJ
   Rott, H
   Skvarca, P
   Young, NW
TI Breakup and conditions for stability of the northern Larsen Ice Shelf, Antarctica
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID glaciers; sheet
AB The breakup of ice shelves has been widely regarded as an indicator of climate change(1), with observations around the Antarctic Peninsula having shown a pattern of gradual retreat, associated with regional atmospheric warming-and increased summer melt and fracturing processes(2-9). The rapid collapse of the northernmost section of the Larsen Ice Shelf (Larsen A), over a few days in January 1995, indicated that, after retreat beyond a critical limit, ice shelves may disintegrate rapidly. Here we use a finite-element numerical model that treats ice as a continuum without fracture(10) to examine the breakup history(2) between 1986 and 1997 of the two northern sections of Larsen Ice Shelf (Larsen A and Larsen B), from which we establish stability criteria for ice shelves. Analysis of various ice-shelf configurations reveals characteristic patterns in the strain rates near the ice front which we use to describe the stability of the ice shelf. On Larsen A, only the initial and final ice-front configurations show a stable pattern. Larsen B at present exhibits a stable pattern, hut if the ice front were to retreat by a further Few kilometres, it too is Likely to enter an irreversible retreat phase.
C1 British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England.
   Univ Innsbruck, Inst Meteorol & Geophys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
   Inst Antartico Argentino, RA-1010 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina.
   Antartic CRC, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia.
   Australian Antarctic Div, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC); NERC British Antarctic Survey; University of Innsbruck; Instituto Antartico Argentino; Australian Antarctic Division
RP Doake, CSM (corresponding author), British Antarctic Survey, Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England.
NR 20
TC 159
Z9 180
U1 0
U2 31
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 19
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6669
BP 778
EP 780
DI 10.1038/35832
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YX884
UT WOS:000072089500048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Roose, J
   Molenaar, M
   Peterson, J
   Hurenkamp, J
   Brantjes, H
   Moerer, P
   van de Wetering, M
   Destrée, O
   Clevers, H
AF Roose, J
   Molenaar, M
   Peterson, J
   Hurenkamp, J
   Brantjes, H
   Moerer, P
   van de Wetering, M
   Destrée, O
   Clevers, H
TI The Xenopus Wnt effector XTcf-3 interacts with Groucho-related transcriptional repressors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID beta-catenin; developmental expression; spemann organizer; factor lef-1; drosophila; embryos; cloning; enhancer; complex; split
AB Tcf/Lef transcription factors mediate signalling from Wingless/ Wnt proteins by recruiting Armadillo/beta-catenin as a transcriptional co-activator(1-7). However, studies of Drosophila, Xenopus and Caenorhabditis elegans have indicated that Tcf factors may also be transcriptional repressors(6,8-13). Here we show that Tcf factors physically interact with members of the Groucho family of transcriptional repressors. In transient transfection assays, the Xenopus Groucho homologue XGrg-4 inhibited activation of transcription of synthetic Tcf reporter genes. In contrast, the naturally truncated Groucho-family member XGrg-5 enhanced transcriptional activation. Injection of XGrg-4 into Xenopus embryos repressed transcription of Siamois and Xnr-3, endogenous targets of beta-catenin-Tcf. Dorsal injection of XGrg-4 had a ventralizing effect on Xenopus embryos. Secondary-axis formation induced by a dominant-positive Armadillo-Tcf fusion protein was inhibited by XGrg-4 and enhanced by XGrg-5, These data indicate that expression of Tcf target genes is regulated by a balance between Armadillo and Groucho.
C1 Univ Utrecht Hosp, Dept Immunol, NL-3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Netherlands Inst Dev Biol, Hubrecht Lab, NL-3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands.
C3 Utrecht University; Utrecht University Medical Center; Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts & Sciences; Hubrecht Institute (KNAW)
RP Clevers, H (corresponding author), Univ Utrecht Hosp, Dept Immunol, Heidelberglaan 100, NL-3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands.
NR 30
TC 568
Z9 697
U1 0
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 8
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6702
BP 608
EP 612
DI 10.1038/26989
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 127QW
UT WOS:000076362900050
PM 9783587
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bray, D
   Levin, MD
   Morton-Firth, CJ
AF Bray, D
   Levin, MD
   Morton-Firth, CJ
TI Receptor clustering as a cellular mechanism to control sensitivity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bacterial chemotaxis; escherichia-coli; covalent modification; flagellar motor; phosphorylation; chemoreceptor; complex; protein; chey
AB Chemotactic bacteria such as Escherichia coli can detect and respond to extremely low concentrations of attractants, concentrations of less than 5 nM in the case of aspartate(1), They also sense gradients of attractants extending over five orders of magnitude in concentration (up to 1 mM aspartate)(2,3). Here we consider the possibility that this combination of sensitivity and range of response depends on the clustering of chemotactic receptors on the surface of the bacterium(4). We examine what will happen if ligand binding changes the activity of a receptor, propagating this change in activity to neighbouring receptors in a cluster(5,6). Calculations based on these assumptions show that sensitivity to extracellular ligands increases with the extent of spread of activity through an array of receptors, but that the range of concentrations over which the array works is severely diminished. However, a combination of low threshold of response and wide dynamic range can be attained if the cell has both clusters and single receptors on its surface, particularly if the extent of activity spread can adapt to external conditions. A mechanism of this kind can account quantitatively for the sensitivity and response range of E. coli to aspartate.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP Bray, D (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
EM d.bray@zoo.cam.ac.uk
NR 27
TC 534
Z9 596
U1 1
U2 36
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 7
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6680
BP 85
EP 88
DI 10.1038/30018
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZM028
UT WOS:000073497500053
PM 9590695
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Solomin, L
   Johansson, CB
   Zetterström, RH
   Bissonnette, RP
   Heyman, RA
   Olson, L
   Lendahl, U
   Frisén, J
   Perlmann, T
AF Solomin, L
   Johansson, CB
   Zetterström, RH
   Bissonnette, RP
   Heyman, RA
   Olson, L
   Lendahl, U
   Frisén, J
   Perlmann, T
TI Retinoid-X receptor signalling in the developing spinal cord
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID acid receptor; response element; nuclear receptors; mouse development; fas ligand; ngfi-b; expression; gene; rxr; dehydrogenase
AB Retinoids regulate gene expression through the action of retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid-X receptors (RXRs), which both belong to the family of nuclear hormone receptors(1,2). Retinoids are of fundamental importance during development(2), but it has been difficult to assess the distribution of ligand-activated receptors in vivo. This is particularly the case for RXR, which is a critical unliganded auxiliary protein for several nuclear receptors, including RAR(1), but its ligand-activated role in vivo remains uncertain, Here we describe an assay in transgenic mice, based on the expression of an effector fusion protein linking the ligand-binding domain of either RXR or RAR to the yeast Gal4 DNA-binding domain, and the in situ detection of ligand-activated effector proteins by using an inducible transgenic lacZ reporter gene. We detect receptor activation in the spinal cord in a pattern that indicates that the receptor functions in the maturation of limb-innervating motor neurons. Our results reveal a specific activation pattern of Gal4-RXR which indicates that RXR is a critical bona fide receptor in the developing spinal cord.
C1 Ludwig Inst Canc Res, Stockholm Branch, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Karolinska Inst, Dept Cell & Mol Biol, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Karolinska Inst, Dept Neurosci, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Ligand Pharmaceut Inc, San Diego, CA 92121 USA.
C3 Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research; Karolinska Institutet; Karolinska Institutet; Ligand Pharmaceuticals
RP Perlmann, T (corresponding author), Ludwig Inst Canc Res, Stockholm Branch, POB 240, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
EM thomas.perlmann@licr.ki.se
NR 31
TC 114
Z9 129
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 24
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6700
BP 398
EP 402
DI 10.1038/26515
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 122QW
UT WOS:000076083800058
PM 9759732
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Osaka, T
   Takai, M
   Hayashi, K
   Ohashi, K
   Saito, M
   Yamada, K
AF Osaka, T
   Takai, M
   Hayashi, K
   Ohashi, K
   Saito, M
   Yamada, K
TI A soft magnetic CoNiFe film with high saturation magnetic flux density and low coercivity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Magnetic materials are classed as 'soft' if they have a low coercivity (the critical field strength H-c required to flip the direction of magnetization). Soft magnetic materials are a central component of electromagnetic devices such as step motors, magnetic sensors, transformers and magnetic recording heads. Miniaturization of these devices requires materials that can develop higher saturation flux density, B-s, so that the necessary flux densities can be preserved on reducing device dimensions, while simultaneously achieving a low coercivity. Common high-B-s soft magnetic films currently in use are electroplated CoFe-based alloys(1-4), electroplated CoNiFe alloys(5-7), and sputtered Fe-based nanocrystalline(8-11) and FeN films(12-14). Sputtering is not suitable, however, for fabricating the thick films needed in some applications, for which electrochemical methods are preferred. Here we report the electrochemical preparation of a CoNiFe film with a very high value of B-s (2.0-2.1T) and a low coercivity. The favourable properties are achieved by avoiding the need for organic additives in the deposition process, which are typically used to reduce internal stresses. Our films also undergo very small magnetostriction, which is essential to ensure that they are not stressed when an external magnetic field is applied (or conversely, that external stresses do not disrupt the magnetic properties). Our material should find applications in miniaturization of electromechanical devices and in high-density magnetic data storage.
C1 Waseda Univ, Dept Appl Chem, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 169, Japan.
   Waseda Univ, Kagami Mem Lab Mat Sci & Technol, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo, Japan.
   NEC Ibaraki Ltd, Ibaraki, Osaka 30801, Japan.
   NEC Corp Ltd, Tokyo 183, Japan.
C3 Waseda University; Waseda University; NEC Corporation
RP Osaka, T (corresponding author), Waseda Univ, Dept Appl Chem, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 169, Japan.
NR 27
TC 353
Z9 402
U1 2
U2 135
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 23
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6678
BP 796
EP 798
DI 10.1038/33888
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZJ679
UT WOS:000073241200047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kim, KK
   Kim, R
   Kim, SH
AF Kim, KK
   Kim, R
   Kim, SH
TI Crystal structure of a small heat-shock protein
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electron-density maps; alpha-crystallin; molecular chaperone; in-vitro; 2.8-angstrom; family; domain
AB The principal heat-shock proteins that have chaperone activity (that is, they protect newly made proteins from misfolding) belong to five conserved classes: HSP100, HSP90, HSP70, HSP60 and the small heat-shock proteins (sHSPs). The sHSPs can form large multimeric structures and have a wide range of cellular functions, including endowing cells with thermotolerance in vivo(1,2) and being able to act as molecular chaperones in vitro(3-8); sHSPs do this by forming stable complexes with folding intermediates of their protein substrates(9,10). However, there is little information available about these structures or the mechanism by which substrates are protected from thermal denaturation by sHSPs. Here we report the crystal structure of a small heat-shock protein from Methanococcus jannaschii, a hyperthermophilic archaeon. The monomeric folding unit is a composite beta-sandwich in which one of the beta-strands comes from a neighbouring molecule. Twenty-four monomers form a hollow spherical complex of octahedral symmetry, with eight trigonal and six square 'windows'. The sphere has an outer diameter of 120 Angstrom and an inner diameter of 65 Angstrom.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Phys Biosci Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Kim, SH (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Phys Biosci Div, 220 Melvin Calvin Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 27
TC 814
Z9 942
U1 3
U2 76
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 6
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6693
BP 595
EP 599
DI 10.1038/29106
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 107YN
UT WOS:000075238700053
PM 9707123
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lantz, CS
   Boesiger, J
   Song, CH
   Mach, N
   Kobayashi, T
   Mulligan, RC
   Nawa, Y
   Dranoff, G
   Galli, SJ
AF Lantz, CS
   Boesiger, J
   Song, CH
   Mach, N
   Kobayashi, T
   Mulligan, RC
   Nawa, Y
   Dranoff, G
   Galli, SJ
TI Role for interleukin-3 in mast-cell and basophil development and in immunity to parasites
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c-kit ligand; strongyloides-venezuelensis; mice; il-3; infection; invivo; differentiation; hematopoiesis; proliferation; antibody
AB The cytokine interleukin-3 (IL-3), which can be derived from T cells and other sources, is a potentially important link between the immune and haematopoietic systems(1). IL-3 may be particularly critical for the development, survival and function of tissue mast cells(1-6) and blood basophils(7,8), which are thought to be important effector cells in immunity to parasites and other immunological responses, such as allergic reactions(9). Here we show using IL-3-deficient mice(10), that IL-3 is not essential for the generation of mast cells or basophils under physiological conditions, but that it does contribute to increased numbers of tissue mast cells, enhanced basophil production, and immunity in mice infected with the nematode Stronglyoides venezuelensis, Parasite expulsion and mast-cell development are impaired even more severely in IL-3-deficient mice that also show a marked reduction in signalling by c-kit, These findings establish a role for IL-3 in immunity to parasites and indicate that one of the functions of IL-3 in host defence against infection is to expand populations of haematopoietic effector cells.
C1 Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Miyazaki Med Coll, Dept Parasitol, Miyazaki 88916, Japan.
   Childrens Hosp, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; University of Miyazaki; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Galli, SJ (corresponding author), Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
EM sgalli@bidmc.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 452
Z9 506
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 5
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6671
BP 90
EP 93
DI 10.1038/32190
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZA528
UT WOS:000072373000056
PM 9510253
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reipurth, B
   Bally, L
   Fesen, RA
   Devine, D
AF Reipurth, B
   Bally, L
   Fesen, RA
   Devine, D
TI Protostellar jets irradiated by massive stars
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID energy-source; young stars
AB The formation of solar-type stars is a gradual process during which they accrete mass from the dense disks and cloud cores that surround them. This accretion requires the release of angular momentum, and an important mechanism for achieving this seems to be the production of jets along the polar axes of the young stars(1,2), But the presence of massive, luminous stars within the same star-forming region can affect the forming stars by stripping away their circumstellar envelopes with ultraviolet radiation, thereby removing the reservoir of gas from which the stars are built up and exposing the disks to photoerosion(3). Here we present observations of four highly collimated jets from young stars that appear to have been stripped of their circumstellar molecular cloud cores in this way. The production of jets seems to have been largely unaffected. If these jets are also photoionized, their mass loss rates can be determined from observations with much greater accuracy than for normal shock-excited jets.
C1 Univ Colorado, Ctr Astrophys & Space Astron, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Dartmouth Coll, Dept Phys & Astron, Hanover, NH 03755 USA.
   NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; Dartmouth College; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
RP Reipurth, B (corresponding author), Univ Colorado, Ctr Astrophys & Space Astron, Campus Box 389, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
NR 29
TC 85
Z9 86
U1 1
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 26
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6709
BP 343
EP 345
DI 10.1038/24562
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 142MJ
UT WOS:000077204000041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Li, DY
   Brooke, B
   Davis, EC
   Mecham, RP
   Sorensen, LK
   Boak, BB
   Eichwald, E
   Keating, MT
AF Li, DY
   Brooke, B
   Davis, EC
   Mecham, RP
   Sorensen, LK
   Boak, BB
   Eichwald, E
   Keating, MT
TI Elastin is an essential determinant of arterial morphogenesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atherosclerosis; disruption; cells; gene
AB Elastin, the main component of the extracellular matrix of arteries, was thought to have a purely structural role(1). Disruption of elastin was believed to lead to dissection of arteries(2,3), but we showed that mutations in one allele encoding elastin cause a human disease in which arteries are blocked, namely, supravalvular aortic stenosis(4,5). Here we define the role of elastin in arterial development and disease by generating mice that lack elastin. These mice die of an obstructive arterial disease, which results from subendothelial cell proliferation and reorganization of smooth muscle. These cellular changes are similar to those seen in atherosclerosis. However, lack of elastin is not associated with endothelial damage, thrombosis or inflammation, which occur in models of atherosclerosis. Haemodynamic stress is not associated with arterial obstruction in these mice either, as the disease still occurred in arteries that were isolated in organ culture and therefore not subject to haemodynamic stress. Disruption of elastin is enough to induce subendothelial proliferation of smooth muscle and may contribute to obstructive arterial disease. Thus, elastin has an unanticipated regulatory function during arterial development, controlling proliferation of smooth muscle and stabilizing arterial structure.
C1 Univ Utah, Hlth Sci Ctr, Div Cardiol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
   Univ Utah, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Pathol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
   Eccles Inst Human Genet, Dept Human Genet, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
   Univ Utah, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Cell Biol & Neurosci, Dallas, TX 75235 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol & Physiol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
C3 Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah; Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL)
RP Li, DY (corresponding author), Univ Utah, Hlth Sci Ctr, Div Cardiol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
NR 18
TC 601
Z9 738
U1 1
U2 48
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 21
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6682
BP 276
EP 280
DI 10.1038/30522
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZP513
UT WOS:000073761000056
PM 9607766
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kuhn, JR
   Bush, RI
   Scheick, X
   Scherrer, P
AF Kuhn, JR
   Bush, RI
   Scheick, X
   Scherrer, P
TI The Sun's shape and brightness
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quadrupole-moment
AB The origin of the 11- and 22-year solar cycles remains one of the more mysterious aspects of the Sun, These cycles are probably driven by convection in the solar interior, but the convection zone is difficult to probe, Small departures from sphericity in the effective surface temperature of the Sun can in principle be used in this regard, Such variations, which are observed as changes in the surface brightness with solar latitude, may be caused by differences between the vertical and horizontal turbulent convective flows(1) inside the Sun, Moreover, variations in the Sun's luminosity may be related to changes in conditions near the base of the convection zone(2) that result from the magnetic (sunspot) cycle(3), Here we present satellite data that show that the Sun's shape and temperature vary with latitude in an unexpectedly complex way. Although the solar oblateness shows no evidence of varying with the solar cycle, we find a significant hexadecapole shape term which may vary, We also see a variation of about 1.5 K in the surface temperature with latitude. Based on these results, we suggest that sensitive observations of brightness variations be used as a record of the surface 'shadow' of cyclical changes in the solar interior.
C1 Michigan State Univ, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA.
   Natl Solar Observ, Sunspot, NM 88349 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Jackson Community Coll, Jackson, MI 49201 USA.
C3 Michigan State University; National Solar Observatory; Stanford University
RP Kuhn, JR (corresponding author), Michigan State Univ, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA.
EM jkuhn@solar.stanford.edu
NR 15
TC 96
Z9 98
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 12
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6672
BP 155
EP 157
DI 10.1038/32361
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZB349
UT WOS:000072462700053
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ludwig, A
   Zong, XG
   Jeglitsch, M
   Hofmann, F
   Biel, M
AF Ludwig, A
   Zong, XG
   Jeglitsch, M
   Hofmann, F
   Biel, M
TI A family of hyperpolarization-activated mammalian cation channels
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thalamic relay neurons; voltage-clamp analysis; cyclic-amp; sinoatrial node; protein-kinase; modulation; i(f); sequence; subunit; heart
AB Pacemaker activity of spontaneously active neurons(1-3) and heart cells(4-6) is controlled by a depolarizing, mixed Na+/K+ current, named I-h (or I-f in the sinoatrial node of the heart)(1,4). This current is activated on hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane. In addition to depolarizing pacemaker cells, I-h is involved in determining the resting membrane potential of neurons(1,2) and provides a mechanism to limit hyperpolarizing currents in these cells(7-9). Hormones and neurotransmitters that induce a rise in cyclic AMP levels increase I-h by a mechanism that is independent of protein phosphorylation, and which involves direct binding of the cyclic nucleotide to the channel that mediates I-h(10-13). Here we report the molecular cloning and functional expression of the gene encoding a hyperpolarization-activated cation channel (HAC1) that is present in brain and heart. This channel exhibits the general properties of I-h channels. We have also identified full-length sequences of two related channels, HAC2 and HAC3, that are specifically expressed in the brain, indicating the existence of a family of hyperpolarization-activated cation channels.
C1 Tech Univ Munchen, Inst Pharmakol & Toxikol, D-80802 Munchen, Germany.
C3 Technical University of Munich
RP Biel, M (corresponding author), Tech Univ Munchen, Inst Pharmakol & Toxikol, Biedersteiner Str 29, D-80802 Munchen, Germany.
NR 28
TC 802
Z9 927
U1 0
U2 33
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 11
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6685
BP 587
EP 591
DI 10.1038/31255
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZT988
UT WOS:000074150100055
PM 9634236
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chen, SY
   Maksimchuk, A
   Umstadter, D
AF Chen, SY
   Maksimchuk, A
   Umstadter, D
TI Experimental observation of relativistic nonlinear Thomson scattering
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID intense laser-radiation; harmonic-generation; free-electrons; plasmas; emission; pulses; waves; beams
AB Classical Thomson scattering(1)-the scattering of low-intensity light by electrons-is a linear process, in that it does not change the frequency of the radiation; moreover, the magnetic-field component of light is not involved But if the light intensity is extremely high (similar to 10(18) W cm(-2)), the electrons oscillate during the scattering process with velocities approaching the speed of light. In this relativistic regime, the effect of the magnetic and electric fields on the electron motion should become comparable, and the effective electron mass will increase. Consequently, electrons in such high gelds are predicted to quiver nonlinearly, moving in figure-of-eight patterns rather than in straight lines. Scattered photons should therefore be radiated at harmonics of the frequency of the incident light(2-8), With each harmonic having its own unique angular distribution(4-6). Ultrahigh-peak-power lasers(9) offer a means of creating the huge photon densities required to study relativistic, or 'nonlinear' (ref, 6), Thomson scattering. Here we use such an approach to obtain direct experimental confirmation of the theoretical predictions of relativistic Thomson scattering. In the future, it may be possible to achieve coherent(10,11) generation of the harmonics, a process that could be potentially utilized for 'table-top' X-ray sources.
C1 Univ Michigan, Ctr Ultrafast Opt Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
RP Umstadter, D (corresponding author), Univ Michigan, Ctr Ultrafast Opt Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
NR 19
TC 246
Z9 275
U1 2
U2 66
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 17
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6712
BP 653
EP 655
DI 10.1038/25303
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 150YT
UT WOS:000077694200046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU von der Emde, G
   Schwarz, S
   Gomez, L
   Budelli, R
   Grant, K
AF von der Emde, G
   Schwarz, S
   Gomez, L
   Budelli, R
   Grant, K
TI Electric fish measure distance in the dark
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID objects; field; cues
AB Distance determination in animals can be achieved by visual or non-visual cues(1). Weakly electric fish use active electrolocation for orientation in the dark(2). By perceiving self-produced electric signals with epidermal electroreceptors, fish can detect, locate and analyse nearby objects. Distance discrimination, however, was thought to be hardly possible because it was assumed that confusing ambiguity could arise with objects of unknown sizes and materials(3-5). Here we show that during electrolocation electric fish can measure the distance of most objects accurately, independently of size, shape and material, Measurements of the 'electric image' projected onto the skin surface during electrolocation(6-8) revealed only one parameter combination that was unambiguously related to object distance: the ratio between maximal image slope and maximal image amplitude. However, slope-to-amplitude ratios for spheres were always smaller than those for other objects. As predicted, these objects were erroneously judged by the fish to be further away than all other objects at an identical distance. Our results suggest a novel mechanism for depth perception that can be achieved with a single, stationary two-dimensional array of detectors.
C1 Univ Bonn, Inst Zool, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
   CNRS, Inst Alfred Fessard, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   Univ Republ Uruguay, Fac Sci, Dept Biomath, Montevideo, Uruguay.
C3 University of Bonn; Universite Paris Saclay; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universidad de la Republica, Uruguay
RP von der Emde, G (corresponding author), Univ Bonn, Inst Zool, Poppelsdorfer Schloss, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
NR 30
TC 156
Z9 178
U1 2
U2 34
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 29
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6705
BP 890
EP 894
DI 10.1038/27655
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 133XT
UT WOS:000076713400054
PM 9804420
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McCann, K
   Hastings, A
   Huxel, GR
AF McCann, K
   Hastings, A
   Huxel, GR
TI Weak trophic interactions and the balance of nature
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID capita interaction strength; food-web; dynamics; community; predation; omnivory; cascades; impact
AB Ecological models show that complexity usually destabilizes food webs(1,2), predicting that food webs should not amass the large numbers of interacting species that are in fact found in nature(3-5). Here, using nonlinear models, we study the influence of interaction strength (likelihood of consumption of one species by another) on food-web dynamics away from equilibrium. Consistent with previous suggestions(1,6), our results show that weak to intermediate strength links are important in promoting community persistence and stability. Weak links act to dampen oscillations between consumers and resources. This tends to maintain population densities further away from zero, decreasing the statistical chance that a population will become extinct (lower population densities are more prone to such chances). Data on interaction strengths in natural food webs(7-11) indicate that food-web interaction strengths are indeed characterized by many weak interactions and a few strong interactions.
C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Sci & Policy, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Davis
RP McCann, K (corresponding author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Sci & Policy, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
EM kevin@six.ucdavis.edu
NR 29
TC 1263
Z9 1467
U1 5
U2 404
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 22
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6704
BP 794
EP 798
DI 10.1038/27427
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 132AL
UT WOS:000076607400055
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU van Veen, HW
   Callaghan, R
   Soceneantu, L
   Sardini, A
   Konings, WN
   Higgins, CF
AF van Veen, HW
   Callaghan, R
   Soceneantu, L
   Sardini, A
   Konings, WN
   Higgins, CF
TI A bacterial antibiotic-resistance gene that complements the human multidrug-resistance P-glycoprotein gene
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID drug transport; cells; binding; mdr1; vinblastine; membrane; protein
AB Bacteria have developed many fascinating antibiotic-resistance mechanisms(1,2). A protein in Lactococcus lactis, LmrA, mediates antibiotic resistance by extruding amphiphilic compounds from the inner leaflet of the cytoplasmic membrane(3,4). Unlike other known bacterial multidrug-resistance proteins, LmrA is an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter(5). The human multidrug-resistance P-glycoprotein(6), encoded by the MDR1 gene, is also an ABC transporter, overexpression of which is one of the principal causes of resistance of human cancers to chemotherapy(7,8). We expressed ImrA in human lung fibroblast cells. Surprisingly, LmrA was targeted to the plasma membrane and conferred typical multidrug resistance on these human cells. The pharmacological characteristics of LmrA and P-glycoprotein-expressing lung fibroblasts were very similar, and the affinities of both proteins for vinblastine and magnesium-ATP were indistinguishable. Blockers of P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance also inhibited LmrA-dependent drug resistance. Kinetic analysis of drug dissociation from LmrA expressed in plasma membranes of insect cells revealed the presence of two allosterically linked drug-binding sites indistinguishable from those of P-glycoprotein. These findings have implications for the reversal of antibiotic resistance in pathogenic microorganisms. Taken together, they demonstrate that bacterial LmrA and human P-glycopiotein are functionally interchangeable and that this type of multidrug-resistance efflux pump is conserved from bacteria to man.
C1 Univ Groningen, Dept Microbiol, Groningen Biomol Sci & Biotechnol Inst, NL-9751 NN Haren, Netherlands.
   Univ Oxford, John Radcliffe Hosp, Inst Mol Med,Nuffield Dept Clin Biochem, Imperial Canc Res Fund Labs, Oxford OX3 9DS, England.
   Univ Oxford, John Radcliffe Hosp, Inst Mol Med,Nuffield Dept Clin Biochem, Canc Res Campaign,Drug Resistance Grp, Oxford OX3 9DS, England.
   Univ London Kings Coll, Dept Physiol, London WC2R 2LS, England.
C3 University of Groningen; University of Oxford; Cancer Research UK; University of Oxford; University of London; King's College London
RP van Veen, HW (corresponding author), Univ Groningen, Dept Microbiol, Groningen Biomol Sci & Biotechnol Inst, Kerklaan 30, NL-9751 NN Haren, Netherlands.
NR 29
TC 220
Z9 225
U1 0
U2 27
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 15
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6664
BP 291
EP 295
DI 10.1038/34669
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YR328
UT WOS:000071484400053
PM 9440694
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McLatchie, LM
   Fraser, NJ
   Main, MJ
   Wise, A
   Brown, J
   Thompson, N
   Solari, R
   Lee, MG
   Foord, SM
AF McLatchie, LM
   Fraser, NJ
   Main, MJ
   Wise, A
   Brown, J
   Thompson, N
   Solari, R
   Lee, MG
   Foord, SM
TI RAMPs regulate the transport and ligand specificity of the calcitonin-receptor-like receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene-related-peptide; xenopus-oocytes; adrenomedullin; identification; cloning; cells; expression; brain
AB Calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CORP) and adrenomedullin are related peptides with distinct pharmacological profiles. Here we show that a receptor with seven transmembrane domains, the calcitonin-receptor-like receptor (CRLR), can function as either a CORP receptor or an adrenomedullin receptor, depending on which members of a new family of single-transmembrane-domain proteins, which we have called receptor-activity-modifying proteins or RAMPs, are expressed. RAMPs are required to transport CRLR to the plasma membrane. RAMP1 presents the receptor at the cell surface as a mature glycoprotein and a CORP receptor. RAMP2-transported receptors are core-glycosylated and are adrenomedullin receptors.
C1 Glaxo Wellcome Res & Dev Ltd, Med Res Ctr, Receptor Syst Unit, Stevenage SG1 2NY, Herts, England.
   Glaxo Wellcome Res & Dev Ltd, Med Res Ctr, Cell Biol Unit, Stevenage SG1 2NY, Herts, England.
C3 GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline United Kingdom; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline United Kingdom
RP Foord, SM (corresponding author), Glaxo Wellcome Res & Dev Ltd, Med Res Ctr, Receptor Syst Unit, Gunnels Wood Rd, Stevenage SG1 2NY, Herts, England.
NR 27
TC 1895
Z9 2135
U1 1
U2 81
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 28
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6683
BP 333
EP 339
DI 10.1038/30666
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZQ593
UT WOS:000073883600044
PM 9620797
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Doricchi, F
   Incoccia, C
AF Doricchi, F
   Incoccia, C
TI Seeing only the right half of the forest but cutting down all the trees?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neglect; lesions; brain
AB Unilateral neglect following damage to the right hemisphere of the brain can be characterized by failure of the global attentional mechanisms of the right hemisphere to direct the local detail processors of the left hemisphere towards the contralesional left hemispace, This is suggested by patients who recognize the global form of the left side of shapes (the forest) but fail to cancel out its local details (the trees)(1). Here we report the opposite behavioural dissociation in a patient (Q,M,) with damage to the right hemisphere of the brain. Q.M, detected local details (such as the tail of a dog) on the left or right side of visual shapes, regardless of whether these details belonged to predefined target shapes (a dog in this case) or to distracter shapes differing on the opposite side (a dog with a swan's neck and head, for example). Psychological testing showed an abnormal tendency of this patient to respond to local features, but perfect accuracy in interpreting global features when the local features could not interfere in global processing. The results indicate that the left hemisphere can integrate multiple local features simultaneously but loses global awareness as soon as local features individually compete for response selection. However, awareness of the whole is not necessary for the sequential processing of the parts.
C1 IRCCS, Ctr Ric Neuropsicol, I-00179 Roma, Italy.
   Univ Urbino, Ist Psicol Luigi Meschieri, I-61029 Urbino, Italy.
C3 University of Urbino
RP Doricchi, F (corresponding author), IRCCS, Ctr Ric Neuropsicol, Via Ardeatina 306, I-00179 Roma, Italy.
EM fdoricchi@uniromal.it
NR 12
TC 32
Z9 36
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 2
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6688
BP 75
EP 78
DI 10.1038/27913
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZY030
UT WOS:000074579600051
PM 9665130
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Romo, R
   Hernández, A
   Zainos, A
   Salinas, E
AF Romo, R
   Hernández, A
   Zainos, A
   Salinas, E
TI Somatosensory discrimination based on cortical microstimulation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID psychophysical measurements; area mt; monkeys; performance; frequency; direction; neurons; events
AB The sensation of flutter is produced when mechanical vibrations in the range of 5-50 Hz are applied to the skin(1-3). A flutter stimulus activates neurons in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) that somatotopically map to the site of stimulation(4,5). A subset of these neurons-those with quickly adapting properties, associated with Meissner's corpuscles-are strongly entrained by periodic flutter vibrations, firing with a probability that oscillates at the input frequency(1,6) Hence, quickly adapting neurons provide a dynamic representation of such flutter stimuli. However, are these neurons directly involved in the perception of flutter? Here we investigate this in monkeys trained to discriminate the difference in frequency between two flutter stimuli delivered sequentially on the fingertips(1,7). Microelectrodes were inserted into area 3b of S1 and the second stimulus was substituted with a train of injected current pulses. Animals reliably indicated whether the frequency of the second (electrical) signal was higher or lower than that of the first (mechanical) signal, even though both frequencies changed from trial to trial. Almost identical results were obtained with periodic and aperiodic stimuli of equal average frequencies. Thus, the quickly adapting neurons in area 3b activate the circuit leading to the perception of flutter. Furthermore, as far as can be psychophysically quantified during discrimination, the neural code underlying the sensation of flutter can be finely manipulated, to the extent that the behavioural responses produced by natural and artificial stimuli are indistinguishable.
C1 Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Fisiol Celular, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico.
C3 Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico
RP Romo, R (corresponding author), Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Fisiol Celular, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico.
NR 17
TC 369
Z9 451
U1 0
U2 37
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 26
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6674
BP 387
EP 390
DI 10.1038/32891
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZD694
UT WOS:000072713600051
PM 9537321
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schoenberger, SP
   Toes, REM
   van der Voort, EIH
   Offringa, R
   Melief, CJM
AF Schoenberger, SP
   Toes, REM
   van der Voort, EIH
   Offringa, R
   Melief, CJM
TI T-cell help for cytotoxic T lymphocytes is mediated by CD40-CD40L interactions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cd40 ligand; dendritic cells; antitumor immunity; deficient mice; class-ii; activation; disruption; induction; antigens; molecule
AB Although in vivo priming of CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) generally requires the participation of CD4(+) T-helper lymphocytes(1,2), the nature of the 'help' provided to CTLs is unknown(3). One widely held view is that help for CTLs is mediated by cytokines produced by T-helper cells activated in proximity to the CTL precursor at the surface of an antigen-presenting cell (APC)(4). An alternative theory is that, rather than being directly supplied to the CTL by the helper cell, help is delivered through activation of the APC, which can then prime the CTL directly(5). CD40 and its ligand, CD40L, may activate the APC to allow CTL priming. CD40L is expressed on the surface of activated CD4(+) T-helper cells and is involved in their activation and in the development of their effector functions(6,7). Ligation of CD40 on the surface of APCs such as dendritic cells, macrophages and B cells greatly increases their antigen-presentation and co-stimulatory capacity(8-11). Here we report that signalling through CD40 can replace CD4(+) T-helper cells in priming of helper-dependent CD8(+) CTL responses. Blockade of CD40L inhibits CTL priming; this inhibition is overcome by signalling through CD40. CD40-CD40L interactions are therefore vital in the delivery of T-cell help for CTL priming.
C1 Univ Leiden Hosp, Dept Immunohematol, NL-2333 AZ Leiden, Netherlands.
   Univ Leiden Hosp, Blood Bank, NL-2333 AZ Leiden, Netherlands.
C3 Leiden University; Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC); Leiden University; Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC)
RP Schoenberger, SP (corresponding author), Univ Leiden Hosp, Dept Immunohematol, POB 9600, NL-2333 AZ Leiden, Netherlands.
EM sps@liai.org
NR 29
TC 2027
Z9 2394
U1 3
U2 95
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 4
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6684
BP 480
EP 483
DI 10.1038/31002
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZR842
UT WOS:000074020000048
PM 9624005
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Boschker, HTS
   Nold, SC
   Wellsbury, P
   Bos, D
   de Graaf, W
   Pel, R
   Parkes, RJ
   Cappenberg, TE
AF Boschker, HTS
   Nold, SC
   Wellsbury, P
   Bos, D
   de Graaf, W
   Pel, R
   Parkes, RJ
   Cappenberg, TE
TI Direct linking of microbial populations to specific biogeochemical processes by 13C-labelling of biomarkers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sulfate-reducing bacteria; gradient gel-electrophoresis; fatty-acid profiles; ribosomal-rna; methanotrophic bacteria; estuarine sediments; marine-sediments; sp-nov; acetate; desulfovibrio
AB Recent advances in the application of molecular genetic approaches have emphasized our potentially huge underestimate of microbial diversity in a range of natural environments(1). These approaches, however, give no direct information about the biogeochemical processes in which microorganisms are active(2). Here we describe an approach to directly link specific environmental microbial processes with the organisms involved, based on the stable-carbon-isotope labelling of individual lipid biomarkers. We demonstrate this approach in aquatic sediments and provide evidence for the identity of the bacteria involved in two important biogeochemical processes: sulphate reduction coupled to acetate oxidation in estuarine and brackish sediments(3,4), and methane oxidation in a freshwater sediment(5). Our results suggest that acetate added in a C-13-labelled form was predominantly consumed by sulphate-reducing bacteria similar to the Gram-positive Desulfotomaculum acetoxidans and not by a population of the more widely studied Gram-negative Desulfobacter spp. Furthermore, C-13-methane labelling experiments suggest that type I methanotrophic bacteria dominate methane oxidation at the freshwater site.
C1 Netherlands Inst Ecol, Ctr Estuarine & Coastal Ecol, NL-4400 AC Yerseke, Netherlands.
   Netherlands Inst Ecol, Ctr Limnol, NL-3631 AC Nieuwersluis, Netherlands.
   Univ Bristol, Dept Geol, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England.
C3 Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts & Sciences; Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW); Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts & Sciences; Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW); University of Bristol
RP Boschker, HTS (corresponding author), Netherlands Inst Ecol, Ctr Estuarine & Coastal Ecol, Postbus 140, NL-4400 AC Yerseke, Netherlands.
EM boschker@cemo.nioo.knaw.nl
NR 30
TC 433
Z9 519
U1 3
U2 216
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 23
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6678
BP 801
EP 805
DI 10.1038/33900
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZJ679
UT WOS:000073241200049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schroeder, BC
   Kubisch, C
   Stein, V
   Jentsch, TJ
AF Schroeder, BC
   Kubisch, C
   Stein, V
   Jentsch, TJ
TI Moderate loss of function of cyclic-AMP-modulated KCNQ2/KCNQ3 K+ channels causes epilepsy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inherited cardiac-arrhythmias; familial neonatal convulsions; potassium-channel; kvlqt1 mutations; proteins; k(v)lqt1; form; rat
AB Epilepsy affects more than 0.5% of the world's population and has a large genetic component(1). It is due to an electrical hyperexcitability in the central nervous system. Potassium channels are important regulators of electrical signalling, and benign familial neonatal convulsions (BFNC), an autosomal dominant epilepsy of infancy, is caused by mutations in the KCNQ2 or the KCNQ3 potassium channel genes(2-4), Here we show that KCNQ2 and KCNQ3 are distributed broadly in brain with expression patterns that largely overlap. Expression in Xenopus oocytes indicates the formation of heteromeric KCNQ2/KCNQ3 potassium channels with currents that are at least tenfold larger than those of the respective homomeric channels. KCNQ2/KCNQ3 currents can be increased by intracellular cyclic AMP, an effect that depends on an intact phosphorylation site in the KCNQ2 amino terminus. KCNQ2 and KCNQ3 mutations identified in BFNC pedigrees compromised the function of the respective subunits, but exerted no dominant-negative effect on KCNQ2/KCNQ3 heteromeric channels. We predict that a 25% loss of heteromeric KCNQ2/ KCNQ3-channel function is sufficient to cause the electrical hyperexcitability in BFNC, Drugs raising intracellular cAMP may prove beneficial in this form of epilepsy.
C1 Univ Hamburg, Zentrum Mol Neurobiol Hamburg, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.
C3 University of Hamburg; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf
RP Jentsch, TJ (corresponding author), Univ Hamburg, Zentrum Mol Neurobiol Hamburg, Martinistr 85, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.
EM jentsch@plexus.uke.uni-hamburg.de
NR 19
TC 440
Z9 503
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 17
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6712
BP 687
EP 690
DI 10.1038/25367
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 150YT
UT WOS:000077694200056
PM 9872318
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rhee, KH
   Morriss, EP
   Barber, J
   Kühlbrandt, W
AF Rhee, KH
   Morriss, EP
   Barber, J
   Kühlbrandt, W
TI Three-dimensional structure of the plant photosystem II reaction centre at 8 Å resolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID photosynthetic reaction-center; purple membrane; model; donor; polypeptides
AB Photosystem II is a multisubunit enzyme complex involved in plant photosynthesis. It uses solar energy to catalyse the breakdown of water to reducing equivalents and molecular oxygen(1). Native photosystem II comprises more than 25 different subunits, and has a relative molecular mass of more than 600K. Here we report the three-dimensional structure of a photosystem II subcomplex, containing the proteins D1, D2, CP47 and cytochrome b-559, determined by electron crystallography. This CP47 reaction centre, which has a relative molecular mass of 160K, can perform light-mediated energy and electron-transfer reactions but is unable to oxidize water(2). The complex contains 23 transmembrane alpha-helices, of which 16 have been assigned to the D1, D2 and CP47 proteins. The arrangement of these helices is remarkably similar to that of the helices in the reaction centres of purple bacteria and of plant photosystem I, indicating a common evolutionary origin for these assemblies. The map suggests that redox cofactors in the D1-D2 complex are located in positions analogous to those in the bacterial reaction centre, but the distance between the chlorophylls corresponding to the bacterial 'special pair' is significantly larger.
C1 Max Planck Inst Biophys, Abt Strukt Biol, D-60528 Frankfurt, Germany.
   European Mol Biol Lab, Struct Biol Programme & Biocomp Unit, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Biochem, Wolfson Labs, London SW7 2AY, England.
C3 Max Planck Society; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); Imperial College London
RP Kühlbrandt, W (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Biophys, Abt Strukt Biol, Heinrich Hoffmann Str 7, D-60528 Frankfurt, Germany.
NR 29
TC 287
Z9 327
U1 0
U2 54
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 19
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6708
BP 283
EP 286
DI 10.1038/24421
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 140VY
UT WOS:000077110400052
PM 9834037
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Waters, LBFM
   Waelkens, C
   van Winckel, H
   Molster, FJ
   Tielens, AGGM
   van Loon, JT
   Morris, PW
   Cami, J
   Bouwman, J
   de Koter, A
   de Jong, T
   de Graauw, T
AF Waters, LBFM
   Waelkens, C
   van Winckel, H
   Molster, FJ
   Tielens, AGGM
   van Loon, JT
   Morris, PW
   Cami, J
   Bouwman, J
   de Koter, A
   de Jong, T
   de Graauw, T
TI An oxygen-rich dust disk surrounding an evolved star in the Red Rectangle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hd-44179; shells; features; pyroxene; phase
AB The Red Rectangle(1) is the prototype of a class of carbon-rich reflection nebulae surrounding low-mass stars in the final stages of evolution. The central star of this nebula has ejected most of its layers (during the red-giant phase), which now form the surrounding cloud, and is rapidly evolving to a white dwarf. This star is also a member of a wide binary system(2), which is surrounded by a thick, dusty disk of material(3,4). Here we report infrared observations of the Red Rectangle that reveal the presence of oxygen-rich material: prominent emission bands from crystalline silicates, and absorption lines arising from carbon dioxide. The oxygen-rich material is located in the circumbinary disk, in contrast to the previously known carbon-rich dust, which is found mainly in the extended nebula(5'6). The properties of the oxygen-rich dust are similar to those of dusty disks surrounding young stars(7), which are believed to be the sites of planet formation. Grain processing, and perhaps even planet formation, may therefore also be occurring in the circumbinary disk of this evolved star.
C1 Univ Amsterdam, Astron Inst Anton Pannekoek, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Kapteyn Astron Inst, NL-9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands.
   SRON, NL-9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands.
   Katholieke Univ Leuven, Inst Sterrenkunde, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
   SRON, NL-3582 CA Utrecht, Netherlands.
C3 University of Amsterdam; University of Groningen; Kapteyn Astronomical Institute; KU Leuven
RP Waters, LBFM (corresponding author), Univ Amsterdam, Astron Inst Anton Pannekoek, Kruislaan 403, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
NR 30
TC 201
Z9 208
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 26
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6670
BP 868
EP 871
DI 10.1038/36052
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YZ206
UT WOS:000072230900044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Locquet, JP
   Perret, J
   Fompeyrine, J
   Mächler, E
   Seo, JW
   Van Tendeloo, G
AF Locquet, JP
   Perret, J
   Fompeyrine, J
   Mächler, E
   Seo, JW
   Van Tendeloo, G
TI Doubling the critical temperature of La1.9Sr0.1CuO4 using epitaxial strain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID la2-xsrxcuo4 single-crystals; uniaxial pressure-dependence; superconducting la2-xsrxcuo4; thin-films; tc; superlattices; yba2cu3o7; stress; inplane; plane
AB The discovery(1) of high-temperature superconductivity in copper oxides raised the possibility that superconductivity could be achieved at room temperature. But since 1993, when a critical temperature (T-c) of 133 K was observed in the HgBa2Ca2Cu3O8+delta (ref. 2), no further progress has been made in raising the critical temperature through material design. It has been shown, however, that the application of hydrostatic pressure can raise T-c-up to similar to 164 K in the case of HgBa2Ca2Cu3O8+delta (ref. 3). Here we show by analysing the uniaxial strain and pressure derivatives of T-c, that compressive epitaxial strain in thin films of copper oxide superconductors could in principle generate much larger increases in the critical temperature than obtained by comparable hydrostatic pressures. We demonstrate the experimental feasibility of this approach for the compound La1.9Sr0.1CuO4, where we obtain a critical temperature of 49 K in strained single-crystal thin films-roughly double the bulk value of 25 K. Furthermore, the resistive behaviour at low temperatures (but above T-c) of the strained samples changes markedly, going from insulating to metallic.
C1 IBM Corp, Div Res, Zurich Res Lab, CH-8803 Ruschlikon, Switzerland.
   Univ Neuchatel, Inst Phys, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland.
   Univ Bern, Inst Inorgan Chem, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
   Univ Antwerp, Ruca, EMAT, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
C3 International Business Machines (IBM); IBM Switzerland; University of Neuchatel; University of Bern; University of Antwerp
RP Locquet, JP (corresponding author), IBM Corp, Div Res, Zurich Res Lab, CH-8803 Ruschlikon, Switzerland.
EM loc@zuiich.ibm.com
NR 30
TC 604
Z9 658
U1 2
U2 186
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 30
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6692
BP 453
EP 456
DI 10.1038/28810
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 105NT
UT WOS:000075080400044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Santocanale, C
   Diffley, JFX
AF Santocanale, C
   Diffley, JFX
TI A Mec1- and Rad53-dependent checkpoint controls late-firing origins of DNA replication
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID s-phase; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; budding yeast; ars elements; protein; complexes; damage; time; progression; activation
AB DNA replication in eukaryotic cells initiates from many replication origins(1) which fire throughout the S phase of the cell cycle in a predictable pattern: some origins fire early, others late(2). Little is known about how the initiation of DNA replication and the elongation of newly synthesized DNA strands are coordinated during S phase. Here we show that, in budding yeast, hydroxyurea, which blocks the progression of replication forks from early-firing origins, also inhibits the firing of late origins. These late origins are maintained in the initiation-competent prereplicative state for extended periods. The block to late origin firing is an active process and is defective in yeast with mutations in the rad53 and mec1 checkpoint genes, indicating that regulation of late origin firing may also be an important component of the 'intra-S-phase' checkpoint(3) and may aid cell survival under adverse conditions.
C1 Imperial Canc Res Fund, Clare Hall Labs, S Mimms EN6 3LD, Herts, England.
RP Diffley, JFX (corresponding author), Imperial Canc Res Fund, Clare Hall Labs, S Mimms EN6 3LD, Herts, England.
NR 25
TC 537
Z9 648
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 8
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6702
BP 615
EP 618
DI 10.1038/27001
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 127QW
UT WOS:000076362900052
PM 9783589
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Broadus, J
   Fuerstenberg, S
   Doe, CQ
AF Broadus, J
   Fuerstenberg, S
   Doe, CQ
TI Staufen-dependent localization of prospero mRNA contributes to neuroblast daughter-cell fate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID asymmetric segregation; nervous-system; mother cells; drosophila; protein; neurogenesis; gene; expression; cortex
AB The generation of cellular diversity is essential in embryogenesis, especially in the central nervous system, During neurogenesis, cell interactions or asymmetric protein localization during mitosis can generate daughter cells with different fates(1-4). Were we describe the asymmetric localization of a messenger RNA and an RNA-binding protein that creates molecular and developmental differences between Drosophila neural precursors (neuroblasts) and their daughter cells, ganglion mother cells (GMCs). The prospero (pros) mRNA and the RNA-binding protein Staufen (Stau) are asymmetrically localized in mitotic neuroblasts and are specifically partitioned into the GMC, as is Pros protein(5-7). Stau is required for localization of pros RNA but not of Pros protein. Loss of localization of Stau or of pros RNA alters GMC development, but only in embryos with reduced levels of Pros protein, suggesting that pros RNA and Pros protein act redundantly to specify GMC fate. We also find that GMCs do not transcribe the pros gene, showing that inheritance of pros RNA and/or Pros protein from the neuroblast is essential for GMC specification.
C1 Univ Illinois, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Cell & Struct Biol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
C3 University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Doe, CQ (corresponding author), Univ Illinois, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Cell & Struct Biol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
NR 23
TC 225
Z9 279
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 19
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6669
BP 792
EP 795
DI 10.1038/35861
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YX884
UT WOS:000072089500053
PM 9486649
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Helbing, D
   Huberman, BA
AF Helbing, D
   Huberman, BA
TI Coherent moving states in highway traffic
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phase-transitions; cooperation; simulations; evolution; systems; flow
AB Advances in multiagent simulation techniques(1-3) have made possible the study of realistic highway traffic patterns and have allowed theories(3-6) based on driver behaviour to be tested. Such simulations display various empirical features of traffic flows(7), and are used to design traffic controls that maximize the throughput of vehicles on busy highways. In addition to its intrinsic economic values, vehicular traffic is of interest because it may be relevant to social phenomena in which diverse individuals compete with each other under certain constraintsg(9,10). Here we report simulations of heterogeneous traffic which demonstrate that cooperative, coherent states can arise from competitive interactions between vehicles. As the density of vehicles increases, their interactions cause a transition into a highly correlated state in which all vehicles move with approximately the same speed, analogous to the motion of a solid block. This state is safer because it has a reduced lane-changing rate, and the traffic flow is high and stable. The coherent state disappears when the vehicle density exceeds a critical value. We observe the effect also in real Dutch traffic data.
C1 Univ Stuttgart, Inst Theoret Phys, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany.
   Xerox Corp, Palo Alto Res Ctr, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.
C3 University of Stuttgart; Xerox
RP Helbing, D (corresponding author), Univ Stuttgart, Inst Theoret Phys, Pfaffenwaldring 57-III, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany.
NR 27
TC 161
Z9 177
U1 0
U2 38
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 31
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6713
BP 738
EP 740
DI 10.1038/25499
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 151WC
UT WOS:000077742800028
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Millis, AJ
AF Millis, AJ
TI Lattice effects in magnetoresistive manganese perovskites
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID colossal-magnetoresistance; double-exchange; la1-xcaxmno3; la1-xsrxmno3; manganites; films
AB The discovery of spectacularly large magnetoresistive responses in a class of metallic manganese oxides has raised hopes that these compounds might be of practical utility. But regardless of whether this promise is realized, these materials provide an ideal system in which to elucidate the properties of metals in which electron-lattice interactions play a key role.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University
RP Millis, AJ (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, 3400 N Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
EM millis@pha.jhu.edu
NR 28
TC 1012
Z9 1069
U1 1
U2 142
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 12
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6672
BP 147
EP 150
DI 10.1038/32348
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZB349
UT WOS:000072462700051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU White, JH
   Wise, A
   Main, MJ
   Green, A
   Fraser, NJ
   Disney, GH
   Barnes, AA
   Emson, P
   Foord, SM
   Marshall, FH
AF White, JH
   Wise, A
   Main, MJ
   Green, A
   Fraser, NJ
   Disney, GH
   Barnes, AA
   Emson, P
   Foord, SM
   Marshall, FH
TI Heterodimerization is required for the formation of a functional GABAB receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dimerization; expression; cloning
AB GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system, where it exerts its effects through ionotropic (GABA(A/C)) receptors to produce fast synaptic inhibition and metabotropic (GABA(B)) receptors to produce slow prolonged inhibitory signals. The gene encoding a GABA(B) receptor (GABA(B)R1) has been cloned(1); however, when expressed in mammalian cells this receptor is retained as an immature glycoprotein on intracellular membranes(2) and exhibits low affinity for agonists compared with the endogenous receptor on brain membranes. Here we report the cloning of a complementary DNA encoding a new subtype of the GABA(B) receptor (GABA(B)R2), which we identified by mining expressed-sequence-tag databases. Yeast two-hybrid screening showed that this new GABA(B)R2-receptor subtype forms heterodimers with GABA(B)R1 through an interaction at their intracellular carboxy-terminal tails. Upon expression with GABA(B)R2 in HEK293T cells, GABA(B)R1 is terminally glycosylated and expressed at the cell surface. Go-expression of the two receptors produces a fully functional GABA(B) receptor at the cell surface; this receptor binds GABA with a high affinity equivalent to that of the endogenous brain receptor. These results indicate that, in vivo, functional brain GABA(B) receptors may be heterodimers composed of GABA(B)R1 and GABA(B)R2.
C1 Glaxo Wellcome Res & Dev Ltd, Med Res Ctr, Mol Pharmacol Unit, Receptor Syst, Stevenage SG1 2NY, Herts, England.
   Babraham Inst, Dept Neurobiol, Cambridge CB2 4AT, England.
C3 GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline United Kingdom; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); Babraham Institute
RP Marshall, FH (corresponding author), Glaxo Wellcome Res & Dev Ltd, Med Res Ctr, Mol Pharmacol Unit, Receptor Syst, Gunnels Wood Rd, Stevenage SG1 2NY, Herts, England.
EM fhm27375@glaxowellcome.co.uk
NR 18
TC 996
Z9 1185
U1 1
U2 39
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 17
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6712
BP 679
EP 682
DI 10.1038/25354
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 150YT
UT WOS:000077694200054
PM 9872316
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kemp, M
AF Kemp, M
TI Mendeleev's matrix
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Hist Art, Oxford OX1 2PG, England.
C3 University of Oxford
RP Kemp, M (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Hist Art, 35 Beaumont St, Oxford OX1 2PG, England.
NR 0
TC 2
Z9 3
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 11
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6685
BP 527
EP 527
DI 10.1038/31124
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZT988
UT WOS:000074150100032
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gough, DO
   McIntyre, ME
AF Gough, DO
   McIntyre, ME
TI Inevitability of a magnetic field in the Sun's radiative interior
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID extratropical diabatic circulations; mean zonal forces; downward control
AB The gas in the convective outer layers of the Sun rotates faster at the equator than in the polar regions, yet deeper inside (in the radiative zone) the gas rotates almost uniformly(1-3). There is a thin transition layer between these zones, called the tachocline(4). This structure has been measured seismologically(1-3), but no purely fluid-dynamical mechanism can explain its existence. Here we argue that a self-consistent model requires a large-scale magnetic field in the Sun's interior, as well as consideration of the Coriolis effects in the convection zone and in the tachocline. Turbulent stresses in the convection zone induce (through Coriolis effects) a meridional circulation, causing the gas from the convection zone to burrow downwards, thereby generating the horizontal and vertical shear that characterizes the tachocline. The interior magnetic field stops the burrowing, and confines the shear, as demanded by the observed structure of the tachocline. We outline a dynamical theory of the flow, from which we estimate a field strength of about 10(-4) tesla just beneath the tachocline. An important test of this picture, after numerical refinement, will be quantitative consistency between the predicted and observed interior angular velocities.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Inst Astron, Cambridge CB3 0HA, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Ctr Atmospher Sci, Cambridge CB3 9EW, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Appl Math & Theoret Phys, Cambridge CB3 9EW, England.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge
RP Gough, DO (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Inst Astron, Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0HA, England.
NR 23
TC 343
Z9 357
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 20
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6695
BP 755
EP 757
DI 10.1038/29472
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 112PR
UT WOS:000075503600037
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nagaoka, K
   Yamashita, T
   Uchiyama, S
   Yamada, M
   Fujii, H
   Oshima, C
AF Nagaoka, K
   Yamashita, T
   Uchiyama, S
   Yamada, M
   Fujii, H
   Oshima, C
TI Monochromatic electron emission from the macroscopic quantum state of a superconductor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The ground state of a superconductor is a macroscopic quantum state that can extend coherently over substantial distances(1). As a result, electrons tunnelling from two different points (separated by macroscopic length) on the surface of a superconductor remain coherent in phase and so are able to interfere: this property forms the basis of superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs). Another characteristic of electrons tunnelling from a superconductor is that they are monochromatic, their energy being determined by the ground-state energy of the superconducting state. Monochromatic electrons have been observed tunnelling from a superconductor to a normal metal(2), and the resulting currents have been used to probe the dynamics of atoms and molecules at interfaces(3). Here we report the results of field-emission experiments that confirm the prediction(4) that monochromatic electrons can similarly be emitted from a superconductor into vacuum. Monochromatic emissions of this type might find application as the sources in a range of electron-based spectroscopies.
C1 Waseda Univ, Dept Appl Phys, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 1698555, Japan.
   Waseda Univ, Kagami Mem Lab Mat Sci & Technol, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 1690051, Japan.
C3 Waseda University; Waseda University
RP Oshima, C (corresponding author), Waseda Univ, Dept Appl Phys, Shinjuku Ku, 3-4-1 Okubo, Tokyo 1698555, Japan.
NR 15
TC 34
Z9 34
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 10
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6711
BP 557
EP 559
DI 10.1038/25098
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 147AY
UT WOS:000077466800052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wyatt, R
   Kwong, PD
   Desjardins, E
   Sweet, RW
   Robinson, J
   Hendrickson, WA
   Sodroski, JG
AF Wyatt, R
   Kwong, PD
   Desjardins, E
   Sweet, RW
   Robinson, J
   Hendrickson, WA
   Sodroski, JG
TI The antigenic structure of the HIV gp120 envelope glycoprotein
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immunodeficiency-virus type-1; human monoclonal-antibody; neutralizing antibody; cd4 binding; receptor; epitope; cells; retrovirus; exposure; region
AB The human immunodeficiency virus HIV-1 establishes persistent infections in humans which lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins, gp120 and gp41, are assembled into a trimeric complex that mediates virus entry into target cells(1). HIV-1 entry depends on the sequential interaction of the gp120 exterior envelope glycoprotein with the receptors on the cell, CD4 and members of the chemokine receptor family(2-4). The gp120 glycoprotein, which can be shed from the envelope complex, elicits both virus-neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibodies during natural infection. Antibodies that lack neutralizing activity are often directed against the gp120 regions that are occluded on the assembled trimer and which are exposed only upon shedding(5,6). Neutralizing antibodies, by contrast, must access the functional envelope glycoprotein complex(7) and typically recognize conserved or variable epitopes near the receptor-binding regions(8-11). Here we describe the spatial organization of conserved neutralization epitopes on gp120, using epitope maps in conjunction with the X-ray crystal structure of a ternary complex that includes a gp120 core, CD4 and a neutralizing antibody(12). A large fraction of the predicted accessible surface of gp120 in the trimer is composed of variable, heavily glycosylated core and loop structures that surround the receptor-binding regions. Understanding the structural basis for the ability of HIV-1 to evade the humoral immune response should assist in the design of a vaccine.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Charles A Dana Res Inst, Dept Canc Immunol & AIDS, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Immunol & Infect Dis, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Biochem & Mol Biophys, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceut, King Of Prussia, PA 19406 USA.
   Tulane Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Columbia University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline USA; Tulane University
RP Sodroski, JG (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Charles A Dana Res Inst, Dept Canc Immunol & AIDS, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 30
TC 1063
Z9 1351
U1 0
U2 102
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 18
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6686
BP 705
EP 711
DI 10.1038/31514
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZV288
UT WOS:000074289600059
PM 9641684
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Clément, K
   Vaisse, C
   Lahlou, N
   Cabrol, S
   Pelloux, V
   Cassuto, D
   Gourmelen, M
   Dina, C
   Chambaz, J
   Lacorte, JM
   Basdevant, A
   Bougneres, P
   Lebouc, Y
   Froguel, P
   Guy-Grand, B
AF Clément, K
   Vaisse, C
   Lahlou, N
   Cabrol, S
   Pelloux, V
   Cassuto, D
   Gourmelen, M
   Dina, C
   Chambaz, J
   Lacorte, JM
   Basdevant, A
   Bougneres, P
   Lebouc, Y
   Froguel, P
   Guy-Grand, B
TI A mutation in the human leptin receptor gene causes obesity and pituitary dysfunction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID growth-hormone; ob/ob mice; mouse; expression; proteins; cloning; serum
AB The adipocyte-specific hormone leptin, the product of the obese (ob) gene, regulates adipose-tissue mass through hypothalamic effects on satiety and energy expenditure(1-4), Leptin acts through the leptin receptor, a single-transmembrane-domain receptor of the cytokine-receptor family(5-7). In rodents, homozygous mutations in genes encoding leptin(1) or the leptin receptor(6) cause early-onset morbid obesity, hyperphagia and reduced energy expenditure, These rodents also show hypercortisolaemia, alterations in glucose homeostasis, dyslipidaemia, and infertility due to hypogonadotropic hypogonadism(8). In humans. leptin deficiency due to a mutation in the leptin gene is associated with early-onset obesity(9), Here we describe a homozygous mutation in the human leptin receptor gene that results in a truncated leptin receptor lacking both the transmembrane and the intracellular domains, In addition to their early-onset morbid obesity, patients homozygous for this mutation have no pubertal development and their secretion of growth hormone and thyrotropin is reduced. These results indicate that leptin is an important physiological regulator of several endocrine functions in humans.
C1 Hotel Dieu, Lab Nutr, F-75004 Paris, France.
   Hotel Dieu, Serv Med & Nutr, F-75004 Paris, France.
   Inst Pasteur, Inst Biol, CNRS, EP10, F-59000 Lille, France.
   Hop St Vincent de Paul, INSERM, U342, F-75674 Paris, France.
   Serv Endocrinol Diabete Enfant, F-75014 Paris, France.
   Hop Enfant Armand Trousseu, F-75012 Paris, France.
   INSERM, CJF 9508, F-75005 Paris, France.
C3 Assistance Publique Hopitaux Paris (APHP); Universite Paris Cite; Hopital Universitaire Hotel-Dieu - APHP; Assistance Publique Hopitaux Paris (APHP); Universite Paris Cite; Hopital Universitaire Hotel-Dieu - APHP; Pasteur Network; Universite de Lille; Institut Pasteur Lille; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Assistance Publique Hopitaux Paris (APHP); Universite Paris Cite; Hopital Universitaire Cochin - APHP; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm)
RP Froguel, P (corresponding author), Hotel Dieu, Lab Nutr, Pl Parvis Notre Dame, F-75004 Paris, France.
NR 30
TC 1754
Z9 2024
U1 0
U2 119
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 26
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6674
BP 398
EP 401
DI 10.1038/32911
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZD694
UT WOS:000072713600054
PM 9537324
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pier, GB
   Grout, M
   Zaidi, T
   Meluleni, G
   Mueschenborn, SS
   Banting, G
   Ratcliff, R
   Evans, MJ
   Colledge, WH
AF Pier, GB
   Grout, M
   Zaidi, T
   Meluleni, G
   Mueschenborn, SS
   Banting, G
   Ratcliff, R
   Evans, MJ
   Colledge, WH
TI Salmonella typhi uses CFTR to enter intestinal epithelial cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transmembrane conductance regulator; fibrosis mouse model; gene; invasion; murine
AB Homozygous mutations of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) cause cystic fibrosis (CF). In the heterozygous state, increased resistance to infectious diseases may maintain mutant CFTR alleles at high levels in selected populations'. Here we investigate whether typhoid fever could be one such disease. The disease is initiated when Salmonella typhi enters gastrointestinal epithelial cells for submucosal translocation(2). We found that S, typhi but not the related murine pathogen S. typhimurium, uses CFTR for entry into epithelial cells. Cells expressing wild-type CFTR internalized more S. typhi than isogenic cells expressing the most common CFTR mutation, a phenylalanine deleted at residue 508 (Delta 508). Monoclonal antibodies and synthetic peptides containing a sequence corresponding to the first predicted extracellular domain of CFTR inhibited uptake of S. typhi. Heterozygous Delta F508 Cftr mice translocated 86% fewer S. typhi into the gastrointestinal submucosa than wild-type Cftr mice; no translocation occurred in Delta F508 Cftr homozygous mice. The Cftr genotype had no effect on the translocation of S. typhimurium. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that more CFTR bound to S. typhi in the submucosa of Cftr wild-type mice than in Delta F508 heterozygous mice. We conclude that diminished levels of CFTR in heterozygotes may decrease susceptibility to typhoid fever.
C1 Harvard Univ, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Med,Channing Lab, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Univ Bristol, Mol Recognit Ctr, Dept Biochem & Biotechnol & Biol Sci Res Council, Bristol BS8 1TD, Avon, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Physiol, Cambridge CB2 3EG, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Wellcome CRC Inst Canc & Dev Biol, Cambridge CB2 1QR, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Genet, Cambridge CB2 1QR, England.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; University of Bristol; University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge
RP Pier, GB (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Med,Channing Lab, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM gpier@channing.harvard.edu
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 25
TC 254
Z9 304
U1 0
U2 31
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 7
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6680
BP 79
EP 82
DI 10.1038/30006
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZM028
UT WOS:000073497500051
PM 9590693
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Skoczenski, AM
   Norcia, AM
AF Skoczenski, AM
   Norcia, AM
TI Neural noise limitations on infant visual sensitivity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID contrast gain-control; evoked-potentials; vision; system; existence; cells
AB Visual contrast sensitivity is poor in newborn human infants, but improves rapidly to approach adult levels by 8 months of age(1-5). During this period, infant sensitivity can be limited by physical factors affecting photon capture, such as eye size and photoreceptor density(6,7). Here we show that infant visual sensitivity is also limited by high levels of noise in the neural transduction process. Using a non-invasive electrophysiological measurements(8-10) and a visual noise titration technique(11), we have found that intrinsic neural noise in neonates is approximately nine times higher than in adults. As intrinsic neural noise decreases during infancy, contrast sensitivity improves proportionally, suggesting that neural noise places critical limits on contrast sensitivity throughout development. Moreover, contrast gain control(12), an inhibitory process that adjusts visual responses to changing stimulation, is in place and operating in infants as young as 6 weeks of age, in spite of high levels of neural noise and significant immaturities in contrast sensitivity, The contrast gain control that we observed in human neonates may serve as a building block for more complex forms of visual inhibition, which develop later in infancy(13).
C1 Smith Kettlewell Eye Res Inst, San Francisco, CA 94115 USA.
C3 The Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute
RP Skoczenski, AM (corresponding author), Smith Kettlewell Eye Res Inst, 2232 Webster St, San Francisco, CA 94115 USA.
NR 25
TC 38
Z9 45
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 12
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6668
BP 697
EP 700
DI 10.1038/35630
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YW872
UT WOS:000071982500053
PM 9490413
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Muhua, L
   Adames, NR
   Murphy, MD
   Shields, CR
   Cooper, JA
AF Muhua, L
   Adames, NR
   Murphy, MD
   Shields, CR
   Cooper, JA
TI A cytokinesis checkpoint requiring the yeast homologue of an APC binding protein
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; cell-cycle; spindle orientation; gene; microtubules; dynein; mutant
AB Checkpoint controls ensure that events of the cell-division cycle are completed with fidelity and in the correct order. In budding yeast with a mutation in the motor protein dynein, the mitotic spindle is often misaligned and therefore slow to enter the neck between mother cell and budding daughter cell. When this occurs, cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm into two) is delayed until the spindle is properly positioned(1). Here we describe mutations that abolish this delay, indicating the existence of a new checkpoint mechanism. One mutation lies in the gene encoding the yeast homologue of EB1, a human protein that binds the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) protein, a tumour suppressor. EB1 is located on microtubules of the mitotic spindle and is important in spindle assembly. EB1 may therefore, by associating with microtubules, contribute to the sensor mechanism that activates the checkpoint. Another mutation affects Stt4, a phosphatidylinositol-4-OH kinase. Cold temperature is an environmental stimulus that causes misalignment of the mitotic spindle in yeast and appears to activate this checkpoint mechanism.
C1 Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol & Physiol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL)
RP Cooper, JA (corresponding author), Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol & Physiol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM047337] Funding Source: Medline
NR 19
TC 137
Z9 152
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 4
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6684
BP 487
EP 491
DI 10.1038/31014
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZR842
UT WOS:000074020000050
PM 9624007
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hinuma, S
   Habata, Y
   Fujii, R
   Kawamata, Y
   Hosoya, N
   Fukusumi, S
   Kitada, C
   Masuo, Y
   Asano, T
   Matsumoto, H
   Sekiguchi, M
   Kurokawa, T
   Nishimura, O
   Onda, H
   Fujino, M
AF Hinuma, S
   Habata, Y
   Fujii, R
   Kawamata, Y
   Hosoya, N
   Fukusumi, S
   Kitada, C
   Masuo, Y
   Asano, T
   Matsumoto, H
   Sekiguchi, M
   Kurokawa, T
   Nishimura, O
   Onda, H
   Fujino, M
TI A prolactin-releasing peptide in the brain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cyclase-activating polypeptide; coupled receptor; pituitary-gland; growth-hormone; cell-line; rat; secretion; cloning; expression; invitro
AB Hypothalamic peptide hormones regulate the secretion of most of the anterior pituitary hormones, that is, growth hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone and adrenocorticotropin(1,2). These peptides do not regulate the secretion of prolactin(1,2), at least in a specific manner, however. The peptides act through specific receptors, which are referred to as seven-transmembrane-domain receptors or G-protein-coupled receptors(3-7). Although prolactin is important in pregnancy and lactation in mammals, and is involved in the development of the mammary glands and the promotion of milk synthesis(8,9), a specific prolactin-releasing hormone has remained unknown. Here we identify a potent candidate for such a hormone. We first proposed that there may still be unknown peptide hormone factors that control pituitary function through seven-transmembrane-domain receptors. We isolated the complementary DNA encoding an 'orphan' receptor (that is, one for which the ligand is unknown). This receptor, hGR3, is specifically expressed in the human pituitary. We then searched for the hGR3 Ligand in the hypothalamus and identified a new peptide. which shares no sequence similarity with known peptides and proteins, as an endogenous ligand. We show that this ligand is a potent prolactin-releasing factor for rat anterior pituitary cells; we have therefore named this peptide prolactin-releasing peptide.
C1 Takeda Chem Ind Ltd, Pharmaceut Discovery Res Div, Discovery Res Labs 1, Ibaraki, Osaka 3004293, Japan.
   Takeda Chem Ind Ltd, Div Pharmaceut Res, Ibaraki, Osaka 3004293, Japan.
   Takeda Chem Ind Ltd, Pharmaceut Dev Div, Ibaraki, Osaka 3004293, Japan.
C3 Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd
RP Hinuma, S (corresponding author), Takeda Chem Ind Ltd, Pharmaceut Discovery Res Div, Discovery Res Labs 1, 10 Wadai, Ibaraki, Osaka 3004293, Japan.
EM Hinuma_Shuji@takeda.co.jp
NR 29
TC 498
Z9 565
U1 0
U2 27
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 21
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6682
BP 272
EP 276
DI 10.1038/30515
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZP513
UT WOS:000073761000055
PM 9607765
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Xu, L
   Lavinsky, RM
   Dasen, JS
   Flynn, SE
   McInerney, EM
   Mullen, TM
   Heinzel, T
   Szeto, D
   Korzus, E
   Kurokawa, R
   Aggarwal, AK
   Rose, DW
   Glass, CK
   Rosenfeld, MG
AF Xu, L
   Lavinsky, RM
   Dasen, JS
   Flynn, SE
   McInerney, EM
   Mullen, TM
   Heinzel, T
   Szeto, D
   Korzus, E
   Kurokawa, R
   Aggarwal, AK
   Rose, DW
   Glass, CK
   Rosenfeld, MG
TI Signal-specific co-activator domain requirements for Pit-1 activation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mediate transcriptional responses; prolactin gene; histone deacetylase; n-cor; repression; cbp; hormone; coactivator; receptors; dna
AB POU-domain proteins, such as the pituitary-specific factor Pit-1, are members of the homeodomain family of proteins which are important in development and homeostasis, acting constitutively or in response to signal-transduction pathways to either repress or activate the expression of specific genes(1). Here we show that whereas homeodomain-containing repressors such as Rpx(2) seem to recruit only a co-repressor complex, the activity of Pit-1 (ref. 3) is determined by a regulated balance between a co-repressor complex that contains N-CoR/SMRT4,5, mSin3A/B6-8 and histone deacetylases(6-8), and a co-activator complex that includes the CREB-binding protein (CBP)(9) and p/CAF(10). Activation of Pit-1 by cyclic AMP or growth factors depends on distinct amino- and carboxy-terminal domains of CBP, respectively. Furthermore, the histone acetyltransferase functions of CBP11,12 or p/CAF(10) are required for Pit-1 function that is stimulated by cyclic AMP or growth factors, respectively. These data show that there is a switch in specific requirements for histone acetyltransferases and CBP domains in mediating the effects of different signal-transduction pathways on specific DNA-bound transcription factors.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Howard Hughes Med Inst, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Biomed Sci Grad Program, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Biol, Grad Program, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Whittier Diabet Program, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept & Sch Med, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   CUNY Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Physiol & Biophys, New York, NY 10029 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; City University of New York (CUNY) System
RP Rosenfeld, MG (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Howard Hughes Med Inst, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
NR 28
TC 242
Z9 263
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 17
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6699
BP 301
EP 306
DI 10.1038/26270
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 120TZ
UT WOS:000075974600057
PM 9751061
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Miller, B
AF Miller, B
TI Opportunities open up in Dresden
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Care of Abbott A, Nature, Munich, Germany.
RP Miller, B (corresponding author), Care of Abbott A, Nature, Munich, Germany.
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 19
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6669
BP 822
EP 822
DI 10.1038/35927
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YX884
UT WOS:000072089500065
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gottlieb, JP
   Kusunoki, M
   Goldberg, ME
AF Gottlieb, JP
   Kusunoki, M
   Goldberg, ME
TI The representation of visual salience in monkey parietal cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lateral intraparietal area; eye-movements; macaque; field; organization
AB When natural scenes are viewed, a multitude of objects that are stable in their environments are brought in and out of view by eye movements. The posterior parietal cortex is crucial for the analysis of space, visual attention and movement(1). Neurons in one of its subdivisions, the lateral intraparietal area (LIP), have visual responses to stimuli appearing abruptly at particular retinal locations (their receptive fields)(2). We have rested the responses of LIP neurons to stimuli that entered their receptive field by saccades. Neurons had little or no response to stimuli brought into their receptive field by saccades, unless the stimuli were behaviourally significant. We established behavioural significance in two ways: either by making a stable stimulus task-relevant, or by taking advantage of the attentional attraction of an abruptly appearing stimulus. Our results show that under ordinary circumstances the entire visual world is only weakly represented in LIP. The visual representation in LIP is sparse, with only the most salient or behaviourally relevant objects being strongly represented.
C1 NEI, Sensorimotor Res Lab, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Georgetown Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Washington, DC 20007 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Eye Institute (NEI); Georgetown University
RP Goldberg, ME (corresponding author), NEI, Sensorimotor Res Lab, Bldg 10, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
NR 22
TC 838
Z9 955
U1 0
U2 40
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 29
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6666
BP 481
EP 484
DI 10.1038/35135
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YU290
UT WOS:000071701800049
PM 9461214
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kanegae, Y
   Tavares, AT
   Belmonte, JCI
   Verma, IM
AF Kanegae, Y
   Tavares, AT
   Belmonte, JCI
   Verma, IM
TI Role of Rel/NF-κB transcription factors during the outgrowth of the vertebrate limb
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID apical ectodermal ridge; sonic-hedgehog; feedback loop; chick; initiation; growth; bud; expression; drosophila; induction
AB The development of the vertebrate limb serves as an amenable system for studying signaling pathways that lead to tissue patterning and proliferation(1). Limbs originate as a consequence of a differential growth of cells from the lateral plate mesoderm at specific axial levels(2). At the tip of the limb primordia the progress zone, a proliferating group of mesenchymal cells, induces the overlying ectoderm to differentiate into a specialized structure termed the apical ectodermal ridge. Subsequent limb outgrowth requires reciprocal signalling between the ridge and the progress zone(3-6). The Rel/NF-kappa B family of transcription factors is induced in response to several signals that lead to cell growth, differentiation, inflammatory responses, apoptosis and neoplastic transformation(7), In unstimulated cells, NF-kappa B is associated in the cytoplasm with an inhibitory protein, I-kappa B. In response to an external signal, I-kappa B is phosphorylated, ubiquitinated and degraded, releasing NF-kappa B to enter the nucleus and activate transcription(7). Here we show that Rel/NF-kappa B genes are expressed in the progress zone of the developing chick limb bud. When the activity of Rel/NF-kappa B proteins is blocked by infection with viral vectors that produce transdominant-negative I-kappa B alpha proteins, limb outgrowth is arrested, Our results indicate that Rel/NF-kappa B transcription factors play a role in vertebrate limb development.
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Salk Institute
RP Verma, IM (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
NR 30
TC 187
Z9 203
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 9
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6676
BP 611
EP 614
DI 10.1038/33429
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZG300
UT WOS:000072987200062
PM 9560158
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cahill, DP
   Lengauer, C
   Yu, J
   Riggins, GJ
   Willson, JKV
   Markowitz, SD
   Kinzler, KW
   Vogelstein, B
AF Cahill, DP
   Lengauer, C
   Yu, J
   Riggins, GJ
   Willson, JKV
   Markowitz, SD
   Kinzler, KW
   Vogelstein, B
TI Mutations of mitotic checkpoint genes in human cancers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spindle assembly checkpoint; budding yeast; colorectal-cancer; mismatch repair; microsatellite instability; protein-kinase; cell-cycle; identification; defects; mitosis
AB Genetic instability was one of the first characteristics to be postulated to underlie neoplasia(1-3). Such genetic instability occurs in two different forms. In a small fraction of colorectal and some other cancers, defective repair of mismatched bases results in an increased mutation rate at the nucleotide level and consequent widespread microsatellite instability(4-7). In most colorectal cancers, and probably in many other cancer types, a chromosomal instability (GIN) leading to an abnormal chromosome number (aneuploidy) is observed(8). The physiological and molecular bases of this pervasive abnormality are unknown. Here we show that CIN is consistently associated with the loss of function of a mitotic checkpoint, Moreover, in some cancers displaying CIN the loss of this checkpoint was associated with the mutational inactivation of a human homologue of the yeast BUB1 gene; BUB1 controls mitotic checkpoints and chromosome segregation in yeast, The normal mitotic checkpoints of cells displaying microsatellite instability become defective upon transfer of mutant hBUB1 alleles from either of two CIN cancers.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Johns Hopkins Oncol Ctr, Program Human Genet, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA.
   Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Med, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
   Case Western Reserve Univ, Ireland Canc Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
   Howard Hughes Med Inst, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Medicine; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Johns Hopkins University; University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University; University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Lengauer, C (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Johns Hopkins Oncol Ctr, Program Human Genet, 424 N Bond St, Baltimore, MD 21231 USA.
EM lengauer@welchlink.welch.jhu.edu
NR 29
TC 1305
Z9 1471
U1 1
U2 70
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 19
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6673
BP 300
EP 303
DI 10.1038/32688
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZC739
UT WOS:000072612300052
PM 9521327
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Borg-Graham, LJ
   Monier, C
   Frégnac, Y
AF Borg-Graham, LJ
   Monier, C
   Frégnac, Y
TI Visual input evokes transient and strong shunting inhibition in visual cortical neurons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID orientation selectivity; pyramidal cells; striate cortex; cat; mechanisms; excitation; potentials; responses; summation; rat
AB The function and nature of inhibition of neurons in the visual cortex have been the focus of both experimental and theoretical investigations(1-7), There are two ways in which inhibition can suppress synaptic excitation(2,8). In hyperpolarizing inhibition, negative and positive currents sum linearly to produce a net change in membrane potential. In contrast, shunting inhibition acts nonlinearly by causing an increase in membrane conductance; this divides the amplitude of the excitatory response. Visually evoked changes in membrane conductance have been reported to be nonsignificant or weak, supporting the hyperpolarization mode of inhibition(3,9-12). Here we present a new approach to studying inhibition that is based on in vivo whole-cell voltage clamping. This technique allows the continuous measurement of conductance dynamics during visual activation. We show, in neurons of cat primary visual cortex, that the response to optimally orientated flashed bars can increase the somatic input conductance to more than three times that of the resting state. The short latency of the visually evoked peak of conductance, and its apparent reversal potential suggest a dominant contribution from gamma-aminobutyric acid ((GABA)(A)) receptor-mediated synapses. We propose that nonlinear shunting inhibition may act during the initial stage of visual cortical processing, setting the balance between opponent 'On' and 'Off' responses in different locations of the visual receptive field.
C1 CNRS, Inst Alfred Fessard, Equipe Cognisci, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
C3 Universite Paris Saclay; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Frégnac, Y (corresponding author), CNRS, Inst Alfred Fessard, Equipe Cognisci, Ave Terrasse, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
EM fregnac@iaf.cnrs-gif.fr
NR 29
TC 521
Z9 584
U1 0
U2 27
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 28
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6683
BP 369
EP 373
DI 10.1038/30735
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZQ593
UT WOS:000073883600055
PM 9620800
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hirose, Y
   Manley, JL
AF Hirose, Y
   Manley, JL
TI RNA polymerase II is an essential mRNA polyadenylation factor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c-terminal domain; pre-messenger-rnas; poly(a) polymerase; splicing factors; 3'-end cleavage; sr proteins; in-vitro; phosphorylation; transcription; subunit
AB Production of messenger RNA in eukaryotic cells is a complex, multistep process. mRNA polyadenylation, or 3' processing, requires several protein factors, including cleavage/polyadenylation-specificity factor (CPSF), cleavage-stimulation factor, two cleavage factors and poly(A) polymerase (reviewed in refs 1, 2). These proteins seem to be unnecessary for other steps in mRNA synthesis such as transcription and splicing, and factors required for these processes were not considered to be essential for polyadenylation. Nonetheless, these reactions may be linked so that they are effectively coordinated in vivo(3-9). For example, the CTD carboxy-terminal domain of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) is required for efficient splicing and polyadenylation in vivo(8), and CPSF is brought to a promoter by the transcription factor TFIID and transferred to RNAP II at the time of transcription initiation(9). These findings suggest that polyadenylation factors can be recruited to an RNA 3'-processing signal by RNAP II, where they dissociate from the polymerase and initiate polyadenylation. Here we present results that extend this model by showing that RNAP II is actually required, in the absence of transcription, for 3' processing in vitro.
C1 Columbia Univ, Dept Biol Sci, New York, NY 10027 USA.
C3 Columbia University
RP Manley, JL (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Dept Biol Sci, New York, NY 10027 USA.
NR 28
TC 303
Z9 372
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 3
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6697
BP 93
EP 96
DI 10.1038/25786
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 116JY
UT WOS:000075722200054
PM 9738505
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Spruit, H
   Phinney, ES
AF Spruit, H
   Phinney, ES
TI Birth kicks as the origin of pulsar rotation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID single radio pulsars; supernova explosions; angular-momentum; magnetic-fields; evolution; convection; mechanism; collapse; stars
AB Radio pulsars are thought to born with spin periods of 0.02-0.5 s and space velocities of 100-1,000 km s(-1), and they are inferred to have initial dipole magnetic fields of 10(11)-10(13) G (refs 1-5). The average space velocity of their progenitor stars is less than 15 km s(-1), which means that pulsars must receive a substantial 'kick' at birth. Here we propose that the birth characteristics of pulsars have a simple physical connection with each other. Magnetic fields maintained by differential rotation between the core and envelope of the progenitor would keep the whole star in a state of approximately uniform rotation until 10 years before the explosion. Such a slowly rotating core has 1,000 times less angular momentum than required to explain the rotation of pulsars. The specific physical process that 'kicks' the neutron star at birth has not been identified, but unless its force is exerted exactly head-on(6) it will also cause the neutron star to rotate. We identify this process as the origin of the spin of pulsars. Such kicks may cause a correlation between the velocity and spin vectors of pulsars. We predict that many neutron stars are born with periods longer than 2 s, and never become radio pulsars.
C1 Max Planck Inst Astrophys, D-85740 Garching, Germany.
   European So Observ, Munchen, Germany.
   CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 Max Planck Society; European Southern Observatory; California Institute of Technology
RP Spruit, H (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Astrophys, Postfach 1523, D-85740 Garching, Germany.
NR 31
TC 237
Z9 251
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 14
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6681
BP 139
EP 141
DI 10.1038/30168
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZN200
UT WOS:000073619900038
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Aschenbach, B
AF Aschenbach, B
TI Discovery of a young nearby supernova remnant
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID vela; sn-1006
AB About 200 supernova remnants have been found in the galaxy(1), six of which are younger than about 1,000 years (ref, 2), Observations of these young remnants are important for understanding of the late phases of supernova evolution, and each new object should add substantially to our knowledge of the processes involved. Here I report the discovery of a supernova remnant (RX J0852.0 - 4622), identified by its X-ray emission, at the southeast corner of the known Vela supernova remnant. The high temperature (>3 x 10(7) K) indicates an age of less than similar to 1,500 yr. The observed diameter of the remnant is about 2 degrees, which suggests a distance of less than 1 kpc, based on a comparison with the remnant of the supernova of AD 1006. RX J0852.0 - 4622 may therefore be the nearest supernova to have occurred during recent human history.
C1 Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, D-85740 Garching, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Aschenbach, B (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, D-85740 Garching, Germany.
NR 14
TC 200
Z9 209
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 12
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6707
BP 141
EP 142
DI 10.1038/24103
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 139DU
UT WOS:000077013300042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fee, MS
   Shraiman, B
   Pesaran, B
   Mitra, PP
AF Fee, MS
   Shraiman, B
   Pesaran, B
   Mitra, PP
TI The role of nonlinear dynamics of the syrinx in the vocalizations of a songbird
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID zebra finch song; bird song; model; canary
AB Birdsong is characterized by the modulation of sound properties over a wide range of timescales'. Understanding the mechanisms by which the brain organizes this complex temporal behaviour is a central motivation in the study of the song control and learning system(2-8). Here we present evidence that, in addition to central neural control, a further level of temporal organization is provided by nonlinear oscillatory dynamics that are intrinsic to the avian vocal organ. A detailed temporal and spectral examination of song of the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) reveals a class of rapid song modulations that are consistent with transitions in the dynamical state of the syrinx. Furthermore, in vitro experiments show that the syrinx can produce a sequence of oscillatory states that are both spectrally and temporally complex in response to the slow variation of respiratory or syringeal parameters. As a consequence, simple variations in a small number of neural signals can result in a complex acoustic sequence.
C1 Lucent Technol, Bell Labs, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
   CALTECH, Dept Phys, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies; AT&T; California Institute of Technology
RP Fee, MS (corresponding author), Lucent Technol, Bell Labs, 600 Mt Ave, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
NR 21
TC 206
Z9 230
U1 1
U2 32
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 3
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6697
BP 67
EP 71
DI 10.1038/25725
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 116JY
UT WOS:000075722200047
PM 12071206
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chuang, IL
   Vandersypen, LMK
   Zhou, XL
   Leung, DW
   Lloyd, S
AF Chuang, IL
   Vandersypen, LMK
   Zhou, XL
   Leung, DW
   Lloyd, S
TI Experimental realization of a quantum algorithm
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID computation; computers; dissipation; logic
AB Quantum computers(1-5) can in principle exploit quantum-mechanical effects to perform computations (such as factoring large numbers or searching an unsorted database) more rapidly than classical computers(1,2,6-8), But noise, loss of coherence, and manufacturing problems make constructing large-scale quantum computers difficult(9-13). Although ion traps and optical cavities offer promising experimental approaches(14,15), no quantum algorithm has yet been implemented with these systems. Here we report the experimental realization of a quantum algorithm using a bulk nuclear magnetic resonance technique(16-18), in which the nuclear spins act as 'quantum bits'(19). The nuclear spins are particularly suited to this role because of their natural isolation from the environment. Our simple quantum computer solves a purely mathematical problem in fewer steps than is possible classically, requiring fewer (function calls' than a classical computer to determine the global properties of an unknown function.
C1 IBM Corp, Almaden Res Ctr, San Jose, CA 95120 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Solid State & Photon Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Edward L Ginzton Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   MIT, Dept Mech Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 International Business Machines (IBM); IBM USA; Stanford University; Stanford University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Chuang, IL (corresponding author), IBM Corp, Almaden Res Ctr, 650 Harry Rd, San Jose, CA 95120 USA.
EM lchuang@almaden.ibm.com
NR 26
TC 477
Z9 535
U1 0
U2 50
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 14
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6681
BP 143
EP 146
DI 10.1038/30181
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZN200
UT WOS:000073619900040
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sawada, K
   Handa, N
AF Sawada, K
   Handa, N
TI Variability of the path of the Kuroshio ocean current over the past 25,000 years
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-chain alkenones; equatorial pacific; record; temperature; japan; sea
AB The Kuroshio current is the strong northwestern component of the subtropical North Pacific Ocean gyre, and advects a large amount of heat from the tropics to northern mid-latitudes, The Kuroshio has bimodal stationary now patterns, with small and large meander paths east of central Japan(1,2) which switch on annual and decadal timescales(3,4). These switches seem to be caused by changes in current velocity and volume transport of the North Equatorial Current that are associated with variations in the trade-wind intensity in the eastern equatorial North Pacific Ocean(5,6). Here we present alkenone-derived sea surface temperature records at multicentennial resolution from sediment cores from the Nishishichitou ridge off central Japan. These 25,000-year records show that the Kuroshio path has also fluctuated on millennial timescales, This variability resembles that of the subtropical high pressure of the North Pacific, reconstructed from terrestrial pollen distributions, water levels in North American lakes, and marine micropalaeontological records(7). Together, these data indicate that climate variability off central Japan over the past 25,000 years may be part of a circum-Pacific phenomenon, reflecting the rate of subtropical surface circulation in the North Pacific Ocean.
C1 Nagoya Univ, Inst Hydrospher Atmospher Sci, Chikusa Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 46401, Japan.
C3 Nagoya University
RP Sawada, K (corresponding author), Univ Tsukuba, Dept Chem, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan.
EM sawadak@staff.chem.tsukuba.ac.jp
NR 28
TC 140
Z9 160
U1 0
U2 52
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 9
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6676
BP 592
EP 595
DI 10.1038/33391
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZG300
UT WOS:000072987200056
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Roeper, J
   Sewing, S
   Zhang, Y
   Sommer, T
   Wanner, SG
   Pongs, O
AF Roeper, J
   Sewing, S
   Zhang, Y
   Sommer, T
   Wanner, SG
   Pongs, O
TI NIP domain prevents N-type inactivation in voltage-gated potassium channels
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID k+ channels; rat-brain; alpha-subunits; beta-subunits; mechanisms; proteins
AB Shaker-related voltage-gated K+ (K-v) channels(1,2) are assembled from ion-conducting K-v alpha subunits, which are integral membrane proteins, and auxiliary K-v beta subunits. This leads to the formation of highly diverse heteromultimeric K-v channels that mediate outward currents with a wide range of time courses for inactivation, Two principal inactivation mechanisms have been recognized(1): C-type inactivation correlated with carboxy-terminal K-v alpha-subunit structures(3), and N-type inactivation conferred by 'ball' domains in the amino termini of certain K-v alpha(4,5) and K-v beta(6) subunits, Assembly of heteromultimers with one or more K-v alpha(4,7)- and/or K-v beta(6) ball domains appears to be an essential principle of the generation of A-type K-v channel diversity, Here we show that, unexpectedly, the presence of K-v alpha- or K-v beta-ball domains does not dominate the gating phenotype in heteromultimers containing K(v)1.6 alpha subunits. These heteromultimers mediate non-inactivating currents because of the dominant-negative activity of a new type of N-type inactivation-prevention (NIP) domain present in the K(v)1.6 amino terminus. Mutations in the NIP domain lead to loss of function, and its transfer to another K-v alpha subunit leads to gain of function. Our discovery of the NIP domain, which neutralizes the activity of K-v alpha- and K-v beta-inactivation gates, establishes a new determinant for the gating behaviour of heteromultimeric K-v channels.
C1 Zentrum Mol Neurobiol Hamburg, Inst Neurale Signalverarbeitung, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.
   Univ Innsbruck, Fak Med, Inst Biochem Pharmakol, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
C3 University of Hamburg; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; University of Innsbruck
RP Pongs, O (corresponding author), Zentrum Mol Neurobiol Hamburg, Inst Neurale Signalverarbeitung, Martinistr 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.
EM pointuri@uke.uni-hamburg.de
NR 24
TC 64
Z9 70
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 22
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6665
BP 390
EP 393
DI 10.1038/34916
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YT444
UT WOS:000071604200055
PM 9450755
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Keller, L
   Ross, KG
AF Keller, L
   Ross, KG
TI Selfish genes: a green beard in the red fire ant
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID solenopsis-invicta; social insect; queen number; selection; colony; drive
AB A 'green-beard' gene is defined as a gene that causes a phenotypic effect (such as the presence of a green beard or any other conspicuous feature), allows the bearer of this feature to recognize it in other individuals, and causes the bearer to behave differently towards other individuals depending on whether or not they possess the feature(1-3). Such genes have been proposed oil theoretical grounds to be agents mediating both altruism and intragenomic conflicts(1,2), but until now few, if any, of these genes have been identified(4,5). Here we provide evidence of a green-beard gene in the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. In polygyne (multiple-queen) colonies, all egg-laying queens are Bb heterozygotes at the locus Gp-9 (ref. 6). Previous studies suggested that bb females die prematurely from intrinsic causes(6); we now show that BE queens initiating reproduction are killed by workers, and that it is primarily Bb rather than BE workers that are responsible for these executions. This implies that allele Gp-9(b) is linked to a green-beard allele that preferentially induces workers bearing the allele to kill all queens that do not bear it. Workers appear to distinguish BB from Bb queens on the basis of a transferable odour cue.
C1 Univ Lausanne, Inst Zool & Anim Ecol, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
   Univ Georgia, Dept Entomol, Athens, GA 30602 USA.
C3 University of Lausanne; University System of Georgia; University of Georgia
RP Keller, L (corresponding author), Univ Lausanne, Inst Zool & Anim Ecol, Batiment Biol, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
NR 20
TC 334
Z9 370
U1 1
U2 231
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 6
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6693
BP 573
EP 575
DI 10.1038/29064
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 107YN
UT WOS:000075238700046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU van Staaden, MJ
   Römer, H
AF van Staaden, MJ
   Römer, H
TI Evolutionary transition from stretch to hearing organs in ancient grasshoppers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID insect hearing; orthoptera; sound; tettigoniidae; receptors; system; origin
AB Ears of modern insects occur on a wide variety of body parts and are thought to have evolved from ubiquitous stretch or vibration receptors(1-4). This relationship, based on comparative anatomy and similarities in the embryological development of ears in divergent taxa(5-7), has led to the widespread assumption of homology of these structures in insects, although this has not been tested rigorously. Here we report on the hearing organs of a relatively ancient(8), atympanate bladder grasshopper(9-11) (Bullacris membracioides), which is capable of signalling acoustically over similar to 2 km(12) We show that, within single individuals of this species, serially repeated abdominal ears show functional continuity from simple to more complex forms. All 12 morphologically differentiated organs respond to sound frequencies and intensities that are biologically significant, and mediate adaptive behavioural responses. By linking observations at the anatomical, physiological and behavioural level, our experiments provide evidence for the transition in function and selective advantage during the evolutionary development of this complex structure(13,14). It is possible that ancestral insects with only simple pleural receptors had auditory capability covering distances substantially greater than contemporary insects with tympanate ears.
C1 Graz Univ, Inst Zool, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
C3 University of Graz
RP van Staaden, MJ (corresponding author), Bowling Green State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Bowling Green, OH 43403 USA.
EM m.van-staaden@zoology.kfunigraz.ac.at
NR 24
TC 67
Z9 73
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 20
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6695
BP 773
EP 776
DI 10.1038/29517
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 112PR
UT WOS:000075503600043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Xu, L
   Anwyl, R
   Rowan, MJ
AF Xu, L
   Anwyl, R
   Rowan, MJ
TI Spatial exploration induces a persistent reversal of long-term potentiation in rat hippocampus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID synaptic plasticity; in-vivo; brain temperature; motor-activity; 1-5 hz; depression; depotentiation; stimulation; memory; association
AB Experience-dependent long-lasting increases in excitatory synaptic transmission in the hippocampus are believed to underlie certain types of memory(1-3). Whereas stimulation of hippocampal pathways in freely moving rats can readily elicit a long-term potentiation (LTP) of transmission that may last for weeks, previous studies have failed to detect persistent increases in synaptic efficacy after hippocampus-mediated learning(4-6). As changes in synaptic efficacy are contingent on the history of plasticity at the synapses(7), we have examined the effect of experience-dependent hippocampal activation on transmission after the induction of LTP, We show that exploration of a new, non-stressful environment rapidly induces a complete and persistent reversal of the expression of high-frequency stimulation-induced early-phase LTP in the CA1 area of the hippocampus, without affecting baseline transmission in a control pathway. LTP expression is not affected by exploration of familiar environments. We found that spatial exploration affected LTP within a defined time window because neither the induction of LTP nor the maintenance of long-established LTP was blocked. The discovery of a novelty-induced reversal of LTP expression provides strong evidence that extensive long-lasting decreases in synaptic efficacy may act in tandem with enhancements at selected synapses to allow the detection and storage of new information by the hippocampus.
C1 Trinity Coll, Dept Pharmacol & Therapeut, Dublin 2, Ireland.
   Trinity Coll, Dept Physiol, Dublin 2, Ireland.
   Chinese Acad Sci, Kunming Inst Zool, Kunming, Peoples R China.
C3 Trinity College Dublin; Trinity College Dublin; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming Institute of Zoology, CAS
RP Rowan, MJ (corresponding author), Trinity Coll, Dept Pharmacol & Therapeut, Dublin 2, Ireland.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 230
Z9 260
U1 1
U2 35
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 27
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6696
BP 891
EP 894
DI 10.1038/29783
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 114LW
UT WOS:000075611800048
PM 9732871
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rugg, MD
   Mark, RE
   Walla, P
   Schloerscheidt, AM
   Birch, CS
   Allan, K
AF Rugg, MD
   Mark, RE
   Walla, P
   Schloerscheidt, AM
   Birch, CS
   Allan, K
TI Dissociation of the neural correlates of implicit and explicit memory
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID recognition memory; conscious recollection; retrieval; potentials; judgments
AB One presentation of a word to a subject is enough to change the way in which the word is processed subsequently, even when there is no conscious (explicit) memory of the original presentation. This phenomenon is known as implicit memory(1-3). The neural correlates of implicit memory have been studied previously(4-11), but they have never been compared with the correlates of explicit memory while holding task conditions constant or while using a procedure that ensured that the neural correlates were not 'contaminated' by explicit memory. Here we use scalp-recorded event-related brain potentials to identify neural activity associated with implicit and explicit memory during the performance of a recognition memory task, Relative to new words, recently studied words produced activity in three neuroanatomically and functionally dissociable neural populations. One of these populations was activated whether or not the word was consciously recognized, and its activity therefore represents a neural correlate of implicit memory. Thus, when task and memory contamination effects are eliminated, the neural correlates of explicit and implicit memory differ qualitatively.
C1 Univ St Andrews, Sch Psychol, Wellcome Brain Res Grp, St Andrews KY16 9JU, Fife, Scotland.
   Univ Vienna, Dept Neurol, A-1180 Vienna, Austria.
C3 University of St Andrews; University of Vienna
RP Rugg, MD (corresponding author), Univ St Andrews, Sch Psychol, Wellcome Brain Res Grp, St Andrews KY16 9JU, Fife, Scotland.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 27
TC 610
Z9 697
U1 1
U2 70
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 9
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6676
BP 595
EP 598
DI 10.1038/33396
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZG300
UT WOS:000072987200057
PM 9560154
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Goldhaber-Gordon, D
   Shtrikman, H
   Mahalu, D
   Abusch-Magder, D
   Meirav, U
   Kastner, MA
AF Goldhaber-Gordon, D
   Shtrikman, H
   Mahalu, D
   Abusch-Magder, D
   Meirav, U
   Kastner, MA
TI Kondo effect in a single-electron transistor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID anderson model; quantum-dot; artificial atoms; transport; equilibrium; conductance; resonance; impurity; states; gas
AB How localized electrons interact with delocalized electrons is a central question to many problems in sold-state physics(1-3). The simplest manifestation of this situation is the Kondo effect, which occurs when an impurity atom with an unpaired electron is placed in a metal(2), At low temperatures a spin singlet state is formed between the unpaired localized electron and delocalized electrons at the Fermi energy, Theories predict(4-7) that a Kondo singlet should form in a single-electron transistor (SET), which contains a confined 'droplet' of electrons coupled by quantum-mechanical tunnelling to the delocalized electrons in the transistor's leads, If this is so, a SET could provide a means of investigating aspects of the Kondo effect under controlled circumstances that are not accessible in conventional systems: the number of electrons can be changed from odd to even, the difference in energy between the localized state and the Fermi level can be tuned, the coupling to the leads can be adjusted, voltage differences can be applied to reveal non-equilibrium Kondo phenomena: and a single localized state can be studied rather than a statistical distribution. But for SETs fabricated previously, the binding energy of the spin singlet has been too small to observe Kondo phenomena, Ralph and Buhrman(8) have observed the Kondo singlet at a single accidental impurity in a metal point contact, but with only two electrodes and without control over the structure they were not able to observe all of the features predicted, Here we report measurements on SETs smaller than those made previously, which exhibit all of the predicted aspects of the Kondo effect in such a system.
C1 MIT, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Condensed Matter Phys, Braun Ctr Submicron Res, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Weizmann Institute of Science
RP Kastner, MA (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
NR 22
TC 1977
Z9 2090
U1 1
U2 342
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 8
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6663
BP 156
EP 159
DI 10.1038/34373
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YQ378
UT WOS:000071380900044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sisson, TW
   Bronto, S
AF Sisson, TW
   Bronto, S
TI Evidence for pressure-release melting beneath magmatic arcs from basalt at Galunggung, Indonesia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-alumina basalts; phase-relations; thermal structure; 1982-83 eruption; subduction zones; generation; volcano; water; h2o; geochemistry
AB The melting of peridotite in the mantle wedge above subduction zones is generally believed to involve hydrous fluids derived from the subducting slab(1). But if mantle peridotite is upwelling within the wedge, melting due to pressure release could also contribute to magma production. Here we present measurements of the volatile content of primitive magmas from Galunggung volcano in the Indonesian are which indicate that these magmas were derived from the pressure-release melting of hot mantle peridotite. The samples that we have analysed consist of mafic glass inclusions in high-magnesium basalts. The inclusions contain uniformly low H2O concentrations (0.21-0.38 wt%), yet relatively high levels of CO2 (up to 750 p.p.m.) indicating that the low H2O concentrations are primary and not due to degassing of the magma. Results from previous anhydrous melting experiments on a chemically similar Aleutian basalts(2) indicate that the Galunggung high-magnesium basalts were last in equilibrium with peridotite at similar to 1,320 degrees C and 1.2 GPa. These high temperatures at shallow sub-crustal levels (about 300-600 degrees C hotter than predicted by geodynamic models(1-3)), combined with the production of nearly H2O-free basaltic melts, provide strong evidence that pressure-release melting due to upwelling in the sub-are mantle has taken place. Regional low-potassium(4) and low-H2O (ref. 5) basalts found in the Cascade are indicate that such upwelling-induced melting can be widespread.
C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA.
   Volcanol Survey Indonesia, Bandung 40122, Indonesia.
C3 United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; Volcano Survey Indonesia
RP Sisson, TW (corresponding author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA.
NR 27
TC 181
Z9 207
U1 1
U2 30
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 26
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6670
BP 883
EP 886
DI 10.1038/36087
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YZ206
UT WOS:000072230900049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Renault, L
   Nassar, N
   Vetter, I
   Becker, J
   Klebe, C
   Roth, M
   Wittinghofer, A
AF Renault, L
   Nassar, N
   Vetter, I
   Becker, J
   Klebe, C
   Roth, M
   Wittinghofer, A
TI The 1.7Å crystal structure of the regulator of chromosome condensation (RCC1) reveals a seven-bladed propeller
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID guanine-nucleotide-exchange; gene rcc1; g-protein; ran; homology; pathway; mitosis; program
AB The gene encoding the regulator of chromosome condensation (RCC1) was cloned by virtue of its ability to complement the temperature-sensitive phenotype of the hamster cell line tsBN2, which undergoes premature chromosome condensation or arrest in the G1 phase of the cell cycle at non-permissive temperatures(1-2). RCC1 homologues have been identified in many eukaryotes, including budding and fission yeast. Mutations in the gene affect pre-messenger RNA processing and transport(3,4), mating(5), initiation of mitosis(6) and chromatin decondensation(7), suggesting that RCC1 is important in the control of nucleo-cytoplasmic transport and the cell cycle. Biochemically, RCC1 is a guanine-nucleotide-exchange factor for the nuclear Ras homologue Ran(8); it increases the dissociation of Ran-bound GDP by 10(5)-fold (ref. 9). It may also bind to DNA via a protein-protein complex(2). Here we show that the structure of human RCC1, solved to 1.7-Angstrom resolution by X-ray crystallography, consists of a seven-bladed propeller formed from internal repeats of 51-68 residues per blade. The sequence and structure of the repeats differ from those of WD40-domain proteins, which also form seven-bladed propellers and include the beta-subunits of G proteins. The nature of the structure explains the consequences of a wide range of known mutations. The region of the protein that is involved in guanine-nucleotide exchange is located opposite the region that is thought to be involved in chromosome binding.
C1 Max Planck Inst Mol Physiol, Abt Strukturelle Biol, D-44139 Dortmund, Germany.
   Inst Biol Struct Jean Pierre Ebel, Lab Cristallog & Cristallogenese Prot, F-38027 Grenoble 1, France.
C3 Max Planck Society; Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA); CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Wittinghofer, A (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Mol Physiol, Abt Strukturelle Biol, Rheinlanddamm 201, D-44139 Dortmund, Germany.
EM alfred.wittinghofer@mpi-dortmund.mpg.de
NR 29
TC 253
Z9 284
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 5
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6671
BP 97
EP 101
DI 10.1038/32204
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZA528
UT WOS:000072373000058
PM 9510255
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kavouras, IG
   Mihalopoulos, N
   Stephanou, EG
AF Kavouras, IG
   Mihalopoulos, N
   Stephanou, EG
TI Formation of atmospheric particles from organic acids produced by forests
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID aerosols; oxidation; gas; monoterpenes; terpenes; oh
AB Aerosol formation in the atmosphere is an important process to understand, in that such particles may act as the cloud condensation nuclei responsible for the 'cloud-climate' effect(1), and could locally be hazardous to health. The number-concentration of total atmospheric aerosols and cloud condensation nuclei is largely contributed by organic aerosols'. Much of the organic aerosol is formed from atmospheric gas-to-particle conversion, and the common and widespread non-methane hydrocarbons emitted by vegetation have been investigated as possible precursors'. But strong evidence for a quantitative link between biogenic hydrocarbon emission and organic aerosol formation has so far been lacking. Here we present measurements of gaseous and particulate atmospheric species from a forested area to show that some hydrocarbons (for example, terpenes) emitted by vegetation are photo-oxidized to organic acids (for example, pinonic acids), which condense to form organic aerosols. Thus the forests, through their production of large quantities of organic aerosols, could be of considerable significance both for climate (through cloud-condensation-nuclei formation) and for heterogeneous atmospheric chemical processes.
C1 Univ Crete, Dept Chem, Environm Chem Proc Lab, Heraclion 71409, Greece.
C3 University of Crete
RP Stephanou, EG (corresponding author), Univ Crete, Dept Chem, Environm Chem Proc Lab, Heraclion 71409, Greece.
EM stephanou@chemistry.uch.gr
NR 24
TC 373
Z9 417
U1 1
U2 136
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 15
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6703
BP 683
EP 686
DI 10.1038/27179
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 129PR
UT WOS:000076472600048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sirrenberg, C
   Endres, M
   Fölsch, H
   Stuart, RA
   Neupert, W
   Brunner, M
AF Sirrenberg, C
   Endres, M
   Fölsch, H
   Stuart, RA
   Neupert, W
   Brunner, M
TI Carrier protein import into mitochondria mediated by the intermembrane proteins Tim10/Mrs11 and Tim12/Mrs5
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inner membrane; splicing defects; yeast; suppressors; dissection; machinery; hsp70
AB Import of nuclear-encoded precursor proteins into mitochondria and their subsequent sorting into mitochondrial subcompartments is mediated by translocase enzymes in the mitochondrial outer and inner membranes(1-3). Precursor proteins carrying amino-terminal targeting signals are translocated into the matrix by the integral inner membrane proteins Tim23 and Tim17 in cooperation with Tim44 and mitochondrial Hsp70 (refs 4-7). We describe here the discovery of a new pathway for the transport of members of the mitochondrial carrier family and other inner membrane proteins that contain internal targeting signals. Two related proteins in the intermembrane space, Tim10/Mrs11 (ref. 8) and Tim12/Mrs5 (ref. 9), interact sequentially with these precursors and facilitate their translocation across the outer membrane, irrespective of the membrane potential. Tim10 and Tim12 are found in a complex with Tim22, which takes over the precursor and mediates its membrane-potential-dependent insertion into the inner membrane. This interaction of Tim10 and Tim12 with the precursors depends on the presence of divalent metal ions. Both proteins contain a zinc-finger-like motif with four cysteines and bind equimolar amounts of zinc ions.
C1 Univ Munich, Inst Physiol Chem, D-80336 Munich, Germany.
C3 University of Munich
RP Neupert, W (corresponding author), Univ Munich, Inst Physiol Chem, Goethestr 33, D-80336 Munich, Germany.
EM neupert@bio.med.uni-muenchen.de
NR 21
TC 256
Z9 282
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 26
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6670
BP 912
EP 915
DI 10.1038/36136
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YZ206
UT WOS:000072230900057
PM 9495346
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Agrawal, A
   Eastman, QM
   Schatz, DG
AF Agrawal, A
   Eastman, QM
   Schatz, DG
TI Transposition mediated by RAG1 and RAG2 and its implications for the evolution of the immune system
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID v(d)j recombination; retroviral integration; catalytic domain; dna; genes; resolution; initiation; 12/23-rule; mechanism; sequences
AB Immunoglobulin and T-cell-receptor genes are assembled from component gene segments in developing lymphocytes by a site-specific recombination reaction, V(D)J recombination, The proteins encoded by the recombination-activating genes, RAG1 and RAG2, are essential in this reaction, mediating sequence-specific DNA recognition of well-defined recombination signals and DNA cleavage next to these signals. Here we show that RAG1 and RAG2 together form a transposase capable of excising a piece of DNA containing recombination signals from a donor site and inserting it into a target DNA molecule. The products formed contain a short duplication of target DNA Immediately flanking the transposed fragment, a structure like that created by retroviral integration and all known transposition reactions. The results support the theory that RAG1 and RAG2 were once components of a transposable element, and that the split nature of Immunoglobulin and T-cell-receptor genes derives from germline insertion of this element into an ancestral receptor gene soon after the evolutionary divergence of jawed and jawless vertebrates.
C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Immunobiol Sect, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem & Mol Biophys, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
C3 Yale University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Yale University; Yale University
RP Schatz, DG (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Immunobiol Sect, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
EM david.schatz@yale.edu
NR 44
TC 592
Z9 671
U1 0
U2 45
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 20
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6695
BP 744
EP 751
DI 10.1038/29457
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 112PR
UT WOS:000075503600035
PM 9723614
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bocquet, L
   Charlaix, E
   Ciliberto, S
   Crassous, J
AF Bocquet, L
   Charlaix, E
   Ciliberto, S
   Crassous, J
TI Moisture-induced ageing in granular media and the kinetics of capillary condensation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID model; surfaces; friction; adhesion
AB In 1773 Coulomb(1) recognized that the static properties of granular systems can be discussed in terms of the frictional properties between different layers(2), leading to his relationship between the angle of repose of a granular pile (theta(0)) and the coefficient of static friction mu(s): tan theta(0), = mu(s). Two centuries later, solid friction and granular media still present many puzzles. One such is that the coefficient of static friction depends on the time during which the solids remain in contact before the measurement. Here ive show that this ageing effect is manifested too in the angle of repose of granular media and originates from capillary condensation of water vapour between the packed particles, leading to the formation of water bridges. By assuming that the kinetics of this process are governed by the thermally activated nucleation of bridges, we can reproduce both the time- and humidity-dependence of the ageing behaviour. Our results also clarify the kinetics of adsorption in porous media more generally.
C1 Ecole Normale Super Lyon, Phys Lab, CNRS, URa 1325, F-69364 Lyon, France.
   Univ Lyon 1, Dept Phys Mat, CNRS, UMR 5568, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
C3 Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon (ENS de LYON); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Lyon 1
RP Bocquet, L (corresponding author), Ecole Normale Super Lyon, Phys Lab, CNRS, URa 1325, 46 Allee Italie, F-69364 Lyon, France.
NR 14
TC 374
Z9 404
U1 2
U2 144
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 31
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6713
BP 735
EP 737
DI 10.1038/25492
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 151WC
UT WOS:000077742800027
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Benison, KC
   Goldstein, RH
   Wopenka, B
   Burruss, RC
   Pasteris, JD
AF Benison, KC
   Goldstein, RH
   Wopenka, B
   Burruss, RC
   Pasteris, JD
TI Extremely acid Permian lakes and ground waters in North America
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fluid inclusions; raman spectrometry; australia; tyrrell; geochemistry; evaporites; victoria; hydrogen; sulfate; brines
AB Evaporites hosted by red beds (red shales and sandstones), some 275-265 million years old, extend over a large area of the North American mid-continent(1). They were deposited in non-marine saline lakes, pans and mud-flats(2), settings that are typically assumed to have been alkaline. Here we use laser Raman microprobe analyses of fluid inclusions trapped in halites from these Permian deposits to argue for the existence of highly acidic (pH <1) lakes and ground waters. These extremely acidic systems may have extended over an area of 200,000 km(2). Modern analogues of such systems may be natural acid lake and groundwater systems (pH similar to 2-4) in southern Australia(3-9). Both the ancient and modern acid systems are characterized by closed drainage, arid climate, low acid-neutralizing capacity, and the oxidation of minerals such as pyrite to generate acidity. The discovery of widespread ancient acid lake and groundwater systems demands a re-evaluation of reconstructions of surface conditions of the past, and further investigations of the geochemistry and ecology of acid systems in general.
C1 Univ Kansas, Dept Geol, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA.
   Kansas Geol Survey, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA.
   Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA.
   US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20191 USA.
C3 University of Kansas; Washington University (WUSTL); United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey
RP Benison, KC (corresponding author), Univ Kansas, Dept Geol, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA.
NR 30
TC 67
Z9 80
U1 1
U2 36
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 30
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6679
BP 911
EP 914
DI 10.1038/31917
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZK759
UT WOS:000073359900045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zambrowicz, BP
   Friedrich, GA
   Buxton, EC
   Lilleberg, SL
   Person, C
   Sands, AT
AF Zambrowicz, BP
   Friedrich, GA
   Buxton, EC
   Lilleberg, SL
   Person, C
   Sands, AT
TI Disruption and sequence identification of 2,000 genes in mouse embryonic stem cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID genome project; promoter traps; mice; vectors
AB The dramatic increase in sequence information in the form of expressed sequence tags (ESTs)(1) and genomic sequence has created a 'gene function gap', with the identification of new genes far outpacing the rate at which their function can be identified. The ability to create mutations in embryonic stem (ES) cells on a large scale by tagged random mutagenesis provides a powerful approach for determining gene function in a mammalian system; this approach is well established in lower organisms(2,3). Here we describe a high-throughput mutagenesis method based on gene trapping that allows the automated identification of sequence tags from the mutated genes, This method traps and mutates genes regardless of their expression status in ES cells, To facilitate the study of gene function on a large scale, we are using these techniques to create a library of ES cells called Omnibank, from which sequence-tagged mutations in 2,000 genes are described.
C1 Lexicon Genet, The Woodlands, TX 77381 USA.
C3 Lexicon Pharmaceuticals
RP Zambrowicz, BP (corresponding author), Lexicon Genet, 4000 Res Forest Dr, The Woodlands, TX 77381 USA.
NR 20
TC 396
Z9 451
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 9
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6676
BP 608
EP 611
DI 10.1038/33423
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZG300
UT WOS:000072987200061
PM 9560157
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mayans, O
   van der Ven, PFM
   Wilm, M
   Mues, A
   Young, P
   Fürst, DO
   Wilmanns, M
   Gautel, M
AF Mayans, O
   van der Ven, PFM
   Wilm, M
   Mues, A
   Young, P
   Fürst, DO
   Wilmanns, M
   Gautel, M
TI Structural basis for activation of the titin kinase domain during myofibrillogenesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID giant protein-kinases; crystal-structure; insulin-receptor; tyrosine kinase; immunoelectron microscopy; molluscan twitchin; peptide substrate; phosphorylation; expression; muscle
AB The giant muscle protein titin (connectin) is essential in the temporal and spatial control of the assembly of the highly ordered sarcomeres (contractile units) of striated muscle. Here we present the crystal structure of titin's only catalytic: domain, an autoregulated serine kinase (titin kinase). The structure shows how the active site is inhibited by a tyrosine of the kinase domain. We describe a dual mechanism of activation of titin kinase that consists of phosphorylation of this tyrosine and binding of calcium/calmodulin to the regulatory tail. The serine kinase domain of titin is the first known non-arginine-aspartate kinase to be activated by phosphorylation. The phosphorylated tyrosine is not located in the activation segment, as in other kinases, but in the P + 1 loop, indicating that this tyrosine is a binding partner of the titin kinase substrate. Titin kinase phosphorylates the muscle protein telethonin in early differentiating myocytes, indicating that this kinase may act in myofibrillogenesis.
C1 DESY, European Mol Biol Lab, Hamburg Outstn, D-22603 Hamburg, Germany.
   Univ Potsdam, Dept Cell Biol, D-14471 Potsdam, Germany.
   European Mol Biol Lab, D-69012 Heidelberg, Germany.
C3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); Helmholtz Association; Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY); University of Potsdam; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
RP Wilmanns, M (corresponding author), DESY, European Mol Biol Lab, Hamburg Outstn, Notkestr 85, D-22603 Hamburg, Germany.
EM Wilmanns@embl-hamburg.de; Gautel@embl-heidelberg.de
NR 47
TC 311
Z9 352
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 29
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6705
BP 863
EP 869
DI 10.1038/27603
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 133XT
UT WOS:000076713400046
PM 9804419
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Robinson, H
   Gao, YG
   McCrary, BS
   Edmondson, SP
   Shriver, JW
   Wang, AHJ
AF Robinson, H
   Gao, YG
   McCrary, BS
   Edmondson, SP
   Shriver, JW
   Wang, AHJ
TI The hyperthermophile chromosomal protein Sac7d sharply kinks DNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cold-shock protein; crystal-structure; sulfolobus-acidocaldarius; binding property; minor-groove; archaea; solfataricus; complex; histone; system
AB The proteins Sac7d and Sso7d belong to a class of small chromosomal proteins from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius and S. solfactaricus, respectively(1,2). These proteins are extremely stable to heat, acid and chemical agents', Sac7d binds to DNA without any particular sequence preference and thereby increases its melting temperature by similar to 40 degrees C (ref. 4). We have now solved and refined the crystal structure of Sac7d in complex with two DNA sequences to high resolution, The structures are examples of a nonspecific DNA-binding protein bound to DNA, and reveal that Sac7d binds in the minor groove, causing a sharp kinking of the DNA helix that is more marked than that induced by an): sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins, The kink results from the intercalation of specific hydrophobic side chains of Sac7d into the DNA structure, but without causing any significant distortion of the protein structure relative to the uncomplexed protein in solution.
C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Cell & Struct Biol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
   So Illinois Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med Biochem, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA.
C3 University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Southern Illinois University System; Southern Illinois University
RP Wang, AHJ (corresponding author), Univ Illinois, Dept Cell & Struct Biol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
NR 27
TC 169
Z9 202
U1 0
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 12
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6672
BP 202
EP 205
DI 10.1038/32455
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZB349
UT WOS:000072462700068
PM 9515968
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Withers, DJ
   Gutierrez, JS
   Towery, H
   Burks, DJ
   Ren, JM
   Previs, S
   Zhang, YT
   Bernal, D
   Pons, S
   Shulman, GI
   Bonner-Weir, S
   White, MF
AF Withers, DJ
   Gutierrez, JS
   Towery, H
   Burks, DJ
   Ren, JM
   Previs, S
   Zhang, YT
   Bernal, D
   Pons, S
   Shulman, GI
   Bonner-Weir, S
   White, MF
TI Disruption of IRS-2 causes type 2 diabetes in mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID insulin-receptor; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; kinase; pathogenesis; stimulation; activation; adipocytes; wortmannin; pathway; protein
AB Human type 2 diabetes is characterized by defects in both insulin action and insulin secretion, It has been difficult to identify a single molecular abnormality underlying these features, Insulin-receptor substrates (IRS proteins) may be involved in type 2 diabetes: they mediate pleiotropic signals initiated by receptors for insulin and other cytokines(1). Disruption of IRS-1 hl mice retards growth, but diabetes does not develop because insulin secretion increases to compensate for the mild resistance to insulin(2,3). Here we show that disruption of IRS-2 impairs both peripheral insulin signalling-and pancreatic beta-cell function. IRS-2-deficient mice show progressive deterioration of glucose homeostasis because of insulin resistance in the liver and skeletal muscle and a lack of beta-cell compensation for this insulin resistance, Our results indicate that dysfunction of IRS-2 may contribute to the pathophysiology of human type 2 diabetes.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Joslin Diabet Ctr,Dept Med, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Med, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Joslin Diabetes Center, Inc.; Harvard Medical School; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Yale University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP White, MF (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Joslin Diabet Ctr,Dept Med, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
EM Whitemor@joslab.harvard.edu
FU NIDDK NIH HHS [R01 DK040936] Funding Source: Medline
NR 22
TC 1308
Z9 1524
U1 1
U2 79
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 26
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6670
BP 900
EP 904
DI 10.1038/36116
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YZ206
UT WOS:000072230900054
PM 9495343
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bushdid, PB
   Brantley, DM
   Yull, FE
   Blaeuer, GL
   Hoffman, LH
   Niswander, L
   Kerr, LD
AF Bushdid, PB
   Brantley, DM
   Yull, FE
   Blaeuer, GL
   Hoffman, LH
   Niswander, L
   Kerr, LD
TI Inhibition of NF-κB activity results in disruption of the apical ectodermal ridge and aberrant limb morphogenesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chick limb; sonic-hedgehog; vertebrate limb; feedback loop; growth; transcription; drosophila; expression; promoter; initiation
AB In Drosophila, the Dorsal protein establishes the embryonic dorso-ventral axis during development(1), Here we show that the vertebrate homologue of Dorsal, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B), is vital for the formation of the proximo-distal organizer of the developing limb bud, the apical ectodermal ridge (AER). Transcription of the NF-kappa B proto-oncogene c-rel is regulated, in part, during morphogenesis of the limb bud by AER-derived signals such as fibroblast growth factors. Interruption of NF-kappa B activity using viral-mediated delivery of an inhibitor results in a highly dysmorphic AER, reduction in overall limb size, loss of distal elements and reversal in the direction of limb outgrowth. Furthermore, inhibition of NF-kappa B activity in limb mesenchyme leads to a reduction in expression of Sonic hedgehog and Twist but derepresses expression of the bone morphogenetic protein-4 gene. These results are the first evidence that vertebrate NF-kappa B proteins act to transmit growth factor signals between the ectoderm and the underlying mesenchyme during embryonic limb formation.
C1 Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Nashville, TN 37232 USA.
   Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Nashville, TN 37232 USA.
   Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Vanderbilt Canc Ctr, Nashville, TN 37232 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Program Mol Biol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Vanderbilt University; Vanderbilt University; Vanderbilt University; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
RP Kerr, LD (corresponding author), Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Nashville, TN 37232 USA.
NR 29
TC 150
Z9 161
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 9
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6676
BP 615
EP 618
DI 10.1038/33435
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZG300
UT WOS:000072987200063
PM 9560159
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Channell, JET
   Hodell, DA
   McManus, J
   Lehman, B
AF Channell, JET
   Hodell, DA
   McManus, J
   Lehman, B
TI Orbital modulation of the Earth's magnetic field intensity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID relative paleointensity; geomagnetic-field; sediments; coercivity; records; core; rock; sea
AB More than 20 years ago, on the basis of data from a Pacific sediment core, it was suggested that geomagnetic field intensity may vary with the Earth's orbital obliquity (centred on a period of similar to 41 kyr) as a result of the effect of obliquity on precessional forces in the Earth's core(1). It had also been proposed that precession plays an important role in the energy budget of the Earth's geodynamo(2). But subsequent analyses indicated that the energy available from precession is at least an order of magnitude less than that required to drive the geodynamo(3). Here, however, we report a spectral analysis of sedimentary records of relative geomagnetic palaeointensity from two North Atlantic sites which shows significant power both at orbital eccentricity (similar to 100 kyr) and obliquity (41 kyr). The eccentricity power is also present in bulk magnetic properties (such as susceptibility) and is therefore attributable to lithological variations controlled by eccentricity-driven climate change. The obliquity power, however, is not apparent in bulk magnetic properties, and seems to be a property of the geomagnetic field itself, thus providing evidence for the orbital forcing of geomagnetic held intensity.
C1 Univ Florida, Dept Geol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.
   CEA, CNRS, Lab Sci Climat & Environm, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
C3 State University System of Florida; University of Florida; Universite Paris Saclay; CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
RP Channell, JET (corresponding author), Univ Florida, Dept Geol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.
NR 32
TC 108
Z9 121
U1 0
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 30
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6692
BP 464
EP 468
DI 10.1038/28833
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 105NT
UT WOS:000075080400048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Donchin, O
   Gribova, A
   Steinberg, O
   Bergman, H
   Vaadia, E
AF Donchin, O
   Gribova, A
   Steinberg, O
   Bergman, H
   Vaadia, E
TI Primary motor cortex is involved in bimanual coordination
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neuronal-activity; cortical areas; rhesus-monkey; movements; hand; task; arm; synchronization; connections; direction
AB Many voluntary movements involve coordination between the limbs(1,2). However, there have been very few attempts to study the neuronal mechanisms that mediate this coordination. Here we have studied the activity of cortical neurons while monkeys performed tasks that required coordination between the two arms. We found that most neurons in the primary motor cortex (MI) show activity specific to bimanual movements (bimanual-related activity), which is strikingly different from the activity of the same neurons during unimanual movements. Moreover, units in the supplementary motor area (SMA; the area of cortex most often associated with bimanual coordination(3)) showed no more bimanual-related activity than units in MI. Our results challenge the classic view that MI controls the contralateral (opposite) side of the body and that SMA. is responsible for the coordination of the arms. Rather, our data suggest that both cortical areas share the control of bilateral coordination.
C1 Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Hadassah Med Sch, Dept Physiol, IL-91120 Jerusalem, Israel.
   Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Hadassah Med Sch, Ctr Neural Computat, IL-91120 Jerusalem, Israel.
C3 Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Hebrew University of Jerusalem
RP Vaadia, E (corresponding author), Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Hadassah Med Sch, Dept Physiol, IL-91120 Jerusalem, Israel.
EM eilon@hbf.huji.ac.il
NR 30
TC 248
Z9 280
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 17
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6699
BP 274
EP 278
DI 10.1038/26220
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 120TZ
UT WOS:000075974600050
PM 9751054
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gallagher, EL
   Elgar, S
   Thornton, EB
AF Gallagher, EL
   Elgar, S
   Thornton, EB
TI Megaripple migration in a natural surf zone
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hummocky cross-stratification; directionally varying flows; nearshore; dunes; alignment
AB Migrating megaripples are bedforms that appear in the surf zone of sandy coasts(1). With heights of 0.1 -0.5 m and wavelengths of 1-5m, they are similar in size and shape to small dunes, large ripples, or sand waves. Such sedimentary bedforms have been studied in subaerial(2), steady-flow(3) and intertidal(4) environments, as well as in laboratory flume experiments(5). They affect overlying currents by introducing hydraulic roughness(4,6), and may provide a mechanism for sediment transport(7,8) as well as forming sedimentary structures in preserved facies(9,10). The formation, orientation and migration of such bedforms is not understood well(11,12). Dunes, for example, can be aligned with their crests perpendicular to steady unidirectional winds(13), but in more complex wind fields their orientation becomes difficult to predict(14-17). Similarly, it is not known how sea-floor megaripples become aligned and migrate in the complex flows of the surf zone. Here we present observations in the surf zone of a natural beach which indicate that megaripples do not migrate in the direction of the vector sum of the currents, but are aligned so that the sediment transport normal to the bedform crest is maximized(17). This may need to be taken into account in modelling morphology change and interpreting existing and fossil morphologic patterns.
C1 USN, Postgrad Sch, Dept Oceanog, Monterey, CA 93943 USA.
   Washington State Univ, Sch Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA.
C3 United States Department of Defense; United States Navy; Naval Postgraduate School; Washington State University
RP Gallagher, EL (corresponding author), USN, Postgrad Sch, Dept Oceanog, Monterey, CA 93943 USA.
EM egallagh@oc.nps.navy.mil; elgar@eecs.wsu.edu
NR 28
TC 63
Z9 66
U1 1
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 9
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6689
BP 165
EP 168
DI 10.1038/28139
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZZ203
UT WOS:000074705900049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tzivion, G
   Luo, ZJ
   Avruch, J
AF Tzivion, G
   Luo, ZJ
   Avruch, J
TI A dimeric 14-3-3 protein is an essential cofactor for Raf kinase activity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 14-3-3-proteins; activation; c-raf-1; identification; pathway; binding
AB cRaf-1 is a mitogen-activated protein kinase that is the main effector recruited by GTP-bound Ras in order to activate the MAP kinase pathway(1). Inactive Raf is found in the cytosol in a complex with Hsp90, Hsp50 (Cdc37)(2,3) and the 14-3-3 proteins(4). GTP-bound Ras binds Raf and is necessary but not sufficient for the stable activation of Raf that occurs in response to serum, epidermal growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor or insulin(5-8). These agents cause a two- to threefold increase in overall phosphorylation of Raf on serine/threonine residues(8,9), and treatment of cRaf-1 with protein (serine/threonine) phosphatases can deactivate it, at least partially(10). The role of 14-3-3 proteins in the regulation of Raf's kinase activity is uncertain(4,11) and is investigated here. Active Raf can be almost completely deactivated in vitro by displacement of 14-3-3 using synthetic phosphopeptides. Deactivation can be substantially reversed by addition of purified recombinant bacterial 14-3-3; however, Raf must have been previously activated in vivo to be reactivated by 14-3-3 in vitro. The ability of 14-3-3 to support Raf activity is dependent on phosphorylation of serine residues on Raf and on the integrity of the 14-3-3 dimer; mutant monomeric forms of 14-3-3, although able to bind Raf in vivo, do not enable Raf to be activated in vivo or restore Raf activity after displacement of 14-3-3 in vitro. The 14-3-3 protein is not required to induce dimerization of Raf, We propose that dimeric 14-3-3 is needed both to maintain Raf in an inactive state in the absence of GTP-bound Ras and to stabilize an active conformation of Raf produced during activation in vivo.
C1 Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Diabet Unit, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Med Serv, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Biol Mol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Avruch, J (corresponding author), Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Diabet Unit, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
EM avruch@helix.mgh.harvard.edu
NR 28
TC 407
Z9 462
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 2
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6688
BP 88
EP 92
DI 10.1038/27938
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZY030
UT WOS:000074579600055
PM 9665134
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stauffer, B
   Blunier, T
   Dällenbach, A
   Indermühle, A
   Schwander, J
   Stocker, TF
   Tschumi, J
   Chappellaz, J
   Raynaud, D
   Hammer, CU
   Clausen, HB
AF Stauffer, B
   Blunier, T
   Dällenbach, A
   Indermühle, A
   Schwander, J
   Stocker, TF
   Tschumi, J
   Chappellaz, J
   Raynaud, D
   Hammer, CU
   Clausen, HB
TI Atmospheric CO2 concentration and millennial-scale climate change during the last glacial period
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ice-core; north-atlantic; greenland ice; record; bp
AB The analysis of air bubbles trapped in polar ice has permitted the reconstruction of past atmospheric concentrations of CO2 over various timescales, and revealed that large climate changes over tens of thousands of years are generally accompanied by changes in atmospheric CO2 concentrations(1). But the extent to which such covariations occur for fast, millennial-scale climate shifts, such as the Dansgaard-Oeschger events recorded in Greenland ice cores during the last glacial period(2), is unresolved; CO2 data from Greenland(3) and Antarctic(4) ice cores have been conflicting in this regard, More recent work suggests that Antarctic ice should provide a more reliable CO2 record, as the higher dust(5) content of Greenland ice can give rise to artefacts(1,6,7). To compare the rapid climate changes recorded in the Greenland ice with the global trends in atmospheric CO2 concentrations as recorded in the Antarctic ice, an accurate common timescale is needed. Here we provide such a timescale for the last glacial period using the records of global atmospheric methane concentrations from both Greenland and Antarctic ice. We find that the atmospheric concentration of CO2 generally varied little with Dansgaard-Oeschger events (<10 parts per million by volume, p.p.m.v.) but varied significantly with Heinrich iceberg-discharge events (similar to 20 p.p.m.v.), especially those starting with a long-lasting Dansgaard-Oeschger event.
C1 Univ Bern, Inst Phys, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
   CNRS, Lab Glaciol LGGE, F-38402 St Martin Dheres, France.
   Univ Copenhagen, Dept Geophys, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
C3 University of Bern; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); University of Copenhagen
RP Stauffer, B (corresponding author), Univ Bern, Inst Phys, Sidlerstr 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
NR 29
TC 96
Z9 109
U1 0
U2 31
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 5
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6671
BP 59
EP 62
DI 10.1038/32133
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZA528
UT WOS:000072373000047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Braunstein, SL
AF Braunstein, SL
TI Quantum error correction for communication with linear optics
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID privacy amplification; cryptography; light
AB Improving the signal-to-noise ratio in optical communication systems is a fundamental requirement for cost-effective data transmission. This is particularly important for the transmission of noise-intolerant quantum states: excess noise at the quantum level destroys the coherence of the states, rendering classical error correction or amplifier-based schemes(1) useless for quantum communication. Only quantum error correction(2,3) can remove the effects of noise without corrupting the fragile superpositions of quantum states. But difficulties arise in the practical implementation of such a correction process because nonlinear operations(4) have been thought to be required, greatly reducing the efficiency of any optical scheme. Here I report an efficient, compact scheme involving only linear optical elements and feedback,which performs error correction for both quantum and classical noise. In the classical case, the noise penalty incurred is no worse than for ideal amplification. But for low-noise quantum optical communication, this penalty may be eliminated entirely. This quantum error-correction scheme may thus find application in quantum cryptographic networks(5-7) (where low noise is equivalent to high security), possibly extending their range far beyond limits imposed by system losses(7).
C1 Univ Wales, SEECS, Bangor LL57 1UT, Gwynedd, Wales.
C3 Bangor University
RP Braunstein, SL (corresponding author), Univ Wales, SEECS, Bangor LL57 1UT, Gwynedd, Wales.
EM schmuel@sees.bangor.ac.uk
NR 20
TC 177
Z9 197
U1 1
U2 12
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 2
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6688
BP 47
EP 49
DI 10.1038/27850
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZY030
UT WOS:000074579600042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shou, WN
   Aghdasi, B
   Armstrong, DL
   Guo, QX
   Bao, SD
   Charng, MJ
   Mathews, LM
   Schneider, MD
   Hamilton, SL
   Matzuk, MM
AF Shou, WN
   Aghdasi, B
   Armstrong, DL
   Guo, QX
   Bao, SD
   Charng, MJ
   Mathews, LM
   Schneider, MD
   Hamilton, SL
   Matzuk, MM
TI Cardiac defects and altered ryanodine receptor function in mice lacking FKBP12
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fk506 binding-protein; calcium-release; mouse; gene
AB FKBP12, a cis-trans prolyl isomerase that binds the immunosuppressants FK506 and rapamycin, is ubiquitously expressed and interacts with proteins in several intracellular signal transduction systems(1). Although FKBP12 interacts with the cytoplasmic domains of type I receptors of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily in vitro, the function of FKBP12 in TGF-beta superfamily signalling is controversial(2-6). FKBP12 also physically interacts stoichiometrically with multiple intracellular calcium release channels including the tetrameric skeletal muscle ryanodine dine receptor (RyR1)(7,8). In contrast, the cardiac ryanodine receptor, RyR2, appears to bind selectively the FKBP12 homologue, FKBP12.6 (refs 9, 10). To define the functions of FKBP12 in vivo, we generated mutant mice deficient in FKBP12 using embryonic stem (ES) cell technology. FKBP12-deficient mice have normal skeletal muscle but have severe dilated cardiomyopathy and ventricular septal defects that mimic a human congenital heart disorder, noncompaction of left ventricular myocardium(11,12). About 9% of the mutants exhibit exencephaly secondary to a defect in neural tube closure. Physiological studies demonstrate that FKBP12 is dispensable for TGF-beta-mediated signalling, but modulates the calcium release activity of both skeletal and cardiac ryanodine receptors.
C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pathol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Cell Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Human Geneet, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Physiol & Mol Biophys, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Med, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Dept Biol Chem, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
C3 Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
RP Matzuk, MM (corresponding author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pathol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
EM mmatzuk@bcm.tmc.edu
NR 30
TC 367
Z9 408
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 29
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6666
BP 489
EP 492
DI 10.1038/35146
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YU290
UT WOS:000071701800051
PM 9461216
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ranger, AM
   Grusby, MJ
   Hodge, MR
   Gravallese, EM
   de la Brousse, FC
   Hoey, T
   Mickanin, C
   Baldwin, HS
   Glimcher, LH
AF Ranger, AM
   Grusby, MJ
   Hodge, MR
   Gravallese, EM
   de la Brousse, FC
   Hoey, T
   Mickanin, C
   Baldwin, HS
   Glimcher, LH
TI The transcription factor NF-ATc is essential for cardiac valve formation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID t-cell activation; neuregulin receptor; mice lacking; heart; proteins; defects; family; rat
AB Nuclear factor of activated T cells (NF-AT) is the name of a family of four related transcription factors that may be needed for cytokine gene expression in activated lymphocytes(1-4). Here we report that mice with a targeted disruption of the NF-ATc gene show an unexpected and dramatic defect in cardiac morphogenesis, with selective absence of the aortic and pulmonary valves, leading to death in utero from congestive heart failure at days 13.5-17.5 of gestation, In contrast, tricuspid and mitral valve morphogenesis is normal, NF-ATc is the first transcription factor known to be expressed only in the endothelial cells of the heart, As in T cells, nuclear translocation of NF-ATc in cardiac endothelial cells is controlled by the calcium-regulated phosphatase calcineurin(5,6): NF-ATc remains cytoplasmic in normal embryos cultured with cyclosporin A, an inhibitor of calcineurin. Abnormal development of the cardiac valves and septae is the most frequent form of birth defect, yet few molecular regulators of valve formation are known, Our results indicate that NF-ATc may play a critical role in signal-transduction processes required for normal cardiac valve formation.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Canc Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Tularik Inc, S San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
   Childrens Hosp Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Tularik, Inc.; University of Pennsylvania; Pennsylvania Medicine; Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia
RP Glimcher, LH (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Canc Biol, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM lglimche@hsph.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 491
Z9 554
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 12
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6672
BP 186
EP 190
DI 10.1038/32426
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZB349
UT WOS:000072462700064
PM 9515964
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Roberts, R
   Bird, M
   Olley, J
   Galbraith, R
   Lawson, E
   Laslett, G
   Yoshida, H
   Jones, R
   Fullagar, R
   Jacobsen, G
   Hua, Q
AF Roberts, R
   Bird, M
   Olley, J
   Galbraith, R
   Lawson, E
   Laslett, G
   Yoshida, H
   Jones, R
   Fullagar, R
   Jacobsen, G
   Hua, Q
TI Optical and radiocarbon dating at Jinmium rock shelter in northern Australia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dose-rates; sediments; luminescence; ages; quartz; grains
AB The Jinmium rock shelter is located in the Kimberley region of northern Australia. Claims for ancient rock art and an early human presence at this site(1) were based on thermoluminescence ages of 50-75 thousand years (kyr) for quartz sands associated with buried circular engravings (pecked cupules) and on thermolumninescence ages of 116-176 kyr for the underlying artefact-bearing deposits. Here we report substantially younger optical ages for quartz sand, and ages based on measurements of radioactive carbon in charcoal fragments, from the occupation deposit. Using conventional (multiple-grain) optical dating methods, we estimate that the base of the deposit is 22 kyr, However, dating of individual grains shows that some have been buried more recently. The single-grain optical ages indicate that the Jinmium deposit is younger than 10 kyr. This result is in agreement with the late-Holocene ages obtained for the upper two-thirds of the deposit from radiocarbon measurements. We suggest that some grains have older optical ages because they received insufficient exposure to sunlight before burial. The presence of such grains in a sample will cause age overestimates using multiple-grain methods, whether using thermoluminescence or optical dating.
C1 La Trobe Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Melbourne, Vic 3083, Australia.
   Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Earth Sci, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
   UCL, Dept Stat Sci, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   Australian Nucl Sci & Technol Org, Div Phys, Menai, NSW 2234, Australia.
   CSIRO Math & Informat Sci, Melbourne, Vic 3168, Australia.
   Australian Natl Univ, RSPAS, Dept Archaeol & Nat Hist, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
   Australian Museum, Div Anthropol, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia.
C3 La Trobe University; Australian National University; University of London; University College London; Australian Nuclear Science & Technology Organisation; Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO); Australian National University; Australian Museum
RP Roberts, R (corresponding author), La Trobe Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Melbourne, Vic 3083, Australia.
EM bert.roberts@latrobe.edu.au
NR 28
TC 163
Z9 174
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 28
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6683
BP 358
EP 362
DI 10.1038/30718
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZQ593
UT WOS:000073883600052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hertz, M
   Kouskoff, V
   Nakamura, T
   Nemazee, D
AF Hertz, M
   Kouskoff, V
   Nakamura, T
   Nemazee, D
TI V(D)J recombinase induction in splenic B lymphocytes is inhibited by antigen-receptor signalling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID positive selection; germinal-centers; cells; death; thymocytes; tolerance; apoptosis
AB In lymphocytes, DNA recombinations that generate the antigen-receptor genes can sometimes be reinduced in receptor-bearing cells in a process called receptor editing, which modifies the specificity of the receptor for antigen. In immature B lymphocytes, B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) signalling stimulates immune tolerance by receptor editing(1-5). More mature splenic B cells can also be induced to undergo V(D)J recombination, which generates diversity in the immune system, either by immunization with foreign proteins(6-9) or by stimulation in vitro with interleukin-4 and lipopolysaccharides(8-10). Here we show that immune tolerance is unlikely to induce V(D)J recombination in mature B cells, because BCR ligation actively inhibits V(D)J recombination induced by interleukin-ii and lipopolysaccharide. Furthermore, immunization of immunoglobulin transgenic mice with ligands of varying avidities for the BCR showed that low-avidity antigen could induce strong V(D)J recombination, whereas non-binding or high-avidity ligands could not. These data suggest that V(D)J recombination induced during the immune response modifies the antigen receptors of B cells with weak, but not strong, reactivity to antigen, potentially rescuing cells with improved receptor affinity and promoting their contribution to the immune response. Thus BCR signalling regulates V(D)J recombination in both tolerance and immunity, but in strikingly different ways.
C1 Natl Jewish Med & Res Ctr, Div Basic Sci, Dept Pediat, Denver, CO 80206 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Immunol, Denver, CO 80206 USA.
   Univ Tokyo, Inst Med Sci, Dept Infect Dis & Appl Immunol, Minato Ku, Tokyo 108, Japan.
C3 National Jewish Health; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; University of Colorado Denver; University of Tokyo
RP Nemazee, D (corresponding author), Natl Jewish Med & Res Ctr, Div Basic Sci, Dept Pediat, Denver, CO 80206 USA.
FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI033608] Funding Source: Medline
NR 24
TC 106
Z9 119
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 16
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6690
BP 292
EP 295
DI 10.1038/28419
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 101CK
UT WOS:000074851900052
PM 9685161
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Petukhova, G
   Stratton, S
   Sung, P
AF Petukhova, G
   Stratton, S
   Sung, P
TI Catalysis of homologous DNA pairing by yeast Rad51 and Rad54 proteins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID strand exchange; recombination; gene
AB The Saccharomyces cerevisiae RAD51 and RAD54 genes are both required for the occurrence of homologous recombination and for the repair of double-stranded DNA breaks(1). Previous studies have indicated that Rad51 protein, together with the single-stranded DNA-binding factor replication protein A (RPA), can promote the formation of heteroduplex DNA(2-4), which is a key intermediate in homologous recombination(1), Here we report the purification of the Rad54 protein to near homogeneity and the biochemical testing of its molecular function. We find that Rad54 protein possesses a double-stranded DNA-dependent ATPase activity, and GRAPHICS that it interacts with the Rad51 protein. Addition of Rad54 protein to reactions containing Rad51 strongly stimulates the rate of pairing between homologous single-stranded and double-stranded DNA molecules. We conclude that Rad54 acts to overcome kinetic impediments that would limit homologous DNA pairing between recombining chromosomes in vivo.
C1 Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Inst Biotechnol, San Antonio, TX 78245 USA.
   Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Mol Med, San Antonio, TX 78245 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas at San Antonio; University of Texas System; University of Texas at San Antonio
RP Sung, P (corresponding author), Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Inst Biotechnol, 15355 Lambda Dr, San Antonio, TX 78245 USA.
EM sung@uthscsa.edu
NR 17
TC 361
Z9 465
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 7
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6680
BP 91
EP 94
DI 10.1038/30037
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZM028
UT WOS:000073497500055
PM 9590697
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fenchel, T
   Glud, RN
AF Fenchel, T
   Glud, RN
TI Veil architecture in a sulphide-oxidizing bacterium enhances countercurrent flux
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID colorless sulfur bacteria; thiovulum-majus; microelectrodes; mats
AB Solute uptake by microorganisms is limited by molecular diffusion through a boundary layer surrounding the cells, and the uptake is not enhanced (or only insignificantly) by convective water transport or by swimming(1). It is generally assumed that sediment uptake of oxygen is diffusion-limited, so the steepness of the concentration gradient within the 0.5-1-mm-thick diffusive boundary layer is a measure of diffusional flux into the sediment(2,3). Here we show that veils, which are formed on sediments by the marine sulphide-oxidizing bacterium Thiovulum majus(4), generate convective oxygen transport through the 0.5-mm-thick water layers above the veil at rates that are about 40 times higher than molecular diffusion. Chemosensory behaviour of the cells, combined with their generation of water currents, leads to characteristic, aggregated distribution patterns: areas with high cell densities draw oxygenated water downwards through the veil, whereas areas without cells serve for the upward-directed return flow of deoxygenated water. The microbial community structure thus overcomes the limitations of diffusion and thereby enhances the rates of respiration and sulphide oxidation.
C1 Univ Copenhagen, Marine Biol Lab, DK-3000 Helsingor, Denmark.
C3 University of Copenhagen
RP Fenchel, T (corresponding author), Univ Copenhagen, Marine Biol Lab, Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000 Helsingor, Denmark.
EM mbltf@inet.un.2.dk
NR 14
TC 50
Z9 54
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 23
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6691
BP 367
EP 369
DI 10.1038/28609
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 103QF
UT WOS:000074968800050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Carpenter, K
   Miles, C
   Cloward, K
AF Carpenter, K
   Miles, C
   Cloward, K
TI Skull of a Jurassio ankylosaur (Dinosauria)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ornithischia
AB The origin and early evolution of many major dinosaur groups are poorly known because specimens are rare. One of these groups, the Ankylosauria, or armour-plated dinosaurs, is best known from well-preserved specimens from the Upper Cretaceous period of Asia and North America. Here we describe a well-preserved skull of an earlier, Late Jurassic ankylosaur, which will be important in clarifying the early history of this group. The specimen, Gargoyleosaurus parkpini gen. et sp. nov., was collected from the Upper Juassic Morrison Formation of Wyoming, USA. Despite its geological age, the skull shows features seen in Late Cretaceous ankylosaurs, including fusion of bone armour to the surface of the skull and mandible and closure of two skull openings, the antorbital and upper temporal fenestrae. The new taxon also has characters common to the two ankylosaur families, the Ankylosauridae and Nodosauridae(1-4), supporting the proposal that the Ankylosauria originated from a single ancestor(2-4). Nevertheless, specialized characters place Gargoyleosaurus as the most primitive, or basal, member of the Ankylosauridae.
C1 Denver Museum Nat Hist, Dept Earth Sci, Denver, CO 80205 USA.
   Western Paleontol Labs, Orem, UT 84057 USA.
RP Carpenter, K (corresponding author), Denver Museum Nat Hist, Dept Earth Sci, 2001 Colorado Blvd, Denver, CO 80205 USA.
NR 16
TC 52
Z9 60
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 25
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6687
BP 782
EP 783
DI 10.1038/31684
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZW652
UT WOS:000074433100047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Neininger, N
   Guélin, M
   Ungerechts, H
   Lucas, R
   Wielebinski, R
AF Neininger, N
   Guélin, M
   Ungerechts, H
   Lucas, R
   Wielebinski, R
TI Carbon monoxide emission as a precise tracer of molecular gas in the Andromeda galaxy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID infrared-emission; spiral structure; cold dust; h-i; m31; kinematics; arms; m51
AB Stars are known to form in clouds of cold molecular hydrogen, which are relatively poorly understood despite being one of the main components of the interstellar medium. The problem is that H-2 is invisible in the cold interstellar medium, so its distribution and motion must be inferred from observations of minor constituents of the clouds, such as carbon monoxide and dust. Most of our present knowledge comes from observations of CO emission, but there is much debate on whether this is an effective tracer of H-2: it might miss a large fraction of the molecular gas(1). It is difficult to address this question on the basis of observations within the Milky Way alone, whose edge-on orientation makes it hard to discern the distant cloud structures. We have therefore surveyed the CO emission of the molecular clouds of M31 (the Andromeda galaxy), the nearest spiral galaxy to the Milky Way, and investigated the extent to which it follows the extinction of starlight by dust. We find a remarkably tight association between the CO emission and the dust, from which we conclude that CO does indeed trace all of the molecular gas.
C1 Univ Bonn, Inst Radioastron, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
   Inst Radio Astron Millimetr, F-38406 St Martin Dheres, France.
   Max Planck Inst Radioastron, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
   IRAM, E-18012 Granada, Spain.
C3 University of Bonn; Max Planck Society
RP Neininger, N (corresponding author), Univ Bonn, Inst Radioastron, Hugel 71, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
EM nneini@astro.uni-bonn.de; guelin@iram.fr
NR 22
TC 36
Z9 38
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 29
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6705
BP 871
EP 873
DI 10.1038/27612
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 133XT
UT WOS:000076713400047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stockdale, TN
   Anderson, DLT
   Alves, JOS
   Balmaseda, MA
AF Stockdale, TN
   Anderson, DLT
   Alves, JOS
   Balmaseda, MA
TI Global seasonal rainfall forecasts using a coupled ocean-atmosphere model
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID prediction; interpolation; skill
AB One conceptual model of weather is that of a series of events which are unconnected. That is, that the weather next week is essentially independent of the weather this week However, although individual weather systems might be chaotic and unpredictable beyond a week or so, the statistics describing them may be perturbed in a deterministic and predictable way(1), particularly by the ocean, In the past, seasonal forceasts of atmospheric variables have largely been based on empirical relationships, which are weak in most areas of the world(2). More recently, atmosphere models forced by assumed or predicted ocean conditions have been used(3,4). Here a fully coupled global ocean-atmosphere general circulation model is used to make seasonal forecasts of the climate system with a lead time of up to 6 months. Such a model should be able to simulate the predictable perturbations of seasonal climate, but to extract these from the chaotic weather requires an ensemble of model integrations, and hence considerable computer resources. Reliable verification of probabilistic forecasts is difficult, but the results obtained so far, when compared to observations, are encouraging for the prospects for seasonal forecasting, Rainfall predictions for 1997 and the first half of 1998 show a marked increase in the spatial extent of statistically significant anomalies during the present El Nino, and include strong signals over Europe.
C1 European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England.
C3 European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF)
RP Stockdale, TN (corresponding author), European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Shinfield Pk, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England.
EM t.stockdale@ecmwf.int
NR 17
TC 235
Z9 253
U1 0
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 26
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6674
BP 370
EP 373
DI 10.1038/32861
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZD694
UT WOS:000072713600046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ryan, AK
   Blumberg, B
   Rodriguez-Esteban, C
   Yonei-Tamura, S
   Tamura, K
   Tsukui, T
   de la Peña, J
   Sabbagh, W
   Greenwald, J
   Choe, S
   Norris, DP
   Robertson, EJ
   Evans, RM
   Rosenfeld, MG
   Belmonte, JCI
AF Ryan, AK
   Blumberg, B
   Rodriguez-Esteban, C
   Yonei-Tamura, S
   Tamura, K
   Tsukui, T
   de la Peña, J
   Sabbagh, W
   Greenwald, J
   Choe, S
   Norris, DP
   Robertson, EJ
   Evans, RM
   Rosenfeld, MG
   Belmonte, JCI
TI Pitx2 determines left-right asymmetry of internal organs in vertebrates
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nodal expression; mice deficient; limb bud; gene; defects; transcription; initiation; activins; induce; axis
AB The handedness of visceral organs is conserved among vertebrates anal is regulated by asymmetric signals relayed by molecules such as Shh, Nodal and activin. The gene Pitx2 is expressed in the left lateral plate mesoderm and, subsequently, In the left heart and gut of mouse, chick and Xenopus embryos. Misexpression of Shh and Nodal induces Pitx2 expression, whereas inhibition of activin signalling blocks it. Misexpression of Pitx2 alters the relative position of organs and the direction of body rotation In chick and Xenopus embryos. Changes in Pitx2 expression are evident in mouse mutants with laterality defects. Thus, Pitx2 seems to serve as a critical downstream transcription target that mediates left-right asymmetry in vertebrates.
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Howard Hughes Med Inst, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Howard Hughes Med Inst, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 Salk Institute; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Belmonte, JCI (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM belmonte@salk.edu
NR 51
TC 446
Z9 522
U1 2
U2 38
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 6
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6693
BP 545
EP 551
DI 10.1038/29004
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 107YN
UT WOS:000075238700037
PM 9707115
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Koepp, MJ
   Gunn, RN
   Lawrence, AD
   Cunningham, VJ
   Dagher, A
   Jones, T
   Brooks, DJ
   Bench, CJ
   Grasby, PM
AF Koepp, MJ
   Gunn, RN
   Lawrence, AD
   Cunningham, VJ
   Dagher, A
   Jones, T
   Brooks, DJ
   Bench, CJ
   Grasby, PM
TI Evidence for striatal dopamine release during a video game
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID positron emission tomography; c-11 raclopride; basal ganglia; motor control; human brain; pet; activation; responses; neurons; binding
AB Dopaminergic neurotransmission may be involved in learning, reinforcement of behaviour, attention, and sensorimotor integration(1,2). Binding of the radioligand C-11-labelled raclopride to dopamine D-2 receptors is sensitive to levels of endogenous dopamine, which can be released by pharmacological challenge(3-8). Here we use C-11-labelled raclopride and positron emission tomography scans to provide evidence that endogenous dopamine is released in the human striatum during a goal-directed motor task, namely a video game. Binding of raclopride to dopamine receptors in the striatum was significantly reduced during the video game compared with baseline levels of binding, consistent with increased release and binding of dopamine to its receptors. The reduction in binding of raclopride in the striatum positively correlated with the performance level during the task and was greatest in the ventral striatum. These results show, to our knowledge for the first time, behavioural conditions under which dopamine is released in humans, and illustrate the ability of positron emission tomography to detect neurotransmitter fluxes in vivo during manipulations of behaviour.
C1 Hammersmith Hosp, MRC, Cyclotron Unit, London W12 0NN, England.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Sch Med, Div Neurosci & Psychol Med, London W6 8RP, England.
C3 Imperial College London; Imperial College London
RP Grasby, PM (corresponding author), Hammersmith Hosp, MRC, Cyclotron Unit, DuCane Rd, London W12 0NN, England.
EM grasby@cu.rpms.ac.uk
NR 26
TC 882
Z9 1056
U1 3
U2 132
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 21
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6682
BP 266
EP 268
DI 10.1038/30498
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZP513
UT WOS:000073761000053
PM 9607763
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Boriack-Sjodin, PA
   Margarit, SM
   Bar-Sagi, D
   Kuriyan, J
AF Boriack-Sjodin, PA
   Margarit, SM
   Bar-Sagi, D
   Kuriyan, J
TI The structural basis of the activation of Ras by Sos
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID guanine-nucleotide exchange; epidermal growth-factor; gdp-gtp exchangers; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; functional interaction; molecular mechanism; ef-tu; protein; residues; complex
AB The crystal structure of human H-Ras complexed with the pas guanine-nucleotide-exchange-factor region of the Son of sevenless (Sos) protein has been determined at 2.8 Angstrom resolution. The normally tight interaction of nucleotides with pas is disrupted by Sos in two ways. First, the insertion into gas of an alpha-helix from Sos results in the displacement of the Switch 1 region of Ras, opening up the nucleotide-binding site. Second, side chains presented by this helix and by a distorted conformation of the Switch 2 region of pas alter title chemical environment of the binding site for the phosphate groups of the nucleotide and the associated magnesium ion, so that their binding is no longer favoured. Sos does not impede the binding sites for the base and the ribose of GTP or sop, so the Ras-Sos complex adopts a structure that allows nucleotide release and rebinding.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, Labs Mol Biophys, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Rockefeller Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Mol Genet & Microbiol, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
C3 Rockefeller University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Rockefeller University; State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University
RP Kuriyan, J (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Labs Mol Biophys, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
NR 46
TC 672
Z9 843
U1 0
U2 70
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 23
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6691
BP 337
EP 343
DI 10.1038/28548
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 103QF
UT WOS:000074968800041
PM 9690470
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Li, HM
   Lebedeva, MI
   Llera, AS
   Fields, BA
   Brenner, MB
   Mariuzza, RA
AF Li, HM
   Lebedeva, MI
   Llera, AS
   Fields, BA
   Brenner, MB
   Mariuzza, RA
TI Structure of the Vδ domain of a human γδ T-cell antigen receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crystal-structure; macromolecular crystallography; beta-chain; recognition; complex; orientation; hla-a2
AB Antigen recognition by T lymphocytes is mediated by cell-surface glycoproteins known as T-cell antigen receptors (TCRs). These are composed of alpha and beta, or gamma and delta, polypeptide chains with variable (V) and constant (C) regions, In contrast to alpha beta TCRs, which recognize antigen only as peptide fragments bound to molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), gamma delta TCRs appear to recognize proteins directly, without antigen processing, and to recognize MHC molecules independently of the bound peptide(1-4). Moreover, small phosphate-containing non-peptide compounds have also been identified as ligands far certain gamma delta T cells(5,6). These studies indicate that antigen recognition by gamma delta TCRs may be fundamentally different from that by alpha beta TCRs. The three-dimensional structures of several ap TCRs and TCR fragments(7-10), and their complexes with peptide-MHC or superantigens(9-11), have been determined. Here we report the crystal structure of the V delta domain of a human gamma delta TCR at 1.9 Angstrom resolution. A comparison with antibody and alpha beta TCR V domains reveals that the framework structure of V delta more closely resembles that of VH than of V alpha; V beta or VL (where H and L refer to heavy and light chains), whereas the relative positions and conformations of its complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) share features of both V alpha and VH. These results provide the first direct evidence that gamma delta TCRs are structurally distinct from alpha beta TCRs and, together with the observation that thr CDR3 length distribution of TCR delta chains is similar to that of immunoglobulin heavy chains(12), are consistent with functional studies suggesting that recognition of certain antigens by gamma delta TCRs may resemble antigen recognition by antibodies(1-3).
C1 Univ Maryland, Maryland Biotechnol Inst, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
   Univ Sydney, Dept Biochem, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
   Harvard Univ, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Rheumatol & Immunol,Lymphocyte Biol Sect, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 University System of Maryland; Universities at Shady Grove; University of Sydney; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School
RP Mariuzza, RA (corresponding author), Univ Maryland, Maryland Biotechnol Inst, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, 9600 Gudelsky Dr, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
EM mariuzza@indigo2.carb.nist.gov
NR 30
TC 115
Z9 129
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 29
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6666
BP 502
EP 506
DI 10.1038/35172
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YU290
UT WOS:000071701800055
PM 9461220
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chiappe, LM
   Coria, RA
   Dingus, L
   Jackson, F
   Chinsamy, A
   Fox, M
AF Chiappe, LM
   Coria, RA
   Dingus, L
   Jackson, F
   Chinsamy, A
   Fox, M
TI Sauropod dinosaur embryos from the late Cretaceous of Patagonia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Definitive non-avian dinosaur embryos, those contained inside fossil eggs, are rare(1,2). Here we describe the first known unequivocal embryonic remains of sauropod dinosaurs-the only known non-avian dinosaur embryos from Gondwana-from a nesting ground in the Upper Cretaceous stage of Patagonia, Argentina. At this new site, Auca Mahuevo (Fig. 1), thousands of eggs are distributed over an area greater than 1 km(2). The proportion of eggs containing embryonic remains is high: over a dozen in situ eggs and nearly 40 egg fragments encasing embryonic material were recovered. In addition to bone, these specimens contain large patches of fossil skin casts, the first definitive portions of integument ever reported for a non-avian dinosaur embryo. As morphology of the eggs enclosing these osseous and integumentary remains is identical, we propose that these specimens belong to the same sauropod species. This discovery allows the confident association of the megaloolithid type of dinosaur eggshell(3) with sauropod dinosaurs.
C1 Amer Museum Nat Hist, Dept Ornithol, New York, NY 10024 USA.
   Museo Municipal Carmen Funes, Neuquen, Argentina.
   Amer Museum Nat Hist, Dept Vertebrate Paleontol, New York, NY 10024 USA.
   Montana State Univ, Museum Rockies, Dept Palaeontol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA.
   Univ Cape Town, Dept Zool, ZA-7700 Rondebosch, South Africa.
   S African Museum, ZA-8000 Cape Town, South Africa.
   Yale Univ, Peabody Museum Nat Hist, Dept Vertebrate Paleontol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
C3 American Museum of Natural History (AMNH); American Museum of Natural History (AMNH); Montana State University System; Montana State University Bozeman; University of Cape Town; Yale University
RP Chiappe, LM (corresponding author), Amer Museum Nat Hist, Dept Ornithol, Cent Pk W & 79th St, New York, NY 10024 USA.
EM chiappe@amnh.org
NR 30
TC 217
Z9 245
U1 1
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 19
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6708
BP 258
EP 261
DI 10.1038/24370
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 140VY
UT WOS:000077110400045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bird, MI
   Cali, JA
AF Bird, MI
   Cali, JA
TI A million-year record of fire in sub-Saharan Africa
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID elemental carbon; sediments; atlantic
AB Biomass burning today constitutes approximately one-third of annual anthropogenic CO2 emissions, and there is a sound theoretical base for expecting fire-related changes in vegetation patterns to affect climate, at least on a regional scale(1-3). But despite the central role that fire has played in moulding many modern ecosystems, there is little information on the incidence of fire before the earliest time at which anthropogenic burning may have significantly affected natural fire regimes, Here we present a million-year record of elemental carbon abundance from marine sediments on the Sierra Leone rise,'downwind' of sub-Saharan Africa. Elemental carbon serves as a proxy for wind-blow debris derived from the combustion of sub-Sahara vegetation. The inferred fire incidence in the region was low until about 400,000 years ago, but since that time intense episodes of vegetation fires have occurred during periods when global climate was changing from interglacial to glacial mode. The occurrence of a peak in elemental carbon abundance within the present interglacial unique in the past million years, suggesting that this peak is anthropogenic in origin, and that humans have exercised significant control over fire regimes In the region at least since Holocene times.
C1 Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Earth Sci, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
C3 Australian National University
RP Bird, MI (corresponding author), Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Earth Sci, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
EM michael.bird@anu.edu.au
NR 28
TC 199
Z9 256
U1 1
U2 50
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 20
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6695
BP 767
EP 769
DI 10.1038/29507
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 112PR
UT WOS:000075503600041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gier, TE
   Bu, XH
   Feng, PY
   Stucky, GD
AF Gier, TE
   Bu, XH
   Feng, PY
   Stucky, GD
TI Synthesis and organization of zeolite-like materials with three-dimensional helical pores
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phosphate
AB The increasing demand for enantiomerically pure chemicals has stimulated extensive research into the preparation of heterogeneous chiral catalysts or separation media that combine both shape selectivity and enantioselectiviy(1). Helical pores in inorganic materials might be able to perform such functions, but their occurrence is rare(1). Attempts have been reported to synthesize a specific enantiomorph of the chiral zeolite beta(2), and chiral metal complexes have been used to assemble inorganic precursors into chiral frameworks(3,4) Materials with a fully three-dimensional array of helical structural units are particularly rare, because helical structures (such as quartz) are commonly generated by a uni-dimensional symmetry element acting on an achiral structural subunit(5,6). Here we report on a family of zeolite-type materials (which we call UCSB-7) that possess two independent sets of three-dimensional crosslinked helical pores, separated by a gyroid periodic minimal surface(13). We have synthesized the UCSB-7 framework for various compositions (zinc and beryllium arsenates, gallium germanate) using either inorganic cations or amines as structure-directing agents. The helical-ribbon motif that we identify might be exploited more widely for developing useful chiral solid-state structures.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Chem, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP Stucky, GD (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Chem, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
EM stucky@chem.ucsb.edu
NR 16
TC 263
Z9 272
U1 1
U2 92
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 10
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6698
BP 154
EP 157
DI 10.1038/25960
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 118GK
UT WOS:000075829900036
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bell, RE
   Blankenship, DD
   Finn, CA
   Morse, DL
   Scambos, TA
   Brozena, JM
   Hodge, SM
AF Bell, RE
   Blankenship, DD
   Finn, CA
   Morse, DL
   Scambos, TA
   Brozena, JM
   Hodge, SM
TI Influence of subglacial geology on the onset of a West Antarctic ice stream from aerogeophysical observations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sheet; oscillations
AB Marine ice-sheet collapse can contribute to rapid sea-level rise(1) Today, the West Antarctic Ice Sheet contains an amount of ice equivalent to approximately six metres of sea-level rise, but most of the ice is in the slowly moving interior reservoir. A relatively small fraction of the ice sheet comprises several rapidly flowing ice streams which drain the ice to the sea. The evolution of this drainage system almost certainly governs the process of ice-sheet collapse(2-5). The thick and slow-moving interior ice reservoir is generally fixed to the underlying bedrock while the ice streams glide over lubricated beds at velocities of up to several hundred metres per year. The source of the basal lubricant-a water-saturated till(6,7) overlain by a water systems(8)-may be linked to the underlying geology. The West Antarctic Ice Sheet rests over a geologically complex region characterized by thin crust, high heat flows, active volcanism and sedimentary basins(9-16). Here we use aerogeophysical measurements to constrain the geological setting of the onset of an active West Antarctic ice stream. The onset coincides with a sediment-filled basin incised by a steep-sided valley. This observation supports the suggestion(5,17) that ice-stream dynamics-and therefore the response of the West Antarctice Ice Sheet to changes in climate-are strongly modulated by the underlying geology.
C1 Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
   Univ Texas, Inst Geophys, Austin, TX 78759 USA.
   US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA.
   Natl Snow & Ice Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA.
   US Geol Survey, Tacoma, WA 98406 USA.
C3 Columbia University; University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin; United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; United States Department of Defense; United States Navy; United States Naval Research Laboratory; NRL Chesapeake; United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey
RP Bell, RE (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
EM robinb@ldeo.columbia.edu
NR 27
TC 160
Z9 171
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 2
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6688
BP 58
EP 62
DI 10.1038/27883
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZY030
UT WOS:000074579600046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nern, A
   Arkowitz, RA
AF Nern, A
   Arkowitz, RA
TI A GTP-exchange factor required for cell orientation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; mating factor; gene-product; yeast-cells; polarization; protein; cdc42; cdc24; gradients; pathway
AB The Rho-family of GTPases and their regulators are essential for cytoskeletal reorganization and transcriptional activation in response to extracellular signals(1,2). Little is known about what Links these molecules to membrane receptors. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, haploid cells respond to mating pheromone through a G-protein-coupled receptor and the beta gamma subunit of the G protein(3), resulting in arrest of the cell cycle, transcriptional activation, and polarized growth towards a mating partner(4,5). The Rho-family GTPase Cdc42 and its exchange factor Cdc24 have been implicated in the mating process(6,7), but their specific role is unknown. Here we report the identification of cdc24 alleles that do not affect vegetative growth but drastically reduce the ability of yeast cells to mate, When exposed to mating pheromone, these mutants arrest growth, activate transcription, and undergo characteristic morphological and actin-cytoskeleton polarization, However, the mutants are unable to orient towards a pheromone gradient, and instead position their mating projection adjacent to their previous bud site. The mutants are specifically defective in the binding of Cdc24 to the G-protein beta gamma subunit, Our results demonstrate that the association of an exchange factor and the beta gamma subunit of a hetero-trimeric G protein links receptor-mediated activation to oriented cell growth.
C1 MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Div Cell Biol, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
C3 MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology
RP Arkowitz, RA (corresponding author), MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Div Cell Biol, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
EM ra2@mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 118
Z9 148
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 8
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6663
BP 195
EP 198
DI 10.1038/34458
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YQ378
UT WOS:000071380900056
PM 9428768
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tans, SJ
   Devoret, MH
   Groeneveld, RJA
   Dekker, C
AF Tans, SJ
   Devoret, MH
   Groeneveld, RJA
   Dekker, C
TI Electron-electron correlations in carbon nanotubes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tubules
AB Single-wall carbon nanotubes(1,2) are ideally suited for electron-transport experiments on single molecules because they have a very robust atomic and electronic structure and are sufficiently long to allow electrical connections to lithographically defined metallic electrodes. The electrical transport properties of single nanotubes(3) and bundles of nanotubes(4) have so far been interpreted by assuming that individual electrons within the nanotube do not interact, an approximation that is often well justified for artificial mesoscopic devices such as semiconductor quantum dots(5). Here we present transport spectroscopy data on an individual carbon nanotube that cannot be explained by using independent-particle models and simple shell-filling schemes. For example, electrons entering the nanotube in a low magnetic field are observed to all have the same spin direction, indicating spin polarization of the nanotube. Furthermore, even when the number of electrons on the nanotube is fixed, we find that variation of an applied gate voltage can significantly change the electronic spectrum of the nanotube and can induce spin flips. The experimental observations point to significant electron-electron correlations. We explain our results phenomenologically using a model that assumes that the capacitance of the nanotube depends on its many-body quantum state.
C1 Delft Univ Technol, Dept Appl Phys, NL-2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands.
   Delft Univ Technol, DIMES, NL-2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands.
   CEA Saclay, Serv Phys Etat Condense, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
C3 Delft University of Technology; Delft University of Technology; CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Saclay
RP Dekker, C (corresponding author), Delft Univ Technol, Dept Appl Phys, Lorentzweg 1, NL-2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands.
NR 13
TC 219
Z9 236
U1 0
U2 69
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 20
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6695
BP 761
EP 764
DI 10.1038/29494
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 112PR
UT WOS:000075503600039
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dehaene, S
   Naccache, L
   Le Clec'H, G
   Koechlin, E
   Mueller, M
   Dehaene-Lambertz, G
   van de Moortele, PF
   Le Bihan, D
AF Dehaene, S
   Naccache, L
   Le Clec'H, G
   Koechlin, E
   Mueller, M
   Dehaene-Lambertz, G
   van de Moortele, PF
   Le Bihan, D
TI Imaging unconscious semantic priming
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID visual masking; awareness; activation; perception
AB Visual words that are masked and presented so briefly that they cannot be seen may nevertheless facilitate the subsequent processing of related words, a phenomenon called masked priming(1,2). It has been debated whether masked primes can activate cognitive processes without gaining access to consciousness(3-5). Here we use a combination of behavioural and brain-imaging techniques to estimate the depth of processing of masked numerical primes. Our results indicate that masked stimuli have a measurable influence on electrical and haemodynamic measures of brain activity, When subjects engage in an overt semantic comparison task with a clearly visible target numeral, measures of covert motor activity indicate that they also unconsciously apply the task instructions to an unseen masked numeral. A stream of perceptual, semantic and motor processes can therefore occur without awareness.
C1 Serv Hosp Frederic Joliot, INSERM, U334, CEA,DRM,DSV, F-91401 Orsay, France.
   CNRS, EHESS, Lab Sci Cognit & Psycholinguist, F-75270 Paris 06, France.
C3 Universite Paris Saclay; CEA; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Dehaene, S (corresponding author), Serv Hosp Frederic Joliot, INSERM, U334, CEA,DRM,DSV, 4 Pl Gen Leclerc, F-91401 Orsay, France.
NR 17
TC 799
Z9 911
U1 1
U2 160
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 8
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6702
BP 597
EP 600
DI 10.1038/26967
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 127QW
UT WOS:000076362900047
PM 9783584
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dore, JE
   Popp, BN
   Karl, DM
   Sansone, FJ
AF Dore, JE
   Popp, BN
   Karl, DM
   Sansone, FJ
TI A large source of atmospheric nitrous oxide from subtropical North Pacific surface waters
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID isotopic composition; arabian sea; el-nino; n2o; ocean; nitrification; ratio; sediments; methane; gas
AB Nitrous oxide (N2O), a trace gas whose concentration is increasing in the atmosphere, plays an important role in both radiative forcing and stratospheric ozone depletion(1,2). Its biogeochemical cycle has thus come under intense scrutiny in recent years. Despite these efforts, the global budget of N2O remains unresolved, and the nature and magnitude of the sources and sinks continue to be debated(3-5) despite the constraints that can be provided by characterizations of the gas(6,7). We report here the results of dual-isotope measurements of N2O from the water column of the subtropical North Pacific Ocean. Nitrous oxide within the lower-euphotic and upper-aphotic zones is depleted in both N-15 and O-18 relative to its tropospheric and deep-ocean composition. These findings are consistent with a prediction, based on global mass-balance considerations, of a near-surface isotopically depleted oceanic N2O source(4). Our results indicate that this source, probably produced by bacterial nitrification, contributes significantly to the ocean-atmosphere flux of N2O in the oligotrophic subtropical North Pacific Ocean. This source may act to buffer the isotopic composition of tropospheric N2O and is quantitatively significant in the global tropospheric N2O budget. Because dissolved gases in near-surface waters are more readily exchanged with the atmospheric reservoir than those in deep waters, the existence of a quantitatively significant N2O source at a relatively shallow depth has potentially important implications for the susceptibility of the source, and the ocean-atmosphere flux, to climatic influences.
C1 Aquasearch Inc, Kailua, HI 96740 USA.
   Univ Hawaii, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   Univ Hawaii, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Dept Geol & Geophys, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
C3 University of Hawaii System; University of Hawaii System
RP Dore, JE (corresponding author), Aquasearch Inc, 73-4460 Queen Kaahumanu Highway,Suite 110, Kailua, HI 96740 USA.
EM asjdore@ilhawaii.net
NR 31
TC 157
Z9 183
U1 1
U2 86
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 5
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6706
BP 63
EP 66
DI 10.1038/23921
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 136HE
UT WOS:000076852700052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mach, F
   Schönbeck, U
   Sukhova, GK
   Atkinson, E
   Libby, P
AF Mach, F
   Schönbeck, U
   Sukhova, GK
   Atkinson, E
   Libby, P
TI Reduction of atherosclerosis in mice by inhibition of CD40 signalling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID endothelial-cells; ligand interactions; lymphocytes-t; gp39; hypercholesterolemia; pathogenesis; macrophages; prevention; expression; lesions
AB Increasing amounts of evidence support the involvement of inflammation and immunity in atherogenesis(1-4), but mediators of communication between the major cell types in atherosclerotic plaques are poorly defined. Cells in human atherosclerotic lesions express the immune mediator CD40 and its ligand CD40L (also known as CD154 or gp39)(5). The interaction of CD40 with CD40L figures prominently in both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses(6). CD4OL-positive T cells accumulate in atheroma(5), and, by virtue of their early appearance, persistence and localization at sites of lesion growth and complication, activated T cells may coordinate important aspects of atherogenesis(7-9). Interruption of CD40L-CD40 signalling by administration of an anti-CD40L antibody Limits experimental autoimmune diseases such as collagen-induced arthritis, lupus nephritis, acute or chronic graft-versus-host disease, multiple sclerosis and thyroiditis(10-14). Ligation of CD40 on atheroma-associated cells in vitro activates functions related to atherogenesis, including induction of proinflammatory cytokines(5), matrix metalloproteinases(15,16), adhesion molecules(17-19) and tissue factor(16,20). However, the role of CD40 signalling in atherogenesis in vivo remains unknown. Here we determine whether interruption of CD40 signalling influences atherogenesis in vivo in hyperlipidaemic mice, Treatment with antibody against mouse CD40L limited atherosclerosis in mice lacking the receptor for low-density lipoprotein that had been fed a high-cholesterol diet for 12 weeks. This antibody reduces the size of aortic atherosclerotic lesions by 59% and their lipid content by 79%, Furthermore, atheroma of mice treated with anti-CD40L antibody contained significantly fewer macrophages (64%) and T lymphocytes (70%), and exhibited decreased expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. These data support the involvement of inflammatory pathways in atherosclerosis and indicate a role for CD40 signalling during atherogenesis in hyperlipidaemic mice.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Brigham & Womens Hosp,Dept Med, Cardiovasc Div,Vasc Med & Atherosclerosis Unit, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital
RP Libby, P (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Brigham & Womens Hosp,Dept Med, Cardiovasc Div,Vasc Med & Atherosclerosis Unit, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM plibby@rics.bwh.harvard.edu
NR 29
TC 760
Z9 867
U1 0
U2 44
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 9
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6689
BP 200
EP 203
DI 10.1038/28204
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZZ203
UT WOS:000074705900059
PM 9671306
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tian, HQ
   Melillo, JM
   Kicklighter, DW
   McGuire, AD
   Helfrich, JVK
   Moore, B
   Vörösmarty, CJ
AF Tian, HQ
   Melillo, JM
   Kicklighter, DW
   McGuire, AD
   Helfrich, JVK
   Moore, B
   Vörösmarty, CJ
TI Effect of interannual climate variability on carbon storage in Amazonian ecosystems
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID brazilian amazon; terrestrial ecosystems; tropical deforestation; biomass; forests; fluxes; basin
AB The Amazon Basin contains almost one-half of the world's undisturbed tropical evergreen forest as well as large areas of tropical savanna(1,2). The forests account for about 10 per cent of the world's terrestrial primary productivity and for a similar fraction of the carbon stored in land ecosystems(2,3), and short-term held measurements' suggest that these ecosystems are globally important carbon sinks. But tropical land ecosystems have experienced substantial interannual climate variability owing to frequent El Nino episodes in recent decades(5). Of particular importance to climate change policy is how such climate variations, coupled with increases in atmospheric CO2 concentration, affect terrestrial carbon storage(6-8). Previous model analyses have demonstrated the importance of temperature in controlling carbon storage(9,10). Here we use a transient process-based biogeochemical model of terrestrial ecosystems(3,11) to investigate interannual variations of carbon storage in undisturbed Amazonian ecosystems in response to climate variability and increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration during the period 1980 to 1994. In El Nino years, which bring hot, dry weather to much of the Amazon region, the ecosystems act as a source of carbon to the atmosphere (up to 0.2 petagrams of carbon in 1987 and 1992). In other years, these ecosystems act as a carbon sink (up to 0.7 Pg C in 1981 and 1993). These fluxes are large; they compare to a 0.3 Pg C per year source to the atmosphere associated with deforestation in the Amazon Basin in the early 1990s(12). Soil moisture, which is affected by both precipitation and temperature, and which affects both plant and soil processes, appears to be an important central on carbon storage.
C1 Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Ecosyst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
   Univ Alaska, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA.
   Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Durham, NH 03824 USA.
C3 Marine Biological Laboratory - Woods Hole; University of Alaska System; University of Alaska Fairbanks; United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; University System Of New Hampshire; University of New Hampshire
RP Tian, HQ (corresponding author), Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Ecosyst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
NR 28
TC 334
Z9 421
U1 1
U2 129
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 17
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6712
BP 664
EP 667
DI 10.1038/25328
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 150YT
UT WOS:000077694200050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Flick, KE
   Jurica, MS
   Monnat, RJ
   Stoddard, BL
AF Flick, KE
   Jurica, MS
   Monnat, RJ
   Stoddard, BL
TI DNA binding and cleavage by the nuclear intron-encoded homing endonuclease I-PpoI
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crystal-structure; finger domain; minor-groove; zinc-finger; protein; recognition; complex; family; motif
AB Homing endonucleases are a diverse collection of proteins that are encoded by genes with mobile, self-splicing introns(1-3). They have also been identified in self-splicing inteins (protein introns)(4). These enzymes promote the movement of the DNA sequences that encode them from one chromosome location to another; they do this by making a site-specific double-strand break at a target site in an allele that lacks the corresponding mobile intron(3). The target sites recognized by these small endonucleases are generally long (14-44 base pairs). Four families of homing endonucleases have been identified, including the LAGLIDADG, the His-Cys box, the GIY-YIG and the H-N-H endonucleases(1). The first identified His-Cys box homing endonuclease was I-PpoI from the slime mould Physarum polycephalum(5,6). Its gene resides in one of only a few nuclear introns known to exhibit genetic mobility(7). Here we report the structure of the I-PpoI homing endonuclease bound to homing-site DNA determined to 1.8 Angstrom resolution. I-PpoI displays an elongated fold of dimensions 25 x 35 x 80 Angstrom, with mixed (alpha/beta topology. Each I-PpoI monomer contains three antiparallel beta-sheets flanked by two long ol-helices and a long carboxy-terminal tail, and is stabilized by two bound zinc ions 15 Angstrom apart. The enzyme possesses a new zinc-bound fold and endonuclease active site. The structure has been determined in both uncleaved substrate and cleaved product complexes.
C1 Univ Washington, Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
   Univ Washington, Mol & Cellular Biol Program, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Pathol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Stoddard, BL (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
EM bstoddar@fred.fhcrc.org
NR 27
TC 204
Z9 238
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 2
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6688
BP 96
EP 101
DI 10.1038/27952
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZY030
UT WOS:000074579600057
PM 9665136
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Linde, AT
   Sacks, IS
AF Linde, AT
   Sacks, IS
TI Triggering of volcanic eruptions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-valley caldera; 28 june 1992; m(w)=7.3 landers; skull-mountain; california; seismicity; earthquake; deformation; bubbles; nevada
AB Although earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are each manifestations of large-scale tectonic plate and mantle motions, it is usually thought that the occurrences of these events are not directly related. There have been some studies, however, in which triggering of volcanic eruptions by earthquakes (remote from the volcano) has been proposed(1,2), The 1992 Landers (southern California) earthquake caused triggered seismicity at very large distances(3), including the magmatically active(4) Long Valley caldera region which also experienced a significant coincident deformation transient(5), Motivated by this demonstration of the ability of a distant earthquake to disturb a volcanic system, and the earlier studies of specific cases of eruption triggering, we examine here the historical record of eruptions and earthquakes to see if there are indeed significantly more eruptions immediately following large earthquakes. We find that within a day or two of large earthquakes there are many more eruptions within a range of 750 km than would otherwise be expected. Additionally, it is well known(6) that volcanoes separated by hundreds of kilometres frequently erupt in unison; the characteristics of such eruption pairs are also consistent with the hypothesis that the second eruption is triggered by earthquakes associated with the first.
C1 Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Terr Magnetism, Washington, DC 20015 USA.
C3 Carnegie Institution for Science
RP Linde, AT (corresponding author), Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Terr Magnetism, 5241 Broad Branch Rd NW, Washington, DC 20015 USA.
NR 22
TC 214
Z9 231
U1 1
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 29
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6705
BP 888
EP 890
DI 10.1038/27650
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 133XT
UT WOS:000076713400053
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Friedrichson, T
   Kurzchalia, TV
AF Friedrichson, T
   Kurzchalia, TV
TI Microdomains of GPI-anchored proteins in living cells revealed by crosslinking
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID epithelial-cells; detergent insolubility; mdck cells; alkaline-phosphatase; cholesterol content; tyrosine kinase; cross-linking; ma104 cells; surface; transport
AB There is some discussion as to whether glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol(GPI)-anchored proteins occur in microdomains in the cell membrane(.1,2) These putative microdomains have been implicated in processes such as sorting in polarized cells(3-5) and signal transduction(6-8), Complexes enriched in GPI-anchored proteins, cholesterol and glycosphingolipids have been isolated from cell membranes by using non-ionic detergents: these complexes were thought to represent a clustered arrangement of GPI-anchored proteins(9,10). However, results obtained when clustering of GPI-anchored proteins induced by antibodies or by detergents was prevented support the idea of a dispersed surface distribution of GPI-anchored proteins at steady state(11-13). Here we use chemical crosslinking to show that membrane microdomains of a GPI-anchored protein exist at the surface in living cells. This clustering is specific for the GPI-anchored form, as two transmembrane forms bearing the same ectodomain do not form oligomers. Depletion of membrane cholesterol causes the clustering of GPI-anchored proteins to break up, whereas treatment of cells with detergent substantially increases the size of the complexes. We find that in living cells these GPI-anchored proteins reside in microdomains consisting of at least 15 molecules, which are much smaller than those seen after detergent extraction.
C1 Max Delbruck Ctr Mol Med, Dept Cell Biol, D-13125 Berlin, Germany.
C3 Helmholtz Association; Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine
RP Kurzchalia, TV (corresponding author), Max Delbruck Ctr Mol Med, Dept Cell Biol, Robert Rossle Str 10, D-13125 Berlin, Germany.
NR 31
TC 480
Z9 519
U1 1
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 20
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6695
BP 802
EP 805
DI 10.1038/29570
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 112PR
UT WOS:000075503600051
PM 9723622
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Greenhill, LJ
   Gwinn, CR
   Schwartz, C
   Moran, JM
   Diamond, PJ
AF Greenhill, LJ
   Gwinn, CR
   Schwartz, C
   Moran, JM
   Diamond, PJ
TI Coexisting conical bipolar and equatorial outflows from a high-mass protostar
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID star-forming region; herbig-haro objects; orion-kl; subarcsecond-resolution; proper motions; emission; nebula; flows; disks; irc2
AB The BN/KL region in the Orion molecular cloud(1) is an archetype for the study of the formation of stars much more massive than the Sun(2). This region contains luminous young stars and protostars but, like most star-forming regions, is difficult to study in detail because of the obscuring effects of dust and gas. Our basic expectations are shaped to some extent by the present theoretical picture of star formation, the cornerstone of which is that protostars accrete gas from rotating equatorial disks and shed angular momentum by ejecting gas in bipolar outflows. The main source of the outflow in the BN/KL region(3-5) may be an object known as radio source I (ref. 6), which is commonly believed to be surrounded by a rotating disk of molecular material(7-9). Here we report high-resolution observations of silicon monoxide (SiO) and water maser emission from the gas surrounding source I. We show that within 60 AU of the source (about the size of the Solar System), the region is dominated by a conical bipolar outflow rather than the expected disk A slower outflow, close to the equatorial plane of the protostellar system, extends to radii of 1,000 AU.
C1 Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Maria Mitchell Observ, Nantucket, MA 02554 USA.
   Natl Radio Astron Observ, Socorro, NM 87801 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO)
RP Greenhill, LJ (corresponding author), Ctr Astrophys, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
NR 32
TC 91
Z9 93
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 17
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6712
BP 650
EP 653
DI 10.1038/25299
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 150YT
UT WOS:000077694200045
PM 9872312
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Steinhardt, PJ
   Jeong, HC
   Saitoh, K
   Tanaka, M
   Abe, E
   Tsai, AP
AF Steinhardt, PJ
   Jeong, HC
   Saitoh, K
   Tanaka, M
   Abe, E
   Tsai, AP
TI Experimental verification of the quasi-unit-cell model of quasicrystal structure
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID decagonal al65cu20co15; crystal; tilings
AB The atomic structure of quasicrystals(1)-solids with long-range order, but non-periodic atomic lattice structure-is often described as the three-dimensional generalization of the planar two-tile Penrose pattern(2). Recently, an alternative model has been proposed(3-5) that describes such structures in terms of a single repeating unit(3-5)-the three-dimensional generalization of a pattern composed of identical decagons. This model is similar in concept to the unit-cell description of periodic crystals, with the decagon playing the role of a 'quasi-unit cell'. But, unlike the unit cells in periodic crystals, these quasi-unit cells,overlap their neighbours, in the sense that they share atoms. Nevertheless, the basic concept of unit cells in both periodic crystals and quasicrystals is essentially the same: solving the entire atomic structure of the solid reduces to determining the distribution of atoms in the unit cell. Here we report experimental evidence for the quasi-unit-cell model by solving the structure of the decagonal quasicrystal Al72Ni20Co8. The resulting structure is consistent with images obtained by electron and X-ray diffraction, and agrees with the measured stoichiometry, density and symmetry of the compound. The quasi-unit-cell model provides a significantly better fit to these results than all previous alternative models, including Penrose tiling.
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Sejong Univ, Dept Phys, Seoul 143747, South Korea.
   Tohoku Univ, Sci Measurements Res Inst, Aoba Ku, Sendai, Miyagi 9808577, Japan.
   Natl Res Inst Met, Ibaraki 3050047, Japan.
C3 Princeton University; Sejong University; Tohoku University; National Institute for Materials Science
RP Steinhardt, PJ (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Dept Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
NR 22
TC 152
Z9 161
U1 2
U2 44
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 5
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6706
BP 55
EP 57
DI 10.1038/23902
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 136HE
UT WOS:000076852700049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Marchitto, TM Jr
   Curry, WB
   Oppo, DW
AF Marchitto, TM Jr
   Curry, WB
   Oppo, DW
TI Millennial-scale changes in North Atlantic circulation since the last glaciation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID intermediate water; deep circulation; ocean; maximum; cadmium; record; east
AB Ocean circulation is closely linked to climate change on glacial-interglacial and shorter timescales. Extensive reorganizations in the circulation of deep and intermediate-depth waters in the Atlantic Ocean have been hypothesized for both the last glaciation(1-6) and the subsequent Younger Dryas cold interval(3,6-10), but there has been little palaeoceanographic study of the subtropical gyres(11-13). These gyres are the dominant oceanic features of wind-driven circulation, and as such they reflect changes in climate and are a significant control on nutrient cycling and, possible, atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Here we present Cd/Ca ratios in the shells of benthic foraminifera from the Bahama banks that confirm previous suggestions(11,12) that nutrient concentrations in the North Atlantic subtropical gyre were much lower during the Last Glacial Maximum than they are today (up to 50% lower according to our data). These contrasting nutrient burdens imply much shorter residence times for waters within the thermocline of the Last Glacial Maximum. Below the glacial thermocline, nutrient concentrations were reduced owing to the presence of Glacial North Atlantic Intermediate Water. A high-resolution Cd/Ca record from an intermediate depth indicates decreased nutrient concentrations during the Younger Dryas interval as well, mirroring opposite changes at a nearby deep site(3,9). Together, these observations suggest that the formation of deep and intermediate waters-North Atlantic Deep Water and Glacial North Atlantic Intermediate Water, respectively-wax and wane alternately on both orbital and millennial timescales.
C1 MIT Woods Hole Oceanog Inst Joint Program Oceanog, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
   Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
RP Marchitto, TM Jr (corresponding author), MIT Woods Hole Oceanog Inst Joint Program Oceanog, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
EM tmarchitto@whoi.edu
NR 30
TC 119
Z9 133
U1 0
U2 36
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 11
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6685
BP 557
EP 561
DI 10.1038/31197
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZT988
UT WOS:000074150100046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ishikawa, T
   Kohtoku, Y
   Kumagawa, K
   Yamamura, T
   Nagasawa, T
AF Ishikawa, T
   Kohtoku, Y
   Kumagawa, K
   Yamamura, T
   Nagasawa, T
TI High-strength alkali-resistant sintered SiC fibre stable to 2,200 °C
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-temperature; nicalon
AB The high-temperature stability of SiC-based ceramics has led to their use in high-temperature structural materials and composites(1-3). In particular, silicon carbide fibres are used in tough fibre-reinforced composites. Here we describe a type of silicon carbide fibre obtained by sintering an amorphous Si-Al-C-O fibre precursor at 1,800 degrees C. The fibres, which have a very small aluminium content, have a high tensile strength and modulus, and show no degradation in strength or change in composition on heating to 1,900 degrees C in an inert atmosphere and 1,000 degrees C in air-a performance markedly superior to that of existing commercial SiC-based fibres such as Hi-Nicalon. Moreover, our fibres show better high-temperature creep resistance than commercial counterparts. We also find that the mechanical properties of the fibres are retained on heating in air after exposure to a salt solution, whereas both a representative commercial SiC fibre and a SiC-based fibre containing a small amount of boron were severely degraded under these conditions(4). This suggests that our material is well suited to use in environments exposed to salts-for example, in structures in a marine setting or in the presence of combustion gases containing alkali elements.
C1 Ube Ind Ltd, Corp Res & Dev, Ube Res Lab, Ube, Yamaguchi 755, Japan.
C3 Ube Industries Ltd.
RP Ishikawa, T (corresponding author), Ube Ind Ltd, Corp Res & Dev, Ube Res Lab, 1978-5 Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755, Japan.
EM 24613u@ube-ind.co.jp
NR 13
TC 467
Z9 529
U1 9
U2 214
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 19
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6669
BP 773
EP 775
DI 10.1038/35820
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YX884
UT WOS:000072089500046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mauceri, HJ
   Hanna, NN
   Beckett, MA
   Gorski, DH
   Staba, MJ
   Stellato, KA
   Bigelow, K
   Heimann, R
   Gately, S
   Dhanabal, M
   Soff, GA
   Sukhatme, VP
   Kufe, DW
   Weichselbaum, RR
AF Mauceri, HJ
   Hanna, NN
   Beckett, MA
   Gorski, DH
   Staba, MJ
   Stellato, KA
   Bigelow, K
   Heimann, R
   Gately, S
   Dhanabal, M
   Soff, GA
   Sukhatme, VP
   Kufe, DW
   Weichselbaum, RR
TI Combined effects of angiostatin and ionizing radiation in antitumour therapy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID angiogenesis; cancer; suppression; carcinoma; disease; agents
AB Angiogenesis, the formation of new capillaries from pre-existing vessels, is essential for tumour progression(1-5). Angiostatin, a proteolytic fragment of plasminogen(6) that was first isolated from the serum and urine of tumour-bearing mice(7), inhibits angiogenesis and thereby growth of primary(8) and metastatic(7,9,10) tumours. Radiotherapy is important in the treatment of many human cancers, but is often unsuccessful because of tumour cell radiation resistance(11,12). Here we combine radiation with angiostatin to target tumour vasculature that is genetically stable and therefore less likely to develop resistance(13-15). The results show an antitumour interaction between ionizing radiation and angiostatin for four distinct tumour types, at doses of radiation that are used in radiotherapy. The combination produced no increase in toxicity towards normal tissue. In vitro studies show that radiation and angiostatin have combined cytotoxic effects on endothelial cells, but not tumour cells. In vivo studies show that these agents, in combination, target the tumour vasculature. Our results provide support for combining ionizing radiation with angiostatin to improve tumour eradication without increasing deleterious effects.
C1 Univ Chicago, Dept Radiat & Cellular Oncol, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Surg, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Pediat, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Northwestern Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Div Hematol Oncol, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.
   Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Div Renal, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Dana Farber Canc Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 University of Chicago; University of Chicago; University of Chicago; Northwestern University; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Weichselbaum, RR (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, Dept Radiat & Cellular Oncol, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
EM rrw@rover.uchicago.edu
NR 15
TC 623
Z9 676
U1 0
U2 37
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 16
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6690
BP 287
EP 291
DI 10.1038/28412
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 101CK
UT WOS:000074851900051
PM 9685160
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Heg, D
   van Treuren, R
AF Heg, D
   van Treuren, R
TI Female-female cooperation in polygynous oystercatchers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID haematopus-ostralegus; monogamous oystercatcher; relatedness; size
AB Waders (Charadrii) provide biologists with an astonishing variety of mating systems to study(1). Male and female birds establish breeding units in which behaviour varies from monogamy, polygyny, polyandry, double clutching, lekking and serial monogamy to sex role reversal, and many mixed mating systems exist(1). This diversity is currently explained by the costs and benefits of males and females either cooperating or defecting during breeding attempts(2,3). The oystercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus) is a typically monogamous species: removal experiments show that both parents are needed to raise chicks to fledgings(4-6). However, occasional polygyny has also been reported(7). Here we describe polygynous oystercatcher trios and the reproductive consequences of such polygyny. There is a 'classical' form of polygyny (two female territories within the male territory), but oystercatchers also show a remarkable variant, accompanied by female-female cooperation, female-female copulations and joint nesting.
C1 Univ Groningen, Zool Lab, NL-9750 AA Haren, Netherlands.
   Univ Groningen, Dept Genet, NL-9750 AA Haren, Netherlands.
C3 University of Groningen; University of Groningen
RP Heg, D (corresponding author), Univ Groningen, Zool Lab, POB 14,Kerklaan 30, NL-9750 AA Haren, Netherlands.
NR 19
TC 45
Z9 47
U1 0
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 12
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6668
BP 687
EP 691
DI 10.1038/35612
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YW872
UT WOS:000071982500050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Murakami, I
   Cavanagh, P
AF Murakami, I
   Cavanagh, P
TI A jitter after-effect reveals motion-based stabilization of vision
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID eye-movements; perception; position; field; sensitivity; direction
AB A shaky hand holding a video camera invariably turns a treasured moment into an annoying, jittery memento. More recent consumer cameras thoughtfully offer stabilization mechanisms to compensate for our unsteady grip. Our eyes face a similar challenge in that they are constantly making small movements even when we try to maintain a fixed gaze(1). What should be substantial, distracting jitter passes completely unseen. Position changes from large eye movements (saccades) seem to be corrected on the basis of extraretinal signals such as the motor commands sent to the eye muscle(2-5), and the resulting motion responses seem to be simply switched off(6,7). But this approach is impracticable for incessant, small displacements, and here we describe a novel visual illusion that reveals a compensation mechanism based on visual motion signals. Observers were adapted to a patch of dynamic random noise and then viewed a larger pattern of static random noise. The static noise in the unadapted regions then appeared to 'jitter' coherently in random directions. Several observations indicate that this visual jitter directly reflects fixational eye movements. We propose a model that accounts for this illusion as well as the stability of the visual world during small and/or slow eye movements such as fixational drift, smooth pursuit and low-amplitude mechanical vibrations of the eyes.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Psychol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University
RP Murakami, I (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Psychol, 33 Kirkland St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
NR 27
TC 87
Z9 98
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 22
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6704
BP 798
EP 801
DI 10.1038/27435
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 132AL
UT WOS:000076607400056
PM 9796813
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Qiu, YL
   Cho, YR
   Cox, JC
   Palmer, JD
AF Qiu, YL
   Cho, YR
   Cox, JC
   Palmer, JD
TI The gain of three mitochondrial introns identifies liverworts as the earliest land plants
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phylogenetic-relationships; rbcl sequences; bryophytes
AB The first evidence for the emergence of land plants (embryophytes) consists of mid-Ordovician spore tetrads (similar to 476 Myr old)(1,2). The identity of the early plants that produced these spores is unclear; they are sometimes claimed to be liverworts(3,4), but there are no associated megafossils, and similar spores can be produced by a diversity of plants(2), Indeed, the earliest unequivocal megafossils of land plants consist of early vascular plants and various plants of uncertain affinity(1). Different phylogenetic analyses have identified liverworts, hornworts and bryophytes as each being the first lineage of land plants(1,2,5-13); the consensus of these conflicting topologies yields an unresolved polychotomy at the base of land plants. Here we survey 352 diverse land plants and find that three mitochondrial group II introns are present, with occasional losses, in mosses, hornworts and all major lineages of vascular plants, but are entirely absent from Liverworts, green algae and all other eukaryotes. These results indicate that liverworts are the earliest land plants, with the three introns having been acquired in a common ancestor of all other land plants, and have important implications concerning the early stages of plant evolution.
C1 Indiana Univ, Dept Biol, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA.
C3 Indiana University System; Indiana University Bloomington
RP Palmer, JD (corresponding author), Univ Zurich, Inst Syst Bot, Zollikerstr 107, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland.
NR 22
TC 268
Z9 290
U1 0
U2 50
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 13
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6694
BP 671
EP 674
DI 10.1038/29286
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 110MD
UT WOS:000075384200041
PM 9716129
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kuehn, MJ
   Herrmann, JM
   Schekman, R
AF Kuehn, MJ
   Herrmann, JM
   Schekman, R
TI COPII-cargo interactions direct protein sorting into ER-derived transport vesicles
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID amino-acid permeases; endoplasmic-reticulum; secretory pathway; coated vesicles; yeast; component; complex; translocation; coatomer; family
AB Vesicles coated with coat protein complex II (COPII) selectively transport molecules (cargo) and vesicle fusion proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi complex(1-3). We have investigated the role of coat proteins in cargo selection and recruitment. We isolated integral membrane and soluble cargo proteins destined for transport from the ER in complexes formed in the presence of Sar1 and Sec23/24, a subset of the COPII components, and GTP or GMP-PNP. Vesicle fusion proteins of the vSNARE family and Emp24, a member of a putative cargo carrier family(4), were also found in COPII complexes. The inclusion of amino-acid permease molecules into the complex depended on the presence of Shr3, a protein required for the permease to leave the ER3,5. Resident ER proteins Sec61, BiP (Kar2) and Shr3 were not included in the complexes, indicating that the COPII components bound specifically to vesicle cargo. COPII-cargo complexes and putative cargo adaptor-cargo complexes were also isolated from COPII vesicles. Our results indicate that cargo packaging signals and soluble cargo adaptors are recognized by a recruitment complex comprising Sar1-GTP and Sec23/24.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Schekman, R (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Barker Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 19
TC 343
Z9 409
U1 0
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 8
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6663
BP 187
EP 190
DI 10.1038/34438
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YQ378
UT WOS:000071380900054
PM 9428766
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shimada, M
   Tritos, NA
   Lowell, BB
   Flier, JS
   Maratos-Flier, E
AF Shimada, M
   Tritos, NA
   Lowell, BB
   Flier, JS
   Maratos-Flier, E
TI Mice lacking melanin-concentrating hormone are hypophagic and lean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID targeted disruption; neuropeptide-y; messenger-rna; obese gene; leptin; agouti; protein; weight
AB Feeding is influenced by hypothalamic neuropeptides that promote (orexigenic peptides) or inhibit feeding(1). Of these, neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the arcuate nucleus' and melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH)(3) and orexins/hypocretins(4,5) in the lateral hypothalamus have received attention because their expression is increased during fasting and because they promote feeding when administered centrally. Surprisingly, absence of the orexigenic neuropeptide NPY fails to alter feeding or body weight in normal mice(6). As deficiency of a single component of the pathway that limits food intake (such as leptin or receptors for melanocortin-4)(7,8) causes obesity, it has been suggested that orexigenic signals are more redundant than those limiting food intake(7,8). To define further the physiological role of MCH and to test the redundancy of orexigenic signals, we generated mice carrying a targeted deletion of the MCH gene. MCH-deficient mice have reduced body weight and leanness due to hypophagia (reduced feeding) and an inappropriately increased metabolic rate, despite their reduced amounts of both leptin and arcuate nucleus pro-opiomelanocortin messenger RNA. Our results show that MCH is a critical regulator of feeding and energy balance which acts downstream of leptin and the melanocortin system, and that deletion of a gene encoding a single orexigenic peptide can result in leanness.
C1 Joslin Diabet Ctr, Div Res, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Div Endocrinol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Joslin Diabetes Center, Inc.; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
RP Maratos-Flier, E (corresponding author), Joslin Diabet Ctr, Div Res, 1 Joslin Pl, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
EM emarat@joslab.harvard.edu
NR 29
TC 943
Z9 1064
U1 0
U2 33
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 17
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6712
BP 670
EP 674
DI 10.1038/25341
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 150YT
UT WOS:000077694200052
PM 9872314
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Curry, RG
   McCartney, MS
   Joyce, TM
AF Curry, RG
   McCartney, MS
   Joyce, TM
TI Oceanic transport of subpolar climate signals to mid-depth subtropical waters
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID north-atlantic ocean; salinity
AB The spatial distributions of certain sea-surface properties, such as temperature, fluctuate on timescales from months to decades and in synchrony with the main regional atmospheric patterns comprising the global climate system(1). Although it has long been assumed that the ocean is submissive to the dictates of the atmosphere, recent studies raise the possibility of an assertive, not merely passive, oceanic role in which water-mass circulation controls the timescales of climate fluctuations(2-6). Previously held notions of the immutability of the physical and chemical characteristics of deep water masses are changing as longer time series of ocean measurements indicate that the signatures of varying sea-surface conditions are translated to deep waters(4,7). Here we use such time-series measurements to track signals 'imprinted' at the sea surface in the North Atlantic Ocean's subpolar Labrador Basin into the deep water of the subtropical basins near Bermuda, and infer an approximately 6-year transit time, We establish a geographic and temporal context for a portion of the long-term warming trend reported for mid-depth subtropical waters over the past 40 or so years(8,9), and we predict that waters at these depths will Continue to cool well into the next decade.
C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
C3 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
RP Curry, RG (corresponding author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
NR 20
TC 262
Z9 274
U1 0
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 5
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6667
BP 575
EP 577
DI 10.1038/35356
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YV594
UT WOS:000071842300048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kádár, S
   Wang, JC
   Showalter, K
AF Kádár, S
   Wang, JC
   Showalter, K
TI Noise-supported travelling waves in sub-excitable media
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID belousov-zhabotinskii reaction; stochastic resonance; chemical waves; systems; transitions; model
AB The detection of weak signals of nonlinear dynamical systems in noisy environments may improve with increasing noise, reaching an optimal]level before the signal is overwhelmed by the noise. This phenomenon, known as stochastic resonance(1,2), has been characterized in electronic(3), laser(4), magnetoelastic(5), physical(6) and chemical(7) systems. Studies of stochastic resonance and noise effects in biological(8,9) and excitable dynamical systems(10-13) have attracted particular interest, because of the possibility of noise- supported signal transmission in neuronal tissue and other excitable biological media, Here we report the positive influence of noise on wave propagation in a photosensitive Belousov-Zhabotinsky(14-17) reaction. The chemical medium, which is subexcitable and unable to support sustained wave propagation, is illuminated with Light that is spatially partitioned into an array of cells in which the intensity is randomly varied. Wave propagation is enhanced with increasing noise amplitude, and sustained propagation is achieved at an optimal level, Above this level,only fragmented waves are observed.
C1 W Virginia Univ, Dept Chem, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA.
C3 West Virginia University
RP Kádár, S (corresponding author), W Virginia Univ, Dept Chem, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA.
EM kshowalt@wvu.edu
NR 28
TC 321
Z9 338
U1 0
U2 47
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 19
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6669
BP 770
EP 772
DI 10.1038/35814
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YX884
UT WOS:000072089500045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Aizenberg, J
   Black, AJ
   Whitesides, GM
AF Aizenberg, J
   Black, AJ
   Whitesides, GM
TI Controlling local disorder in self-assembled monolayers by patterning the topography of their metallic supports
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID condensation figures; inorganic materials; surfaces; microstructures; manipulation; lithography
AB Micropatterning is a powerful method for controlling surface properties, with applications hom cell biology to electronics(1-8). Self assembled monolayers (SAMs) of alkanethiolates on gold and silver(9-11) the structures most widely used for preparing organic films with specific surface properties-are usually patterned by partitioning the surface into regions formed from different thiols(12-15). Here we describe a way to pattern SAMs using a single alkanethiol on substrates consisting of regions of different topography: planar islands of one metal on the surface og a second (which may be different from or the same as the first). These topographically patterned SAMs consist of three regions: two planar surfaces and a transition region between the two. The characters of the SAMs on these three regions were inferred from images of three structures that form on them: condensation figures, pasterns of crystals of CaCO3 and regions of selective etching. The transition region is more active in tbe processes generating these structures than either of the two planar regions, and we propose that this activity is clue to the relatively high disorder in the organic film there. We believe that this ability to control the local disorder in a SAM with high resolution will be important in controlling processes such as nucleation, wetting, adhesion and etching on scales of below 50 nm to 5 mu m.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University
RP Aizenberg, J (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, 12 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM gwhitesides@gmwgroup.harvard.edu
NR 26
TC 171
Z9 205
U1 0
U2 118
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 27
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6696
BP 868
EP 871
DI 10.1038/29730
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 114LW
UT WOS:000075611800041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Abbott, A
AF Abbott, A
TI Optimism in the Canaries over ten-metre telescope
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 1998
VL 0
IS 
BP 8
EP 8
DI 
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZJ678
UT WOS:000073241100008
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Amelino-Camelia, G
   Ellis, J
   Mavromatos, NE
   Nanopoulos, DV
   Sarkar, S
AF Amelino-Camelia, G
   Ellis, J
   Mavromatos, NE
   Nanopoulos, DV
   Sarkar, S
TI Tests of quantum gravity from observations of γ-ray bursts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cpt symmetry; mechanics; distances; system
AB The recent confirmation that at least some gamma-ray bursts originate at cosmological distances(1-4) suggests that the radiation from them could be used to probe some of the fundamental laws of physics. Here we show that gamma-ray bursts will be sensitive to an energy dispersion predicted by some approaches to quantum gravity. Many of the bursts have structure on relatively rapid timescales(5), which means that in principle it is possible to look for energy-dependent dispersion of the radiation, manifested in the arrival times of the photons, if several different energy bands are observed simultaneously. A simple estimate indicates that, because of their high energies and distant origin, observations of these bursts should be sensitive to a dispersion scale that is comparable to the Planck energy scale (similar to 10(19)GeV), which is sufficient to test theories of quantum gravity. Such observations are already possible using existing gamma-ray burst detectors.
C1 Univ Oxford, Oxford OX1 3NP, England.
   Univ Neuchatel, Inst Phys, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland.
   CERN, Div Theory, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
   Acad Athens, Chair Theoret Phys, Div Nat Sci, GR-10679 Athens, Greece.
   Texas A&M Univ, Dept Phys, Ctr Theoret Phys, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.
   Houston Adv Res Ctr, Astroparticle Phys Grp, The Woodlands, TX 77381 USA.
C3 University of Oxford; University of Neuchatel; European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN); Academy of Athens; Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station
RP Amelino-Camelia, G (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, 1 Keble Rd, Oxford OX1 3NP, England.
EM Giovanni.Amelino-Camelia@cern.ch
NR 37
TC 1297
Z9 1342
U1 0
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 25
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6687
BP 763
EP 765
DI 10.1038/31647
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZW652
UT WOS:000074433100040
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rohling, EJ
   Fenton, M
   Jorissen, FJ
   Bertrand, P
   Ganssen, G
   Caulet, JP
AF Rohling, EJ
   Fenton, M
   Jorissen, FJ
   Bertrand, P
   Ganssen, G
   Caulet, JP
TI Magnitudes of sea-level lowstands of the past 500,000 years
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID oxygen isotopes; sumba island; red-sea; reconstruction; indonesia
AB Existing techniques for estimating natural fluctuations of sea level and global ice-volume from the recent geological past exploit fossil coral-reef terraces or oxygen-isotope records from benthic foraminifera. Fossil reefs reveal the magnitude of sea-level peaks (highstands) of the past million years, but fail to produce significant values for minima (lowstands) before the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) about 20,000 years ago, a time at which sea level was about 120 m lower than it is today(1-4). The isotope method provides a continuous sea-level record for the past 140,000 years (ref. 5) (calibrated with fossil-reef data(6)), but the realistic uncertainty in the sea-level estimates is around +/- 20 m. Here we present improved lowstand estimates - extending the record back to 500,000 years before present - using an independent method based on combining evidence of extreme high-salinity conditions in the glacial Red Sea with a simple hydraulic control model of water flow through the Strait of Bab-el-Mandab, which links the Red Sea to the open ocean. We find that the world can glaciate more intensely than during the LGM by up to an additional 20-m lowering of global sea-level. Such a 20-m difference is equivalent to a change in global ice-volume of the order of today's Greenland and West Antarctic ice-sheets.
C1 Univ Southampton, Dept Oceanog, Southampton Oceanog Ctr, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England.
   Univ Bordeaux 1, Dept Geol & Oceanog, CNRS, URA 197, F-33405 Talence, France.
   Free Univ Amsterdam, Dept Earth Sci, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Natl Museum Nat Hist, Geol Lab, CNRS, URA 723, F-75005 Paris, France.
C3 NERC National Oceanography Centre; University of Southampton; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite de Bordeaux; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN)
RP Rohling, EJ (corresponding author), Univ Southampton, Dept Oceanog, Southampton Oceanog Ctr, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England.
EM E.Rohling@soc.soton.ac.uk
NR 21
TC 493
Z9 556
U1 0
U2 57
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 9
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6689
BP 162
EP 165
DI 10.1038/28134
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZZ203
UT WOS:000074705900048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Senkan, SM
AF Senkan, SM
TI High-throughput screening of solid-state catalyst libraries
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID combinatorial
AB Combinatorial synthesis methods allow the rapid preparation and processing of large libraries of solid-state materials. The use of these methods, together.with the appropriate screening techniques, has recently led to the discovery of materials with promising superconducting(I), magnetoresistive(2), luminescent(3-5) and dielectric(6) properties. Solid-state catalysts, which play an increasingly important role in the chemical and oil industries(7), represent another class of material amenable to combinatorial synthesis. Yet typically, catalyst discovery still involves inefficient trial-and-error processes(8-10), because catalytic activity is inherently difficult to screen. In contrast to superconductivity, magnetoresistivity and dielectric properties, which can be tested by contact probes, or luminescence, which can be observed directly, the assessment of catalytic activity requires the unambiguous detection of a specific product molecule above a small catalyst site on a large library. Screening by in situ infrared thermography(11) and microprobe sampling mass spectrometry(12,13) have been suggested, but the first method, while probing activity, provides no information on reaction products, whereas the second is difficult to implement because it requires the transport of minute gas samples from each library site to the detection system. Here I describe the use of laser-induced resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization for sensitive, selective and high-throughput screening of a library of solid-state catalysts that activate the dehydrogenation of cyclohexane to benzene. I show that benzene, the product molecule, can be selectively photoionized in the vicinity of the catalytic sites, and that the detection of the resultant photoions by an array of microelectrodes provides information on the activity of individual sites. Adaptation of this technique for the screening of other catalytic reactions and larger libraries with smaller site size seems feasible, thus opening up the possibility of exploiting combinatorial approaches as an efficient method for the discovery and optimization of solid-state catalysts.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Chem Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Senkan, SM (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Chem Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
EM senkan@seas.ucla.edu
NR 19
TC 301
Z9 347
U1 1
U2 88
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 23
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6691
BP 350
EP 353
DI 10.1038/28575
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 103QF
UT WOS:000074968800045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reichhardt, T
   Abbott, A
   Saegusa, A
AF Reichhardt, T
   Abbott, A
   Saegusa, A
TI Science struggles to gain respect on the space station
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 5
Z9 6
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 19
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6669
BP 732
EP 737
DI 
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YX884
UT WOS:000072089500016
PM 9486635
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nurminsky, DI
   Nurminskaya, MV
   De Aguiar, D
   Hartl, DL
AF Nurminsky, DI
   Nurminskaya, MV
   De Aguiar, D
   Hartl, DL
TI Selective sweep of a newly evolved sperm-specific gene in Drosophila
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID melanogaster; transformation; divergence; evolution; rates
AB The pattern of genetic variation across the genome of Drosophila melanogaster is consistent with the occurrence of frequent 'selective sweeps' in which new favourable mutations become incorporated into the species so quickly that linked alleles can 'hitchhike' and also become fixed(1). Because of the hitchhiking of linked genes, it is generally difficult to identify the target of any putative selective sweep. Here, however, we identify a new gene in D. melanogaster that codes for a sperm-specific axonemal dynein subunit. The gene has a new testes-specific promoter derived from a protein-coding region in a gene encoding the cell-adhesion protein annexin X (AnnX), and it contains a new protein-coding exon derived from an intron in a gene encoding a cytoplasmic dynein intermediate chain (Cdic). The new transcription unit, designated Sdic (for sperm-specific dynein intermediate chain), has been duplicated about tenfold in a tandem array. Consistent with the selective sweep of this gene, the level of genetic polymorphism near Sdic is unusually low. The discovery of this gene supports other results that point to the rapid molecular evolution of male reproductive functions(2-4).
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Organism & Evolutionary Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Anat & Cell Biol, Boston, MA 02111 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Tufts University
RP Nurminsky, DI (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Organism & Evolutionary Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
NR 17
TC 214
Z9 235
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 10
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6711
BP 572
EP 575
DI 10.1038/25126
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 147AY
UT WOS:000077466800057
PM 9859991
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zou, YR
   Kottmann, AH
   Kuroda, M
   Taniuchi, I
   Littman, DR
AF Zou, YR
   Kottmann, AH
   Kuroda, M
   Taniuchi, I
   Littman, DR
TI Function of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 in haematopoiesis and in cerebellar development
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nervous-system; bone-marrow; lymphocyte chemoattractant; hiv-1 entry; cell-line; sdf-1; lestr/fusin; expression; migration; ligand
AB Chemokines and their receptors are important in cell migration during inflammation(1), in the establishment of functional lymphoid microenvironments(2), and in organogenesis(3). The chemokine receptor CXCR4 is broadly expressed in cells of both the immune and the central nervous systems(4,5) and can mediate migration of resting leukocytes and haematopoietic progenitors in response to its ligand, SDF-1 (refs 6-9). CXCR4 is also a major receptor for strains of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) that arise during progression to immunodeficiency and AIDS dementia(10). Here we show that mice lacking CXCR4 exhibit haematopoietic and cardiac defects identical to those of SDF-1-deficient mice(3), indicating that CXCR4 may be the only receptor for SDF-1. Furthermore, fetal cerebellar development in mutant animals is markedly different from that in wild-type animals, with many proliferating granule cells invading the cerebellar anlage. This is, to our knowledge, the first demonstration df the involvement of a G-protein-coupled chemokine receptor in neuronal cell migration and patterning in the central nervous system. These results may be important for designing strategies to block HIV entry into cells and for understanding mechanisms of pathogenesis in AIDS dementia.
C1 NYU, Med Ctr, Div Mol Pathogenesis, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   NYU, Med Ctr, Skirball Inst Biomol Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Biochem & Mol Biophys, New York, NY 10032 USA.
C3 New York University; New York University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Columbia University
RP Zou, YR (corresponding author), NYU, Med Ctr, Div Mol Pathogenesis, New York, NY 10016 USA.
EM zou@saturn.med.nyu.edu
NR 29
TC 2098
Z9 2427
U1 1
U2 98
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 11
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6685
BP 595
EP 599
DI 10.1038/31269
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZT988
UT WOS:000074150100057
PM 9634238
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Corcoran, AE
   Riddell, A
   Krooshoop, D
   Venkitaraman, AR
AF Corcoran, AE
   Riddell, A
   Krooshoop, D
   Venkitaraman, AR
TI Impaired immunoglobulin gene rearrangement in mice lacking the IL-7 receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID b-cell development; lymphocytes-b; fetal liver; bone-marrow; expression; heavy; differentiation; transcription; segments; region
AB To generate the full diversity of antibody heavy-chain genes, hundreds of dispersed germline V segments must undergo recombination following D-J segment joining. Here we report that this process is regulated by the alpha-chain of the receptor for interleukin-7, a cytokine that stimulates B-cell lymphopoiesis(1). D-J joining occurs normally in immature B lymphocytes from mice lacking the alpha-chain of the interleukin-7 receptor (IL-7R alpha). But recombination of V segments is progressively impaired as their distance increases upstream of D/J, causing infrequent rearrangement of most V segments, which markedly reduces diversity. This is not simply due to defective cell proliferation or impaired recombinase expression. Rather, germline transcripts from distal, unrearranged V segments, a marker of chromatin changes that precede recombination, are specifically silenced. So too is expression of Pax-5, which binds to heavy-chain locus control elements and normally stimulates recombination, suggesting a mechanism for these effects. Thus ligands of the interleukin-7 receptor deliver an extrinsic signal that targets. V segment recombination in the heavy-chain locus by altering the accessibility of DNA substrates to the recombinase. This mechanism augments the recombinational diversity of the primary antibody repertoire.
C1 MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
C3 MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology
RP Venkitaraman, AR (corresponding author), MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
EM arv@mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 285
Z9 335
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 26
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6670
BP 904
EP 907
DI 10.1038/36122
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YZ206
UT WOS:000072230900055
PM 9495344
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lin, RJ
   Nagy, L
   Inoue, S
   Shao, WL
   Miller, WH
   Evans, RM
AF Lin, RJ
   Nagy, L
   Inoue, S
   Shao, WL
   Miller, WH
   Evans, RM
TI Role of the histone deacetylase complex in acute promyelocytic leukaemia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pml-rar-alpha; fusion protein; transcriptional property; leukemia-cells; co-repressor; dna-binding; translocation; t(15-17); transactivation; differentiation
AB Non-liganded retinoic acid receptors (RARs) repress transcription of target genes by recruiting the histone deacetylase complex(1-3) through a class of silencing mediators termed SMRT or N-CoR4,5. Mutant forms of RAR alpha, created by chromosomal translocations with either the PML (for promyelocytic leukaemia)(6-8) or the PLZF (for promyelocytic leukaemia zinc finger)(9,10) locus, are oncogenic and result in human acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL). PML-RAR alpha APL patients achieve complete remission following treatments with pharmacological doses of retinoic acids (RA); in contrast, PLZF-RAR alpha patients respond very poorly, if at all(11). Here we report that the association of these two chimaeric receptors with the histone deacetylase (HDAC) complex helps to determine both the development of APL and the ability of patients to respond to retinoids. Consistent with these observations, inhibitors of histone deacetylase dramatically potentiate retinoid-induced differentiation of RA-sensitive, and restore retinoid responses of RA-resistant, APL cell lines. Our findings suggest that oncogenic RARs mediate leukaemogenesis through aberrant chromatin acetylation, and that pharmacological manipulation, of nuclear receptor co-factors may be a useful approach in the treatment of human disease.
C1 Howard Hughes Med Inst, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Salk Inst Biol Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, Grad Program Mol Pathol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   McGill Univ, Lady Davis Inst Med Res, Dept Oncol, Montreal, PQ H3T 1E2, Canada.
   McGill Univ, Lady Davis Inst Med Res, Dept Med, Montreal, PQ H3T 1E2, Canada.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Salk Institute; University of California System; University of California San Diego; McGill University; Lady Davis Institute; McGill University; Lady Davis Institute
RP Evans, RM (corresponding author), Howard Hughes Med Inst, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
NR 29
TC 966
Z9 1069
U1 1
U2 32
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 19
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6669
BP 811
EP 814
DI 10.1038/35895
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YX884
UT WOS:000072089500058
PM 9486654
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gray, AD
   Landecker, TL
   Dewdney, PE
   Taylor, AR
AF Gray, AD
   Landecker, TL
   Dewdney, PE
   Taylor, AR
TI A large-scale, interstellar Faraday-rotation feature of unknown origin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID magnetic spiral arms; galaxy ngc6946; thin
AB The disk of the Milky Way contains free electrons and magnetic fields which contribute significantly to the energetics of the interstellar medium(1). The concentrations of electrons and magnetic fields are too low to be detected by direct methods, but may be investigated using Faraday rotation, a wavelength-dependent shift in linear polarization angle induced by a magneto-ionic medium(2). Structures in polarization angle arising from Faraday rotation have been detected recently at lone, radio wavelengths(3). These structures are disorganized and filamentary, probably arising from interstellar gas in the vicinity of the Sun. Here we report a more distant, highly ordered Faraday-rotation structure of elliptical shape, with its long axis parallel to the plane of the Galaxy The feature appears to be located in an inter-arm region of the Milky Way, between the spiral arm containing the Sun and the next outer (Perseus) spiral arm. Within the elliptical region, small-scale structure which characterizes the turbulence seen in adjacent regions of the interstellar medium is absent. The origin of this magneto-ionic feature is uncertain, but it must arise from an organization of the magnetic-field and electron-density distributions on a scale of the order of 50 parsecs (165 light years).
C1 Natl Res Council Canada, Herzberg Inst Astrophys, Dominion Radio Astrophys Observ, Penticton, BC V2A 6K3, Canada.
   Univ Calgary, Dept Phys & Astron, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
C3 National Research Council Canada; University of Calgary
RP Gray, AD (corresponding author), Natl Res Council Canada, Herzberg Inst Astrophys, Dominion Radio Astrophys Observ, Box 248, Penticton, BC V2A 6K3, Canada.
NR 24
TC 47
Z9 49
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 18
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6686
BP 660
EP 662
DI 10.1038/31413
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZV288
UT WOS:000074289600044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kiely, CJ
   Fink, J
   Brust, M
   Bethell, D
   Schiffrin, DJ
AF Kiely, CJ
   Fink, J
   Brust, M
   Bethell, D
   Schiffrin, DJ
TI Spontaneous ordering of bimodal ensembles of nanoscopic gold clusters
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nanosized particles; self-organization; binary-mixtures; nanoparticles; nanocrystallites; superlattices; monolayers; assembly
AB The controlled fabrication of very small structures at scales beyond the current limits of lithographic techniques is a technological goal of great practical and fundamental interest. Important progress has been made over the past few years in the preparation of ordered ensembles of metal and semiconductor nanocrystals(1-7). For example, monodisperse fractions of thiol-stabilized gold nanoparticles(8) have been crystallized into two- and three-dimensional superlattices(5). Metal particles stabilized by quaternary ammonium salts can also self-assemble into superlattice structures(9,10). Gold particle preparations with quite broad (polydisperse) size distributions also show some tendency to form ordered structures by a process involving spontaneous size segregation(11,12). Here we report that alkanethiol-derivatized gold nanocrystals of different, well defined sizes organize themselves spontaneously into complex, ordered two-dimensional arrays that are structurally related to both colloidal crystals and alloys between metals of different atomic radii. We observe three types of organization: first, different-sized particles intimately mixed, forming an ordered bimodal array (Fig. 1); second, size-segregated regions, each containing. hexagonal-dose-packed monodisperse particles (Fig. 2); and third, a structure in which particles of several different sizes occupy random positions in a pseudohexagonal lattice (Fig. 3).
C1 Univ Liverpool, Dept Engn, Liverpool L69 3BX, Merseyside, England.
   Univ Liverpool, Dept Chem, Liverpool L69 7ZD, Merseyside, England.
C3 University of Liverpool; University of Liverpool
RP Kiely, CJ (corresponding author), Univ Liverpool, Dept Engn, Liverpool L69 3BX, Merseyside, England.
EM kiely@liv.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 686
Z9 741
U1 0
U2 218
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 3
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6710
BP 444
EP 446
DI 10.1038/24808
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 145KL
UT WOS:000077370100047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Auer, M
   Scarborough, GA
   Kühlbrandt, W
AF Auer, M
   Scarborough, GA
   Kühlbrandt, W
TI Three-dimensional map of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase in the open conformation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electron-microscopy; cytoplasmic location; protein; model; identification; cryomicroscopy; visualization; regions; amino
AB The H+-ATPase from the plasma membrane of Neurospora crassa is an integral membrane protein of relative molecular mass 100K, which belongs to the P-type ATPase family that includes the plasma membrane Na+/K+-ATPase and the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase. The H+-ATPase pumps protons across the cell's plasma membrane using ATP as an energy source, generating a membrane potential in excess of 200 mV (refs 1-3). Despite the importance of P-type ATPases in controlling membrane potential and intracellular ion concentrations, little is known about the molecular mechanism they use for ion transport. This is largely due to the difficulty in growing well ordered crystals and the resulting lack of detail in the three-dimensional structure of these large membrane proteins. We have now obtained a three-dimensional map of the H+-ATPase by electron crystallography of two-dimensional crystals grown directly on electron microscope grids. At an in-plane resolution of 8 Angstrom, this map reveals ten membrane-spanning alpha-helices in the membrane domain, and four major cytoplasmic domains in the open conformation of the enzyme without bound ligands.
C1 Max Planck Inst Biophys, Abt Strukturbiol, D-60528 Frankfurt, Germany.
   European Mol Biol Lab, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Univ N Carolina, Dept Pharmacol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
C3 Max Planck Society; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill
RP Kühlbrandt, W (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Biophys, Abt Strukturbiol, Heinrich Hoffman Str 7, D-60528 Frankfurt, Germany.
EM kuehlbrandt@biophys.mpg.de
NR 30
TC 188
Z9 202
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 23
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6678
BP 840
EP 843
DI 10.1038/33967
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZJ679
UT WOS:000073241200060
PM 9572146
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhou, YB
   Gerchman, SE
   Ramakrishnan, V
   Travers, A
   Muyldermans, S
AF Zhou, YB
   Gerchman, SE
   Ramakrishnan, V
   Travers, A
   Muyldermans, S
TI Position and orientation of the globular domain of linker histone H5 on the nucleosome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crystal-structure; binding-site; dna-sequence; chromatosm; chromatin; identification; organization; resolution; location; particle
AB It is essential to identify the exact location of the linker histone within nucleosomes, the fundamental packing units of chromatin, in order to understand how condensed, transcriptionally inactive chromatin forms. Here, using a site-specific protein-DNA photocrosslinking method(1), we map the binding site and the orientation of the globular domain of linker histone H5 on mixed-sequence chicken nucleosomes. We show, in contrast to an earlier model(2), that the globular domain forms a bridge between one terminus of chromatosomal DNA and the DNA in the vicinity of the dyad axis of symmetry of the core particle. Helix III of the globular domain binds in the major groove of the first helical turn of the chromatosomal DNA, whereas the secondary DNA-binding site on the opposite face of the globular domain of histone H5 makes contact with the nucleosomal DNA dose to its midpoint. We also infer that helix I and helix II of the globular domain of histone H5 probably face, respectively, the solvent and the nucleosome. This location places the basic carboxy-terminal region of the globular domain in a position from which it could simultaneously bind the nucleosome-linking DNA strands that exit and enter the nucleosome.
C1 Free Univ Brussels VIB, B-1640 Rhode St Genese, Belgium.
   Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Biol, Upton, NY 11973 USA.
   Univ Utah, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, Salt Lake City, UT 84132 USA.
   MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
C3 Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB); United States Department of Energy (DOE); Brookhaven National Laboratory; Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah; MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology
RP Muyldermans, S (corresponding author), Free Univ Brussels VIB, Paardenstr 65, B-1640 Rhode St Genese, Belgium.
EM svmuylde@vub.ac.be
NR 29
TC 173
Z9 220
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 24
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6700
BP 402
EP 405
DI 10.1038/26521
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 122QW
UT WOS:000076083800059
PM 9759733
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dal Sasso, C
   Signore, M
AF Dal Sasso, C
   Signore, M
TI Exceptional soft-tissue preservation in a theropod dinosaur from Italy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID republic-of-china
AB The Lower Cretaceous Pietraroia Plattenkalk (Benevento Province, southern Italy) has been known since the eighteenth century for its beautifully preserved fossil fishes. During Albian time (about 113 Myr ago(1)), deposition of fine marry limestone in a shallow lagoonal environment, affected by cyclic periods of low oxygen levels', led to exceptional preservation of soft tissue in a juvenile theropod. The specimen, diagnosed here as Scipionyx samniticus gen. et sp. nov., is the first dinosaur ever to be found in Italy. The fossil has been mentioned previously In two brief notes(3,4) and generally examined in a doctoral thesis(5). Here we report the full preparation of the specimen which shows details of soft anatomy never seen previously in any dinosaur. The preservation is better than in other lagerstatten (conservative deposits)(6) where theropod soft tissue has been reported, such as the Santana Formation of Brazil(7) and the Yixian Formation of China(8). Despite this, there is no evidence of feathers or any other integumentary remnants in the Italian specimen. Scipionyx represents a new maniraptoriform theropod. Its discovery is remarkable considering also the scarcity of juvenile theropod dinosaurs in the fossil record.
C1 Museo Civico Storia Nat, I-20121 Milan, Italy.
   Univ Naples Federico II, Dipartimento Paleontol, I-80138 Naples, Italy.
   Univ Bristol, Dept Geol, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England.
C3 University of Naples Federico II; University of Bristol
RP Dal Sasso, C (corresponding author), Museo Civico Storia Nat, Corso Venezia 55, I-20121 Milan, Italy.
NR 30
TC 108
Z9 124
U1 0
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 26
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6674
BP 383
EP 387
DI 
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZD694
UT WOS:000072713600050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Waltzer, L
   Bienz, M
AF Waltzer, L
   Bienz, M
TI Drosophila CBP represses the transcription factor TCF to antagonize Wingless signalling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID beta-catenin; histone acetyltransferases; endoderm induction; gene-expression; target gene; activation; armadillo; coactivator; acetylation; complex
AB T-cell factor (TCF), a high-mobility-group domain protein, is the transcription factor activated by Wnt/Wingless signalling(1-4). When signalling occurs, TCF binds to its coactivator, beta-catenin/Armadillo, and stimulates the transcription of the target genes of Wnt/Wingless by binding to TCF-responsive enhancers(1,5). Inappropriate activation of TCF in the colon epithelium and other cells leads to cancer(6-8). It is therefore desirable for unstimulated cells to have a negative control mechanism to keep TCF inactive. Here we report that Drosophila CREB-binding protein (dCBP)(9,10) binds to dTCF. dCBP mutants show mild Wingless overactivation phenotypes in various tissues. Consistent with this, dCBP loss-of-function suppresses the effects of armadillo mutation. Moreover, our data show that dCBP acetylates a conserved lysine in the Armadillo-binding domain of dTCF, and that this acetylation lowers the affinity of Armadillo binding to dTCF. Although CBP is a coactivator of other transcription factors(11,12), our data show that CBP represses TCF.
C1 MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
C3 MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology
RP Bienz, M (corresponding author), MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
NR 29
TC 325
Z9 355
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 1
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6701
BP 521
EP 525
DI 10.1038/26785
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 124ZG
UT WOS:000076212200061
PM 9774110
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Holland, WS
   Greaves, JS
   Zuckerman, B
   Webb, RA
   McCarthy, C
   Coulson, IM
   Walther, DM
   Dent, WRF
   Gear, WK
   Robson, I
AF Holland, WS
   Greaves, JS
   Zuckerman, B
   Webb, RA
   McCarthy, C
   Coulson, IM
   Walther, DM
   Dent, WRF
   Gear, WK
   Robson, I
TI Submillimetre images of dusty debris around nearby stars
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID main-sequence stars; beta-pictoris; disks; vega; origin; clouds; grains; shell
AB Indirect detections of massive - presumably Jupiter-like - planets orbiting nearby Sun-like stars have recently been reported(1,2). Rocky, Earth-like planets are much more difficult to detect, but clues to their possible existence can nevertheless be obtained from observations of the circumstellar debris disks of dust from which they form. The presence of such disks has been inferred(3) from excess far-infrared emission but, with the exception of beta Pictoris(4), it has proved difficult to image these structures directly as starlight dominates the faint Light scattered by the dust(5). A more promising approach is to attempt to image the thermal emission from the dust grains at submillimetre wavelengths(6,7). Here we present images of such emission around Fomalhaut, beta Pictoris and Vega. For each star, dust emission is detected from regions comparable in size to the Sun's Kuiper belt of comets. The total dust mass surrounding each star is only a few lunar masses, so any Earth-like planets present must already have formed. The presence of the central cavity, approximately the size of Neptune's orbit, that we detect in the emission from Fomalhaut may indeed be the signature of such planets.
C1 Joint Astron Ctr, Hilo, HI 96720 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Gemini 8M Telescopes Project, Hilo, HI 96720 USA.
   Royal Observ, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, Midlothian, Scotland.
   UCL, Mullard Space Sci Lab, Dorking RH5 6NT, Surrey, England.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of Edinburgh; University of London; University College London
RP Holland, WS (corresponding author), Joint Astron Ctr, 660 N Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USA.
EM wsh@jach.hawaii.edu
NR 30
TC 416
Z9 439
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 23
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6678
BP 788
EP 791
DI 10.1038/33874
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZJ679
UT WOS:000073241200044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wilkinson, GS
   Presgraves, DC
   Crymes, L
AF Wilkinson, GS
   Presgraves, DC
   Crymes, L
TI Male eye span in stalk-eyed flies indicates genetic quality by meiotic drive suppression
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cyrtodiopsis-whitei diopsidae; poecilia-reticulata; sexual selection; diptera; fly; drosophila; population; viability; evolution; survival
AB In some species, females choose mates possessing ornaments that predict offspring survival(1-5). However, sexual selection by female preference for male genetic quality(6-8) remains controversial because conventional genetic mechanisms maintain insufficient variation in male quality to account for costly preference and ornament evolution(9,10). Here we show that females prefer ornaments that indicate genetic quality generated by transmission conflict between the sex chromosomes, By comparing sex-ratio distributions in stalk-eyed fly (Cyrtodiopsis) progeny we found that female-biased sex ratios occur in species exhibiting eye-stalk sexual dimorphism(11,12) and female preferences for long eye span(13,14). Female-biased sex ratios result from meiotic drive(15), the preferential transmission of a 'selfish' X-chromosome. Artificial selection for 22 generations on male eye-stalk length in sexually dimorphic C. dalmanni produced longer eye-stalks and male-biased progeny sex ratios in replicate lines. Because male-biased progeny sex ratios occur when a drive-resistant Y chromosome pairs with a driving X chromosome(15), long eye span is genetically linked to meiotic drive: suppression. Male eye span therefore signals genetic quality by influencing the reproductive value of offspring(16).
C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Zool, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
   Univ Rochester, Dept Biol, Rochester, NY 14627 USA.
C3 University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; University of Rochester
RP Wilkinson, GS (corresponding author), Univ Maryland, Dept Zool, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
EM wilkinson@zool.umd.edu
NR 30
TC 171
Z9 185
U1 0
U2 52
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 15
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6664
BP 276
EP 279
DI 10.1038/34640
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YR328
UT WOS:000071484400048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Johanson, Z
   Ahlberg, PE
AF Johanson, Z
   Ahlberg, PE
TI A complete primitive rhizodont from Australia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tetrapod limbs; porolepiformes; origin; fins
AB Studies of the origin(1-3) and developmental genetics(4-7) of tetrapod limbs have focused attention on the need to identify the precise type of sarcopterygian (lobe-finned fish) hn from which limbs evolved. This can only be achieved through a phylogenetic analysis of sarcopterygians. Sarcopterygian fin skeletons vary in structures(8,9); use of an inappropriate fin skeleton as a model limb precursor will lead to erroneous inferences about the evolution of morphology and the developmental pathways at the fish-tetrapod transition. The pectoral fin of the rhizodont sarcopterygian Sauripteris is strikingly limb-like and features prominently in discussions about the origin of limbs(3,7,10-14). It is thus important to establish the phylogenetic position of rhizodonts. However, their anatomy is incompletely known(15,16). Published phylogenetic analyses are based on poorly substantiated characters, such as the alleged presence of two external nostrils in the Australian genus Barameda(17,18). Here we present, from the Upper Devonian period of Canowindra, Australia, the most primitive and by far the most complete rhizodont discovered so far. It has a single external nostril but possesses no other derived tetrapod-like features. Our new evidence shows that rhizodonts are more remote from tetrapods than are osteolepiform(18) and elpistostegid(19) lobe-fin fishes. Similarities between rhizodont fins and tetrapod limbs are thus probably convergent, and the pectoral fin of Sauripteris should not be used as a model limb precursor.
C1 Australian Museum, Palaeontol Sect, Sydney S, NSW 2000, Australia.
   Nat Hist Museum, Dept Palaeontol, London SW7 5BD, England.
C3 Australian Museum; Natural History Museum London
RP Johanson, Z (corresponding author), Australian Museum, Palaeontol Sect, 6 Coll St, Sydney S, NSW 2000, Australia.
NR 24
TC 52
Z9 56
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 6
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6693
BP 569
EP 573
DI 10.1038/29058
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 107YN
UT WOS:000075238700045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bulatov, V
   Abraham, FF
   Kubin, L
   Devincre, B
   Yip, S
AF Bulatov, V
   Abraham, FF
   Kubin, L
   Devincre, B
   Yip, S
TI Connecting atomistic and mesoscale simulations of crystal plasticity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB A quantitative description of plastic deformation in crystalline solids requires a knowledge of how an assembly of dislocations-the defects responsible for crystal plasticity-evolves under stress(1). In this context, molecular-dynamics simulations have been used to elucidate interatomic processes on microscopic (similar to 10(-10) m) scales(2), whereas 'dislocation-dynamics' simulations have explored the long-range elastic interactions between dislocations on mesoscopic (similar to 10(-6) m) scales(3). But a quantitative connection between interatomic processes and behaviour on mesoscopic scales has hitherto been lacking. Here we show how such a connection can be made using large-scale (100 million atoms) molecular-dynamics simulations to establish the local rules for mesoscopic simulations of interacting dislocations. In our molecular-dynamics simulations,we observe directly the formation and subsequent destruction of a junction (a Lomer-Cottrell lock) between two dislocations in the plastic zone near a crack tip: the formation of such junctions is an essential process in plastic deformation, as they act as an obstacle to dislocation motion. The force required to destroy this junction is then used to formulate the critical condition for junction destruction in a dislocation-dynamics simulation, the results of which compare well with previous deformation experiments(4).
C1 MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   IBM Corp, Almaden Res Ctr, Div Res, San Jose, CA 95120 USA.
   ONERA, CNRS, Lab Etud Microstruct, F-92322 Chatillon, France.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); International Business Machines (IBM); IBM USA; Universite Paris Saclay; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); National Office for Aerospace Studies & Research (ONERA)
RP Bulatov, V (corresponding author), MIT, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
NR 9
TC 275
Z9 302
U1 1
U2 119
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 12
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6668
BP 669
EP 672
DI 10.1038/35577
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YW872
UT WOS:000071982500044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rainey, PB
   Travisano, M
AF Rainey, PB
   Travisano, M
TI Adaptive radiation in a heterogeneous environment
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID evolution; adaptation; bacteria; diversification; polymorphism; populations; divergence; tests
AB Successive adaptive radiations have played a pivotal role in the evolution of biological diversity(1-3). The effects of adaptive radiation are often seen(4-6), but the underlying causes are difficult to disentangle and remain unclear(7-9). Here we examine directly the role of ecological opportunity and competition in driving genetic diversification. We use the common aerobic bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens(10), which evolves rapidly under novel environmental conditions to generate a large repertoire of mutants(11-13). When provided with ecological opportunity (afforded by spatial structure), identical populations diversify morphologically, but when ecological opportunity is restricted there is no such divergence. In spatially structured environments, the evolution of variant morphs follows a predictable sequence and we show that competition among the newly evolved niche-specialists maintains this variation. These results demonstrate that the elementary processes of mutation and selection alone are suifficient to promote rapid proliferation of new designs and support the theory that trade-offs in competitive ability drive adaptive radiation(14,15).
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Plant Sci, Oxford OX1 3RB, England.
C3 University of Oxford
RP Rainey, PB (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Plant Sci, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3RB, England.
EM prainey@worf.molbiol.ox.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 950
Z9 1120
U1 0
U2 451
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 2
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6688
BP 69
EP 72
DI 10.1038/27900
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZY030
UT WOS:000074579600049
PM 9665128
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Buck, WR
   Poliakov, ANB
AF Buck, WR
   Poliakov, ANB
TI Abyssal hills formed by stretching oceanic lithosphere
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID accreting plate boundary; self-organized criticality; mid-atlantic ridge; crustal thickness; segmentation; topography; model; episodicity; deformation; mechanisms
AB Tectonic plates are formed and move apart at mid-ocean ridges. Some portion of this plate-separation process can occur by stretching of the crust, resulting in a complex pattern of extensional faults. Abyssal hills, the most ubiquitous topographic features on Earth(1), are thought to be a product of this faulting(2,3). Here we report the results of a self-consistent numerical model of Lithospheric formation and stretching that includes spontaneous fault creation, In this model, an axial valley develops where the fault activity is most concentrated, The 'frozen' fault-generated topography, rafted out of the axial valley, is visually and statistically similar to observed abyssal hills formed at many slower-spreading ridges. Faults appear to be replaced by new faults because their offset changes the local stress field, We accordingly need no temporal variation in magmatism, as required by some previous models(4-6), to control the spacing or offset of faults. Our model results suggest instead that the irregularity of abyssal hill relief may result from a self-organized critical stress state at spreading centres.
C1 Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
   Univ Montpellier 2, CNRS, UMR 5573, Lab Geophys & Tecton, Montpellier 05, France.
C3 Columbia University; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite de Montpellier
RP Buck, WR (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
EM buck@lamont.ldeo.columbia.edu
NR 29
TC 101
Z9 111
U1 0
U2 26
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 19
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6673
BP 272
EP 275
DI 10.1038/32636
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZC739
UT WOS:000072612300044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Britt, BB
   Makovicky, PJ
   Gauthier, J
   Bonde, N
AF Britt, BB
   Makovicky, PJ
   Gauthier, J
   Bonde, N
TI Postcranial pneumatization in Archaeopteryx
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Pneumatization of the postcranial skeleton by the lungs is thought to be a hallmark of the avian skeleton, and to be an adaptation for flight by reducing weight, Pneumatic features have, however, remained elusive in the primitive avialan Archaeopteryx lithographica. The hollow long bones of Archaeopteryx were first interpreted to be pneumatized(1), but this interpretation was later rejected because of an absence of pneumatic foramina in these bones that connect their interiors with the respiratory system(2-6). Pneumatic features have also been recognized in the axial skeleton of many non-avialan theropod dinosaurs (and some other archosaurs of the bird dade). The purported lack of postcranial pneumatic features in Archaeopteryx has been interpreted as a primitive condition of avialans; this raises doubts about the homology between postcranial pneumatic features of birds and non-avialan theropods(7). Here we re-examine two specimens of Archaeopteryx These specimens show evidence of vertebral pneumaticity in the cervical and anterior thoracic vertebrae, thus confirming the phylogenetic continuity between the pneumatic systems of non-avialan theropods and living birds.
C1 Amer Museum Nat Hist, Dept Vertebrate Paleontol, New York, NY 10024 USA.
   Museum Western Colorado, Grand Junction, CO 81502 USA.
   Yale Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Univ Copenhagen, Inst Hist Geol & Paloeontol, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
C3 American Museum of Natural History (AMNH); Yale University; University of Copenhagen
RP Makovicky, PJ (corresponding author), Amer Museum Nat Hist, Dept Vertebrate Paleontol, Cent Pk W & 79th St, New York, NY 10024 USA.
EM pmako@amnh.org
NR 24
TC 60
Z9 67
U1 1
U2 21
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 24
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6700
BP 374
EP 376
DI 10.1038/26469
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 122QW
UT WOS:000076083800051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Picciotto, MR
   Zoli, M
   Rimondini, R
   Léna, C
   Marubio, LM
   Pich, EM
   Fuxe, K
   Changeux, JP
AF Picciotto, MR
   Zoli, M
   Rimondini, R
   Léna, C
   Marubio, LM
   Pich, EM
   Fuxe, K
   Changeux, JP
TI Acetylcholine receptors containing the β2 subunit are involved in the reinforcing properties of nicotine
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ventral tegmental area; h-3 dopamine release; nucleus-accumbens; autoradiographic analysis; rat-brain; invitro; modulation; pituitary; striatum; system
AB Release of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the mesolimbic system of the brain mediates the reinforcing properties of several drugs of abuse, including nicotine(1). Here we investigate the contribution of the high-affinity neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor(2) to the effects of nicotine on the mesolimbic dopamine system in mice lacking the beta 2 subunit of this receptor(3). We found that nicotine stimulates dopamine release in the ventral striatum of wild-type mice but not in the ventral striatum of beta 2-mutant mice. Using patch-clamp recording, we show that mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons from mice without the beta 2 subunit no longer respond to nicotine, and that self-administration of nicotine is attenuated in these mutant mice. Our results strongly support the idea that the beta 2-containing neuronal nicotinic acetycholine receptor is involv ed in mediating the reinforcing properties of nicotine.
C1 Inst Pasteur, CNRS, UA D128, F-75724 Paris, France.
   Karolinska Inst, Dept Histol, S-10401 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Glaxo Wellcome Res & Dev Ltd, Geneva Biomed Res Inst, CH-1228 Geneva, Switzerland.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Karolinska Institutet; GlaxoSmithKline; GlaxoSmithKline Switzerland
RP Changeux, JP (corresponding author), Inst Pasteur, CNRS, UA D128, 28 Rue Dr Roux, F-75724 Paris, France.
NR 29
TC 1090
Z9 1272
U1 4
U2 63
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 8
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6663
BP 173
EP 177
DI 10.1038/34413
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YQ378
UT WOS:000071380900050
PM 9428762
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ahmad, M
   Jarillo, JA
   Smirnova, O
   Cashmore, AR
AF Ahmad, M
   Jarillo, JA
   Smirnova, O
   Cashmore, AR
TI Cryptochrome blue-light photoreceptors of Arabidopsis implicated in phototropism
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inhibited hypocotyl elongation; thaliana; mutations; protein; mutants; gene; dependence; encodes
AB Phototropism-bending towards the light-is one of the best known plant tropic responses(1,2) Despite being reported by Darwin and others(3,4) over a century ago to be specifically under the control of blue light, the photoreceptors mediating phototropism have remained unknown. We have characterized a blue-light photoreceptor from Arabidopsis named CRY1 for cryptochrome 1 (ref, 5); this photoreceptor is a flavoprotein that mediates numerous blue-light-dependent responses(6). In Arabidopsis, HY4 (the gene encoding CRY1) is a member of a small gene family that also encodes a related photoreceptor, CRY2 (refs 7, 8), which shares considerable functional overlap with CRY1 (ref, 9). Here we report that mutant plants lacking both the CRY1 and the CRY2 blue-light photoreceptors are deficient in the phototropic response. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing CRY1 or CRY2 show enhanced phototropic curvature. We conclude that cryptochrome is one of the photoreceptors mediating phototropism in plants.
C1 Univ Penn, Dept Biol, Inst Plant Sci, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 University of Pennsylvania
RP Ahmad, M (corresponding author), Univ Penn, Dept Biol, Inst Plant Sci, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
EM mahmad@mail.sas.upenn.edu
NR 28
TC 133
Z9 156
U1 1
U2 54
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 16
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6677
BP 720
EP 723
DI 10.1038/33701
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZH612
UT WOS:000073129000060
PM 9565033
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schneider, BL
   Patton, EE
   Lanker, S
   Mendenhall, MD
   Wittenberg, C
   Futcher, B
   Tyers, M
AF Schneider, BL
   Patton, EE
   Lanker, S
   Mendenhall, MD
   Wittenberg, C
   Futcher, B
   Tyers, M
TI Yeast G1 cyclins are unstable in G1 phase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-cycle; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; mating pheromone; proteasome pathway; rapid degradation; g2 cyclins; phosphorylation; protein; kinase; turnover
AB In most eukaryotes, commitment to cell division occurs in late G1 phase at an event called Start in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae(1), and called the restriction point in mammalian cells(2). Start is triggered by the cyclin-dependent kinase Cdc28 and three rate-limiting activators, the G1 cyclins Cln1, Cln2 and Cln3 (ref. 3). Cyclin accumulation in G1 is driven in part by the cell-cycle-regulated transcription of CLN1 and CLN2, which peaks at Start(3). CLN transcription is modulated by physiological signals that regulate G1 progression(4,5), but it is unclear whether Cln protein stability is cell-cycle-regulated It has been suggested that once cells pass Start, Cln proteolysis is triggered by the mitotic cyclins Clb1, 2, 3 and 4 (ref. 6), But here we show that G1 cyclins are unstable in G1 phase, and that Clb-Cdc28 activity is not needed for G1 cyclin turnover. Cln instability thus provides a means to couple Cln-Cdc28 activity to transcriptional regulation and protein synthetic rate in pre-Start G1 cells.
C1 Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
   Mt Sinai Hosp, Samuel Lunenfeld Res Inst, Programme Mol Biol & Canc, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Grad Dept Mol & Med Genet, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
   Scripps Res Inst, Dept Mol Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Univ Kentucky, Dept Biochem, Lucille P Markey Canc Ctr, Lexington, KY 40536 USA.
C3 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; University of Toronto; Sinai Health System Toronto; Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute; University of Toronto; Scripps Research Institute; University of Kentucky
RP Futcher, B (corresponding author), Cold Spring Harbor Lab, POB 100, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
EM futcher@cshl.org; tyers@mshri.on.ca
NR 30
TC 61
Z9 77
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 3
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6697
BP 86
EP 89
DI 10.1038/25774
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 116JY
UT WOS:000075722200052
PM 9738503
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Briffa, KR
   Jones, PD
   Schweingruber, FH
   Osborn, TJ
AF Briffa, KR
   Jones, PD
   Schweingruber, FH
   Osborn, TJ
TI Influence of volcanic eruptions on Northern Hemisphere summer temperature over the past 600 years
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID greenland ice core; tree-ring evidence; explosive volcanism; climate-change; reconstructions; chronology; america; impact; record
AB A network of temperature-sensitive tree-ring-density chronologies provides circum-hemisphere information on year-by-year changes in summer warmth in different regions of the northern boreal forest(1). Combining these data into a single time-series provides a good summer-temperature proxy for northern high latitudes and the Northern Hemisphere as a whole(2), Here we use this well dated, high-resolution composite time-series to suggest that large explosive volcanic eruptions produced different extents of Northern Hemisphere cooling during the past 600 years. The large effect of some recent eruptions is apparent, such as in 1816, 1884 and 1912, but the relative effects of other known, and perhaps some previously unknown, pre-nineteenth-century eruptions are also evaluated. The most severe short-term Northern Hemisphere cooling event of the past 600 years occurred in 1601, suggesting that either the effect on climate of the eruption of Huaynaputina, Peru, in 1600 has previously been greatly underestimated, or another, as yet unidentified, eruption occurred at the same time. Other strong cooling events occurred in 1453, seemingly confirming a 1452 date for the eruption of Kuwae, southwest Pacific, and in 1641/42, 1666, 1695 and 1698.
C1 Univ E Anglia, Climat Res Unit, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England.
   Swiss Fed Inst Forest Snow & Landscape Res, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
C3 University of East Anglia; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow & Landscape Research
RP Briffa, KR (corresponding author), Univ E Anglia, Climat Res Unit, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England.
EM k.briffa@uea.ac.uk
NR 38
TC 578
Z9 680
U1 4
U2 173
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 4
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6684
BP 450
EP 455
DI 10.1038/30943
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZR842
UT WOS:000074020000039
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Horton, B
AF Horton, B
TI Light in the gloom for cell biologists
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 19
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6669
BP 819
EP 820
DI 10.1038/35912
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YX884
UT WOS:000072089500062
PM 9486656
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU García-Cardeña, G
   Fan, R
   Shah, V
   Sorrentino, R
   Cirino, G
   Papapetropoulos, A
   Sessa, WC
AF García-Cardeña, G
   Fan, R
   Shah, V
   Sorrentino, R
   Cirino, G
   Papapetropoulos, A
   Sessa, WC
TI Dynamic activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by Hsp90
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID receptor tyrosine kinase; palmitoylation; drosophila; sevenless; pathways; cells
AB Heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90) coordinates the trafficking and regulation of diverse signalling proteins, but its precise role in regulating specific cellular targets is not known(1,2). Here we show that Hsp90 associates with endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and is rapidly recruited to the eNOS complex by agonists that stimulate production of nitric oxide, namely vascular endothelial growth factor, histamine and fluid shear stress. Moreover, the binding of Hsp90 to eNOS enhances the activation of eNOS. Inhibition of signalling through Hsp90 attenuates both agonist-stimulated production of nitric oxide and endothelium-dependent relaxation of isolated blood vessels. Our results indicate that Hsp90 facilitates signalling mediated by growth-factor, G-protein and mechanotransduction pathways that lead to the activation of eNOS. These observations indicate that in addition to its role as a molecular chaperone involved in protein folding and maturation, Hsp90 may also be recruited to cellular targets depending on the activation state of the cell.
C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, New Haven, CT 06536 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Mol Cardiobiol Program, New Haven, CT 06536 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Boyer Ctr Mol Med, Dept Med, New Haven, CT 06536 USA.
   Univ Naples Federico II, Dipartimento Farmacol Sperimentale, I-80131 Naples, Italy.
C3 Yale University; Yale University; Yale University; University of Naples Federico II
RP Sessa, WC (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06536 USA.
EM william.sessa@yale.edu
NR 30
TC 870
Z9 985
U1 0
U2 41
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 23
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6678
BP 821
EP 824
DI 10.1038/33934
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZJ679
UT WOS:000073241200055
PM 9580552
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kesson, SE
   Fitz Gerald, JD
   Shelley, JM
AF Kesson, SE
   Fitz Gerald, JD
   Shelley, JM
TI Mineralogy and dynamics of a pyrolite lower mantle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phase-transformations; high-pressure; perovskite; stability; equation; state; crust
AB There is a growing consensus that-the Earth's lower mantle possesses a bulk composition broadly similar to that of the upper mantle (known as pyrolite)(1-3). But little is known about lower-mantle mineralogy and phase chemistry(4,5), especially at depth. Here we report diamond-anvil cell experiments at pressures of 70 and 135 GPa (equivalent to depths within the Earth of about 1,500 and 2,900 km, respectively) which show that pyrolite would consist solely of magnesian-silicate perovskite (MgPv), calcium-silicate perovskite (CaPv) and magnesiowustite(Mw). Contrary to recent speculation(6,7), no additional phases or disproportionations were encountered and MgPv was found to be present at both pressures. Moreover, we estimate that, at ultrahigh pressures where thermal expansivities are low, buoyancy forces inherent in subducted slabs because of their lithology will be of similar magnitude to those required for thermally driven upwelling. So slabs would need to be about 850 degrees C cooler than their surroundings if they are to sink to the base of the mantle. Furthermore, initiation of plume-like upwellings from the core-mantle boundary, long attributed to superheating, may be-triggered by lithologically induced buoyancy well before thermal equilibration is attained. We estimate that ascent would commence within similar to 0.5 Gyr of the slab reaching the core-mantle boundary, in which case the lowermost mantle should not be interpreted as a long-term repository for ancient slabs.
C1 Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Earth Sci, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
C3 Australian National University
RP Kesson, SE (corresponding author), Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Earth Sci, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
EM Sue.Kesson@snu.edu.au
NR 29
TC 194
Z9 219
U1 0
U2 47
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 21
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6682
BP 252
EP 255
DI 10.1038/30466
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZP513
UT WOS:000073761000048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU House, MA
   Wernicke, BP
   Farley, KA
AF House, MA
   Wernicke, BP
   Farley, KA
TI Dating topography of the Sierra Nevada, California, using apatite (U-Th)/He ages
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thermal evolution; magmatic arc; uplift; thermochronometry
AB The upward motion of rock masses relative to the Earth's surface has been documented for most of the main mountain belts using thermochronological and petrological techniques. More fundamental to the physical processes of mountain building, however, is the motion of the Earth's surface itself, which remains elusive(1). Here we describe a technique for estimating the age of topographic relief by mapping the low-temperature thermal structure imparted by river incision using the ages of apatites determined from their uranium, thorium and helium contents. The technique exploits horizontal variations in temperature in the shallow crust that result from range-normal river drainages(2,3), because cooling beneath ancient river valleys occurs earlier than beneath inter vening ridges. Our results from the Sierra Nevada, California, indicate that two of the modern transverse drainages, the Kings and the San Joaquin, had developed deep canyons by the Late Cretaceous period, suggesting that the high topography of the, range is similar to 50-60 million years older than generally thought(4-6).
C1 CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology
RP House, MA (corresponding author), CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM house@eas.slu.edu
NR 25
TC 239
Z9 289
U1 2
U2 60
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 5
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6706
BP 66
EP 69
DI 10.1038/23926
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 136HE
UT WOS:000076852700053
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lanier, LL
   Corliss, BC
   Wu, J
   Leong, C
   Phillips, JH
AF Lanier, LL
   Corliss, BC
   Wu, J
   Leong, C
   Phillips, JH
TI Immunoreceptor DAP12 bearing a tyrosine-based activation motif is involved in activating NK cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID natural-killer-cells; hla-c; receptor; kinases; phosphatases; superfamily; recognition; family; cd94; tcr
AB Natural killer (NK) cells express cell-surface receptors of the immunoglobulin and C-type lectin superfamilies that recognize major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I peptides and inhibit NK-cell-mediated cytotoxicity(1). These inhibitory receptors possess ITIM sequences (for immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs) in their cytoplasmic domains that recruit SH2-domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatases, resulting in inactivation of NK cells(2-4). Certain isoforms of these NK-cell receptors lack ITIM sequences and it has been proposed that these 'non-inhibitory' receptors may activate,rather than inhibit, NK cells(4-6). Here we show that DAP12, a disulphide-bonded homodimer containing an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) in its cytoplasmic domain, non-covalently associates with membrane glycoproteins of the killer-cell inhibitory receptor (KIR) family without an ITIM in their cytoplasmic domain. Crosslinking of KIR-DAP12 complexes results in cellular activation, as demonstrated by tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins and upregulation of early-activation antigens. Phosphorylated DAP12 peptides bind ZAP-70 and Syk protein tyrosine kinases, suggesting that the activation pathway is similar to that of the T- and B-cell antigen receptors.
C1 DNAX Res Inst Mol & Cellular Biol Inc, Dept Immunobiol, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.
C3 Merck & Company; Dnax Research Institute Of Molecular & Cellular Biology Inc.
RP Lanier, LL (corresponding author), DNAX Res Inst Mol & Cellular Biol Inc, Dept Immunobiol, 901 Calif Ave, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.
NR 28
TC 795
Z9 923
U1 0
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 12
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6668
BP 703
EP 707
DI 10.1038/35642
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YW872
UT WOS:000071982500055
PM 9490415
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Etienne, AS
   Maurer, R
   Berlie, J
   Reverdin, B
   Rowe, T
   Georgakopoulos, J
   Séguinot, V
AF Etienne, AS
   Maurer, R
   Berlie, J
   Reverdin, B
   Rowe, T
   Georgakopoulos, J
   Séguinot, V
TI Navigation through vector addition
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID path integration; house mouse; distance
AB During short foraging excursions away from their home, central place foragers update their position relative to their point of departure by processing signals generated by locomotion. They therefore can home along a self-generated vector without using learned references, In rodents(1-5) and other mammals(6,7), this path integration process (dead reckoning) can occur on the basis of purely internal signals, such as vestibular(8) or proprioceptive (re)afferences(6). We report here that hamsters are also capable of proceeding to a previously learned feeding site through vector information from locomotion only. The subjects compute(9) the direction and distance to the goal by subtracting their current-position vector from the stored nest-to-goal vector. This computation pertains to locations per se and therefore occurs in absolute space, independently of landmark objects. If available, prominent visual cues merely serve to confirm the path planned through the addition of self-generated vectors, whereas visual as well as nonvisual references confirm that the subject has arrived at the goal site.
C1 Univ Geneva, FPSE, Ethol Lab, CH-1227 Carouge, Switzerland.
C3 University of Geneva
RP Etienne, AS (corresponding author), Univ Geneva, FPSE, Ethol Lab, 54 Route Acacias, CH-1227 Carouge, Switzerland.
EM Ariane.Etienne@pse.unige.ch; Roland.Maurer@pse.unige.ch
NR 17
TC 98
Z9 109
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 12
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6707
BP 161
EP 164
DI 10.1038/24151
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 139DU
UT WOS:000077013300050
PM 9823894
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Asphaug, E
   Ostro, SJ
   Hudson, RS
   Scheeres, DJ
   Benz, W
AF Asphaug, E
   Ostro, SJ
   Hudson, RS
   Scheeres, DJ
   Benz, W
TI Disruption of kilometre-sized asteroids by energetic collisions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID impact; fragmentation; encounter
AB Recent numerical studies(1-5) suggest that 'rubble-pile' asteroids (gravitationally bound aggregates of collisional debris) are common in the Solar System, and that self-gravitation may equal or exceed material cohesion for planetary bodies as small as several hundred metres. Because analytical scaling relations for impact cratering and disruption(6-8) do not extend to this size regime, where gravity and material strength are both important, detailed simulations are needed to predict how small asteroids evolve through impact, and also to ascertain whether powerful explosions offer a viable defence against bodies headed for a collision with Earth. Here we present simulations, using a smooth-particle hydrodynamics code(9), of energetic impacts into small planetary bodies with internal structure ranging from solid rock to porous aggregate. We find that the outcome of a collision is very sensitive to the configuration of pre-existing fractures and voids in the target. A porous asteroid (or one with deep regolith) damps the propagation of the shock wave from the impactor, sheltering the most distant regions, while greatly enhancing the local deposition of energy. Multiple-component asteroids (such as contact binaries) are also protected, because the shock wave cannot traverse the discontinuity between the components. We conclude that the first impact to significantly fragment an asteroid may determine its subsequent collisional evolution, and that internal structure will greatly influence attempts to disrupt or deflect an asteroid or comet headed towards Earth.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   NASA, Jet Prop Lab 300 233, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
   Washington State Univ, Sch Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA.
   Iowa State Univ, Dept Aerosp Engn & Engn Mech, Ames, IA 50011 USA.
   Univ Bern, Inst Phys, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); Washington State University; Iowa State University; University of Bern
RP Asphaug, E (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
NR 24
TC 147
Z9 156
U1 0
U2 27
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 4
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6684
BP 437
EP 440
DI 10.1038/30911
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZR842
UT WOS:000074020000034
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU German, CR
   Baker, ET
   Mevel, C
   Tamaki, K
AF German, CR
   Baker, ET
   Mevel, C
   Tamaki, K
TI Hydrothermal activity along the southwest Indian ridge
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID triple junction; plumes; ocean
AB Twenty years after the discovery of sea-floor hot springs, vast stretches of the global mid-ocean-ridge system remain unexplored for hydrothermal venting, The southwest Indian ridge is a particularly intriguing, region, as it is both the slowest-spreading of the main ridges(1) and the sole modern migration pathway between the diverse vent fauna of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans(2). A recent model postulates that a linear relation exists between vent frequency and spreading rate(3) and predicts vent fields to be scarcest along the slowest-spreading ridge sections, thus impeding migration and enhancing faunal diversity(2). Here, however, we report evidence of hydrothermal plumes at six locations within two 200-km-long sections of the southwest Indian ridge indicating: a higher frequency of venting than expected. These results suggest that fluxes of heat and chemicals from slow-spreading ridges may be greater than previously thought and that faunal migration along the southwest Indian ridge may serve as an important corridor for gene-flow between Pacific and Atlantic hydrothermal fields.
C1 Southampton Oceanog Ctr, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England.
   NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA.
   Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Lab Petrol, F-75252 Paris, France.
   Univ Tokyo, Ocean Res Inst, Nakano Ku, Tokyo 164, Japan.
C3 NERC National Oceanography Centre; University of Southampton; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Sorbonne Universite; University of Tokyo
RP German, CR (corresponding author), Southampton Oceanog Ctr, Empress Dock, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England.
NR 18
TC 145
Z9 178
U1 0
U2 41
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 1
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6701
BP 490
EP 493
DI 10.1038/26730
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 124ZG
UT WOS:000076212200052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yao, S
   Ghosh, I
   Zutshi, R
   Chmielewski, J
AF Yao, S
   Ghosh, I
   Zutshi, R
   Chmielewski, J
TI Selective amplification by auto- and cross-catalysis in a replicating peptide system
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID self-replication; hexadeoxynucleotide; sequence; linkage
AB Self-replication has been demonstrated in synthetic chemical systems based on oligonucleotides(1-7), peptides(8-12) and complementary molecules without natural analogues(13-16). However, within a living cell virtually no molecule catalyses its own formation, and the search for chemical systems in which both auto- and cross-catalysis can occur has therefore attracted wide interest(17). One such system, consisting of two self-replicating peptides that catalyse each other's production, has been reported(10). Here we describe a four-component peptide system that is capable of auto- and cross-catalysis and allows for the selective amplification of one or more of the products by changing the reaction conditions. The ability of this system selectively to amplify one or more molecules in response to changes in environmental conditions such as pH or salt concentration supports the suggestions that self-replicating peptides may have played a role in the origin of life.
C1 Purdue Univ, Dept Chem, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA.
C3 Purdue University System; Purdue University
RP Chmielewski, J (corresponding author), Purdue Univ, Dept Chem, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA.
NR 20
TC 139
Z9 153
U1 0
U2 35
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 3
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6710
BP 447
EP 450
DI 10.1038/24814
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 145KL
UT WOS:000077370100048
PM 9853750
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Williams, SP
   Sigler, PB
AF Williams, SP
   Sigler, PB
TI Atomic structure of progesterone complexed with its receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thyroid-hormone receptor; ligand-binding domain; crystal-structure; retinoic acid; c-terminus; activation; dimerization; ru486; mechanism; dna
AB The physiological effects of progestins are mediated by the progesterone receptor, a member of the steroid/nuclear receptor superfamily(1). As progesterone is required for maintenance of pregnancy, its receptor has been a target for pharmaceuticals(2). Here we report the 1.8 Angstrom crystal structure of a progesterone-bound ligand-binding domain of the human progesterone receptor. The nature of this structure explains the receptor's selective affinity for progestins and establishes a common mode of recognition of 3-oxy steroids by the cognate receptors. Although the overall fold of the progesterone receptor is similar to that found in related receptors(3-6), the progesterone receptor has a quite different mode of dimerization(3,6). A hormone-induced stabilization of the carboxy-terminal secondary structure of the ligand-binding domain of the progesterone receptor accounts for the stereo-chemistry of this distinctive dimer, explains the receptor's characteristic pattern of ligand-dependent protease resistance and its loss of repression(7,8), and indicates how the anti-progestin RU486 might work in birth control. The structure also indicates that the analogous 3-keto-steroid receptors may have a similar mechanism of action.
C1 Yale Univ, Dept Mol Biophys & Biochem, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
   Yale Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
C3 Yale University; Yale University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Sigler, PB (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Dept Mol Biophys & Biochem, 160 Whitney Ave, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
NR 28
TC 573
Z9 629
U1 0
U2 34
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 28
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6683
BP 392
EP 396
DI 10.1038/30775
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZQ593
UT WOS:000073883600061
PM 9620806
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Judd, SPD
   Collett, TS
AF Judd, SPD
   Collett, TS
TI Multiple stored views and landmark guidance in ants
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID visual spatial memory; orientation; recognition; hymenoptera; perception; pattern; flight; bees
AB Under some circumstances, Diptera and Hymenoptera learn visual shapes retinotopically, so that they only recognize the shape when it is viewed by the same region of retina that was exposed to it during learning(1,2). One use of such retinotopically stored views is in guiding an insect's path to a familiar site(3-5). Because the retinal image of an object changes with viewing distance and (sometimes) direction, a single stored view may be insufficient to guide an insect from start to goal. Little, however, is known about the number of views that insects store. Here we show that wood ants take several 'snapshots' of a familiar beacon from different vantage points. An ant leaving a newly discovered food source at the base of a landmark performs a tortuous walk back to its nest during which it periodically turns back and faces the landmark The ant, on revisiting the familiar landmark, holds the edges of the landmark's image steady at several discrete positions on its retina. These preferred retinal positions tend to match the positions of landmark edges that the ant captured during its preceding 'learning walks'.
C1 Univ Sussex, Sch Biol Sci, Sussex Ctr Neurosci, Brighton BN1 9QG, E Sussex, England.
C3 University of Sussex
RP Judd, SPD (corresponding author), Univ Sussex, Sch Biol Sci, Sussex Ctr Neurosci, Brighton BN1 9QG, E Sussex, England.
NR 16
TC 156
Z9 166
U1 0
U2 32
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 16
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6677
BP 710
EP 714
DI 10.1038/33681
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZH612
UT WOS:000073129000057
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shen, Y
   Solomon, SC
   Bjarnason, IT
   Wolfe, CJ
AF Shen, Y
   Solomon, SC
   Bjarnason, IT
   Wolfe, CJ
TI Seismic evidence for a lower-mantle origin of the Iceland plume
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID temperature-dependent viscosity; discontinuity beneath; phase; ridge; zone; convection; boundary; dynamics
AB Iceland, one of the most thoroughly investigated hotspots(1-3), is generally accepted to be the manifestation of an upwelling mantle plume(4). Yet whether the plume originates from the lower mantle or from a convective instability at a thermal boundary layer between the upper and lower mantle near 660 km depth(5.6) remains unconstrained. Tomographic inversions of body-wave delay times show that low seismic velocities extend to at least 400 km depth beneath central Iceland(7,8), but cannot resolve structure at greater depth. Here we report lateral variations in the depths of compressional-to-shear wave conversions at the two seismic discontinuities marking the top and bottom of the mantle transition zone beneath Iceland. We find that the transition zone is 20 km thinner than in the average Earth(9) beneath central and southern Iceland, but is of normal thickness beneath surrounding areas, a result indicative of a hot and narrow plume originating from the lower mantle.
C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Geol & Geophys, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
   Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Terr Magnetism, Washington, DC 20015 USA.
   Univ Iceland, Inst Sci, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland.
C3 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Carnegie Institution for Science; University of Iceland
RP Shen, Y (corresponding author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Geol & Geophys, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
EM yshen@whoi.edu
NR 31
TC 198
Z9 219
U1 0
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 3
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6697
BP 62
EP 65
DI 10.1038/25714
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 116JY
UT WOS:000075722200045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU De La Rocha, CL
   Brzezinski, MA
   DeNiro, MJ
   Shemesh, A
AF De La Rocha, CL
   Brzezinski, MA
   DeNiro, MJ
   Shemesh, A
TI Silicon-isotope composition of diatoms as an indicator of past oceanic change
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID southern-ocean; biogenic silica; atlantic sector; productivity; dissolution; sediments; ratios; cycle; sea
AB Silicon is essential for the growth of diatoms, a group of phytoplankton with opal (amorphous hydrated silica) shells, Diatoms largely control the, cycling of silicon in the ocean(1) and, conversely; diatom silica production rates can be limited by the availability of silicic acid(2). Diatoms are biogeochemically important in that they account for an estimated 75% of the primary production occurring in coastal and nutrient-replete waters(1), rising to more than 90% during ice-edge blooms such as occur in the Ross Sea, off Antarctica(3). There are few means by which to reconstruct the history of diatom productivity and marine silicon cycling, and thus to explore the potential contribution of diatoms to past oceanic biogeochemistry or climate, Indices based on the accumulation of sedimentary opal are often biased by the. winnowing and focusing of sediments and by opal dissolution(4-7) Normalization of opal accumulation records using particle-reactive natural radionuclides may correct for sediment redistribution artefacts and the dissolution of opal within sediments(6,8), but not for opal dissolution before it arrives at the sea floor, Half of the opal produced in the euphotic zone may dissolve before sinking to a depth of 200 m (ref. 1), constituting a potentially large bias to both normalized and uncorrected records of opal accumulation. Here we exploit the potential that: variations in the ratio of (30)Si to (28)Si in sedimentary opal may provide information on past silicon cycling that is unbiased by opal dissolution. Our silicon stable-isotope measurements suggest that the percentage utilization of silicic acid by diatoms in the Southern Ocean during the last glacial period was strongly diminished relative to the present interglacial.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Ecol Evolut & Marine Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Geol Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Environm Sci & Energy Res, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; Weizmann Institute of Science
RP De La Rocha, CL (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
EM delaroch@uclink4.berkeley.edu
NR 32
TC 255
Z9 280
U1 1
U2 121
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 15
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6703
BP 680
EP 683
DI 10.1038/27174
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 129PR
UT WOS:000076472600047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schrijver, CJ
   Title, AM
   Harvey, KL
   Sheeley, NR
   Wang, YM
   van den Oord, GHJ
   Shine, RA
   Tarbell, TD
   Hurlburt, NE
AF Schrijver, CJ
   Title, AM
   Harvey, KL
   Sheeley, NR
   Wang, YM
   van den Oord, GHJ
   Shine, RA
   Tarbell, TD
   Hurlburt, NE
TI Large-scale coronal heating by the small-scale magnetic field of the Sun
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID flux transport; solar corona; network
AB Magnetic fields play a crucial role in heating the outer atmospheres of the Sun and Sun-like stars, but the mechanisms by which magnetic energy in the photosphere is converted to thermal energy in the corona remain unclear. Observations show that magnetic fields emerge onto the solar surface as bipolar regions with a broad range of length scales. On large scales, the bipolar regions survive for months before dispersing: diffusively(1-3). On the smaller scales, individual bipolar regions disappear within days but are continuously replenished by new small flux concentrations, resulting in a sustained state of mixed polarity(4). Here we determine the rate of emergence of these small bipolar regions and we argue that the frequent magnetic reconnections associated with these regions (an unavoidable consequence of continued flux replacement) will heat the solar atmosphere. The model that describes the details of these mixed-polarity regions(4) is complementary to the traditional diffusion model for large-scale flux dispersal(1-3), and a combination of the two should lead to a more complete understanding of the role of magnetic fields in stellar atmospheres.
C1 Stanford Lockheed Inst Solar & Astrophys H1 12 25, Palo Alto, CA 94034 USA.
   Solar Phys Res Corp, Tucson, AZ 85718 USA.
   USN, Res Lab, EO Hulburt Ctr Space Res, Washington, DC 20375 USA.
   Univ Utrecht, Astron Inst, NL-3508 TA Utrecht, Netherlands.
C3 Stanford University; United States Department of Defense; United States Navy; United States Naval Research Laboratory; NRL Chesapeake; Utrecht University
RP Schrijver, CJ (corresponding author), Stanford Lockheed Inst Solar & Astrophys H1 12 25, 3251 Hanover St, Palo Alto, CA 94034 USA.
NR 17
TC 166
Z9 172
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 9
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6689
BP 152
EP 154
DI 10.1038/28108
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZZ203
UT WOS:000074705900044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schiotz, J
   Di Tolla, FD
   Jacobsen, KW
AF Schiotz, J
   Di Tolla, FD
   Jacobsen, KW
TI Softening of nanocrystalline metals at very small grain sizes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mechanical-property; nanophase materials; behavior; alloys; cu
AB Nanocrystalline solids, in which the grain size is in the nanometre range, often have technologically interesting properties such as increased hardness and ductility. Nanocrystalline metals can be produced in several ways, among the most common of which are high-pressure compaction of nanometre-sized clusters and high-energy ball-milling(1-4). The result is a polycrystalline metal with the grains randomly orientated. The hardness and yield stress of the material typically increase with decreasing grain size, a phenomenon known as the Hall-Fetch effect(5,6). Here we present computer simulations of the deformation of nanocrystalline copper, which show a softening with grain size (a reverse Hall-Petch effect(3,7)) for the smallest sizes. Most of the plastic deformation is due to a large number of small 'sliding' events of atomic planes at the grain boundaries, with only a minor part being caused by dislocation activity in the grains; the softening that we see at small grain sizes is therefore due to the larger fraction of atoms at grain boundaries. This softening-will ultimately impose a limit on how strong nanocrystalline metals may become.
C1 Tech Univ Denmark, Ctr Atom Scale Mat Phys, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
   Tech Univ Denmark, Dept Phys, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
C3 Technical University of Denmark; Technical University of Denmark
RP Schiotz, J (corresponding author), Tech Univ Denmark, Ctr Atom Scale Mat Phys, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
EM schiotz@fysik.dtu.dk
NR 25
TC 1594
Z9 1798
U1 20
U2 745
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 5
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6667
BP 561
EP 563
DI 10.1038/35328
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YV594
UT WOS:000071842300043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yachi, S
   Higashi, M
AF Yachi, S
   Higashi, M
TI The evolution of warning signals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID aposematic coloration; phylogenetic analysis; distasteful prey; gregariousness
AB Warning coloration signals are a familiar and conspicuous phenomenon in nature, However, the fundamental question of how warning signals initially evolved remains unanswered. For an unpalatable prey to evolve a signal to indicate its unprofitability, a rare and conspicuous mutant in a population of unpalatable cryptic prey must overcome a double disadvantage: a greater risk of being detected (as a result of being more conspicuous) and of being attacked (because its rarity results in a decreased association with aversion) by a predatol(1,2). Although the prior evolution of prey gregariousness may help warning signals to evolve(3-8), such an evolutionary order may not always be the case(4,9-11). Here we present a theoretical model that describes a mechanism for the evolution of warning signals without having to invoke gregariousness. Specifically, a predator's generalization of stimulus in associative learning with a 'peak shift' towards greater conspicuousness(5,12-15), allows a warning signal to evolve when the prey population density exceeds a threshold. Once a naming signal starts to evolve, it continues to grow; the resulting, evolutionarily stable(16) conspicuousness of prey is discontinuously greater than that of the original cryptic prey, drawing an unambiguous distinction in their appearance.
C1 Kyoto Univ, Ctr Ecol Res, Kyoto 60601, Japan.
   Ecole Normale Super, Ecol Lab, UMR 7625, F-75230 Paris 05, France.
C3 Kyoto University; Universite PSL; Ecole Normale Superieure (ENS); Sorbonne Universite
RP Higashi, M (corresponding author), Kyoto Univ, Ctr Ecol Res, Kyoto 60601, Japan.
EM higashi@ecology.kyoto-u.ac.jp
NR 23
TC 67
Z9 73
U1 0
U2 36
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 27
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6696
BP 882
EP 884
DI 10.1038/29751
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 114LW
UT WOS:000075611800045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kawasaki, H
   Eckner, R
   Yao, TP
   Taira, K
   Chiu, R
   Livingston, DM
   Yokoyama, KK
AF Kawasaki, H
   Eckner, R
   Yao, TP
   Taira, K
   Chiu, R
   Livingston, DM
   Yokoyama, KK
TI Distinct roles of the co-activators p300 and CBP in retinoic-acid-induced F9-cell differentiation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 300 kda protein; transcriptional adapter; coactivator; cells; apoptosis; antigen; target; e1a
AB The related proteins p300 and CBP (cAMP-response-element-binding protein (CREB)-binding protein)) are transcriptional co-activators that act with other factors to regulate gene expression(1-5) and play roles in many cell-differentiation add signal transduction pathways(6-10). Both proteins have intrinsic histone-acetyltransferase activity(11,12) and may act directly on chromatin, of which histone is a component, to facilitate transcription. They are also involved in growth control pathways, as shown by their interaction with the tumour-suppressor p53 (refs 13-15) and the viral oncogenes E1A (refs 1, 2, 16) and SV40 T antigen(5). Here we report functional differences of p300 and CBP in vivo. We examined their roles during retinoic-acid-induced differentiation, cell-cycle exit and programmed cell death (apoptosis) of embryonal carcinoma F9 cells(17,20), using hammerhead ribozymes capable of cleaving either p300 or CBP messenger RNAs. F9 cells expressing a p300-specific ribozyme became resistant to retinoic-acid-induced differentiation, whereas cells expressing a CBP-specific ribozyme were unaffected. Similarly, retinoic-acid-induced transcriptional upregulation of the cell-cycle inhibitor p21(Cip1) required normal levels of p300, but not CBP, whereas the reverse was true for p27(Kip1). In contrast, both ribozymes blocked retinoic-acid-induced apoptosis, indicating that both co-activators are required for this process. Thus, despite their similarities, p300 and CBP have distinct functions during retinoic-acid-induced differentiation of F9 cells.
C1 Inst Phys & Chem Res, Tsukuba Life Sci Ctr, Tsukuba Sci City 3050074, Japan.
   Univ Tsukuba, Inst Appl Biochem, Tsukuba Sci City 3050006, Japan.
   Univ Zurich, Inst Mol Biol, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Dana Farber Canc Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Med, Dept Surg Oncol, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Jonsson Comprehens Canc Ctr, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA.
C3 RIKEN; University of Tsukuba; University of Zurich; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Yokoyama, KK (corresponding author), Inst Phys & Chem Res, Tsukuba Life Sci Ctr, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba Sci City 3050074, Japan.
NR 28
TC 297
Z9 330
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 21
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6682
BP 284
EP 289
DI 10.1038/30538
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZP513
UT WOS:000073761000058
PM 9607768
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ceder, G
   Chiang, YM
   Sadoway, DR
   Aydinol, MK
   Jang, YI
   Huang, B
AF Ceder, G
   Chiang, YM
   Sadoway, DR
   Aydinol, MK
   Jang, YI
   Huang, B
TI Identification of cathode materials for lithium batteries guided by first-principles calculations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cells
AB Lithium batteries have the highest energy density of all rechargeable batteries and are favoured in applications where low weight or small volume are desired - for example, laptop computers, cellular telephones and electric vehicles(1). One of the limitations of present commercial lithium batteries is the high cost of the LiCoO2 cathode material. Searches for a replacement material that, Like LiCoO2, intercalates lithium ions reversibly have covered most of the known lithium/transition-metal oxides, but the number of possible mixtures of these(2-5) is almost limitless, making an empirical search labourious and expensive. Here we show that first-principles calculations can instead direct the search for possible cathode materials. Through such calculations we identify a large class of new candidate materials in which non-transition metals are substituted for transition metals. The replacement with non-transition metals is driven by the realization that oxygen, rather than transition-metal ions, function as the electron acceptor upon insertion of Li. For one such material, Li(Co,Al)O-2, we predict and verify experimentally that aluminium substitution raises the cell voltage while decreasing both the density of the material and its cost.
C1 MIT, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Ceder, G (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM gerd@lanai-mit.edu
NR 12
TC 804
Z9 905
U1 3
U2 713
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 16
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6677
BP 694
EP 696
DI 10.1038/33647
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZH612
UT WOS:000073129000051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pappalardo, RT
   Head, JW
   Greeley, R
   Sullivan, RJ
   Pilcher, C
   Schubert, G
   Moore, WB
   Carr, MH
   Moore, JM
   Belton, MJS
   Goldsby, DL
AF Pappalardo, RT
   Head, JW
   Greeley, R
   Sullivan, RJ
   Pilcher, C
   Schubert, G
   Moore, WB
   Carr, MH
   Moore, JM
   Belton, MJS
   Goldsby, DL
TI Geological evidence for solid-state convection in Europa's ice shell
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID satellites; water
AB The ice-rich surface of the jovian satellite Europa is sparsely cratered, suggesting that this moon might be geologically active today(1). Moreover, models of the satellite's interior indicate that tidal interactions with Jupiter might produce enough heat to maintain a subsurface liquid water layer(2-5). But the mechanisms of interior heat loss and resurfacing are currently unclear, as is the question of whether Europa has (or had at one time) a liquid water ocean(6,7). Here we report on the morphology and geological interpretation of distinct surface features-pits, domes and spots-discovered in high-resolution images of Europa obtained by the Galileo spacecraft. The features are interpreted as the surface manifestation of diapirs, relatively warm localized ice masses that have risen buoyantly through the subsurface. We find that the formation of the features can be explained by thermally induced solid-state convection within an ice shell, possibly overlying a liquid water layer. Our results are consistent with the possibility that Europa has a liquid water ocean beneath a surface layer of ice, but further tests and observations are needed to demonstrate this conclusively.
C1 Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
   Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
   NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA.
   NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA.
   Natl Opt Astron Observ, Tucson, AZ 85726 USA.
C3 Brown University; Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Ames Research Center; National Optical Astronomy Observatory
RP Pappalardo, RT (corresponding author), Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
NR 29
TC 309
Z9 340
U1 0
U2 51
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 22
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6665
BP 365
EP 368
DI 10.1038/34862
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YT444
UT WOS:000071604200046
PM 9450750
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Goldin-Meadow, S
   Mylander, C
AF Goldin-Meadow, S
   Mylander, C
TI Spontaneous sign systems created by deaf children in two cultures
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gestural communication; language-development; parental input
AB Deaf children whose access to usable conventional linguistic input, signed or spoken, is severely limited nevertheless use gesture to communicate(1-3). These gestures resemble natural language in that they are structured at the level both of sentence(4) and of word(5). Although the inclination Ito use gesture maybe traceable to the fact that the deaf children's]tearing parents, like all speakers, gesture as they talk(6), the children themselves are responsible for introducing language-like structure into their gestures(7). We have explored the robustness of this phenomenon by observing deaf children of hearing parents in two cultures, an American and a Chinese culture, that differ in their child-rearing practices(8-12) and in the way gesture is used in relation to speech(13). The spontaneous sign systems developed in these cultures shared a number of structural similarities: patterned production and deletion of semantic elements ii the surface structure of a sentence; patterned ordering of those elements within the sentence; and concatenation of propositions within a sentence. These striking similarities offer critical empirical input towards resolving the ongoing debate about the 'innateness' of language in human infants(14-16).
C1 Univ Chicago, Dept Psychol, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 University of Chicago
RP Goldin-Meadow, S (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, Dept Psychol, 5730 S Woodlawn Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
NR 26
TC 199
Z9 227
U1 0
U2 32
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 15
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6664
BP 279
EP 281
DI 10.1038/34646
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YR328
UT WOS:000071484400049
PM 9440690
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Granzin, J
   Wilden, U
   Choe, HW
   Labahn, J
   Krafft, B
   Büldt, G
AF Granzin, J
   Wilden, U
   Choe, HW
   Labahn, J
   Krafft, B
   Büldt, G
TI X-ray crystal structure of arrestin from bovine rod outer segments
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cyclic-nucleotide cascade; phosphorylated rhodopsin; phosphodiesterase activation; 48-kda protein; binding; transducin; vision; gtp
AB Retinal arrestin is the essential protein for the termination of the light response in vertebrate rod outer segments. It plays an important role in quenching the light-induced enzyme cascade by its ability to bind to phosphorylated light-activated rhodopsin (P-Rh*). Arrestins are found in various G-protein-coupled amplification cascades. Here we report on the three-dimensional structure of bovine arrestin (relative molecular mass, 45,300) at 3.3 Angstrom resolution. The crystal structure comprises two domains of antiparallel beta-sheets connected through a hinge region and one short alpha-helix on the back of the amino-terminal fold. The binding region for phosphorylated light-activated rhodopsin is located at the N-terminal domain, as indicated by the docking of the photoreceptor to the three-dimensional structure of arrestin. This ag rees with the interpretation of binding studies on partially digested and mutated arrestin.
C1 Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Biol Informationsverarbeitung, D-52425 Julich, Germany.
   Chonbuk Natl Univ, Coll Nat Sci, Dept Chem, Chongju 560756, South Korea.
C3 Helmholtz Association; Julich Research Centre; Jeonbuk National University
RP Granzin, J (corresponding author), Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Biol Informationsverarbeitung, Postfach 1913, D-52425 Julich, Germany.
EM J.Granzin@fz-juelich.de
NR 28
TC 203
Z9 237
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 26
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6670
BP 918
EP 921
DI 10.1038/36147
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YZ206
UT WOS:000072230900059
PM 9495348
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wagner, L
   Yang, OO
   Garcia-Zepeda, EA
   Ge, YM
   Kalams, SA
   Walker, BD
   Pasternack, MS
   Luster, AD
AF Wagner, L
   Yang, OO
   Garcia-Zepeda, EA
   Ge, YM
   Kalams, SA
   Walker, BD
   Pasternack, MS
   Luster, AD
TI β-chemokines are released from HIV-1-specific cytolytic T-cell granules complexed to proteoglycans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan; heparan-sulfate; virus-replication; serine esterase; lymphocytes-t; receptor; hiv-1; identification; localization; mip-1-beta
AB CD8(+) lymphocytes are believed to be important in host defence against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1, inhibiting HIV-1 replication through both cytolytic and non-cytolytic pathways(1-13). The cytolytic pathway involves calcium-dependent exocytosis of perforin and granzyme proteases, as well as Fas-mediated programmed cell death(4), whereas the noncytolytic pathway involves the release of chemokines that prevent viral entry(5). Using-granzyme A as a marker of cytolytic granule proteins, and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1 alpha and RANTES as markers of HIV-1 inhibitory chemokines, we show that these two very different mediators of viral inhibition are both localized in the cytolytic granules of HIV-1-specific CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Following antigen-specific activation, these mediators are secreted together facilitating both lysis of virion-producing cells and the inhibition of free virus. In addition, RANTES, MIP-1 alpha and MIP-1 beta are secreted by CTL as a macromolecular complex containing sulphated proteoglycans. This association appears to have a functional significance, because heparan sulphate facilitates RANTES inhibition of HIV-1 infection of monocytes.
C1 Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Partners AIDS Res Ctr, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Infect Dis Unit, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Infect Dis Unit, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital
RP Luster, AD (corresponding author), Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Partners AIDS Res Ctr, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA.
EM luster@helix.mgh.harvard.edu
NR 28
TC 298
Z9 328
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 26
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6670
BP 908
EP 911
DI 10.1038/36129
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YZ206
UT WOS:000072230900056
PM 9495345
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shindell, DT
   Rind, D
   Lonergan, P
AF Shindell, DT
   Rind, D
   Lonergan, P
TI Increased polar stratospheric ozone losses and delayed eventual recovery owing to increasing greenhouse-gas concentrations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 1995-96 arctic winter; middle atmosphere; vortex conditions; climate-change; model; co2; depletion; hole
AB The chemical reactions responsible for stratospheric ozone depletion are extremely sensitive to temperature(1). Greenhouse gases warm the Earth's surface but cool the stratosphere radiatively(2-5) and therefore affect ozone depletion. Here we investigate the interplay between projected future emissions of greenhouse gases and levels of ozone-depleting halogen species using a global climate model that incorporates simplified ozone-depletion chemistry. Temperature and wind changes induced by the increasing greenhouse-gas concentrations alter planetary-wave propagation in our model, reducing the frequency of sudden stratospheric warmings in the Northern Hemisphere(4). This results in a more stable Arctic polar vortex, with significantly colder temperatures in the lower stratosphere and concomitantly increased ozone depletion. Increased concentrations of greenhouse gases might therefore be at least partly responsible for the very large Arctic ozone losses observed in recent winters(6-9). Arctic losses reach a maximum in the decade 2010 to 2019 in our model, roughly a decade after the maximum in stratospheric chlorine abundance. The mean losses are about the same as those over the Antarctic during the early 1990s, with geographically localized losses of up to two-thirds of the Arctic ozone column in the worst years. The severity and the duration of the Antarctic ozone hole are also predicted to increase because of greenhouse-gas-induced stratospheric cooling over the coming decades.
C1 NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Ctr Climate Syst Res, New York, NY 10025 USA.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Goddard Institute for Space Studies; Columbia University
RP Shindell, DT (corresponding author), NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, 2880 Broadway, New York, NY 10025 USA.
NR 30
TC 448
Z9 483
U1 2
U2 88
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 9
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6676
BP 589
EP 592
DI 10.1038/33385
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZG300
UT WOS:000072987200055
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Turrigiano, GG
   Leslie, KR
   Desai, NS
   Rutherford, LC
   Nelson, SB
AF Turrigiano, GG
   Leslie, KR
   Desai, NS
   Rutherford, LC
   Nelson, SB
TI Activity-dependent scaling of quantal amplitude in neocortical neurons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cultured hippocampal-neurons; miniature synaptic currents; long-term potentiation; visual-cortex; glutamate; synapses; competition; plasticity; activation; maturation
AB Information is stored in neural circuits through long-lasting changes in synaptic strengths(1,2). Most studies of information storage have focused on mechanisms such as long-term potentiation and depression (LTP and LTD), in which synaptic strengths change in a synapse-specific manner(3,4). In contrast, little attention has been paid to mechanisms that regulate the total synaptic strength of a neuron, Here we describe a new form of synaptic plasticity that increases or decreases the strength of all of a neuron's synaptic inputs as a function of activity, Chronic blockade of cortical culture activity increased the amplitude of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) without changing their kinetics. Conversely, blocking GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)-mediated inhibition initially raised firing rates, but over a 48-hour period mESPC amplitudes decreased and firing rates returned to close to control values. These changes were at least partly due to postsynaptic alterations in the response tb glutamate, and apparently affected each synapse in proportion to its initial strength. Such 'synaptic scaling' may help to ensure that firing rates do not become saturated during developmental changes in the number and strength of synaptic inputs(5), as well as stabilizing synaptic strengths during Hebbian modification(6,7) and facilitating competition between synapses(7-9).
C1 Brandeis Univ, Dept Biol, Waltham, MA 02254 USA.
   Brandeis Univ, Ctr Complex Syst, Waltham, MA 02254 USA.
C3 Brandeis University; Brandeis University
RP Turrigiano, GG (corresponding author), Brandeis Univ, Dept Biol, Waltham, MA 02254 USA.
EM turrigiano@binah.cc.brandeis.edu
NR 30
TC 1766
Z9 2150
U1 2
U2 85
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 26
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6670
BP 892
EP 896
DI 10.1038/36103
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YZ206
UT WOS:000072230900052
PM 9495341
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hartley, DE
   Villarin, JT
   Black, RX
   Davis, CA
AF Hartley, DE
   Villarin, JT
   Black, RX
   Davis, CA
TI A new perspective on the dynamical link between the stratosphere and troposphere
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID potential vorticity inversion; electrostatics analogy; winter; disturbances; circulation
AB Atmospheric processes of tropospheric origin can perturb the stratosphere, but direct feedback in the opposite direction is usually assumed to be negligible, despite the troposphere's sensitivity to changes in the release of wave activity into the stratosphere(1-3). Here, however, we present evidence that such a feedback exists and can be significant. We find that if the wintertime Arctic polar stratospheric vortex is distorted, either by waves propagating upward from the troposphere(4) or by eastward-travelling stratospheric waves(5,6), then there is a concomitant redistribution of stratospheric potential vorticity which induces perturbations in key meteorological fields in the upper troposphere. The feedback is large despite the much greater mass of the troposphere: it can account for up to half of the geopotential height anomaly at the tropopause. Although the relative strength of the feedback is partly due to a cancellation(7) between contributions to these anomalies from lower altitudes, our results imply that stratospheric dynamics and its feedback on the troposphere are more significant for climate modelling and data assimilation than was previously assumed.
C1 Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA.
   Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA.
C3 University System of Georgia; Georgia Institute of Technology; National Center Atmospheric Research (NCAR) - USA
RP Hartley, DE (corresponding author), Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA.
NR 23
TC 125
Z9 155
U1 0
U2 33
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 29
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6666
BP 471
EP 474
DI 10.1038/35112
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YU290
UT WOS:000071701800045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Riseman, TM
   Kealey, PG
   Forgan, EM
   Mackenzie, AP
   Galvin, LM
   Tyler, AW
   Lee, SL
   Ager, C
   Paul, DM
   Aegerter, CM
   Cubitt, R
   Mao, ZQ
   Akima, T
   Maeno, Y
AF Riseman, TM
   Kealey, PG
   Forgan, EM
   Mackenzie, AP
   Galvin, LM
   Tyler, AW
   Lee, SL
   Ager, C
   Paul, DM
   Aegerter, CM
   Cubitt, R
   Mao, ZQ
   Akima, T
   Maeno, Y
TI Observation of a square flux-line lattice in the unconventional superconductor Sr2RuO4
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID layered perovskite; pairing symmetry
AB The phenomenon of superconductivity continues to be of considerable scientific and practical interest. Underlying this phenomenon is the formation of electron pairs, which in conventional superconductors do not rotate about their centre of mass ('s-wave' pairing; refs 1, 2). This contrasts with the situation in high-temperature superconductors, where the electrons in a pair are believed to have two units of relative angular momentum ('d-wave' pairing; ref. 3 and references therein), Here we report small-angle neutron-scattering measurements of magnetic nux lines in the perovskite superconductor Sr2RuO4 (ref. 4), which is a candidate for another unconventional paired electron state-'p-wave' pairing, which has one unit of angular momentum(5-7). We find that the magnetic flux lines form a square lattice over a wide range of fields and temperatures, which is the result predicted by a recent theory(8,9) of p-wave superconductivity in Sr2RuO4. This theory also indicates that only a fraction of the electrons are strongly paired and that the orientation of the square nux lattice relative to the crystal lattice will determine which parts of the three-sheet Fermi surface of this material are responsible for superconductivity. Our results suggest that superconductivity resides mainly on the 'gamma' sheet(9).
C1 Univ Birmingham, Sch Phys & Astron, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England.
   Univ St Andrews, Dept Phys & Astron, St Andrews KY16 9SS, Fife, Scotland.
   Univ Warwick, Dept Phys, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England.
   Univ Zurich, Inst Phys, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Inst Max Von Laue Paul Langevin, F-38042 Grenoble, France.
   Kyoto Univ, Dept Phys, Kyoto 6068052, Japan.
C3 University of Birmingham; University of St Andrews; University of Warwick; University of Zurich; Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL); Kyoto University
RP Riseman, TM (corresponding author), Univ Birmingham, Sch Phys & Astron, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England.
EM tmr@th.ph.bham.ac.uk
NR 33
TC 169
Z9 173
U1 0
U2 35
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 19
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6708
BP 242
EP 245
DI 10.1038/24335
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 140VY
UT WOS:000077110400040
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bais, C
   Santomasso, B
   Coso, O
   Arvanitakis, L
   Raaka, EG
   Gutkind, JS
   Asch, AS
   Cesarman, E
   Gerhengorn, MC
   Mesri, EA
AF Bais, C
   Santomasso, B
   Coso, O
   Arvanitakis, L
   Raaka, EG
   Gutkind, JS
   Asch, AS
   Cesarman, E
   Gerhengorn, MC
   Mesri, EA
TI G-protein-coupled receptor of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus is a viral oncogene and angiogenesis activator
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID endothelial growth-factor; dna-sequences; cells; expression; virus
AB The Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV8) is a gamma-2 herpesvirus(1-5) that is implicated in the pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma(1,5) and of primary effusion B-cell lymphomas (PELs)(6). KSHV infects malignant and progenitor cells of Kaposi's sarcoma(7) and PEL2,6,8, it encodes putative oncogenes(4,5,9) and genes that may cause Kaposi's sarcoma pathogenesis by stimulating angiogenesis(4,5,9,10). The G-protein-coupled receptor encoded by an open reading frame (ORF 74) of KSHV9 is expressed in Kaposi's sarcoma lesions and in PEL9,11 and stimulates signalling pathways linked to cell proliferation(12) in a constitutive (agonist-independent) way(12). Here we show that signalling by this KSHV G-protein-coupled receptor leads to cell transformation and tumorigenicity, and induces a switch to an angiogenic phenotype(13) mediated by vascular endothelial growth factor(14), an angiogenesis(13,14) and Kaposi's-spindle-cell growth factor(15-17). We find that this receptor can activate two protein kinases, JNK/SAPK and p38MAPK, by triggering signalling cascades like those induced by inflammatory cytokines(18) that are angiogenesis activators(19) and mitogens for Kaposi's sarcoma cells(10) and B cells. We conclude that the KSHV G-protein-coupled receptor is a viral oncogene that can exploit cell signalling pathways to induce transformation and angiogenesis in KSHV-mediated oncogenesis.
C1 Cornell Univ, Coll Med, Lab Viral Oncogenesis, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Coll Med, Div Hematol Oncol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Coll Med, Dept Med, Div Mol Med, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Coll Med, Dept Pathol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   NIDR, Mol Signaling Unit, Cellular Dev & Oncol Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 Cornell University; Cornell University; Cornell University; Cornell University; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research (NIDCR)
RP Mesri, EA (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Coll Med, Lab Viral Oncogenesis, New York, NY 10021 USA.
NR 30
TC 700
Z9 782
U1 0
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 1
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6662
BP 86
EP 89
DI 10.1038/34193
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YP888
UT WOS:000071326100054
PM 9422510
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Morino, J
   Yamashita, T
   Hasegawa, T
   Nakano, T
AF Morino, J
   Yamashita, T
   Hasegawa, T
   Nakano, T
TI Reflected infrared spectrum of a massive protostar in Orion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fu orionis; sio maser; region; stars; kl; nebula; resolution; emission; disk
AB The infrared source IRc2 (ref. 1) in the star-forming region Orion-KL, is generally believed to contain a massive and very young star(2). Its nature and evolutionary status, however, are difficult to determine because it is hidden from direct view by a dense disklike envelope of gas and dust. Here we report observations of infrared radiation (at a wavelength of about 2 mu m) that has escaped the surrounding dust in the polar direction, perpendicular to the plane of the disk, and then been reflected towards us by dust farther away from the star. The reflected spectrum contains absorption lines of neutral metallic atoms and carbon monoxide, which we interpret as indicating a source temperature of about 4,500 K, But, given the luminosity of the source, its radius must be at least 300 solar radii - too large to be attained with the modest gas-accretion rates in existing theories of massive-star formation. Whether the infrared radiation is coming from the protostar itself or the self-luminous accretion disk around it; the accretion rate must be around (5-15) x 10(-3) solar masses per year, at least two orders of magnitude greater than is commonly assumed in models of star formation.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Inst Astron, Tokyo 1818588, Japan.
   Natl Astron Observ, Tokyo 1818588, Japan.
   Natl Astron Observ, Nobeyama Radio Observ, Minamisa Ku, Nagano 3841305, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo; National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ); National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ)
RP Morino, J (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Inst Astron, Tokyo 1818588, Japan.
NR 27
TC 22
Z9 23
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 28
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6683
BP 340
EP 342
DI 10.1038/30678
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZQ593
UT WOS:000073883600045
PM 9620798
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nayak, A
   Zastrow, DJ
   Lickteig, R
   Zahniser, NR
   Browning, MD
AF Nayak, A
   Zastrow, DJ
   Lickteig, R
   Zahniser, NR
   Browning, MD
TI Maintenance of late-phase LTP is accompanied by PKA-dependent increase in AMPA receptor synthesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-term potentiation; silent synapses; ca1 region; induction; phosphorylation; neurons; brain; creb
AB Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a form of synaptic plasticity that has been extensively studied as a putative mechanism underlying learning and memory. A late phase of LTP occurring 3-5 hours after stimulation and depending on transcription, protein synthesis and cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase A, or PKA) has been described(1-3), but it is not known whether transcription of presynaptic and/or postsynaptic genes is required to support late-phase LTP. Here we show that late-phase LTP can be obtained in rat hippocampal CA1 mini-slices in which the cell bodies of presynaptic Schaffer collateral/ commissural fibres are rr moved. Thus, transcription of presynaptic genes is not necessary to support maintenance of late-phase LTP. The AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate) receptor is the predominant mediator of the ionotropic response to synaptically released glutamate in the hippocampus and it has been implicated in LTP maintenance. We find that synthesis of AMPA receptor subunits is increased three hours after LTP induction: this effect on the synthesis of the AMPA receptor is blocked by inhibitors of PKA and of transcription. Our results support the idea of a postsynaptic mechanism maintaining late-phase LTP, in which AMPA receptor synthesis is increased as a result of PKA-dependent gene transcription.
C1 Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Pharmacol, Denver, CO 80262 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Program Neurosci, Denver, CO 80262 USA.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; University of Colorado Denver; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; University of Colorado Denver
RP Nayak, A (corresponding author), Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Pharmacol, 4200 E 9th Ave, Denver, CO 80262 USA.
NR 18
TC 183
Z9 221
U1 1
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 13
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6694
BP 680
EP 683
DI 10.1038/29305
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 110MD
UT WOS:000075384200044
PM 9716131
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Deckert, G
   Warren, PV
   Gaasterland, T
   Young, WG
   Lenox, AL
   Graham, DE
   Overbeek, R
   Snead, MA
   Keller, M
   Aujay, M
   Huber, R
   Feldman, RA
   Short, JM
   Olsen, GJ
   Swanson, RV
AF Deckert, G
   Warren, PV
   Gaasterland, T
   Young, WG
   Lenox, AL
   Graham, DE
   Overbeek, R
   Snead, MA
   Keller, M
   Aujay, M
   Huber, R
   Feldman, RA
   Short, JM
   Olsen, GJ
   Swanson, RV
TI The complete genome of the hyperthermophilic bacterium Aquifex aeolicus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria; factor-based vector; escherichia-coli; nucleotide-sequence; human dna; sp-nov; gene; pyrophilus; expression; proteins
AB Aquifex aeolicus was one of the earliest diverging, and is one of the most thermophilic, bacteria known. It can grow on hydrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and mineral salts. The complex metabolic machinery needed for A. aeolicus to function as a chemolithoautotroph (an organism which uses an inorganic carbon source for biosynthesis and an inorganic chemical energy source) is encoded within a genome that is only one-third the size of the E, coli genome, Metabolic flexibility seems Po be reduced as a result of the limited genome size, The use of oxygen (albeit at very low concentrations) as an electron acceptor is allowed by the presence of a complex respiratory apparatus. Although this organism grows at 95 degrees C, the extreme thermal limit of the Bacteria, only a few specific indications of thermophily are apparent from the genome. Here we describe the complete genome sequence of 1,551,335 base pairs of this evolutionarily and physiologically interesting organism.
C1 Diversa Corp, San Diego, CA 92121 USA.
   Argonne Natl Lab, Div Math & Comp Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA.
   Univ Illinois, Dept Microbiol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
   Univ Regensburg, Lehrstuhl Mikrobiol, D-8400 Regensburg, Germany.
C3 Verenium Corporation; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Argonne National Laboratory; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; University of Regensburg
RP Swanson, RV (corresponding author), Diversa Corp, 10665 Sorrento Valley Rd, San Diego, CA 92121 USA.
EM Robert.huber@biologie.uni-regensburg.de; rswanson@diversa.com
NR 49
TC 977
Z9 1894
U1 0
U2 86
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 26
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6674
BP 353
EP 358
DI 10.1038/32831
PG 14
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZD694
UT WOS:000072713600041
PM 9537320
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schmedt, C
   Saijo, K
   Niidome, T
   Kühn, R
   Aizawa, S
   Tarakhovsky, A
AF Schmedt, C
   Saijo, K
   Niidome, T
   Kühn, R
   Aizawa, S
   Tarakhovsky, A
TI Csk controls antigen receptor-mediated development and selection of T-lineage cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thymocyte development; tyrosine kinases; deficient mice; gene; inhibition; lck; disruption; expression; maturation; transgene
AB The development and function of alpha beta T lymphocytes depend on signals derived from pre-T and alpha beta T cell receptors (preTCR and alpha beta TCR) (reviewed in refs 1, 2). The engagement of these receptors leads to the activation of Lck and Fyn(3,4), which are protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) of the Src family. It remains unclear to what extent the activation of Src-family PTKs can direct the differentiation steps triggered by preTCR and alpha beta TCR. Here we show that the inactivation of the negative regulator of Src-family PTKs, carboxy-terminal Src kinase (Csk)(5), in immature thymocytes abrogates the requirement for preTCR, alpha beta TCR and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II for the development of CD4(+)8(+) double-positive and CD4(+) single-positive thymocytes as well as peripheral CD4 alpha beta T-lineage cells. These data show that Csk and its substrates are required to establish preTCR/alpha beta TCR-mediated control over the development of alpha beta T cells.
C1 Univ Cologne, Lab Lymphocyte Signalling, D-50931 Cologne, Germany.
   Univ Cologne, Inst Genet, Dept Immunol, D-50931 Cologne, Germany.
   Kumamoto Univ, Sch Med, Inst Mol Embryol & Genet, Dept Morphogenesis, Kumamoto 860, Japan.
C3 University of Cologne; University of Cologne; Kumamoto University
RP Tarakhovsky, A (corresponding author), Univ Cologne, Lab Lymphocyte Signalling, Weyertal 121, D-50931 Cologne, Germany.
EM sasha@mac.genetik.uni-koeln.de
NR 29
TC 122
Z9 135
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 27
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6696
BP 901
EP 904
DI 10.1038/29802
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 114LW
UT WOS:000075611800051
PM 9732874
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Naqvi, SWA
   Yoshinari, T
   Jayakumar, DA
   Altabet, MA
   Narvekar, PV
   Devol, AH
   Brandes, JA
   Codispoti, LA
AF Naqvi, SWA
   Yoshinari, T
   Jayakumar, DA
   Altabet, MA
   Narvekar, PV
   Devol, AH
   Brandes, JA
   Codispoti, LA
TI Budgetary and biogeochemical implications of N2O isotope signatures in the Arabian Sea
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nitrous-oxide; pacific-ocean; north pacific; nitric-oxide; denitrification; nitrification; water; n-15
AB Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an important greenhouse gas that also plays a role in the chemistry of stratospheric ozone depletion, but its atmospheric budget has yet to be well-quantified(1-5). However, multi-isotope characterization of N2O emitted from various natural sources is a potentially powerful tool for providing the much-needed constraints. It is generally believed that production of isotopically light (low N-15/N-14 and O-18/O-16 ratios) N2O occurs in the upper ocean through nitrification process, and that the flux of this light N2O from sea to air isotopically counters the flux of heavy N2O from the stratosphere to the troposphere(1,2). But eastern-boundary ocean-upwelling zones, which contain oxygen-depleted waters and are sites of intense N2O efflux(6-10), have not been adequately studied. We show here, using new isotope data, that in spite of huge denitrification-related enrichments of N-15 and O-18 in N2O at mid-depths in the Arabian Sea, N2O emitted from upwelled waters is only slightly enriched in O-18, and moderately depleted in N-15, relative to air. These opposing isotopic signatures and modest departures from the isotopic composition of tropospheric N2O indicate that air-sea exchange cannot-given the heavy isotopic signature of N2O derived from the stratosphere-allow the tropospheric budget of N2O to be closed without invoking hitherto-unknown N2O sources and sinks. Our oceanic data cannot be explained through either nitrification or denitrification alone, such that a coupling between the two processes may be an important mechanism of N2O production.
C1 Natl Inst Oceanog, Dona Paula 403004, Goa, India.
   New York State Dept Hlth, Wadsworth Ctr Labs & Res, Albany, NY 12201 USA.
   SUNY Albany, Sch Publ Hlth, Albany, NY 12201 USA.
   Univ Massachusetts, Dept Chem & Biochem, N Dartmouth, MA 02747 USA.
   Univ Massachusetts, Ctr Marine Sci & Technol, N Dartmouth, MA 02747 USA.
   Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Old Dominion Univ, Ctr Coastal Phys Oceanog, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA.
C3 Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) - India; CSIR - National Institute of Oceanography (NIO); Wadsworth Center; State University of New York (SUNY) System; State University of New York (SUNY) System; University at Albany, SUNY; University of Massachusetts System; University Massachusetts Dartmouth; University of Massachusetts System; University Massachusetts Dartmouth; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Old Dominion University
RP Naqvi, SWA (corresponding author), Natl Inst Oceanog, Dona Paula 403004, Goa, India.
NR 30
TC 199
Z9 215
U1 0
U2 46
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 30
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6692
BP 462
EP 464
DI 10.1038/28828
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 105NT
UT WOS:000075080400047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hinz, PM
   Angel, JRP
   Hoffmann, WF
   McCarthy, DW
   McGuire, PC
   Cheselka, M
   Hora, JL
   Woolf, NJ
AF Hinz, PM
   Angel, JRP
   Hoffmann, WF
   McCarthy, DW
   McGuire, PC
   Cheselka, M
   Hora, JL
   Woolf, NJ
TI Imaging circumstellar environments with a nulling interferometer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID planets
AB Extrasolar planets must be imaged directly if their nature is to be better understood. But this will be difficult, as the bright light from the parent star (or rather its diffracted halo in the imaging apparatus) can easily overwhelm nearby faint sources. Bracewell has proposed(1) a way of selectively removing: starlight before detection, by superposing the light from two telescopes so that the stellar wavefronts interfere destructively. Such a 'nulling' interferometer could be used in space to search for extrasolar Earth-like planets through their thermal emission and to determine through spectroscopic analysis if they possess the atmospheric signatures of life(2-4). Here we report mid-infrared observations using two co-mounted telescopes of the Multiple Mirror Telescope that demonstrate the viability of this technique. Images of unresolved stars are seen to disappear almost completely, while Light from a nearby source as dose as 0.2 arcsec remains, as shown by images of Betelgeuse. With this star cancelled, there remains the thermal image of its surrounding, small dust nebula. In the future, larger ground-based interferometers that correct for atmospheric distortions (using adaptive optics) should achieve better cancellation, allowing direct detection of warm, Jupiter-size planets and faint zodiacal dust around other nearby stars(5).
C1 Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Smithsonian Astrophys Observ, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 University of Arizona; Smithsonian Institution; Harvard University; Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
RP Hinz, PM (corresponding author), Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, 933 N Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
EM phinz@as.arizona.edu
NR 17
TC 101
Z9 109
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 17
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6699
BP 251
EP 253
DI 10.1038/26172
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 120TZ
UT WOS:000075974600042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Choi, BG
   McKeegan, KD
   Krot, AN
   Wasson, JT
AF Choi, BG
   McKeegan, KD
   Krot, AN
   Wasson, JT
TI Extreme oxygen-isotope compositions in magnetite from unequilibrated ordinary chondrites
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carbonaceous chondrites; meteorites; semarkona; component; grains
AB Primitive meteorites (such as the unequilibrated ordinary chondrites) have undergone only minor thermal processing on their parent asteroids, and thus provide relatively unaltered isotopic records from the early Solar System, For terrestrial materials, oxygen isotope compositions form a linear array called the terrestrial fractionation line(1). In meteorites the oxygen isotopic composition commonly deviates from this line(2), the magnitude of the deviation being expressed by the quantity Delta(17)O. Such deviations, which cannot be explained by mass-dependent fractionation processes, are probably caused by the mixing of two or more nebular components having different nucleosynthetic histories, for example, solids and gas. But no direct evidence for the oxygen isotopic composition of the latter (which is the dominant oxygen reservoir) has hitherto been available. Here we report in situ oxygen-isotope measurements of magnetite grains in unequilibrated ordinary chondrites. Magnetite (which formed by aqueous alteration of metal in the parent asteroid) may serve as a proxy for nebular H2O. We measured a value of Delta(17)O approximate to 5 parts per thousand, much higher than typical values of 0-2 parts per thousand in ordinary-chondrite silicate grains, Our results imply that a nebular component of high-Delta(17)O H2O was incorporated into the parent asteroid of the unequilibrated ordinary chondrites.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Hawaii, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of Hawaii System
RP Choi, BG (corresponding author), CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM bchoi@gps.caltech.edu
NR 21
TC 124
Z9 137
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 9
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6676
BP 577
EP 579
DI 10.1038/33356
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZG300
UT WOS:000072987200051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Preiss, T
   Hentze, MW
AF Preiss, T
   Hentze, MW
TI Dual function of the messenger RNA cap structure in poly(A)-tail-promoted translation in yeast
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; internal initiation; poly(a) tail
AB The messenger RNA 3' poly(A) tail critically affects the initiation and control of translation in eukaryotes(1-3). By analogy to elements involved in transcription initiation, the poly(A) tail has been described as a 'translational enhancer' that enhances the 'translational promoter' activity of the mRNA 5'-cap structure(3,4). Elongation or shortening of the poly(A) tail regulates translation during development(2). Here we show, using cell-free and in vivo translation analyses in SRccharomyces cerevisiae, that the poly(A) tail can act as an independent 'translational promoter: delivering ribosomes to uncapped mRNAs even if their 5' end is blocked. When mRNAs compete for ribosome binding, neither the cap structure nor the poly(A) tail alone is enough to drive efficient translation, but together they synergize and direct ribosome entry to the 5' end. The cap structure both promotes ribosome recruitment, together with the poly(A) tail, and tethers recruited ribosomes to the 5' end, Correct choice of translation initiation codons and the function of translational regulators acting on the 5' untranslated region are thus ensured by the functional interaction of the poly(A) tail with the cap structure.
C1 European Mol Biol Lab, Gene Express Programme, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
C3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
RP Hentze, MW (corresponding author), European Mol Biol Lab, Gene Express Programme, Meyerhofstr 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
NR 19
TC 227
Z9 304
U1 0
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 2
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6675
BP 516
EP 520
DI 10.1038/33192
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZF215
UT WOS:000072875200064
PM 9548259
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Singh, SC
   Kent, GM
   Collier, JS
   Harding, AJ
   Orcutt, JA
AF Singh, SC
   Kent, GM
   Collier, JS
   Harding, AJ
   Orcutt, JA
TI Melt to mush variations in crustal magma properties along the ridge crest at the southern East Pacific Rise
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID wave-form inversion; axis discontinuity; seismic structure; chamber beneath; rocks
AB The determination of along-axis variations in melt properties within the crustal axial magma chamber beneath fast spreading axes is important for understanding melt delivery from the mantle, eruption history along the ridge crest, and the process of crustal accretion. Seismic reflection images(1-4) have shown the molten sill to be continuous along the ridge crest for many tens of kilometres with varying widths (250-4,500 m), but variations in its seismic properties and thickness have remained elusive, despite several attempts to constrain these properties(5-7). Here we report that the melt sill along the southern East Pacific Rise, which is about 50 m thick, undergoes abrupt changes in its internal properties, ranging from pure melt to mush. The 60-km-long ridge-crest segment near 14 degrees 00' S is characterized by three 2-4-km sections containing pure melt embedded within a magma chamber rich in mush. These small pure melt pockets may represent a fresh supply of magma from the mantle, capable of erupting and forming the upper crust. Conversely, the 80-90% of the magma chamber which is mushy is unlikely to erupt and may influence the lower-crustal accretion.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Bullard Labs, BIRPS, Cambridge CB3 0EZ, England.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Ida & Cecil Green Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Singh, SC (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Bullard Labs, BIRPS, Cambridge CB3 0EZ, England.
NR 24
TC 141
Z9 154
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 27
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6696
BP 874
EP 878
DI 10.1038/29740
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 114LW
UT WOS:000075611800043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Merabet, L
   Desautels, A
   Minville, K
   Casanova, C
AF Merabet, L
   Desautels, A
   Minville, K
   Casanova, C
TI Motion integration in a thalamic visual nucleus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID anterior ectosylvian sulcus; area mt; cat; pulvinar; striate; organization; orientation; selectivity; direction; neurons
AB Thalamic nuclei have long been regarded as passive relay stations for sensory information en route to higher level processing in the cerebral cortex. Recently, physiological and theoretical studies have reassessed the role of the thalamus and it has been proposed that thalamic nuclei may actively participate with cortical areas in processing specific information(1-4). In support of this idea, we now show that a subset of neurons in an extrageniculate visual nucleus, the lateral-posterior pulvinar complex, can signal the true direction of motion of a plaid pattern, indicating that thalamic cells can integrate different motion signals into a coherent moving percept(5-8). This is the first time that these computations have been found to occur outside the higher-order cortical areas(5,6,9,10). Our fi(n)dings implicate extrageniculate cortico-thalamo-cortical loops in the dynamic processing of image motion, and, more generally, as basic computational modules involved in analysing specific features of complex visual scenes.
C1 Univ Montreal, Sch Optometry, Visual Neurosci Lab, Montreal, PQ H3C 3J7, Canada.
C3 Universite de Montreal
RP Casanova, C (corresponding author), Univ Montreal, Sch Optometry, Visual Neurosci Lab, CP 6128,Succ Centreville, Montreal, PQ H3C 3J7, Canada.
EM casanovc@ere.umontreal.ca
NR 29
TC 87
Z9 101
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 19
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6708
BP 265
EP 268
DI 10.1038/24382
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 140VY
UT WOS:000077110400047
PM 9834032
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nogales, E
   Wolf, SG
   Downing, KH
AF Nogales, E
   Wolf, SG
   Downing, KH
TI Structure of the αβtubulin dimer by electron crystallography
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID taxol-binding-site; colchicine-binding; exchangeable gtp; guanosine triphosphate; brain beta-1-tubulin; amino-acids; microtubule; hydrolysis; localization; photolabels
AB The alpha beta tubulin heterodimer is the structural subunit of microtubules, which are cytoskeletal elements that are essential for intracellular transport and cell division in all eukaryotes. Each tubulin monomer binds a guanine nucleotide, which is non-exchangeable when it is bound in the alpha subunit, or N site, and exchangeable when bound in the beta subunit, or E site. The alpha- and beta-tubulins share 40% amino-acid sequence identity, both exist in several isotype forms, and both undergo a variety of posttranslational modifications'. Limited sequence homology has been found with the proteins FtsZ(2) and Misato(3), which are involved in cell division in bacteria and Drosophila, respectively. Here we present an atomic model of the alpha beta tubulin dimer fitted to a 3.7-Angstrom density map obtained by electron crystallography of zinc-induced tubulin sheets. The structures of alpha- and beta-tubulin are basically identical: each monomer is formed by a core of two beta-sheets surrounded by alpha-helices. The monomer structure is very compact, but can be divided into three functional domains: the amino-terminal domain containing the nucleotide-binding region, an intermediate domain containing the Taxol-binding site, and the carboxy-terminal domain, which probably constitutes the binding surface for motor proteins.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Life Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
RP Nogales, E (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Life Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 30
TC 1837
Z9 2194
U1 2
U2 250
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 8
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6663
BP 199
EP 203
DI 10.1038/34465
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YQ378
UT WOS:000071380900057
PM 9428769
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bobrowsky, M
   Sahu, KC
   Parthasarathy, M
   García-Lario, P
AF Bobrowsky, M
   Sahu, KC
   Parthasarathy, M
   García-Lario, P
TI Birth and early evolution of a planetary nebula
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID star; jets; sao-244567; spectrum; galaxy
AB The final expulsion of gas by a star as it forms a planetary nebula-the ionized shell of gas often observed surrounding a young white dwarf-is one of the most poorly understood stages of stellar evolution(1,2). Such nebulae form extremely rapidly (about 100 years for the ionization) and so the formation process is inherently difficult to observe. Particularly puzzling is how a spherical star can produce a highly asymmetric nebula with collimated outflows. Here we report optical observations of the Stingray nebula(3,4), which has become an ionized planetary nebula within the past few decades(5). We find that the collimated outflows are already evident, and we have identified the nebular structure that focuses the outflows, We have also found a companion star, reinforcing previous suspicions that binary companions play an important role in shaping planetary nebulae and changing the direction of successive outflows(6).
C1 Orbital Sci Corp, Greenbelt, MD 20770 USA.
   Space Telescope Sci Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
   Indian Inst Astrophys, Bangalore 560034, Karnataka, India.
   ISO Sci Operat Ctr, Madrid 28080, Spain.
C3 Orbital Sciences Corporation; Space Telescope Science Institute; Department of Science & Technology (India); Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA)
RP Bobrowsky, M (corresponding author), Orbital Sci Corp, 7500 Greenway Ctr Dr,No 700, Greenbelt, MD 20770 USA.
EM mattb@cta.com
NR 31
TC 53
Z9 53
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 2
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6675
BP 469
EP 471
DI 10.1038/33092
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZF215
UT WOS:000072875200049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Migaud, M
   Charlesworth, P
   Dempster, M
   Webster, LC
   Watabe, AM
   Makhinson, M
   He, Y
   Ramsay, MF
   Morris, RGM
   Morrison, JH
   O'Dell, TJ
   Grant, SGN
AF Migaud, M
   Charlesworth, P
   Dempster, M
   Webster, LC
   Watabe, AM
   Makhinson, M
   He, Y
   Ramsay, MF
   Morris, RGM
   Morrison, JH
   O'Dell, TJ
   Grant, SGN
TI Enhanced long-term potentiation and impaired learning in mice with mutant postsynaptic density-95 protein
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tumor-suppressor protein; nmda receptor subunits; synaptic plasticity; guanylate kinases; psd-95 family; k+ channels; in-vivo; membrane; synapses; hippocampus
AB Specific patterns of neuronal firing induce changes in synaptic strength that may contribute to learning and memory. If the postsynaptic NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors are blocked, long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic transmission and the learning of spatial information are prevented. The NMDA receptor can bind a protein known as postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95), which may regulate the localization of and/or signalling by the receptor, In mutant mice lacking PSD-95, the frequency function of NMDA-dependent LTP and LTD is shifted to produce strikingly enhanced LTP at different frequencies of synaptic stimulation. In keeping with neural-network models that Incorporate bidirectional learning rules, this frequency shift is accompanied by severely impaired spatial learning. Synaptic NMDA-receptor currents, subunit expression, localization and synaptic morphology are all unaffected in the mutant mice. PSD-95 thus appears to be important in coupling the NMDA receptor to pathways that control bidirectional synaptic plasticity and learning.
C1 Univ Edinburgh, Ctr Genome Res, Edinburgh EH9 3JQ, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Univ Edinburgh, Ctr Neurosci, Edinburgh EH9 3JQ, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Med, Brain Res Inst, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   CUNY Mt Sinai Sch Med, Fishberg Res Ctr Neurobiol, New York, NY 10029 USA.
C3 University of Edinburgh; University of Edinburgh; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; City University of New York (CUNY) System
RP Grant, SGN (corresponding author), Univ Edinburgh, Ctr Genome Res, Roger Land Bldg,W Mains Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JQ, Midlothian, Scotland.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 38
TC 985
Z9 1141
U1 3
U2 58
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 3
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6710
BP 433
EP 439
DI 10.1038/24790
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 145KL
UT WOS:000077370100044
PM 9853749
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhou, W
   King, WM
AF Zhou, W
   King, WM
TI Premotor commands encode monocular eye movements
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pontine reticular-formation; alert monkeys; neurons; abducens
AB Binocular coordination of eye movements is essential for stereopsis (depth perception) and to prevent double vision. More than a century ago, Hering and Helmholtz debated the neural basis of binocular coordination. Helmholtz(1) believed that each eye is controlled independently and that binocular coordination is learned, Hering(2) believed that both eyes are innervated by common command signals that yoke the eye movements (Hering's law of equal innervation). Here we provide evidence that Hering's law is unlikely to be correct. We show that premotor neurons in the paramedian pontine reticular formation that were thought to encode conjugate(3-6) velocity commands for saccades (rapid eye movements) actually encode monocular commands for either right or left eye saccades, However, 66% of the abducens motor neurons, which innervate the ipsilateral lateral rectus muscle, fire as a result of movements of either eye. The distribution of sensitivity to ipsilateral and contralateral eye movements across the abducens motor neuron pool may provide a basis for learning binocular coordination in infancy and adapting it throughout life.
C1 Univ Mississippi, Med Ctr, Dept Neurol, Jackson, MS 39216 USA.
   Univ Mississippi, Med Ctr, Dept Anat, Jackson, MS 39216 USA.
C3 University of Mississippi Medical Center; University of Mississippi; University of Mississippi; University of Mississippi Medical Center
RP Zhou, W (corresponding author), Univ Mississippi, Med Ctr, Dept Neurol, 2500 N State St, Jackson, MS 39216 USA.
NR 11
TC 166
Z9 177
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 18
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6686
BP 692
EP 695
DI 10.1038/31489
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZV288
UT WOS:000074289600055
PM 9641680
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bromley, BC
   Miller, WA
   Pariev, VI
AF Bromley, BC
   Miller, WA
   Pariev, VI
TI The inner edge of the accretion disk around a supermassive black hole
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mcg-6-30-15
AB Massive black holes are generally thought to exist at the centres of galaxies', but an unambiguous identification of a black hole has been impeded by a lack of evidence for the strong-field relativistic effects expected in the vicinity of such an object. Several years ago, a very broad iron emission line was discovered in the active galaxy MCG-6-30-15, indicative of emission from an accretion disk near the event horizon of a black hole, But this interpretation, based on the line profile, was somewhat model dependent (refs 2-5). Here we present an analysis of the iron-line emission from MCG-6-30-15 that is insensitive to the details (for example, disk thickness and emissivity) of the disk model used. We find that the inner edge of the disk material giving rise to the line is within 2.6 +/- 0.3 times the Schwarzschild radius-the event horizon of a non-rotating black hole-at the 95% confidence level. Changes to the disk parameters can only decrease the inner radius of the emitting region, and so we can be confident that we are observing emission from gravitationally bound material in the strong-field region of a supermassive black hole. Moreover, we find that the black hole is rotating at a rate which is greater than or similar to 23 +/- 17% of the theoretical maximum, although this conclusion is model dependent.
C1 Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, MS B288, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   PN Lebedev Phys Inst, Moscow 117924, Russia.
C3 Harvard University; Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; Smithsonian Institution; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; Russian Academy of Sciences; Russian Academy of Science Lebedev Physical Institute
RP Bromley, BC (corresponding author), Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, 60 Garden St,MS-51, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
NR 13
TC 54
Z9 55
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 1
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6662
BP 54
EP 56
DI 10.1038/34130
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YP888
UT WOS:000071326100044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Weber, JKR
   Felten, JJ
   Cho, B
   Nordine, PC
AF Weber, JKR
   Felten, JJ
   Cho, B
   Nordine, PC
TI Glass fibres of pure and erkium- or neodymium-doped yttria-alumina compositions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ceramic materials; liquids; system; melt
AB Optical fibres doped with lanthanide or transition-metal elements can serve as in-line lasers and amplifiers for fibre-optic telecommunications systems. In general, most such fibre lasers use conventional silica-glass fibres doped with erbium or neodymium. But silicon dioxide absorbs strongly in the infrared for wavelengths of greater than 4 mu m or so, limiting the infrared range over which such lasers can operate. Some other oxide materials do not absorb significantly until longer wavelengths-the absorption coefficient of crystalline silica at 4 mu m is equal to that of yttrium oxide at 7.1 mu m and of sapphire (a form of alumina) at 5.1 mu m, for example(1), Glass fibres made from these materials would therefore expand the range of fibre lasers into the mid-infrared. But molten oxides that do not contain silica typically have a viscosity too low to support fibre-pulling processes. Here we demonstrate that containerless processing, in which a molten sample is levitated by a now of inert gas, permits sufficient undercooling of molten yttrium aluminium garnet (YAG:Y3Al5O12) to access a viscosity range conducive to fibre-pulling. The process is particularly effective if the molten material of stoichiometric YAG composition is doped with Nd2O3 in place of Y2O3, or with excess Al2O3; and it should also work with other dopants,because molten oxides are good solvents. Fibres could be drawn from a melt doped with Er2O3 in the presence of excess Al2O3. These fibres have the potential to extend the operating range of oxide glass-fibre lasers.
C1 Containerless Res Inc, Evanston, IL 60201 USA.
RP Weber, JKR (corresponding author), Containerless Res Inc, 906 Univ Pl, Evanston, IL 60201 USA.
NR 13
TC 167
Z9 185
U1 3
U2 124
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 25
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6687
BP 769
EP 771
DI 10.1038/31662
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZW652
UT WOS:000074433100043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Motani, R
   Minoura, N
   Ando, T
AF Motani, R
   Minoura, N
   Ando, T
TI Ichthyosaurian relationships illuminated by new primitive skeletons from Japan
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tectonically deformed fossils
AB The Ichthyosauria is a group of reptiles with fish-shaped bodies from the Mesozoic (65-250 million years ago)(1,2). Their secondary adaptations to aquatic life have obscured their ancestral features(3,4), and basal ichthyosaurs, which would be expected to retain these ancestral features (plesiomorphies), are poorly represented in the fossil record(1). As a result, their relationships to other amniotes have been controversial for over 180 years(5,6). New specimens of Utatsusaurus hataii from the Lower Triassic (240 Myr ago) of Japan are the first basal ichthyosaurs to show detailed features for almost the entire skeleton, including previously unknown parts of the skull and pelvic girdle. Computer-assisted retrodeformation of fossil images: shows that Utatsusaurus retained features of terrestrial amniotes in both the skull and the postcranial skeleton, such as the connection between the vertebral column and the pelvic girdle. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that ichthyosaurs belong in the Diapsida, but that, unlike the sauropterygians(8,9), they are not included with the Sauria (the crown group containing lizards, crocodiles, birds and Sphenodon). Recent studies have reported that the addition of ichthyosaurs to the amniote data altered the relationships among basal saurians(10,11), but no major clades were affected by the inclusion of ichthyosaurs in our analyses.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Museum Paleontol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Hokkaido Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060, Japan.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Hokkaido University
RP Motani, R (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Museum Paleontol, 1101 VLSB, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 30
TC 69
Z9 81
U1 1
U2 30
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 21
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6682
BP 255
EP 257
DI 10.1038/30473
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZP513
UT WOS:000073761000049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU den Broeder, FJA
   van der Molen, SJ
   Kremers, M
   Huiberts, JN
   Nagengast, DG
   van Gogh, ATM
   Huisman, WH
   Koeman, NJ
   Koeman, NI
   Dam, B
   Rector, JH
   Plota, S
   Haaksma, M
   Hanzen, RMN
   Jungblut, RM
   Duine, PA
   Griessen, R
AF den Broeder, FJA
   van der Molen, SJ
   Kremers, M
   Huiberts, JN
   Nagengast, DG
   van Gogh, ATM
   Huisman, WH
   Koeman, NJ
   Koeman, NI
   Dam, B
   Rector, JH
   Plota, S
   Haaksma, M
   Hanzen, RMN
   Jungblut, RM
   Duine, PA
   Griessen, R
TI Visualization of hydrogen migration in solids using switchable mirrors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID diffusion; yttrium; metals; films
AB Switchable mirrors(1-3) made of thin films of the hydrides of yttrium (YHx), lanthanum (LaHx) or rare-earth metals exhibit spectacular changes in their optical properties as xis varied from 0 to 3. For example, alpha-YHx<0.23 is a shiny, hexagonally close-packed metal, beta-YH2+/-delta is a face-centred cubic metal with a blue tint in reflection and a small transparency window at red wavelengths, whereas hexagonally close-packed gamma-YHx>2.85 is a yellowish transparent semiconductor. Here we show that this concentration dependence of the optical properties, coupled with the high mobility of hydrogen in metals, offers the possibility of realtime visual observation of hydrogen migration in solids. We explore changes in the optical properties of yttrium films in which hydrogen diffuses laterally owing to a large concentration gradient. The optical transmission profiles along the length of the film vary in such a way as to show that the formation of the various hydride phases is diffusion-controlled We can also induce electromigration of hydrogen, which diffuses towards the anode when a current flows through the film. Consequently hydrogen in insulating YH3-delta behaves as a negative ion, in agreement with recent strong-electron-correlation theories(4,5). This ability to manipulate the hydrogen distribution (and thus the optical properties) electrically might be useful for practical applications of these switchable mirrors.
C1 Free Univ Amsterdam, Fac Phys & Astron, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Philips Res Labs, NL-5656 AA Eindhoven, Netherlands.
   Free Univ Amsterdam, Inst COMPAS, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
C3 Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Philips; Philips Research; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
RP van der Molen, SJ (corresponding author), Free Univ Amsterdam, Inst COMPAS, Boelelaan 1081, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
EM sejan@nat.vu.nl
NR 22
TC 166
Z9 171
U1 0
U2 82
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 13
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6694
BP 656
EP 658
DI 10.1038/29250
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 110MD
UT WOS:000075384200036
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Benke, TA
   Lüthi, A
   Isaac, JTR
   Collingridge, GL
AF Benke, TA
   Lüthi, A
   Isaac, JTR
   Collingridge, GL
TI Modulation of AMPA receptor unitary conductance by synaptic activity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-term potentiation; dependent protein-kinase; excitatory amino-acids; hippocampal-neurons; pyramidal neurons; rat hippocampus; silent synapses; brain-slices; glutamate; channels
AB Activity-dependent alteration in synaptic strength is a fundamental property of the vertebrate central nervous system and is thought to underlie learning and memory. The most extensively studied model of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity is longterm potentiation (LTP) of glutamate-responsive (glutamatergic) synapses, a widespread phenomenon involving multiple mechanisms(1). The best characterized form of LTP occurs in the CA1 region of the hippocampus, in which LTP is initiated by transient activation of NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors and is expressed as a persistent increase in synaptic transmission through AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole pionate) receptors(2). This increase is due, at least in part, to a postsynaptic modification of AMPA-receptor function(3); this modification could be caused by an increase in the number of receptors, their open probability, their kinetics or their single-channel conductance. Here we show that the induction of LTP in the CA1 region of the hippocampus is often associated with an increase in single-channel conductance of AMPA receptors. This shows that elementary channel properties can be rapidly modified by synaptic activity and provides an insight into one molecular mechanism by which glutamatergic synapses can alter their strength.
C1 Univ Bristol, Sch Med Sci, Dept Anat, Bristol BS8 1TD, Avon, England.
C3 University of Bristol
RP Collingridge, GL (corresponding author), Univ Bristol, Sch Med Sci, Dept Anat, Univ Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, Avon, England.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 418
Z9 560
U1 0
U2 48
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 25
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6687
BP 793
EP 797
DI 10.1038/31709
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZW652
UT WOS:000074433100051
PM 9655394
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Eberstadt, M
   Huang, BH
   Chen, ZH
   Meadows, RP
   Ng, SC
   Zheng, LX
   Lenardo, MJ
   Fesik, SW
AF Eberstadt, M
   Huang, BH
   Chen, ZH
   Meadows, RP
   Ng, SC
   Zheng, LX
   Lenardo, MJ
   Fesik, SW
TI NMR structure and mutagenesis of the FADD (Mort1) death-effector domain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nuclear-magnetic-resonance; cell-death; proteins; protease; fas; interacts; c-13
AB When activated, membrane-bound receptors for Fas and tumour-necrosis factor initiate programmed cell death by recruiting the death domain of the adaptor protein FADD(1) (Mort1; ref, 2) to the membrane. FADD then activates caspase 8 (ref. 3) (also known as FLICE4 or MACH(5)) through an interaction between the death-effector domains of FADD and caspase 8. This ultimately leads to the apoptotic response. Death-effector domains and homologous protein modules known as caspase-recruitment domains(6) have been found in several proteins(1-14) and are important regulators of caspase (FLICE) activity and of apoptosis. Here we describe the solution structure of a soluble, biologically active mutant of the FADD death-effector domain. The structure consists of six antiparallel, amphipathic alpha-helices and resembles the overall fold of the death domains of Fas(15) and p75 (ref. 16). Despite this structural similarity, mutations that inhibit protein-protein interactions involving the Fas death domain have no effect when introduced into the FADD death-effector domain. Instead, a hydrophobic region of the FADD death-effector domain that is not present in the death domains is vital for binding to FLICE and for apoptotic activity.
C1 Abbott Labs, Div Pharmaceut Discovery, Abbott Pk, IL 60064 USA.
   NIH, Immunol Lab, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 Abbott Laboratories; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA
RP Fesik, SW (corresponding author), Abbott Labs, Div Pharmaceut Discovery, Abbott Pk, IL 60064 USA.
NR 28
TC 203
Z9 237
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 30
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6679
BP 941
EP 945
DI 10.1038/31972
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZK759
UT WOS:000073359900054
PM 9582077
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Xie, JW
   Murone, M
   Luoh, SM
   Ryan, A
   Gu, QM
   Zhang, CH
   Bonifas, JM
   Lam, CW
   Hynes, M
   Goddard, A
   Rosenthal, A
   Epstein, EH Jr
   de Sauvage, FJ
AF Xie, JW
   Murone, M
   Luoh, SM
   Ryan, A
   Gu, QM
   Zhang, CH
   Bonifas, JM
   Lam, CW
   Hynes, M
   Goddard, A
   Rosenthal, A
   Epstein, EH Jr
   de Sauvage, FJ
TI Activating Smoothened mutations in sporadic basal-cell carcinoma
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human homolog; gene; receptor; hedgehog
AB Basal-cell carcinomas (BCCs) are the commonest human cancer(1). Insight into their genesis came from identification of mutations in the PATCHED gene (PTCH) in patients with the basal-cell nevus syndrome, a hereditary disease characterized by multiple BCCs and by developmental abnormalities(2-7). The binding of Sonic hedgehog (SHH) to its receptor, PTCH, is thought to prevent normal inhibition by PTCH of Smoothened (SMO), a seven-span transmembrane protein(8,9). According to this model, the inhibition of SMO signalling is relieved following mutational inactivation of PTCH in basal-cell nevus syndrome, We report here the identification of activating somatic missense mutations in the SMO gene itself in sporadic BCCs from three patients. Mutant SMO, unlike wild type, can cooperate with adenovirus E1A to transform rat embryonic fibroblast cells in culture, Furthermore, skin abnormalities similar to BCCs developed in transgenic murine skin overexpressing mutant SMO. These findings support the role of SMO as a signalling component of the SHH-receptor complex and provide direct evidence that mutated SMO can function as an oncogene in BCCs.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, San Francisco Gen Hosp, Dept Dermatol, San Francisco, CA 94110 USA.
   Genentech Inc, Dept Mol Oncol, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
   Genentech Inc, Dept Pathol, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
   Genentech Inc, Dept Mol Biol, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
   Genentech Inc, Dept Neurosci, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
   Prince Wales Hosp, Dept Chem Pathol, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Roche Holding; Genentech; Roche Holding USA; Roche Holding; Genentech; Roche Holding USA; Roche Holding; Roche Holding USA; Genentech; Roche Holding; Genentech; Roche Holding USA; Prince of Wales Hospital Hong Kong
RP de Sauvage, FJ (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, San Francisco Gen Hosp, Dept Dermatol, 1001 Potrero St,Rm 269,Bldg 100, San Francisco, CA 94110 USA.
EM ehepstein@orca.ucsf.edu; sauvage@gene.com
NR 21
TC 1093
Z9 1313
U1 0
U2 58
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 1
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6662
BP 90
EP 92
DI 10.1038/34201
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YP888
UT WOS:000071326100055
PM 9422511
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Blaxter, ML
   De Ley, P
   Garey, JR
   Liu, LX
   Scheldeman, P
   Vierstraete, A
   Vanfleteren, JR
   Mackey, LY
   Dorris, M
   Frisse, LM
   Vida, JT
   Thomas, WK
AF Blaxter, ML
   De Ley, P
   Garey, JR
   Liu, LX
   Scheldeman, P
   Vierstraete, A
   Vanfleteren, JR
   Mackey, LY
   Dorris, M
   Frisse, LM
   Vida, JT
   Thomas, WK
TI A molecular evolutionary framework for the phylum Nematoda
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cephalobidae; rhabditidae; genes
AB Nematodes are important: parasitic nematodes threaten the health of plants, animals and humans on a global scale(1,2); interstitial nematodes pervade sediment and soil ecosystems in overwhelming numbers(3); and Caenorhabditis elegans is a favourite experimental model system(4). A lack of dearly homologous characters and the absence of an informative fossil record have prevented us from deriving a consistent evolutionary framework for the phylum. Here we present a phylogenetic analysis, using 53 small subunit ribosomal DNA sequences from a wide range of nematodes. With this analysis, we can compare animal-parasitic, plant-parasitic and free-living taxa using a common measurement. Our results indicate that convergent morphological evolution may be extensive and that present higher-level classification of the Nematoda will need revision. We identify five major clades within the phylum, all of which include parasitic species. We suggest that animal parasitism arose independently at least four times, and plant parasitism three times. We clarify the relationship of C. elegans to major parasitic groups; this will allow more effective exploitation of our genetic and biological knowledge of this model species.
C1 Univ Edinburgh, Inst Cell Anim & Populat Biol, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Univ Ghent, Dept Morphol Systemat & Ecol, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
   Int Inst Parasitol, St Albans AL4 0XU, Herts, England.
   Univ S Florida, Dept Biol Sci, Tampa, FL 33620 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Sch Med,Dept Med, Harvard Thorndike Lab, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   NemaPharm Inc, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol Physiol & Biophys, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Univ Missouri, Sch Biol Sci, Div Mol Biol & Biochem, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA.
C3 University of Edinburgh; Ghent University; State University System of Florida; University of South Florida; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Baylor College of Medicine; University of Missouri System; University of Missouri Kansas City
RP Blaxter, ML (corresponding author), Univ Edinburgh, Inst Cell Anim & Populat Biol, Kings Bldg, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, Midlothian, Scotland.
EM mark.blaxter@ed.ac.uk
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 1663
Z9 1861
U1 3
U2 321
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 5
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6671
BP 71
EP 75
DI 10.1038/32160
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZA528
UT WOS:000072373000051
PM 9510248
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU de la Pompa, JL
   Timmerman, LA
   Takimoto, H
   Yoshida, H
   Elia, AJ
   Samper, E
   Potter, J
   Wakeham, A
   Marengere, L
   Langille, BL
   Crabtree, GR
   Mak, TW
AF de la Pompa, JL
   Timmerman, LA
   Takimoto, H
   Yoshida, H
   Elia, AJ
   Samper, E
   Potter, J
   Wakeham, A
   Marengere, L
   Langille, BL
   Crabtree, GR
   Mak, TW
TI Role of the NF-ATc transcription factor in morphogenesis of cardiac valves and septum
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID t-cell activation; cyclosporine-a; gene; calcineurin; family; identification; contains; proteins; member
AB In lymphocytes, the expression of early immune response genes is regulated by NF-AT transcription factors(1,2) which translocate to the nucleus after dephosphorylation by the Ca2+-dependent phosphatase, calcineurin(3). We report here that mice bearing a disruption in the NF-ATc gene fail to develop normal cardiac valves and septa and die of circulatory failure before day 14.5 of development. NF-ATc is first expressed in the heart at day 7.5, and is restricted to the endocardium, a specialized endothelium that gives rise to the valves and septum. Within the endocardium, specific inductive events appear to activate NF-ATc: it is localized to the nucleus only in endocardial cells that are adjacent to the interface with the cardiac jelly and myocardium, which are thought to give the inductive stimulus to the valve primordia(4). Treatment of wild-type embryos with FK506, a specific calcineurin inhibitor(5), prevents nuclear localization of NF-ATc. These data indicate that the Ca2+/calcineurin/NF-ATc signalling pathway is essential for normal cardiac valve and septum morphogenesis; hence, NF-ATc and its regulatory pathways are candidates for genetic defects underlying congenital human heart disease.
C1 Univ Toronto, Ontario Canc Inst, Amgen Inst, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Med Biophys, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Immunol, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Dev Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Pathol, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
   Toronto Gen Div, Max Bell Res Ctr, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada.
C3 University of Toronto; University Health Network Toronto; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Stanford University; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; University Health Network Toronto; Toronto General Hospital
RP Mak, TW (corresponding author), Univ Toronto, Ontario Canc Inst, Amgen Inst, 620 Univ Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada.
EM t.mak@oci.utoronto.ca
NR 24
TC 529
Z9 605
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 12
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6672
BP 182
EP 186
DI 10.1038/32419
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZB349
UT WOS:000072462700063
PM 9515963
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kaunzinger, CMK
   Morin, PJ
AF Kaunzinger, CMK
   Morin, PJ
TI Productivity controls food-chain properties in microbial communities
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID trophic interactions; population-dynamics; web architecture; lake ecosystems; algal biomass; patterns; predators
AB Food webs provide a framework for integrating population dynamics, community structure and ecosystem processes, but the causes of many food-web patterns remain controversial(1). An unresolved issue concerns the factors that limit food-chain length in natural ecosystems, although theory predicts that length could be limited by inefficient energy transfer between trophic levels(2) or by the instability of longer food chains(3). Experiments provide qualitative support for the instability of longer food chains(4), but, according to theory, this relationship may depend on the assumptions used to model food chains(5). Here we show that experimental manipulations of productivity determine the length of microbial food chains in laboratory microcosms. Food-chain length is also predicted to determine how productivity influences population densities within trophic levels. If trophic levels consist entirely of edible prey, and if consumers feed only on the next-lower trophic level(6), population densities should alternate between increasing and constant values as food-chain length increases (Fig. 1), We find that food-chain length determines population-level responses to productivity, which is consistent with predictions from models. These results indicate that the impacts of human alterations of productivity will depend crucially on the structure of the affected food chains.
C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Ecol Evolut & Nat Resources, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick
RP Kaunzinger, CMK (corresponding author), Rutgers State Univ, Dept Ecol Evolut & Nat Resources, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA.
NR 25
TC 164
Z9 183
U1 1
U2 44
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 1
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6701
BP 495
EP 497
DI 10.1038/26741
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 124ZG
UT WOS:000076212200054
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Eiserich, JP
   Hristova, M
   Cross, CE
   Jones, AD
   Freeman, BA
   Halliwell, B
   van der Vliet, A
AF Eiserich, JP
   Hristova, M
   Cross, CE
   Jones, AD
   Freeman, BA
   Halliwell, B
   van der Vliet, A
TI Formation of nitric oxide derived inflammatory oxidants by myeloperoxidase in neutrophils
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID converting-enzyme; oxidative damage; synovial-fluid; synthase; serum; peroxynitrite; nitrotyrosine; bioactivity; nitration; peptides
AB Nitric oxide ((NO)-N-.) plays a central role in the pathogenesis of diverse inflammatory and infectious disorders(1,2). The toxicity of (NO)-N-. is thought to be engendered, in part, by its reaction with superoxide (O-2(.-)), yielding the potent oxidant peroxynitrite (ONOO-)(3). However, evidence for a role of ONOO- in vivo is based largely upon detection of 3-nitrotyrosine in injured tissues(4-8). We have recently demonstrated that nitrite (NO2-), a major end-product of (NO)-N-. metabolism, readily promotes tyrosine nitration through formation of nitryl chloride (NO2Cl) and nitrogen dioxide ((NO2)-N-.) by reaction with the inflammatory mediators hypochlorous acid (HOCl) or myeloperoxidase(9,10). We now show that activated human polymorphonuclear neutrophils convert NO2- into NO2Cl and (NO2)-N-. through myeloperoxidase-dependent pathways. Polymorphonuclear neutrophil-mediated nitration and chlorination of tyrosine residues or 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid is enhanced by addition of NO2- or by fluxes of (NO)-N-.. Addition of (NO2-)-N-15 led to N-15 enrichment of nitrated phenolic substrates, confirming its role in polymorphonuclear neutrophil-mediated nitration reactions. Polymorphonuclear neutrophil-mediated inactivation of endothelial cell angiotensin-converting enzyme was exacerbated by NO2-, illustrating the physiological significance of these reaction pathways to cellular dysfunction. Our data reveal that NO2- may regulate inflammatory processes through oxidative mechanisms, perhaps by contributing to the tyrosine nitration and chlorination observed in vivo.
C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Internal Med, Div Pulm & Crit Care Med, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   Univ Calif Davis, Facil Adv Instrumentat, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   Univ Alabama, Dept Anesthesiol, Birmingham, AL 35233 USA.
   Univ Alabama, Dept Biochem & Mol Genet, Birmingham, AL 35233 USA.
   Univ Alabama, Dept Pediat, Birmingham, AL 35233 USA.
   Univ London, Univ London Kings Coll, Neurodegenerat Dis Res Ctr, Pharmacol Grp, London SW3 6LX, England.
C3 University of California System; University of California Davis; University of California System; University of California Davis; University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Birmingham; University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Birmingham; University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Birmingham; University of London; King's College London
RP Eiserich, JP (corresponding author), Univ Alabama, Ctr Free Radical Biol, Dept Anesthesiol, 619 19th St S,946 THT, Birmingham, AL 35233 USA.
NR 30
TC 1346
Z9 1434
U1 3
U2 110
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 22
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6665
BP 393
EP 397
DI 10.1038/34923
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YT444
UT WOS:000071604200056
PM 9450756
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU [Anonymous]
AF [Anonymous]
TI A crash course in ethical behaviour
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 26
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6709
BP 306
EP 306
DI 
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 142MJ
UT WOS:000077204000017
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Parr, BA
   McMahon, AP
AF Parr, BA
   McMahon, AP
TI Sexually dimorphic development of the mammalian reproductive tract requires Wnt-7a
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mullerian-inhibiting substance; estrogen-receptor gene; duct syndrome; vertebrate limb; ii receptor; expression; hormone; disruption; cloning; cells
AB An important feature of mammalian development is the generation of sexually dimorphic reproductive tracts from the Mullerian and Wolffian ducts. In females, Mullerian ducts develop into the oviduct, uterus, cervix and upper vagina, whereas Wolffian ducts regress. In males, testosterone promotes differentiation of Wolffian ducts into the epididymis, vas deferens and seminal vesicle. The Sertoli cells of the testes produce Mullerian-inhibiting substance, which stimulates Mullerian duct regression in males(1-4) The receptor for Mullerian-inhibiting substance is expressed by mesenchymal cells underlying the Mullerian duct that are thought to mediate regression of the duct(5-7). Mutations that inactivate either Mullerian-inhibiting substance or its receptor allow development of the female reproductive tract in males(8-12). These pseudohermaphrodites are frequently infertile because sperm passage is blocked by the presence of the female reproductive system(9,10,12). Here we show that male mice lacking the signalling molecule Wnt-7a fail to undergo regression of the Mullerian duct as a result of the absence of the receptor for Mullerian-inhibiting substance. Wnt7a-deficient females are infertile because of abnormal development of the oviduct and uterus, both of which are Mullerian duct derivatives. Therefore, we propose that signalling by Wnt-7a allows sexually dimorphic development of the Mullerian ducts.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Biolabs, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University
RP McMahon, AP (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Biolabs, 16 Divin Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
NR 24
TC 270
Z9 310
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 15
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6703
BP 707
EP 710
DI 10.1038/27221
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 129PR
UT WOS:000076472600054
PM 9790192
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wijnands, R
   van der Klis, M
AF Wijnands, R
   van der Klis, M
TI A millisecond pulsar in an x-ray binary system
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quasi-periodic oscillations; radio pulsars; pulsations; searches; discovery; gx5-1; flux
AB Ordinary radio pulsars' are neutron stars with magnetic fields of similar to 10(12) gauss and spin periods in the range 0.1 to 3 seconds. In contrast, millisecond radio pulsars(2) have much weaker fields (similar to 10(9) gauss) and faster, millisecond spire rates. For both types of pulsar, the energy driving the radio pulsations is thought to be derived from the rotation of the neutron star. The star gradually 'spins down' as energy is radiated away. Millisecond radio pulsars are often located in binary systems(3). In a widely accepted theoretical model(4,5), they started as ordinary pulsars which lose most of their magnetic field and were 'spun up' to millisecond periods by the accretion of matter from a companion star in an X-ray binary system. Evidence(6-11) for this model has gradually mounted, but direct proof-in the form of the predicted coherent millisecond X-ray pulsations in the persistent flux of are X-ray binary has been lacking, despite many searches(12-15). Here we report the discovery(16) of such a pulsar, confirming theoretical expectations. The source will probably become a millisecond radio pulsar when the accretion turns off completely.
C1 Univ Amsterdam, Astron Inst Anton Pannekoek, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Natl Inst Nucl & High Energy Phys, Ctr High Energy Astrophys, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of Amsterdam; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP van der Klis, M (corresponding author), Univ Amsterdam, Astron Inst Anton Pannekoek, Kruislaan 403, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
EM michiel@astro.uva.nl
NR 31
TC 663
Z9 700
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 23
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6691
BP 344
EP 346
DI 10.1038/28557
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 103QF
UT WOS:000074968800042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Holloway, JM
   Dahlgren, RA
   Hansen, B
   Casey, WH
AF Holloway, JM
   Dahlgren, RA
   Hansen, B
   Casey, WH
TI Contribution of bedrock nitrogen to high nitrate concentrations in stream water
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ammonium; chemistry; rocks; soil; nutrients
AB Concentrations of nitrate in stream water throughout the world are reported to be elevated relative to natural background levels. This enrichment is commonly attributed to anthropogenic activities such as atmospheric emissions(1), livestock feeding(2), agricultural runoff(3,4), timber harvesting practices(5) and domestic/ industrial affluent discharge(4,6). Here we show that bedrock containing appreciable concentrations of fixed nitrogen contribute a surprisingly large amount of nitrate to surface waters in certain California watersheds, to an extent that even small areas of these rocks have a profound influence on water quality. As 75% of the rocks now exposed at the Earth's surface are sedimentary in origin(7), and as these rocks contain about 20% of the global nitrogen inventory(8), 'geological' nitrogen may be a large and hitherto unappreciated source of nitrate to surface waters. Such a natural nitrate source may be especially significant given that nitrate contamination at very low levels can contribute to surface water eutrophication(9), may cause infant methaemoglobinaemia ('blue baby' syndrome)(6) and has been implicated in certain cancers(6). In addition, geological nitrogen may be a source of the 'missing' nitrogen noted in several biogeochemical studies of ecosystem nitrogen budgets(1).
C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Land Air & Water Resources, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   Univ Aarhus, Dept Earth Sci, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
C3 University of California System; University of California Davis; Aarhus University
RP Dahlgren, RA (corresponding author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Land Air & Water Resources, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
EM radahlgren@ucdavis.edu
NR 32
TC 221
Z9 271
U1 2
U2 109
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 22
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6704
BP 785
EP 788
DI 10.1038/27410
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 132AL
UT WOS:000076607400052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Neto, RB
AF Neto, RB
TI Brazil's scientists warn against 'nationalistic' restrictions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 5
Z9 5
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 9
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6676
BP 538
EP 538
DI 10.1038/33246
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZG300
UT WOS:000072987200016
PM 9560140
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sullivan, R
   Greeley, R
   Homan, K
   Klemaszewski, J
   Belton, MJS
   Carr, MH
   Chapman, CR
   Tufts, R
   Head, JW
   Pappalardo, R
   Moore, J
   Thomas, P
AF Sullivan, R
   Greeley, R
   Homan, K
   Klemaszewski, J
   Belton, MJS
   Carr, MH
   Chapman, CR
   Tufts, R
   Head, JW
   Pappalardo, R
   Moore, J
   Thomas, P
TI Episodic plate separation and fracture infill on the surface of Europa
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Images obtained by the Voyager spacecraft revealed dark, wedge-shaped bands on Europa that were interpreted as evidence that surface plates, 50-100 km across, moved and rotated relative to each other(1). This implied that they may be mechanically decoupled from the interior by a layer of warm ice or Liquid water(2,3). Here we report similar features seen in higher resolution images (420 metres per pixel) obtained by the Galileo spacecraft that reveal new details of wedge-band formation. In particular, the interior of one dark band shows bilateral symmetry of parallel lineaments and pit complexes which indicates that plate separation occurred in discrete episodes from a central axis. The images also show that this style of tectonic activity involved plates < 10 km across. Although this tectonic style superficially resembles aspects of similar activity on Earth, such as sea-floor spreading and the formation of ice leads in polar seas, there are significant differences in the underlying physical mechanisms: the wedge-shaped bands on Europa most probably formed when lower material (ice or water) rose to fill the fractures that widened in response to regional surface stresses.
C1 Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Natl Opt Astron Observ, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA.
   US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA.
   SW Res Inst, Boulder, CO 80302 USA.
   Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
   NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA.
   Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
C3 Cornell University; National Optical Astronomy Observatory; United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; University of Arizona; Brown University; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Ames Research Center; Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe
RP Sullivan, R (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, 308 Space Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
NR 13
TC 97
Z9 108
U1 1
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 22
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6665
BP 371
EP 373
DI 10.1038/34874
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YT444
UT WOS:000071604200048
PM 9450752
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Boone, RD
   Nadelhoffer, KJ
   Canary, JD
   Kaye, JP
AF Boone, RD
   Nadelhoffer, KJ
   Canary, JD
   Kaye, JP
TI Roots exert a strong influence on the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atmospheric carbon-dioxide; forest; exchange; co2; vegetation; climate; litter; fluxes
AB The temperature sensitivity of soil respiration will largely determine the effects of a warmer world on net carbon nux from soils to the atmosphere. CO2 flux from soils to the atmosphere is estimated to be 50-70 petagrams of carbon per year and makes up 20-38% of annual inputs of carbon (in the form of CO2) to the atmosphere from terrestrial and marine sources(1,2). Here we show that, for a mixed temperate forest, respiration by roots plus oxidation of rhizosphere carbon, which together produce a large portion of total effluxed soil CO2, is more temperature-sensitive than the respiration of bulk soil. We determine that the Q(10) value (the coefficient for the exponential relationship between soil respiration and temperature, multiplied by ten) is 4.6 for autotrophic root respiration plus rhizosphere decomposition, 2.5 for respiration by soil lacking roots and 3.5 for respiration by bulk soil. If plants in a higher-CO2 atmosphere increase their allocation of photosynthate to roots(3-6), these findings suggest that soil respiration should be more sensitive to elevated temperatures, thus limiting carbon sequestration by soils.
C1 Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA.
   Marine Biol Lab, Ctr Ecosyst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
   Colorado State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA.
C3 University of Alaska System; University of Alaska Fairbanks; Marine Biological Laboratory - Woods Hole; Colorado State University System; Colorado State University Fort Collins
RP Boone, RD (corresponding author), Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA.
EM ffrdb@uaf.edu
NR 30
TC 780
Z9 1097
U1 6
U2 407
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 10
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6711
BP 570
EP 572
DI 10.1038/25119
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 147AY
UT WOS:000077466800056
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yeshurun, Y
   Carrasco, M
AF Yeshurun, Y
   Carrasco, M
TI Attention improves or impairs visual performance by enhancing spatial resolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID texture segmentation; selective attention; neural mechanisms; areas v1; search; eccentricity; vision; cortex; size; v2
AB Covert attention, the selective processing of visual information at a given location in the absence of eye movements, improves performance in several tasks, such as visual search and detection of luminance and vernier targets(1-6). An important unsettled issue is whether this improvement is due to a reduction in noise (internal or external)(6-9), a change in decisional criteria(10,11), or signal enhancement(3,5,12). Here we show that attention can affect performance by signal enhancement. For a texture segregation task in which performance is actually diminished when spatial resolution is too high, we observed that attention improved performance at peripheral locations where spatial resolution was too low, but impaired performance at central locations where spatial resolution was too high(4-12). The counterintuitive impairment of performance that we found at the central retinal locations appears to have only one possible explanation: attention enhances spatial resolution,
C1 NYU, Dept Psychol, New York, NY 10003 USA.
C3 New York University
RP Carrasco, M (corresponding author), NYU, Dept Psychol, 6 Washington Pl, New York, NY 10003 USA.
EM marisa@psych.nyu.edu
FU NEI NIH HHS [R01 EY016200] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 528
Z9 630
U1 3
U2 46
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 5
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6706
BP 72
EP 75
DI 10.1038/23936
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 136HE
UT WOS:000076852700055
PM 9817201
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Steinberg-Yfrach, G
   Rigaud, JL
   Durantini, EN
   Moore, AL
   Gust, D
   Moore, TA
AF Steinberg-Yfrach, G
   Rigaud, JL
   Durantini, EN
   Moore, AL
   Gust, D
   Moore, TA
TI Light-driven production of ATP catalysed by F0F1-ATP synthase in an artificial photosynthetic membrane
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID reconstitution procedure; liposm; bacteriorhodopsin; chloroplasts; cf0f1; site; energy
AB Energy-transducing membranes of living organisms couple spontaneous to non-spontaneous processes through the intermediacy of protonmotive force (p.m.f.)-an imbalance in electrochemical potential of protons across the membrane, In most organisms, p.m.f. is generated by redox reactions that are either photochemically driven, such as those in photosynthetic reaction centres, or intrinsically spontaneous, such as those of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. Transmembrane proteins (such as the cytochromes and complexes I, III and IV in the electron-transport chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane) couple the redox reactions to proton translocation, thereby conserving a fraction of the redox chemical potential as p.m.f. Many transducer proteins couple p.m.f. to the performance of biochemical work, such as biochemical synthesis and mechanical and transport processes, Recently, an artificial photosynthetic membrane was reported in which a photocyclic process was used to transport protons across a liposomal membrane, resulting in acidification of the Liposome's internal volume(1), If significant p.m.f. is generated in this system, then incorporating an appropriate transducer into the liposomal bilayer should make it possible to drive a non-spontaneous chemical process, Here we report the incorporation of F0F1-ATP synthase into liposomes containing the components of the proton-pumping photocycle, Irradiation of this artificial membrane,vith visible Light results in the uncoupler-and inhibitor-sensitive synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) against an ATP chemical potential of similar to 12 kcal mol(-1), with a quantum yield of more than 7%, This system mimics the process by which photosynthetic bacteria convert light energy into ATP chemical potential.
C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
   Arizona State Univ, Ctr Study Early Events Photosynthesis, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
   Inst Curie, CNRS, UMR 168, Sect Rech, F-75231 Paris, France.
   CEA, LCR, F-75231 Paris 05, France.
C3 Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe; Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe; Universite PSL; UNICANCER; Institut Curie; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Sorbonne Universite; CNRS - Institute of Chemistry (INC); CEA
RP Moore, TA (corresponding author), Arizona State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
NR 13
TC 434
Z9 465
U1 3
U2 191
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 2
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6675
BP 479
EP 482
DI 10.1038/33116
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZF215
UT WOS:000072875200053
PM 9548252
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Guégan, JF
   Lek, S
   Oberdorff, T
AF Guégan, JF
   Lek, S
   Oberdorff, T
TI Energy availability and habitat heterogeneity predict global riverine fish diversity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neural networks; species richness; scale patterns; conservation; ecology
AB Processes governing patterns of richness of riverine fish species at the global level can be modelled using artificial neural network (ANN) procedures. These ANNs are the most recent development in computer-aided identification and are very different from conventional techniques(1,2). Here we use the potential of ANNs to deal with some of the persistent fuzzy and nonlinear problems that confound classical statistical methods for species diversity prediction. We show that riverine fish diversity patterns on a global scale can be successfully predicted by geographical patterns in local river conditions. Nonlinear relationships, fitted by ANN methods, adequately describe the data, with up to 93 per cent of the total variation in species richness being explained by our results. These findings highlight the dominant effect of energy availability and habitat heterogeneity on patterns of global fish diversity. Our results reinforce the species-energy theory(3) and contrast with those from a recent study on North American mammal species(4), but, more interestingly, they demonstrate the applicability of ANN methods in ecology.
C1 Univ Montpellier 2, ORSTOM, Lab Hydrobiol Marine & Continentale,CNRS, UMR 5556,Stn Mediterraneenne Environm Littoral, F-34200 Sete, France.
   Univ Toulouse 3, CESAC, CNRS, UMR 5576, F-31062 Toulouse, France.
   Museum Natl Hist Nat, Ichtyol Gen & Appl Lab, F-75231 Paris 05, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD); Universite de Montpellier; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN)
RP Guégan, JF (corresponding author), Univ Montpellier 2, ORSTOM, Lab Hydrobiol Marine & Continentale,CNRS, UMR 5556,Stn Mediterraneenne Environm Littoral, 1 Quai Daurade, F-34200 Sete, France.
EM guegan@univ-montp2.fr
NR 30
TC 267
Z9 309
U1 1
U2 105
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 22
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6665
BP 382
EP 384
DI 10.1038/34899
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YT444
UT WOS:000071604200052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mackie, GA
AF Mackie, GA
TI Ribonuclease E is a 5′-end-dependent endonuclease
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ribosomal-protein s20; escherichia-coli; messenger-rna; cleavage sites; in-vitro; degradation; invitro; enzyme; invivo; overexpression
AB The selective degradation of messenger RNAs enables cells to regulate the levels of particular mRNAs in response to changes in the environment. Ribonuclease (RNase) E (ref, 1), a single-strand-specific endonuclease(2-4) that is found in a multi-enzyme complex known as the 'degradosome'(5-7), initiates the degradation of many mRNAs in Escherichia coli(3,8,9). Its relative lack of sequence specificity and the presence of many potential cleavage sires in mRNA substrate(2,3) cannot explain why mRNA decay frequently proceeds in a net 5'-to-3' directian(9-11). I have prepared covalently dosed circular derivatives of natural substrates, the rpsT mRNA encoding ribosomal protein S20 (ref. 2) and the 9S precursor to 5S ribosomal RNA(1,12), and find that these derivatives are considerably more resistant to cleavage in vitro by RNase E than are linear molecules. Moreover, antisense oligo-deoxynucleotides complementary to the 5' end of linear substrates significantly reduce the latter's susceptibility to attack by RNase E. Finally, natural substrates with terminal 5'-h triphosphate groups are poorly cleaved by RNase E in vitro, whereas 5' monophosphorylated substrates are strongly preferred (compare with ref, 13). These results show that RNase E has inherent: vectorial properties, with its activity depending on the 5' end of its substrates; this can account for the direction of mRNA decay in E, coli, the phenomenon of 'all or none' mRNA decay, and the stabilization provided by 5' stem-loop structures(14-17).
C1 Univ British Columbia, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
C3 University of British Columbia
RP Mackie, GA (corresponding author), Univ British Columbia, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, 2146 Hlth Sci Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
EM gamackie@unixg.ubc.ca
NR 28
TC 344
Z9 400
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 15
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6703
BP 720
EP 723
DI 10.1038/27246
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 129PR
UT WOS:000076472600058
PM 9790196
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU de Rooij, J
   Zwartkruis, FJT
   Verheijen, MHG
   Cool, RH
   Nijman, SMB
   Wittinghofer, A
   Bos, JL
AF de Rooij, J
   Zwartkruis, FJT
   Verheijen, MHG
   Cool, RH
   Nijman, SMB
   Wittinghofer, A
   Bos, JL
TI Epac is a Rap1 guanine-nucleotide-exchange factor directly activated by cyclic AMP
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dependent protein-kinase; subunit; domain; cells; gene; c3g
AB Rap1 is a small, Ras-like GTPase that was first identified as a protein that could suppress the oncogenic transformation of cells by Ras', Rap1 is activated by several extracellular stimuli(2-7) and may be involved in cellular processes such as cell proliferations(8), cell differentiation(4), T-cell anergy(2) and platelet activation(7). At least three different second messengers, namely diacylglycerol, calcium and cyclic AMP(5-7,9), able to activate Rap1 by promoting its release of the guanine nucleotide GDP and its binding to GTP. Here we report that activation of Rap1 by forskolin and cAMP occurs independently of protein kinase A (also known as cAMP-abivated protein kinase). We have cloned the gene encoding a guanine-nucleotide-exchange factor (GEF) which we have named Epac (exchange protein directly activated by cAMP). This protein contains a cAMP-binding site and a domain that is homologous to domains of known GEFs for pas and Rap1, Epac binds cAMP in vitro and exhibits in vivo and in vitro GEF activity towards Rap1, cAMP strongly induces the GEF activity of Epac towards Rap1 both in vivo and in vitro. We conclude that Epac is a GEF for Rapl that is regulated directly by cAMP and that Epac is a new target protein for cAMP.
C1 Univ Utrecht, Physiol Chem Lab, NL-3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Univ Utrecht, Ctr Biomed Genet, NL-3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Netherlands Inst Dev Biol, Hubrecht Lab, NL-3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Max Planck Inst Mol Physiol, D-44139 Dortmund, Germany.
C3 Utrecht University; Utrecht University; Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts & Sciences; Hubrecht Institute (KNAW); Max Planck Society
RP Bos, JL (corresponding author), Univ Utrecht, Physiol Chem Lab, Univ Weg 100, NL-3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands.
NR 25
TC 1661
Z9 1888
U1 0
U2 68
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 3
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6710
BP 474
EP 477
DI 10.1038/24884
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 145KL
UT WOS:000077370100056
PM 9853756
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Che, GL
   Lakshmi, BB
   Fisher, ER
   Martin, CR
AF Che, GL
   Lakshmi, BB
   Fisher, ER
   Martin, CR
TI Carbon nanotubule membranes for electrochemical energy storage and production
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Ensembles of aligned and monodisperse tubules of graphitic carbon can be prepared by a templating method(1-4) that involves the chemical-vapour deposition of carbon within the pores of alumina membranes(5-7). Tubules with diameters as small as 20 nm have been prepared in this way(7,8). The carbon comprising these tubules can be transformed from a disordered material to very highly ordered graphite(5). Here we show that template-synthesized carbon tubules can be fabricated as free-standing nanoporous carbon membranes, and that narrower, highly ordered graphitic carbon nanotubes can be prepared within the membrane's tubules. Both the outer and the inner tubules are electrochemically active for intercalation of lithium ions, suggesting possible applications in lithium-ion batteries(9,10). The membranes can also be filled with nanoparticles of electrocatalytic metals and alloys. Such catalyst-loaded membranes can be used to electrocatalyse O-2 reduction and methanol oxidation, two reactions of importance to fuel-cell technology.
C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Chem, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA.
C3 Colorado State University System; Colorado State University Fort Collins
RP Martin, CR (corresponding author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Chem, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA.
NR 26
TC 1792
Z9 2055
U1 2
U2 867
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 28
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6683
BP 346
EP 349
DI 10.1038/30694
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZQ593
UT WOS:000073883600048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mazzarello, P
   Bentivoglio, M
AF Mazzarello, P
   Bentivoglio, M
TI The centenarian Golgi apparatus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB One hundred years ago, Camillo Golgi described the cellular apparatus that has since become synonymous with his name. Although its existence was questioned for 50 years, this organelle is now established as the cell's centre for the processing and secretion of proteins.
C1 CNR, Ist Genet Biochim & Evoluzionist, I-27100 Pavia, Italy.
   Univ Verona, Ist Anat & Istol, I-37134 Verona, Italy.
C3 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); University of Verona
RP Mazzarello, P (corresponding author), CNR, Ist Genet Biochim & Evoluzionist, Via Abbiategrasso 207, I-27100 Pavia, Italy.
NR 10
TC 19
Z9 22
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 9
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6676
BP 543
EP 544
DI 10.1038/33266
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZG300
UT WOS:000072987200025
PM 9560144
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Eiler, JM
   McInnes, B
   Valley, JW
   Graham, CM
   Stolper, EM
AF Eiler, JM
   McInnes, B
   Valley, JW
   Graham, CM
   Stolper, EM
TI Oxygen isotope evidence for slab-derived fluids in the sub-arc mantle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID oceanic upper-mantle; ion microprobe; trace-element; geochemistry; constraints; subduction; peridotite; rocks; melts; metasomatism
AB The subduction of oceanic lithosphere is thought to enrich the mantle in elements concentrated in altered oceanic crust and its sedimentary cover (for example, H2O, CO2 and alkalis)(1,2). This enrichment is generally inferred from the geochemistry of island-arc lavas(3). More direct evidence-such as samples from the mantle with a dear crustal origin(4)-is rare. Inclusions of silicate glass within mantle-derived minerals can have major- and trace-element compositions unlike basalt(5,6) and sometimes contain 'enriched' isotopic compositions of Sr, Nd and Pb, suggesting that the inclusions are partial melts of subducted oceanic crust or sediments(6). Alternatively, some of these alkali-rich inclusions may have been produced by melting peridotites to low degrees (possibly in the presence of volatiles)(7). Here we present oxygen isotope data from silicate glass inclusions obtained from mantle olivine samples in an island-are setting. These data provide direct evidence that the inclusions are derived from a source rich in material from the subducted oceanic crust and therefore that slab-derived fluids have infiltrated the sub-are mantle wedge.
C1 CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   CSIRO Explorat & Min, N Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geol & Geophys, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Edinburgh, Dept Geol & Geophys, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, Midlothian, Scotland.
C3 California Institute of Technology; Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO); University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Edinburgh
RP Eiler, JM (corresponding author), CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Mail Code 170-25, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM eiler@mail.gps.caltech.edu
NR 36
TC 107
Z9 115
U1 1
U2 42
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 25
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6687
BP 777
EP 781
DI 10.1038/31679
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZW652
UT WOS:000074433100046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Das, S
   Sasaki, YF
   Rothe, T
   Premkumar, LS
   Takasu, M
   Crandall, JE
   Dikkes, P
   Conner, DA
   Rayudu, PV
   Cheung, W
   Chen, HSV
   Lipton, SA
   Nakanishi, N
AF Das, S
   Sasaki, YF
   Rothe, T
   Premkumar, LS
   Takasu, M
   Crandall, JE
   Dikkes, P
   Conner, DA
   Rayudu, PV
   Cheung, W
   Chen, HSV
   Lipton, SA
   Nakanishi, N
TI Increased NMDA current and spine density in mice lacking the NMDA receptor subunit NR3A
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-term potentiation; dendritic spines; regional expression; rat-brain; channel; plasticity; cloning
AB The NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) subclass of glutamate receptor(1) is essential for the synaptic plasticity thought to underlie learning and memory(2-4) and for synaptic refinement during development(5,6). It is currently believed that the NMDA receptor (NMDAR) is a heteromultimeric channel comprising the ubiquitous NR1 subunit and at least one regionally localized NR2 subunit(7-11). Here we report the characterization of a regulatory NMDAR subunit, NR3A (formerly termed NMDAR-L or chi-1), which is expressed primarily during brain development(12,13) NR3A co-immunoprecipitates with receptor subunits NR1 and NR2 in cerebrocortical extracts. In single-channel recordings from Xenopus oocytes, addition of NR3A to NR1 and NR2 leads to the appearance of a smaller unitary conductance, Genetic knockout of NR3A in mice results in enhanced NMDA responses and increased dendritic spines in early postnatal cerebrocortical neurons. These data suggest that NR3A is involved in the development of synaptic elements by modulating NMDAR activity.
C1 Brigham & Womens Hosp, Cerebrovasc & Neurosci Res Inst, Neurosurg Serv, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Program Neurosci, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   SUNY Buffalo, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Buffalo, NY 14214 USA.
   Eunice Kennedy Shriver Ctr Mental Retardat Inc, Dev Neurosci Div, Waltham, MA 02254 USA.
   Childrens Hosp, Div Neurosci, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; State University of New York (SUNY) System; University at Buffalo, SUNY; Eunice Kennedy Shriver Center; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital
RP Nakanishi, N (corresponding author), Brigham & Womens Hosp, Cerebrovasc & Neurosci Res Inst, Neurosurg Serv, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM slipton@rics.bwh.harvard.edu; nnakanis@warren.med.harvard.edu
NR 29
TC 494
Z9 590
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 28
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6683
BP 377
EP 381
DI 10.1038/30748
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZQ593
UT WOS:000073883600057
PM 9620802
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU [Anonymous]
AF [Anonymous]
TI Mining a rich seam of genetic diversity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 26
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6709
BP 304
EP 304
DI 
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 142MJ
UT WOS:000077204000016
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Abbott, A
AF Abbott, A
TI University contracts row still drags on
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 1998
VL 0
IS 
BP 10
EP 10
DI 
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZJ678
UT WOS:000073241100010
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Woo, RA
   McLure, KG
   Lees-Miller, SP
   Rancourt, DE
   Lee, PWK
AF Woo, RA
   McLure, KG
   Lees-Miller, SP
   Rancourt, DE
   Lee, PWK
TI DNA-dependent protein kinase acts upstream of p53 in response to DNA damage
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID v(d)j recombination; gene-expression; scid mutation; cell-lines; repair
AB The tumour suppressor p53 becomes activated as a transcription factor in response to DNA damage(1-3), but the mechanism for this activation is unclear. A good candidate for an upstream activator of p53 is the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) that depends on the presence of DNA breaks for its activity(4-6). Here we investigate the link between DNA damage and the activation of DNA-PK and of p53. To determine whether DNA-PK is an upstream mediator of the p53 DNA-damage response, we analysed a severe combined-immunodeficiency (SCID) mouse cen Line, SCGR11 (reb 7, 8), and the human glioma cell line M059J (ref. 9), Both cell lines lack any detectable DNA-PK activity. We find that p53 is incapable of binding to DNA in the absence of DNA-PK, that DNA-PK is necessary but not sufficient for activation of p53 sequence-specific DNA binding, and that this activation occurs in response to DNA damage. Our results establish DNA-PK as a link between DNA damage and p53 activation, and reveal the existence of a mammalian DNA-damage-response pathway.
C1 Univ Calgary, Dept Microbiol & Infect Dis, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
   Univ Calgary, Dept Biol Sci, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
   Univ Calgary, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
C3 University of Calgary; University of Calgary; University of Calgary
RP Lee, PWK (corresponding author), Univ Calgary, Dept Microbiol & Infect Dis, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
NR 28
TC 288
Z9 327
U1 0
U2 38
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 13
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6694
BP 700
EP 704
DI 10.1038/29343
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 110MD
UT WOS:000075384200050
PM 9716137
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Marone, C
AF Marone, C
TI The effect of loading rate on static friction and the rate of fault healing during the earthquake cycle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rock friction; dependent friction; slip instability; time; recurrence; nucleation; rupture; strain
AB The seismic cycle requires that faults strengthen (heal) between earthquakes, and the rate of this healing process plays a key role in determining earthquake stress drop(1-4), rupture characteristics(5,6) and seismic scaling relations(2-4,7). Frictional healing (as evidenced by increasing static friction during quasi-stationary contact between two surfaces(1,8-12)) is considered the mechanism most likely to be responsible for fault strengthening(2,3,13,14). Previous studies, however, have shown a large discrepancy between laboratory and seismic (field) estimates of the healing rate(2-4,14,15); in the laboratory, rock friction changes by only a few per cent per order-of-magnitude change in slip rate, whereas seismic stress drop increases by a factor of 2 to 5 per order-of-magnitude increase in earthquake recurrence interval, But in such comparisons, it is assumed that healing and static friction are independent of loading rate, Here, I summarize laboratory measurements showing that static friction and healing vary with loading rate and time, as expected from friction theory(16-18). Applying these results to seismic faulting and accounting for differences in laboratory, seismic and tectonic slip rates, I demonstrate that post-seismic healing is expected to be retarded for a period of several hundred days following an earthquake, in agreement with recent findings from repeating earthquakes(13,14,19,20).
C1 MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Marone, C (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
NR 31
TC 330
Z9 372
U1 2
U2 86
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 1
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6662
BP 69
EP 72
DI 10.1038/34157
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YP888
UT WOS:000071326100049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kemp, M
AF Kemp, M
TI Saenredam's shapes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Hist Art, Oxford OX1 2PG, England.
C3 University of Oxford
RP Kemp, M (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Hist Art, 35 Beaumont St, Oxford OX1 2PG, England.
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 2
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6675
BP 445
EP 445
DI 10.1038/33033
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZF215
UT WOS:000072875200030
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Manabe, T
   Noda, Y
   Mamiya, T
   Katagiri, H
   Houtani, T
   Nishi, M
   Noda, T
   Takahashi, T
   Sugimoto, T
   Nabeshima, T
   Takeshima, H
AF Manabe, T
   Noda, Y
   Mamiya, T
   Katagiri, H
   Houtani, T
   Nishi, M
   Noda, T
   Takahashi, T
   Sugimoto, T
   Nabeshima, T
   Takeshima, H
TI Facilitation of long-term potentiation and memory in mice lacking nociception receptors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hippocampal ca1 region; synaptic transmission; calcium channels; orphanin-fq; neurons; ltp; modulation; cells
AB The peptide nociceptin (also named orphanin FQ) acts in the brain to produce various pharmacological effects, including hyperalgesia and hypolocomotion(1,2). The nociceptin receptor uses guanine-nucleotide-binding proteins to mediate the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase, the activation of potassium channels and inhibition of calcium channels(3). It has been shown using knockout mice that the nociceptin receptor is not required for regulation of nociceptive responses or locomotion activity, but modulates the auditory function(4). Here we show that mice lacking the nociceptin receptor possess greater learning ability and have better memory than control mice. Histological analysis revealed the expression of both the nociceptin precursor and the nociceptin receptor in the hippocampus, thought to take part in aspects of learning and memory. Moreover, the receptor-deficient mice showed larger long-term potentiation in the hippocampal CAI region than control mice, without apparent changes in presynaptic or postsynaptic electrophysiological properties. These results show that the loss of the nociceptin receptor results in a gain-of-function mutation in both the memory process and the long-term potentiation mechanism in CA1, perhaps as a result of altered intracellular signal transduction systems in neurons.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Fac Med, Dept Pharmacol, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138654, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Fac Med, Dept Neurophysiol, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138654, Japan.
   Nagoya Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neuropsychopharmacol, Nagoya, Aichi 4668560, Japan.
   Nagoya Univ, Sch Med, Hosp Pharm, Nagoya, Aichi 4668560, Japan.
   Kansai Med Univ, Dept Anat, Osaka 5708506, Japan.
   Inst Canc, Dept Cell Biol, Toshima Ku, Tokyo 1708455, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo; University of Tokyo; Nagoya University; Nagoya University; Kansai Medical University
RP Takeshima, H (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Fac Med, Dept Pharmacol, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138654, Japan.
NR 28
TC 289
Z9 331
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 6
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6693
BP 577
EP 581
DI 10.1038/29073
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 107YN
UT WOS:000075238700048
PM 9707118
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Geis, MW
   Efremow, NN
   Krohn, KE
   Twichell, JC
   Lyszczarz, TM
   Kalish, R
   Greer, JA
   Tabat, MD
AF Geis, MW
   Efremow, NN
   Krohn, KE
   Twichell, JC
   Lyszczarz, TM
   Kalish, R
   Greer, JA
   Tabat, MD
TI A new surface electron-emission mechanism in diamond cathodes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID vapor-deposited diamond; field-emission; emitters; affinity; cones; tip
AB An electron-emission mechanism for cold cathodes is described based on the enhancement of electric fields at metal-diamond-vacuum triple junctions. Unlike conventional mechanisms, in which electrons tunnel from a metal or semiconductor directly into vacuum, the electrons here tunnel from a metal into diamond surface states, where they are accelerated to energies sufficient to be ejected into vacuum. Diamond cathodes designed to optimize this mechanism exhibit some of the lowest operational voltages achieved so far.
C1 MIT, Lincoln Lab, Lexington, MA 02173 USA.
   Technion Israel Inst Technol, IL-32000 Haifa, Israel.
   PVD Prod, Bedford, MA 02173 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Lincoln Laboratory; Technion Israel Institute of Technology
RP Geis, MW (corresponding author), MIT, Lincoln Lab, 244 Wood St, Lexington, MA 02173 USA.
EM geis@LL.mit.edu
NR 46
TC 232
Z9 250
U1 0
U2 70
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 4
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6684
BP 431
EP 435
DI 10.1038/30900
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZR842
UT WOS:000074020000033
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yin, YX
   Terauchi, Y
   Solomon, GG
   Aizawa, S
   Rangarajan, PN
   Yazaki, Y
   Kadowaki, T
   Barrett, JC
AF Yin, YX
   Terauchi, Y
   Solomon, GG
   Aizawa, S
   Rangarajan, PN
   Yazaki, Y
   Kadowaki, T
   Barrett, JC
TI Involvement of p85 in p53-dependent apoptotic response to oxidative stress
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; growth-factor; kinase; p53; protein; requirement; suppression; association; generation; activation
AB Reactive oxygen species have damaging effects on cellular components and so trigger defensive responses by the cell(1,2) and even programmed cell death(3,4), although the mechanisms by which mammalian cells transmit signals in response to oxidative damage are unknown. We report here that the protein p85, a regulator of the signalling protein phosphatidyl-3-OH kinase (PI(3)K), participates in the cell death process that is induced in response to oxidative stress and that this role of p85 in apoptosis does not involve PI(S)K. We show that disruption of p85 by homologous recombination impairs the cellular apoptotic response to oxidative stress. Because the protein p53 is required for cell death induced by oxidative damage, we examined the relation between p85 and p53. Using a chimaeric p53 fusion protein with the oestrogen receptor (p53ER) to supply p53 (p53 is induced upon binding of p53ER to oestradiol) in a p53-deficient cell line, we found that p85 is upregulated by p53 and that its involvement in p53-mediated apoptosis is independent of PI(3)K. We propose that p85 acts as a signal transducer in the cellular response to oxidative stress, mediating cell death regulated by p53.
C1 NIEHS, Mol Carcinogenesis Lab, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Curriculum Genet & Mol Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Univ Tokyo, Dept Internal Med 3, Tokyo 113, Japan.
   Kumamoto Univ, Sch Med, Lab Morphogenesis, Kumamoto 860, Japan.
   Indian Inst Sci, Dept Biochem, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina School of Medicine; University of Tokyo; Kumamoto University; Indian Institute of Science (IISC) - Bangalore
RP Barrett, JC (corresponding author), NIEHS, Mol Carcinogenesis Lab, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA.
NR 27
TC 153
Z9 168
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 12
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6668
BP 707
EP 710
DI 10.1038/35648
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YW872
UT WOS:000071982500056
PM 9490416
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Adolphs, R
   Tranel, D
   Damasio, AR
AF Adolphs, R
   Tranel, D
   Damasio, AR
TI The human amygdala in social judgment
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID facial expressions; damage; recognition; lesions; emotion; fear
AB Studies in animals have implicated the amygdala in emotional(1-3) and social(4-6) behaviours, especially those related to fear and aggression. Although lesion(7-10) and functional imaging(11-13) studies in humans have demonstrated the amygdala's participation in recognizing emotional facial expressions, its role in human social behaviour has remained unclear. We report here our investigation into the hypothesis that the human amygdala is required for accurate social judgments of other individuals on the basis of their facial appearance. We asked three subjects with complete bilateral amygdala damage to judge faces of unfamiliar people with respect to two attributes important in real-life social encounters: approachability and trustworthiness. All three subjects judged unfamiliar individuals to be more approachable and more trustworthy than did control subjects. The impairment was most striking for faces to which normal subjects assign the most negative ratings: unapproachable and untrustworthy looking individuals. Additional investigations revealed that the impairment does not extend to judging verbal descriptions of people. The amygdala appears to be an important component of the neural systems that help retrieve socially relevant knowledge on the basis of facial appearance.
C1 Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Dept Neurol, Div Cognit Neurosci, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
   Salk Inst Biol Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 University of Iowa; Salk Institute
RP Adolphs, R (corresponding author), Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Dept Neurol, Div Cognit Neurosci, 200 Hawkins Dr, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
EM ralph-adolphs@uiowa.edu
NR 24
TC 893
Z9 1051
U1 0
U2 123
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 4
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6684
BP 470
EP 474
DI 10.1038/30982
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZR842
UT WOS:000074020000045
PM 9624002
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhang, LI
   Tao, HW
   Holt, CE
   Harris, WA
   Poo, MM
AF Zhang, LI
   Tao, HW
   Holt, CE
   Harris, WA
   Poo, MM
TI A critical window for cooperation and competition among developing retinotectal synapses
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-term potentiation; ocular dominance columns; visual-cortex; nmda receptors; map formation; segregation; projection; cells; connectivity; transmission
AB In the developing frog visual system, topographic refinement of the retinotectal projection depends on electrical activity. In vivo whole-cell recording from developing Xenopus tectal neurons shows that convergent retinotectal synapses undergo activity-dependent cooperation and competition following correlated pre- and postsynaptic spiking within a narrow time window. Synaptic inputs activated repetitively within 20 ms before spiking of the tectal neuron become potentiated, whereas subthreshold inputs activated within 20 ms after spiking become depressed. Thus both the initial synaptic strength and the temporal order of activation are critical for heterosynaptic interactions among convergent synaptic inputs during activity-dependent refinement of developing neural networks.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Biol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Poo, MM (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Biol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
EM mpooe@ucsd.edu
NR 50
TC 670
Z9 773
U1 0
U2 67
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 3
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6697
BP 37
EP 44
DI 10.1038/25665
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 116JY
UT WOS:000075722200038
PM 9738497
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Braun, E
   Eichen, Y
   Sivan, U
   Ben-Yoseph, G
AF Braun, E
   Eichen, Y
   Sivan, U
   Ben-Yoseph, G
TI DNA-templated assembly and electrode attachment of a conducting silver wire
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transport; molecules; gold
AB Recent research in the field of nanometre-scale electronics has focused on two fundamental issues: the operating principles of small-scale devices, and schemes that lead to their realization and eventual integration into useful circuits, Experimental studies on molecular(1) to submicrometre(2) quantum dots and on the electrical transport in carbon nanotubes(3-5) have confirmed theoretical predictions(6-8) of an increasing role for charging effects as the device size diminishes. Nevertheless, the construction of nanometre-scale circuits from such devices remains problematic, largely owing to the difficulties of achieving inter-element wiring and electrical interfacing to macroscopic electrodes. The use of molecular recognition processes and the self-assembly of molecules into supramolecular structures(9,10) might help overcome these difficulties. In this context, DNA has the appropriate molecular-recognition(11) and mechanical(12-16) properties, but poor electrical characteristics prevent its direct use in electrical circuits. Here we describe a two-step procedure that may allow the application of DNA tc, the construction of functional circuits, In our scheme, hybridization of the DNA molecule with surface-bound oligonucleotides is first used to stretch it between two gold electrodes; the DNA molecule is then used as a template for the vectorial growth of a 12 mu m long, 100 nm wide conductive silver wire. The experiment confirms that the recognition capabilities of DNA can be exploited for the targeted attachment of functional wires.
C1 Technion Israel Inst Technol, Dept Phys, IL-32000 Haifa, Israel.
   Technion Israel Inst Technol, Dept Chem, IL-32000 Haifa, Israel.
   Technion Israel Inst Technol, Inst Solid State, IL-32000 Haifa, Israel.
C3 Technion Israel Institute of Technology; Technion Israel Institute of Technology; Technion Israel Institute of Technology
RP Braun, E (corresponding author), Technion Israel Inst Technol, Dept Phys, IL-32000 Haifa, Israel.
EM erez@physics.technion.ac.il
NR 30
TC 2199
Z9 2528
U1 4
U2 665
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 19
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6669
BP 775
EP 778
DI 10.1038/35826
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YX884
UT WOS:000072089500047
PM 9486645
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hall, RA
   Premont, RT
   Chow, CW
   Blitzer, JT
   Pitcher, JA
   Claing, A
   Stoffel, RH
   Barak, LS
   Shenolikar, S
   Weinman, EJ
   Grinstein, S
   Lefkowitz, RJ
AF Hall, RA
   Premont, RT
   Chow, CW
   Blitzer, JT
   Pitcher, JA
   Claing, A
   Stoffel, RH
   Barak, LS
   Shenolikar, S
   Weinman, EJ
   Grinstein, S
   Lefkowitz, RJ
TI The β2-adrenergic receptor interacts with the Na+/H+-exchanger regulatory factor to control Na+/H+ exchange
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID na-h exchange; beta-adrenergic-receptor; parathyroid-hormone; proximal tubule; camp; sequestration; reabsorption; activation; inhibition; cofactor
AB Stimulation of beta(2)-adrenergic receptors on the cell surface by adrenaline or noradrenaline leads to alterations in the metabolism, excitability, differentiation and growth of many cell types. These effects have traditionally been thought to be mediated exclusively by receptor activation of intracellular G proteins(1). However, certain physiological effects of beta(2)-adrenergic receptor stimulation, notably the regulation of cellular pH by modulation of Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE) function, do not seem to be entirely dependent on G-protein activation(2-7). We report here a direct agonist-promoted association of the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor with the Na+/H+ exchanger regulatory factor (NHERF), a protein that regulates the activity of the Na+/H+ exchanger type 3 (NHE3)(8). NHERF binds to the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor by means of a PDZ-domain-mediated interaction with the last few residues of the carboxy-terminal cytoplasmic domain of the receptor. Mutation of the final residue of the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor from leucine to alanine abolishes the receptor's interaction with NHERF and also markedly alters beta(2)-adrenergic receptor regulation of NHE3 in cells without altering receptor-mediated activation of adenylyl cyclase. Our findings indicate that agonist-defendent beta(2)-adrenergic receptor binding of NHERF plays a role in beta(2)-adrenergic receptor-mediated regulation of Na+/H+ exchange.
C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Biochem, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Cell Biol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Hosp Sick Children, Res Inst, Div Cell Biol, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
   Duke Univ, Dept Pharmacol & Canc Biol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   W Virginia Univ, Dept Med, Robert C Byrd Hlth Sci Ctr, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA.
   Dept Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Med Serv, Clarksburg, WV 26301 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Duke University; Duke University; Duke University; University of Toronto; Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids); Duke University; West Virginia University
RP Lefkowitz, RJ (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
NR 30
TC 492
Z9 541
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 9
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6676
BP 626
EP 630
DI 10.1038/33458
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZG300
UT WOS:000072987200066
PM 9560162
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hallam, SJ
   Jin, Y
AF Hallam, SJ
   Jin, Y
TI lin-14 regulates the timing of synaptic remodelling in Caenorhabditis elegans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID heterochronic gene lin-14; nervous-system; c-elegans; neuromuscular-junctions; nematode; connectivity; expression; mutants; protein; encodes
AB In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans six GABAergic motor neurons, known as DDs(1,2), remodel their patterns of synaptic connectivity during larval development(3). DD remodelling involves a complete reversal of the direction of information now within nerve processes without marked changes in process morphology. We used a marker localized in vivo to DD presynaptic zones to analyse how the timing of DD remodelling is controlled. In wild-type animals, DDs remodel their synaptic outputs within a 3-5-hour period at the end of the first larval stage. We show that the heterochronic gene lin-14, which controls the timing of stage-specific cell lineages(4,5), regulates the timing of DD synaptic output remodelling. In lin-14 loss-of-function mutants, DDs remodel precociously. The degree of precocious remodelling is correlated with the level of lin-14 activity. Expression of lin-14(+) in the DDs of lin-14-null mutants rescues the precocious remodelling, indicating that lin-14 can act cell-autonomously. Consistent with this hypothesis, LIN-14 protein levels decrease in the DDs before remodelling. Our observations reveal a role of heterochronic genes in non-dividing cells, and provide an example of cell-autonomous respecification of neuronal connectivity.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Biol, Sinsheimer Labs, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz
RP Jin, Y (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Biol, Sinsheimer Labs, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
EM jin@biology.ucsc.edu
NR 29
TC 148
Z9 195
U1 1
U2 12
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 3
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6697
BP 78
EP 82
DI 10.1038/25757
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 116JY
UT WOS:000075722200050
PM 9738501
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Björnsson, H
AF Björnsson, H
TI Hydrological characteristics of the drainage system beneath a surging glacier
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mechanism; lake
AB A rare combination of natural circumstances permits assessment of current theories on water flow beneath glaciers. Outburst floods from the subglacial lake Grimsvotn in Iceland took place before, during and after surging of Skeloararjokull, the glacier beneath which the outburst floods drain. The observable drainage patterns associated with these floods show the different nature of the basal water conduit system of the glacier during surge and non-surge phases. During surge conditions, basal water is dispersed slowly across the bed in a distributed drainage system; but when the glacier is not surging, water is transported rapidly through a system of tunnels.
C1 Univ Iceland, Inst Sci, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland.
C3 University of Iceland
RP Björnsson, H (corresponding author), Univ Iceland, Inst Sci, Dunhaga 3, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland.
EM hb@raunvis.hi.is
NR 21
TC 199
Z9 213
U1 2
U2 75
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 22
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6704
BP 771
EP 774
DI 10.1038/27384
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 132AL
UT WOS:000076607400047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shih, DM
   Gu, LJ
   Xia, YR
   Navab, M
   Li, WF
   Hama, S
   Castellani, LW
   Furlong, CE
   Costa, LG
   Fogelman, AM
   Lusis, AJ
AF Shih, DM
   Gu, LJ
   Xia, YR
   Navab, M
   Li, WF
   Hama, S
   Castellani, LW
   Furlong, CE
   Costa, LG
   Fogelman, AM
   Lusis, AJ
TI Mice lacking serum paraoxonase are susceptible to organophosphate toxicity and atherosclerosis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID low-density-lipoprotein; polymorphism
AB Serum paraoxonase (PON1) is an esterase that is associated with high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) in the plasma; it is involved in the detoxification of organophosphate insecticides such as parathion and chlorpyrifos(1-3). PON1 may also confer protection against coronary artery disease by destroying pro-inflammatory oxidized lipids present in oxidized low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)(4-8). To study the role of PON1 in vivo we created PON1-knockout mice by gene targeting. Compared with their wild-type littermates, PON1-deficient mice were extremely sensitive to the toxic effects of chlorpyrifos oxon, the activated form of chlorpyrifos, and were more sensitive to chlorpyrifos itself. HDLs isolated from PON1-deficient mice were unable to prevent LDL oxidation in a co-cultured cell model of the artery wall, and both HDLs and LDLs isolated from PON1-knockout mice were more susceptible to oxidation by co-cultured cells than the lipoproteins from wild-type littermates. When fed on a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet, PON1-null mice were more susceptible to atherosclerosis than their wild-type littermates.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Med, Dept Med, Div Cardiol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Mol Biol, Dept Microbiol & Mol Genet, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Environm Hlth, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Med, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Genet, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Lusis, AJ (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Med, Dept Med, Div Cardiol, 47-123 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
NR 17
TC 957
Z9 1057
U1 0
U2 48
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 16
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6690
BP 284
EP 287
DI 10.1038/28406
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 101CK
UT WOS:000074851900050
PM 9685159
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Madore, BF
   Freedman, WL
   Silbermann, N
   Harding, P
   Huchrall, J
   Mould, JR
   Graham, JA
   Ferrarese, L
   Gibson, BK
   Han, MS
   Hoessel, JG
   Hughes, SM
   Illingworth, GD
   Phelps, R
   Sakai, S
   Stetson, P
AF Madore, BF
   Freedman, WL
   Silbermann, N
   Harding, P
   Huchrall, J
   Mould, JR
   Graham, JA
   Ferrarese, L
   Gibson, BK
   Han, MS
   Hoessel, JG
   Hughes, SM
   Illingworth, GD
   Phelps, R
   Sakai, S
   Stetson, P
TI A Cepheid distance to the Fornax cluster and local expansion rate of the Universe
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hubble-space-telescope; tully-fisher relation; velocity-field; nearby galaxy; supercluster; population; constant; catalog; model
AB Both galaxy distances and velocities are required for the determination of the expansion rate of the Universe, as described by the Hubble constant H-0. The radial velocities of galaxies arise not just from this expansion but also from random components and large-scale flows. To reach out to distances dominated by the overall cosmic expansion, it is necessary to probe large physical scales where galaxy-galaxy and galaxy-cluster interactions become less important. But accurate distances of nearby galaxies and clusters (commonly measured(1) using Cepheid variable stars) are nevertheless required to calibrate the indirect distance indicators generally used to measure these large scales. Here we report a Cepheid distance of 18.6 +/- 1.9 (statistical error) +/- 1.9 Mpe (systematic error) for the galaxy NGC1365 in Fornax, a cluster of galaxies in the Southern Hemisphere. We find a value of H-0 = 70 km s(-1) Mpc(-1) from Fornax alone, and 73 km s(-1) Mpc.(-1) from the intervening galaxy flow, each corrected for infall into the Virgo cluster. These values are consistent with the Hubble constant measured in the far field using secondary methods(2). Our data support previous suggestions(3-5) that the local small-scale velocity field has very small scatter (similar to+/-70km s(-1)).
C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Ctr Infrared Proc & Anal, NASA IPAC Extragalact Database, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Carnegie Inst Washington Observ, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA.
   Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Harvard Smithsonian Inst, Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Australian Natl Univ, Mt Stromlo & Siding Spring Observ, Inst Adv Studies, Weston, ACT 2611, Australia.
   Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Terr Magnetism, Washington, DC 20015 USA.
   CALTECH, MS Robinson Lab 105 24, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Astron, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Royal Greenwich Observ, Cambridge CB3 0HA, England.
   Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Lick Observ, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Dominion Astrophys Observ, Victoria, BC V8X 4M6, Canada.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); California Institute of Technology; Carnegie Institution for Science; University of Arizona; Smithsonian Institution; Harvard University; Australian National University; Carnegie Institution for Science; California Institute of Technology; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Cambridge; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; National Research Council Canada
RP Madore, BF (corresponding author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Ctr Infrared Proc & Anal, NASA IPAC Extragalact Database, MS 100-22, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM barry@ipac.caltech.edu
NR 26
TC 50
Z9 50
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 3
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6697
BP 47
EP 50
DI 10.1038/25678
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 116JY
UT WOS:000075722200040
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Albert, ML
   Sauter, B
   Bhardwaj, N
AF Albert, ML
   Sauter, B
   Bhardwaj, N
TI Dendritic cells acquire antigen from apoptotic cells and induce class I restricted CTLs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID toxic lymphocytes-t; influenza-virus; matrix protein; human blood; generation; responses; hla-a2; vivo
AB CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) mediate resistance to infectious agents and tumours. Classically, CTLs recognize antigens that are localized in the cytoplasm of target cells, processed and presented as peptide complexes with class I molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)(1). However, there is evidence for an exogenous pathway whereby antigens that are not expected to gain access to the cytoplasm are presented on MHC class I molecules(2-6). The most dramatic example is the in vivo phenomenon of cross-priming(7): antigens from donor cells are acquired by bone-marrow-derived host antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and presented on MHC class I molecules. Two unanswered questions concern the identity of this bone-marrow-derived cell and how such antigens are acquired. Here we show that human dendritic cells, but not macrophages, efficiently present antigen derived from apoptotic cells, stimulating class I-restricted CD8(+) CTLs, Our findings suggest a mechanism by which potent APCs acquire antigens from tumours, transplants, infected cells, or even self-tissue, for stimulation or tolerization of CTLs.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, Cellular Physiol & Immunol Lab, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Rockefeller University
RP Bhardwaj, N (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Cellular Physiol & Immunol Lab, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM bhardwn@rockvax.rockefeller.edu
NR 29
TC 1981
Z9 2256
U1 2
U2 98
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 5
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6671
BP 86
EP 89
DI 10.1038/32183
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZA528
UT WOS:000072373000055
PM 9510252
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Walker, DA
   Auerbach, NA
   Bockheim, JG
   Chapin, FS
   Eugster, W
   King, JY
   McFadden, JP
   Michaelson, GJ
   Nelson, FE
   Oechel, WC
   Ping, CL
   Reeburg, WS
   Regli, S
   Shiklomanov, NI
   Vourlitis, GL
AF Walker, DA
   Auerbach, NA
   Bockheim, JG
   Chapin, FS
   Eugster, W
   King, JY
   McFadden, JP
   Michaelson, GJ
   Nelson, FE
   Oechel, WC
   Ping, CL
   Reeburg, WS
   Regli, S
   Shiklomanov, NI
   Vourlitis, GL
TI Energy and trace-gas fluxes across a soil pH boundary in the arctic
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID landscape; alaska
AB Studies and models of trace-gas nux in the Arctic consider temperature and moisture to be the dominant controls over land-atmosphere exchange(1,2), with little attention having been paid to the effects of different substrates. Likewise, current Arctic vegetation maps for models of vegetation change recognize one or two tundra types(3,4) and do not portray the extensive regions with different soils within the Arctic. Here we show that rapid changes to ecosystem processes (such as photosynthesis and respiration) that are related to changes in climate and land usage will be superimposed upon and modulated by differences in substrate pH. A sharp soil pH boundary along the northern front of the Arctic Foothills in Alaska separates non-acidic (pH > 6.5) ecosystems to the north from predominantly acidic (pH < 5.5) ecosystems to the south. Moist non-acidic tundra has greater heat flux, deeper summer thaw (active layer), is less of a carbon sink, and is a smaller source of methane than moist acidic tundra.
C1 Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Tundra Ecosyst Anal & Mapping Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Soils, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
   Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Agr & Forestry Exploratory Stn, Palmer, AK 99645 USA.
   Univ Delaware, Dept Geog, Newark, DE 19716 USA.
   San Diego State Univ, Dept Biol, Global Change Res Grp, San Diego, CA 92182 USA.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Irvine; University of Alaska System; University of Alaska Fairbanks; University of Delaware; California State University System; San Diego State University
RP Walker, DA (corresponding author), Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Tundra Ecosyst Anal & Mapping Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
NR 30
TC 133
Z9 143
U1 0
U2 34
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 30
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6692
BP 469
EP 472
DI 10.1038/28839
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 105NT
UT WOS:000075080400049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cohen, L
   Henzel, WJ
   Baeuerle, PA
AF Cohen, L
   Henzel, WJ
   Baeuerle, PA
TI IKAP is a scaffold protein of the IκB kinase complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; transcription factor; alpha proteolysis; activation; phosphorylation; signal; family; cascade; ste5; beta
AB The transcription factor NF-kappa B coordinates the activation of numerous genes in response to pathogens and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and is, therefore, vital in the development of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases(1-6). NF-kappa B is activated by phsophorylation of its inhibitory subunit, I kappa B-alpha (ref. 7), on serine residues 32 and 36 by cytokine-activated I kappa B kinases (IKKs); this phosphorylation precedes rapid degradation of I kappa B8-11. IKK-alpha and IKK-beta isozymes are found in large complexes of relative molecular mass 700,000-900,000 (M-r 70K-90K), but little is known about other components that organize and regulate these complexes(12-17). IKK-alpha was independently discovered as a NF-kappa B-inducing kinase(18) (NIK)-associated protein in a yeast two-hybrid screen(19), and IKK-beta was also identified by homology screening(20). It is, however, unknown whether NIK is part of the IKK complex. Here we isolate large, interleukin-1-inducible IKK complexes that contain NIK, IKK-alpha, IKK-beta, I kappa B-alpha, NF-kappa B/RelA and a protein of M-r 150K. This latter component is a new protein, termed IKK-complex-associated protein (IKAP), which can bind NIK and IKKs and assemble them into an active kinase complex. We show that IKAP is a scaffold protein and a regulator for three different kinases involved in pro-inflammatory cytokine signalling.
C1 Tularik Inc, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
   Genentech Inc, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
C3 Tularik, Inc.; Roche Holding; Genentech; Roche Holding USA
RP Baeuerle, PA (corresponding author), Tularik Inc, 2 Corp Dr, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
EM baeuerle@tularik.com
NR 31
TC 253
Z9 287
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 17
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6699
BP 292
EP 296
DI 10.1038/26254
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 120TZ
UT WOS:000075974600055
PM 9751059
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mann, ME
   Bradley, RS
   Hughes, MK
AF Mann, ME
   Bradley, RS
   Hughes, MK
TI Global-scale temperature patterns and climate forcing over the past six centuries
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sea-surface temperature; western north-america; interdecadal variations; southern oscillation; natural variability; tree rings; records; hemisphere; system; reconstruction
AB Spatially resolved global reconstructions of annual surface temperature patterns over the past six centuries are based on the multivariate calibration of widely distributed high-resolution proxy climate indicators. Time-dependent correlations of the reconstructions with time-series records representing changes in greenhouse-gas concentrations, solar irradiance, and volcanic aerosols suggest that each of these factors has contributed to the climate variability of the past 400 years, with greenhouse gases emerging as the dominant forcing during the twentieth century. Northern Hemisphere mean annual temperatures for three of the past eight years are warmer than any other year since (at least) AD 1400.
C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Geosci, Amherst, MA 01003 USA.
   Univ Arizona, Tree Ring Res Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
C3 University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Amherst; University of Arizona
RP Mann, ME (corresponding author), Univ Massachusetts, Dept Geosci, Amherst, MA 01003 USA.
EM mann@snow.geo.umass.edu
NR 50
TC 1352
Z9 1624
U1 6
U2 519
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 23
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6678
BP 779
EP 787
DI 10.1038/33859
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZJ679
UT WOS:000073241200043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schubart, CD
   Diesel, R
   Hedges, SB
AF Schubart, CD
   Diesel, R
   Hedges, SB
TI Rapid evolution to terrestrial life in Jamaican crabs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID metopaulias-depressus decapoda; bromeliad crab; maternal-care; panama; biogeography; grapsidae; isthmus; larvae; clock
AB Crabs of the family Grapsidae are abundant organisms in most intertidal communities. However, relatively few species live in complete independence of the sea(1). Of those species that do, Jamaica's nine endemic species of land crabs are unique in their exceptional adaptations to terrestrial life, which include the only active brood-care for larvae and juveniles known in crabs(2-6). These adaptations, and the morphological similarity to a group of southeast Asian land-dwelling crabs, have raised the question of the number and age of land invasions of the Jamaican species. Here we present molecular evidence that Jamaican land crabs represent a single adaptive radiation from a marine ancestor that invaded terrestrial habitats only 4 million years (Myr) ago. A Late-Tertiary origin has also been found for lizards and frogs of Jamaica(7-9) and probably reflects the Mid-Tertiary inundation of that island(10).
C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Biol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Penn State Univ, Inst Mol Evolut Genet, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Univ Bielefeld, VHF, Fak Biol 1, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; University of Bielefeld
RP Schubart, CD (corresponding author), Univ SW Louisiana, Dept Biol, Lafayette, LA 70504 USA.
NR 30
TC 422
Z9 450
U1 1
U2 58
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 28
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6683
BP 363
EP 365
DI 10.1038/30724
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZQ593
UT WOS:000073883600053
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kovtun, Y
   Chiu, WL
   Zeng, WK
   Sheen, J
AF Kovtun, Y
   Chiu, WL
   Zeng, WK
   Sheen, J
TI Suppression of auxin signal transduction by a MAPK cascade in higher plants
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein-kinases; arabidopsis; expression; tobacco; gene; phosphatase; reporter; encodes; stress; cells
AB The plant hormone auxin activates many early response genes that are thought to be responsible for diverse aspects of plant growth and development(1). It has been proposed that auxin signal transduction is mediated by a conserved signalling cascade consisting of three protein kinases: the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), MAPK kinase (MAPKK) and MAPKK kinase (MAPKKK)(2), Here we show that a specific plant MAPKKK, NPK1 (ref. 3), activates a MAPK cascade that leads to the suppression of early auxin response gene transcription, A mutation in the kinase domain abolishes NPK1 activity, and the presence of the carboxy-terminal domain diminishes the kinase activity, Moreover, the effects of NPK1 on the activation of a MAPK and the repression of early auxin response gene transcription are specifically eliminated by a MAPK phosphatase(4). Transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing the NPK1 kinase domain produced seeds defective in embryo and endosperm development. These results suggest that auxin sensitivity may be balanced by antagonistic signalling pathways that use a distinct MAPK cascade in higher plants.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Mol Biol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital
RP Sheen, J (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
NR 29
TC 206
Z9 243
U1 0
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 15
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6703
BP 716
EP 720
DI 10.1038/27240
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 129PR
UT WOS:000076472600057
PM 9790195
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Trompert, R
   Hansen, U
AF Trompert, R
   Hansen, U
TI Mantle convection simulations with rheologies that generate plate-like behaviour
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID variable-viscosity fluid; dependent viscosity; surface plates; toroidal flow; simple-model; lithosphere; subduction; dynamics
AB A long-standing problem in geodynamics is hour to incorporate surface plates in numerical models of mantle convection. Plates have usually been inserted explicitly in convection models as rigid rafts(1-3), as a separate rheological layer(4,5) or as a high-viscosity region within weak zones(6-11). Plates have also been generated intrinsically through the use of a more complex (non-newtonian) rheology for the entire model(12,13) but with a prescribed mantle flow. However, previous attempts to generate plates intrinsically and in a self-consistent manner (without prescribed now) have not produced surface motions that appear plate-like(14-16) sere we present a three-dimensional convection model that generates plates in a self-consistent manner through the use of a rheology that is temperature and strain-rate dependent, and which incorporates the concept of a yield stress. This rheology induces a stiff layer on top of a convecting fluid, and we find that this layer breaks at sufficiently high stresses. The model produces a style of convection that contains some of the important features of plate tectonics, such as the subduction of the stiff layer and plate-like motion on the surface of the fluid mantle, However, the model also produces some non-Earth-like features, such as episodic subduction followed by the slow growth of a nerv stiff layer, which may be more consistent with the style of convection found on Venus.
C1 Univ Munster, Inst Geophys, D-48149 Munster, Germany.
   Univ Utrecht, Fac Earth Sci, NL-3508 TA Utrecht, Netherlands.
C3 University of Munster; Utrecht University
RP Hansen, U (corresponding author), Univ Munster, Inst Geophys, Corrensstr 34, D-48149 Munster, Germany.
NR 24
TC 193
Z9 205
U1 0
U2 37
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 15
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6703
BP 686
EP 689
DI 10.1038/27185
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 129PR
UT WOS:000076472600049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Eskildsen, MR
   Gammel, PL
   Isaacs, ED
   Detlefs, C
   Mortensen, K
   Bishop, DJ
AF Eskildsen, MR
   Gammel, PL
   Isaacs, ED
   Detlefs, C
   Mortensen, K
   Bishop, DJ
TI Compound refractive optics for the imaging and focusing of low-energy neutrons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lens
AB Low-energy neutrons are essential for the analysis and characterization of materials and magnetic structures. However, both continuous (reactor-based) and pulsed (spallation-based) sources of such neutrons suffer from low fluence. Steering and lensing devices could improve this situation dramatically, so increasing spatial resolution, detectable sample volume limits and even perhaps opening the way for the construction of a neutron microscope. Neutron optics have to date exploited either Bragg diffraction(1,2), such as bent crystals, or reflection, as in mirror(3) guides or a Kumakhov lens(4,5). Refractive optics remain an attractive alternative as they would permit full use of the beam cross-section, allow a compact and linear installation and, because of similarity to conventional optics, enable the use of commercial design and simulation tools. These advantages notwithstanding, single-element refractive optics have previously been considered impractical as they are too weakly focusing, too absorptive and too dispersive. Inspired by the recent demonstration(6) of a compound refractive lens (CRL) for high-energy X-rays, we have designed, built and tested a prototype CRL for 9-20-Angstrom neutrons by using readily available optical components: our CRL has gains greater than 15 and focal lengths of 1-6 m, well matched to small-angle neutron scattering.
C1 AT&T Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
   Riso Natl Lab, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
   Iowa State Univ, Ames Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA.
   Iowa State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Ames, IA 50011 USA.
C3 Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies; AT&T; Nokia Corporation; Nokia Bell Labs; Technical University of Denmark; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Ames National Laboratory; Iowa State University; Iowa State University
RP Gammel, PL (corresponding author), AT&T Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, 700 Mt Ave, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
NR 12
TC 124
Z9 128
U1 0
U2 31
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 5
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6667
BP 563
EP 566
DI 10.1038/35333
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YV594
UT WOS:000071842300044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cerveny, RS
   Balling, RC
AF Cerveny, RS
   Balling, RC
TI Weekly cycles of air pollutants, precipitation and tropical cyclones in the coastal NW Atlantic region
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID western atlantic; north-atlantic; ozone; pollution; satellite; ocean
AB Direct human influences on climate have been detected at local scales, such as urban temperature increases and precipitation enhancement(1-3), and at global scales(4,5). A possible indication of an anthropogenic effect on regional climate is by identification of equivalent weekly cycles in climate and pollution variables. Weekly cycles have been observed in both global surface temperature(6) and local pollution(7) data sets. Here we describe statistical analyses that reveal weekly cycles in three independent regional-scale coastal Atlantic data sets: lower-troposphere pollution, precipitation and tropical cyclones. Three atmospheric monitoring stations record minimum concentrations of ozone and carbon monoxide early in the week, while highest concentrations are observed later in the week. This air-pollution cycle corresponds to observed weekly variability in regional rainfall and tropical cyclones. Specifically, satellite-based precipitation estimates indicate that near-coastal ocean areas receive significantly more precipitation at weekends than on weekdays. Near-coastal tropical cyclones have, on average, significantly weaker surface winds, higher surface pressure and higher frequency at weekends. Although our statistical findings limit the identification of cause-effect relationships, we advance the hypothesis that the thermal influence of pollution-derived aerosols on storms may drive these weekly climate cycles.
C1 Arizona State Univ, Off Climatol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
   Arizona State Univ, Dept Geog, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
C3 Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe; Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe
RP Cerveny, RS (corresponding author), Arizona State Univ, Off Climatol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
NR 30
TC 136
Z9 151
U1 0
U2 52
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 6
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6693
BP 561
EP 563
DI 10.1038/29043
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 107YN
UT WOS:000075238700042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rodríguez, LF
   D'Alessio, P
   Wilner, DJ
   Ho, PTP
   Torrelles, JM
   Curiel, S
   Gómez, Y
   Lizano, S
   Pedlar, A
   Cantó, J
   Raga, AC
AF Rodríguez, LF
   D'Alessio, P
   Wilner, DJ
   Ho, PTP
   Torrelles, JM
   Curiel, S
   Gómez, Y
   Lizano, S
   Pedlar, A
   Cantó, J
   Raga, AC
TI Compact protoplanetary disks around the stars of a young binary system
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID main-sequence stars; l1551 irs-5; molecular outflows; forming regions; hl tauri; accretion; multiplicity; search
AB Planet formation is believed to occur in the disks of gas and dust that surround young salar-type stars(1). Most stars, however, form in multiple systems(2-5), where the presence of a close companion could affect the structure of the disk(6-8) and perhaps interfere with planet formation. It has been difficult to investigate this because of the resolution needed Here we report interferometric observations (at a wavelength of 7 mm) of the core of the star-forming region L1551. We have achieved a linear resolution of seven astronomical units (less than the diameter of Jupiter's orbit). The core of L1551 contains two distinct disks, with a separation of 45 AU; these appear to be associated with a binary system. Both disks are spatially resolved, with semi-major axes of about 10 AU, which is about a factor of ten smaller than disks around isolated stars(9-12). The disk masses are of order 0.05 solar masses, which could be enough to form planetary systems like our own.
C1 Natl Autonomous Univ Mexico, Inst Astron, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico.
   Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   CSIC, Inst Astrofis Andalucia, E-18080 Granada, Spain.
   UIB, CSIC, IMEDEA, Palma de Mallorca 07071, Spain.
   Univ Manchester, Nuffield Radio Astron Labs, Macclesfield SK11 9DL, Cheshire, England.
C3 Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico; Harvard University; Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; Smithsonian Institution; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (IAA); Universitat de les Illes Balears; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); ATTITUS Educacao; University of Manchester
RP Rodríguez, LF (corresponding author), Natl Autonomous Univ Mexico, Inst Astron, Apartado Postal 70264, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico.
NR 30
TC 169
Z9 173
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 24
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6700
BP 355
EP 357
DI 10.1038/26421
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 122QW
UT WOS:000076083800044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Johnson, CN
AF Johnson, CN
TI Species extinction and the relationship between distribution and abundance
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID marsupialia
AB Within taxonomic groups, there is almost always a positive relationship between the size of geographic range and the local abundance of species(1-4). This pattern has attracted much interest, and several ecological mechanisms have been proposed as causes of it(5). However, these hypotheses do not consider the effect of the extinction of rare species on range-abundance relationships. If both range size and local abundance influence the risk of extinction, species with small ranges might avoid extinction if they have high local abundance, whereas species with low local abundance might avoid extinction if they are widespread; species with both small range and low local abundance should be at high risk. This interaction between range, abundance and extinction should produce negative correlations between range and abundance in groups that have experienced many extinctions. Here I test this idea using Australian marsupials, and I show that although the relationship between range size and local abundance is positive for recently evolved species, it is negative for ancient species. This indicates that positive relationships between range size and abundance may be generated during adaptive radiation, but are then gradually reversed as a result of differential extinction.
C1 James Cook Univ N Queensland, Dept Zool & Trop Ecol, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia.
C3 James Cook University
RP Johnson, CN (corresponding author), James Cook Univ N Queensland, Dept Zool & Trop Ecol, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia.
NR 29
TC 179
Z9 201
U1 0
U2 69
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 16
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6690
BP 272
EP 274
DI 10.1038/28385
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 101CK
UT WOS:000074851900046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vidale, JE
   Hedlin, MAH
AF Vidale, JE
   Hedlin, MAH
TI Evidence for partial melt at the core-mantle boundary north Tonga from the strong scattering of seismic waves
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID precursors; layer; pacific; pkikp; base; pkp
AB Scattered waves that precede the seismic phase PKP (which traverses the Earth's core) have been used to identify and locate small-scale heterogeneity in the Earth's mantle(1-6). A recent study has demonstrated that the global data set of these precursors is consistent with weak heterogeneity (about 1 per cent r.m.s. velocity variation) distributed throughout the mantle(7). Here we show, however, that anomalously large PKP precursors from earthquakes in northern Tonga require much stronger heterogeneity (10-15 per cent r.m.s. velocity variation) in a layer about 60 km thick near the core-mantle boundary below Tonga. This region of the core-mantle boundary is also marked by low shear-wave velocities in the lower mantle(8) and is near an area of very low compressional-wave velocity in the lowermost tens of kilometres of the mantle(9), which has been interpreted as evidence for the presence of partial melt(10). The strength of the scattering that we observe provides strong support for the presence of partial melt in this area, and also suggests that vigorous small-scale convection is taking place at the core-mantle boundary.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Cecil H & Ida M Green Inst Geophys & Planetary Ph, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Vidale, JE (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
NR 23
TC 150
Z9 168
U1 1
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 12
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6668
BP 682
EP 685
DI 10.1038/35601
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YW872
UT WOS:000071982500048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chung, SL
   Lo, CH
   Lee, TY
   Zhang, YQ
   Xie, YW
   Li, XH
   Wang, KL
   Wang, PL
AF Chung, SL
   Lo, CH
   Lee, TY
   Zhang, YQ
   Xie, YW
   Li, XH
   Wang, KL
   Wang, PL
TI Diachronous uplift of the Tibetan plateau starting 40 Myr ago
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID volcanic-rocks; evolution; lithosphere; tectonics; beneath; bengal; volume; yunnan; china; asia
AB The uplift of the Tibetan plateau is generally regarded as a response to the convective removal of the lower portion of the thickened Asian lithosphere(1). This removal is also thought to be responsible for the east-west extension(2) that took place during the India-Asia collision. The timing of these events has been a subject of great interest for understanding mountain-building processes, collisional tectonics and the influence of these processes on climate change(3,4). In western Tibet, potassic lavas related to east-west extension were found to have been extruded over the past 20 Myr (refs 5, 6). Here we report the widespread occurrence of magmas in eastern Tibet which show similar geochemical signatures to the potassic lavas to the west but formed 40-30 Myr ago. These magmatic activities suggest a diachronous uplift history for the Tibetan plateau, with the convective removal of the lower lithosphere inducing rapid uplift in the east beginning some 40 Myr ago and in the west about 20 Myr later. This observation is consistent with sedimentation records from the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta to the Bengal fan(7,8) and can better account for the tectonically driven models for strontium isotope evolution in the ocean(9) and global cooling(10) over the past 40 Myr.
C1 Natl Taiwan Univ, Dept Geol, Taipei 10764, Taiwan.
   Natl Taiwan Normal Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Taipei, Taiwan.
   Chinese Acad Sci, Guangzhou Inst Geochem, Guangzhou, Peoples R China.
C3 National Taiwan University; National Taiwan Normal University; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, CAS
RP Chung, SL (corresponding author), Natl Taiwan Univ, Dept Geol, Taipei 10764, Taiwan.
EM sunlin@ccms.ntu.edu.tw
NR 36
TC 567
Z9 754
U1 2
U2 188
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 20
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6695
BP 769
EP 773
DI 10.1038/29511
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 112PR
UT WOS:000075503600042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU van Leyen, K
   Duvoisin, RM
   Engelhardt, H
   Wiedmann, M
AF van Leyen, K
   Duvoisin, RM
   Engelhardt, H
   Wiedmann, M
TI A function for lipoxygenase in programmed organelle degradation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID reticulocyte lipoxygenase; messenger-rna; 15-lipoxygenase; proteins; translation; membranes; cells; lens
AB Membrane-enclosed organelles, a defining characteristic of eukaryotic cells, are lost during differentiation of specific cell types such as reticulocytes (an intermediate in differentiation of erythrocytes), central fibre cells of the eye lens, and keratinocytes(1). The degradation of these organelles must be tightly regulated with respect to both the time of activation and the specificity of membrane degradation. The expression of 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX) peaks in reticulocytes immediately before organelle degradation(2). Here we show that 15-LOX integrates into the membranes of various organelles, allowing release of proteins from the organelle lumen and access of proteases to both lumenal and integral membrane proteins. In addition, by sparing the plasma membrane, 15-LOX shows the required specificity for organellar membranes. Thus, the action of 15-LOX provides a mechanism by which the natural degradation process can be explained. This conclusion is supported by our finding that lipoxygenase expression in the eye lens is restricted to the region at which organelle degradation occurs.
C1 Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Cellular Biochem & Biophys Program, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Dyson Vis Res Inst, Coll Med, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Grad Sch Med Sci, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Max Planck Inst Biochem, Abt Mol Strukturbiol, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Dyson; Cornell University; Cornell University; Max Planck Society
RP Wiedmann, M (corresponding author), Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Cellular Biochem & Biophys Program, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
NR 26
TC 265
Z9 293
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 24
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6700
BP 392
EP 395
DI 10.1038/26500
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 122QW
UT WOS:000076083800056
PM 9759730
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bramwell, ST
   Holdsworth, PCW
   Pinton, JF
AF Bramwell, ST
   Holdsworth, PCW
   Pinton, JF
TI Universality of rare fluctuations in turbulence and critical phenomena
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID swirling flows; model
AB A statistical treatment of three-dimensional turbulent now continues to pose a challenge to theorists(1,2). One suggestion invokes an analogy with equilibrium phase transitions(3). Here we approach this idea experimentally, presenting evidence of a strong analogy between the statistical behaviour of a confined turbulent now and that of a model of the critical behaviour of a ferromagnet. Both systems experience large fluctuations limited only by the system size. We find that the power consumption measured in turbulent-now experiments and the magnetization at the critical point of the ferromagnet have probability distributions of the same functional form, irrespective of Reynolds number on the one hand and system size on the other. The distributions both have non-gaussian tails that characterize the large-amplitude fluctuations. In this region, the scaled distributions for the two systems collapse onto a single universal curve over at least four orders of magnitude. This suggests a basic similarity in the finite-size corrections to the fluctuation statistics in the Limit of infinite system size (for the magnetic system) or infinite Reynolds number (for turbulent how).
C1 Ecole Normale Super, Phys Lab, F-69364 Lyon 07, France.
   UCL, Dept Chem, London WC1H 0AJ, England.
C3 Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon (ENS de LYON); University of London; University College London
RP Holdsworth, PCW (corresponding author), Ecole Normale Super, Phys Lab, 46 Allee Italie, F-69364 Lyon 07, France.
EM pcwh@enslapp.ens-lyon.fr
NR 22
TC 266
Z9 273
U1 0
U2 50
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 10
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6711
BP 552
EP 554
DI 10.1038/25083
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 147AY
UT WOS:000077466800050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gordon, RG
   DeMets, C
   Royer, JY
AF Gordon, RG
   DeMets, C
   Royer, JY
TI Evidence for long-term diffuse deformation of the lithosphere of the equatorial Indian Ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID indo-australian plate; intraplate deformation; motion; tectonics; uplift; constraints; evolution; boundary; miocene; monsoon
AB The presence of large earthquakes, east-west-striking folds and thrust faults in sediments, and east-west-striking undulations of wavelength 200 km in topography and gravity shows that the equatorial Indian Ocean is the locus of unusual deformation(1-8). This deformation has been interpreted as a diffuse boundary between two tectonic plates(9-13). Seismic stratigraphy and deep-sea drilling at two locations in the Bengal fan indicate that the deformation began 7.5-8.0 Myr ago(3,14,15). Here, however, we show, using plate reconstructions, that motion across this diffuse oceanic plate boundary began more than 10 Myr earlier than previously inferred and that the amount of north-south convergence across the boundary through the central Indian basin has been significantly greater than the convergence estimated from seismic profiles. The relative plate velocity accommodated across the central Indian basin has varied with time and has been as fast as similar to 6 mm yr(-1)-about half the separation rate of Earth's slowest-spreading mid-ocean ridge. The earliest interval of measurable motion, which began more than 18 Myr ago, may coincide with rapid denudation of the Tibetan plateau from similar to 21 Myr to 15-17 Myr (ref. 16). The present motion across the central Indian basin began no earlier than 11 Myr-following an earlier interval of slower motion from 18 to 11 Myr-and may have begun at similar to 8 Myr, when the Tibetan plateau is thought to have attained its maximum elevation(16,17).
C1 Rice Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, Houston, TX 77005 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geol & Geophys, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Geosci Azur, CNRS, UMR6526, F-06235 Villefranche Sur Mer, France.
C3 Rice University; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Gordon, RG (corresponding author), Rice Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, Houston, TX 77005 USA.
NR 30
TC 87
Z9 96
U1 0
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 24
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6700
BP 370
EP 374
DI 10.1038/26463
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 122QW
UT WOS:000076083800050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lobban, C
   Finney, JL
   Kuhs, WF
AF Lobban, C
   Finney, JL
   Kuhs, WF
TI The structure of a new phase of ice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Ice has eleven known crystalline phases (Fig. 1), in which the water molecules are linked through hydrogen bonds into tetrahedral frameworks(1). This uncommonly large number of different solid phases attests to the structural versatility of the water molecule, Here we report the identification of a new, twelfth phase of crystalline ice in the pressure range 0.2-0.6 GPa. The topology of this phase is unlike that of any of the known phases, and contains a mixture of five-and seven-membered rings of water molecules. It has a density similar to that of ice IV, which also occurs in this pressure range within the stability region of ice V. Both phases are likely to be metastable with respect to the less-dense ice V. This region of the water phase diagram thus provides a potential model system for experimental and theoretical studies of metastability.
C1 UCL, Dept Phys & Astron, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   Univ Gottingen, MKI, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany.
C3 University of London; University College London; University of Gottingen
RP Finney, JL (corresponding author), UCL, Dept Phys & Astron, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, England.
EM j.finney@ucl.ac.uk; kuhs@silly.uni-mki.gwdg.de
NR 8
TC 280
Z9 306
U1 0
U2 90
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 15
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6664
BP 268
EP 270
DI 10.1038/34622
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YR328
UT WOS:000071484400045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mizushima, N
   Noda, T
   Yoshimori, T
   Tanaka, Y
   Ishii, T
   George, MD
   Klionsky, DJ
   Ohsumi, M
   Ohsumi, Y
AF Mizushima, N
   Noda, T
   Yoshimori, T
   Tanaka, Y
   Ishii, T
   George, MD
   Klionsky, DJ
   Ohsumi, M
   Ohsumi, Y
TI A protein conjugation system essential for autophagy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nuclear-pore complex; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; yeast; degradation; mechanisms; vacuole; rangap1; mutants; gtpase
AB Autophagy is a process for the bulk degradation of proteins, in which cytoplasmic components of the cell are enclosed by double-membrane structures known as autophagosomes for delivery to lysosomes or vacuoles for degradation(1-4). This process is crucial for survival during starvation and cell differentiation. No molecules have been identified that are involved in autophagy in higher eukaryotes. We have isolated 14 autophagy-defective (apg) mutants of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae(5) and examined the autophagic process at the molecular level(6-9). We show here that a unique covalent-modification system is essential for autophagy to occur. The carboxy-terminal glycine residue of Apg12, a 186-amino-acid protein, is conjugated to a lysine at residue 149 of Apg5, a 294-amino-acid protein. Of the apg mutants, we found that apg7 and apg10 were unable to form an Apg5/Apg12 conjugate. By cloning APG7, we discovered that Apg7 is a ubiquitin-E1-like enzyme. This conjugation can be reconstituted in vitro and depends on ATP. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a protein unrelated to ubiquitin that uses a ubiquitination-like conjugation system. Furthermore, Apg5 and Apg12, have mammalian homologues, suggesting that this new modification system is conserved from yeast to mammalian cells.
C1 Natl Inst Basic Biol, Dept Cell Biol, Okazaki, Aichi 4448585, Japan.
   Teikyo Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Biosci, Yamanashi 4090193, Japan.
   Univ Calif Davis, Microbiol Sect, Livermore, CA 95616 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB); University of California System; University of California Davis
RP Ohsumi, Y (corresponding author), Natl Inst Basic Biol, Dept Cell Biol, Okazaki, Aichi 4448585, Japan.
NR 29
TC 1366
Z9 1688
U1 3
U2 331
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 24
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6700
BP 395
EP 398
DI 10.1038/26506
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 122QW
UT WOS:000076083800057
PM 9759731
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Xia, XM
   Fakler, B
   Rivard, A
   Wayman, G
   Johnson-Pais, T
   Keen, JE
   Ishii, T
   Hirschberg, B
   Bond, CT
   Lutsenko, S
   Maylie, J
   Adelman, JP
AF Xia, XM
   Fakler, B
   Rivard, A
   Wayman, G
   Johnson-Pais, T
   Keen, JE
   Ishii, T
   Hirschberg, B
   Bond, CT
   Lutsenko, S
   Maylie, J
   Adelman, JP
TI Mechanism of calcium gating in small-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gated ion channels; calmodulin-binding; protein-kinase; receptors; brain; subunits; identification; muscle
AB The slow afterhyperpolarization that follows an action potential is generated by the activation of small-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels (SK channels). The slow afterhyperpolarization limits the bring frequency of repetitive action potentials (spike-frequency adaption) and is essential for normal neurotransmission(1-3). SK channels are voltage-independent and activated by submicromolar concentrations of intracellular calcium(1). They are high-affinity calcium sensors that transduce fluctuations in intracellular calcium concentrations into changes in membrane potential. Here we study the mechanism of calcium gating and find that SK channels are not gated by calcium binding directly to the channel alpha-subunits. Instead, the functional SK channels are heteromeric complexes with calmodulin, which is constitutively associated with the alpha-subunits in a calcium-independent manner. Our data support a model in which calcium gating of SK channels is mediated by binding of calcium to calmodulin and subsequent conformational alterations in the channel protein.
C1 Oregon Hlth Sci Univ, Vollum Inst, Portland, OR 97201 USA.
   Oregon Hlth Sci Univ, Dept Biochem & Biol Sci, Portland, OR 97201 USA.
   Oregon Hlth Sci Univ, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Portland, OR 97201 USA.
   Univ Tuebingen, Dept Physiol, Tuebingen, Germany.
C3 Oregon Health & Science University; Oregon Health & Science University; Oregon Health & Science University; Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen
RP Adelman, JP (corresponding author), Oregon Hlth Sci Univ, Vollum Inst, L474, Portland, OR 97201 USA.
NR 30
TC 767
Z9 893
U1 2
U2 51
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 1
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6701
BP 503
EP 507
DI 10.1038/26758
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 124ZG
UT WOS:000076212200057
PM 9774106
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Elston, T
   Wang, HY
   Oster, G
AF Elston, T
   Wang, HY
   Oster, G
TI Energy transduction in ATP synthase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID subunit-c; mechanism; rotation; f-0; f1-atpase
AB Mitochondria, bacteria and chloroplasts use the free energy stored in transmembrane ion gradients to manufacture ATP by the action of ATP synthase. This enzyme consists of two principal domains. The asymmetric membrane-spanning F-0 portion contains the proton channel, and the soluble F-1 portion contains three catalytic sites which cooperate in the synthetic reactions(1). The Bow of protons through F-0 is thought to generate a torque which is transmitted to F-1 by an asymmetric shaft, the coiled-coil gamma-subunit. This acts as a rotating 'cam' within F-1, sequentially releasing ATPs from the three active sites(1-5). The free-energy difference across the inner membrane of mitochondria and bacteria is sufficient to produce three ATPs per twelve protons passing through the motor. It has been suggested that this protonmotive force biases the rotor's diffusion so that F-0 constitutes a rotary motor turning the gamma shaft(6). Here we show that biased diffusion, augmented by electrostatic forces, does indeed generate sufficient torque to account for ATP production. Moreover, the motor's reversibility-supplying torque from ATP hydrolysis in F-1 converts the motor into an efficient proton pump(7)-can also be explained by our model.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Oster, G (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 25
TC 458
Z9 511
U1 1
U2 95
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 29
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6666
BP 510
EP 513
DI 10.1038/35185
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YU290
UT WOS:000071701800057
PM 9461222
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McCabe, AM
   Clark, PU
AF McCabe, AM
   Clark, PU
TI Ice-sheet variability around the north Atlantic Ocean during the last deglaciation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID greenland ice; deep circulation; climate records; rafted debris; british-isles; oscillations; provenance; sediments; retreat; events
AB Millennial-scale variability in the flux of ice-rafted detritus to North Atlantic sediments during the last glacial period has been interpreted to reflect a climate-forced increase in the discharge of icebergs from ice-sheet margins surrounding the northern North Atlantic Ocean(1). But the relationship between ice-sheet variability and climate change is not clear, as both the sources of ice-rafted detritus and the ice-marginal processes are varied and complex(2-4) Terrestrial records are helpful in unravelling this complexity because they can demonstrate the scale of ice-sheet oscillations, and whether the ice sheet (or sector) was advancing or retreating with respect to climate change. Here we constrain the age and anatomy of a prominent readvance of the British Ice Sheet in the northern Irish Sea region at similar to 14(14) C kyr BP (similar to 16.4 calendar kyr BP). The analysis indicates that the British Ice Sheet participated in an iceberg discharge episode known as Heinrich event 1. Comparison with other terrestrial and marine ice-sheet records suggests that the dynamic collapse of the Laurentide Ice Sheet beginning at 14.6-15.0 C-14 kyr BP1,4 (similar to 17.2-17.6 calendar kyr BP)(5) initiated varied responses from other ice-sheet margins around the northern North Atlantic region. These observations support the argument that the release of icebergs and meltwater during Heinrich event 1 disrupted the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation(6-8), leading to a delay or reversal of deglaciation of the Northern Hemisphere and at least as far south as 40 degrees S for two to three thousand years(5,9,10), suggesting a climate forcing and response similar to that of the ensuing Younger Dryas 'cold snap'(11,12).
C1 Univ Ulster, Sch Environm Studies, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Londonderry, North Ireland.
   Oregon State Univ, Dept Geosci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
C3 Ulster University; Oregon State University
RP McCabe, AM (corresponding author), Univ Ulster, Sch Environm Studies, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Londonderry, North Ireland.
NR 30
TC 179
Z9 189
U1 0
U2 27
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 26
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6674
BP 373
EP 377
DI 10.1038/32866
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZD694
UT WOS:000072713600047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Delaney, P
   Choi, HJ
   Ihm, J
   Louie, SG
   Cohen, ML
AF Delaney, P
   Choi, HJ
   Ihm, J
   Louie, SG
   Cohen, ML
TI Broken symmetry and pseudogaps in ropes of carbon nanotubes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electronic-property; microtubules; tubules
AB Since the discovery of carbon nanotubes(1), it has been speculated that these materials should behave like nanoscale wires with unusual electronic properties and exceptional strength. Recently, 'ropes' of close-packed single-wall nanotubes have been synthesized in high yield(2). The tubes in these ropes are mainly of the (10,10) type(3), which is predicted to be metallic(4-6), Experiments on individual nanotubes and ropes(7,8) indicate that these systems indeed have transport properties that qualify hem to be viewed as nanoscale quantum wires at low temperature. It has been expected that the close-packing of individual nanotubes into ropes does not change their electronic properties significantly. Here, however, we present first-principles calculations which show that a broken symmetry of the (10,10) tube caused by interactions between tubes in a rope induces a pseudogap of about 0.1 eV at the Fermi level. This pseudogap strongly modifies many of the fundamental, electronic properties: we predict a semimetal-like temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity and a finite gap in the infrared absorption spectrum. The existence of both electron and hole charge carriers will lead to qualitatively different thermopower and Hall-effect behaviours from those expected for a normal metal.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Seoul Natl Univ, Dept Phys, Seoul 151742, South Korea.
   Seoul Natl Univ, Ctr Theoret Phys, Seoul 151742, South Korea.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Seoul National University (SNU); Seoul National University (SNU)
RP Louie, SG (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 14
TC 322
Z9 342
U1 0
U2 58
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 29
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6666
BP 466
EP 468
DI 10.1038/35099
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YU290
UT WOS:000071701800043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kurokawa, M
   Mitani, K
   Irie, K
   Matsuyama, T
   Takahashi, T
   Chiba, S
   Yazaki, Y
   Matsumoto, K
   Hirai, H
AF Kurokawa, M
   Mitani, K
   Irie, K
   Matsuyama, T
   Takahashi, T
   Chiba, S
   Yazaki, Y
   Matsumoto, K
   Hirai, H
TI The oncoprotein Evi-1 represses TGF-β signalling by inhibiting Smad3
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chronic myelocytic-leukemia; transforming activity; myeloid-leukemia; blastic crisis; expression; protein; gene; activation; receptor; domain
AB Evi-1 encodes a zinc-finger protein that may be involved in leukaemic transformation of haematopoietic cells(1-5). Evi-1 has two zinc-finger domains, one with seven repeats of a zinc-finger motif and one with three repeats(6), and it has characteristics of a transcriptional regulator(7,8). Although Evi-1 is thought to be able to promote growth and to block differentiation in some cell types(9-11), its biological functions are poorly understood. Here we study the mechanisms that underlie oncogenesis induced by Evi-1 by investigating whether Evi-1 perturbs signalling through transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), one of the most studied growth-regulatory factors, which inhibits proliferation of a wide range of cell types(12). We show that Evi-1 represses TGF-beta signalling and antagonizes the growth-inhibitory effects of TGF-beta. Two separate regions of Evi-1 are responsible for this repression; one of these regions is the first zinc-finger domain. Through this domain, Evi-1 interacts with Smad3, an intracellular mediator of TGF-beta signalling(13), thereby suppressing the transcriptional activity of Smad3, These results define a new function of Evi-1 as a repressor of signalling through TGF-beta.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Fac Med, Dept Internal Med 3, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138655, Japan.
   Nagoya Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Biol Mol, Chikusa Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 46401, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo; Nagoya University
RP Hirai, H (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Fac Med, Dept Internal Med 3, Bunkyo Ku, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 1138655, Japan.
NR 29
TC 311
Z9 353
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 2
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6688
BP 92
EP 96
DI 10.1038/27945
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZY030
UT WOS:000074579600056
PM 9665135
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chen, FE
   Huang, DB
   Chen, YQ
   Ghosh, G
AF Chen, FE
   Huang, DB
   Chen, YQ
   Ghosh, G
TI Crystal structure of p50/p65 heterodimer of transcription factor NF-κB bound to DNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ifn-beta gene; binding subunit; 65-kd subunit; p65 subunit; p50; site; rel; specificity; recognition; parameters
AB The NF-kappa B p50/p65 heterodimer is the classical member of the Rel family of transcription factors which regulate diverse cellular functions such as immune response, cell growth, and development(1-3). Other mammalian Rel family members, including the proteins p52, proto-oncoprotein c-Rel, and RelB, all have amino-terminal Rel-homology regions (RHRs)(4-7). The RHR is responsible for the dimerization, DNA binding and cytosolic localization of these proteins by virtue of complex formation with inhibitor kappa B proteins(8), Signal-induced removal of kappa B inhibitors allows translocation of dimers to the cell nucleus and transcriptional regulation of kappa B DNA-containing genes(9), NF-kappa B specifically recognizes kappa B DNA elements(1,10,11) with a consensus sequence of 5'-GGGRNYYYCC-3' (R is an unspecified purine; Y is an unspecified pyrimidine; and N is any nucleotide), Here we report the crystal structure at 2.9 Angstrom resolution of the p50/p65 heterodimer bound to the kappa B DNA of the intronic enhancer of the immunoglobulin light-chain gene, Our structure reveals a 5-base-pair 5' subsite for p50, and a 4-base-pair 3' subsite for p65, This structure indicates why the p50/p65 heterodimer interface is stronger than that of either homodimer, A comparison of this structure with those of other Rel dimers reveals that both subunits adopt variable conformations in a DNA-sequence-dependent manner. Our results explain the different behaviour of the p50/p65 heterodimer with heterologous promoters.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Biol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Chem & Biochem, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Ghosh, G (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Biol, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
EM gghosh@chem.ucsd.edu
NR 31
TC 546
Z9 673
U1 1
U2 38
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 22
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6665
BP 410
EP 413
DI 10.1038/34956
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YT444
UT WOS:000071604200061
PM 9450761
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gho, M
   Schweisguth, F
AF Gho, M
   Schweisguth, F
TI Frizzled signalling controls orientation of asymmetric sense organ precursor cell divisions in Drosophila
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID numb protein; notch; mechanisms; encodes; domains; fates; gene
AB During metazoan development, cell-fate diversity is brought about, in part, by asymmetric cell divisions(1). In Drosophila, bristle mechanosensory organs are composed of four different cells that originate from a single precursor cell, pI, after two rounds of asymmetric division(2). At each division, distinct fates are conferred on sister cells by the asymmetric segregation ofNumb, a negative regulator of Notch signalling(3-6). Here we show that the orientation of the mitotic spindles and the localization of the Numb crescent follow a stereotyped pattern. Mitosis of pI is orientated parallel eo the anteroposterior axis of the fly. We show that signalling mediated by the Frizzled receptor polarizes pi along this axis, thereby specifying the orientation of the mitotic spindle and positioning the Numb crescent. The mitoses of the two cells produced by mitosis of pI are orientated parallel and orthogonal, respectively, to the division axis of pI. This difference in cell-division orientation is largely independent of the identity of the secondary precursor cells, and is regulated by Frizzled-independent mechanisms.
C1 Ecole Normale Super, Lab Genet Dev Drosophile, URA 1857,46 Rue Ulm, F-75005 Paris, France.
C3 Universite PSL; Ecole Normale Superieure (ENS)
RP Gho, M (corresponding author), Ecole Normale Super, Lab Genet Dev Drosophile, URA 1857,46 Rue Ulm, F-75005 Paris, France.
EM mgho@wotan.ens.fr
NR 22
TC 196
Z9 220
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 14
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6681
BP 178
EP 181
DI 10.1038/30265
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZN200
UT WOS:000073619900051
PM 9603522
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pilot, J
   Werner, CD
   Haubrich, F
   Baumann, N
AF Pilot, J
   Werner, CD
   Haubrich, F
   Baumann, N
TI Palaeozoic and Proterozoic zircons from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mantle; crust
AB According to the theory of plate tectonics, rocks found in the vicinity of mid-ocean ridges-where oceanic plates are created-should be relatively young (at most several Myr old). Here we report the discovery of zircons with ages of about 330 and 1,600 Myr that were drilled from exposed gabbros beneath the Mid-Atlantic Ridge near the Kane fracture zone(1-4). Age determinations were made using the Pb-207/Pb-206 evaporation method(5) and confirmed with conventional U-pb dating and ion microprobe (SHRIMP) analysis. Fire suggest two plausible explanations for the origin of these unusually old zircons. During the opening of the Atlantic, sheared crustal material or delaminated continental lithosphere sank into small roll-like circulation cells(6,7) that developed in the shallow mantle at each side of the ridge axis and the material was then transported through these cells to the ridge axis. Alternatively, material from the continental crust has been trapped within the Kane fracture zone since the opening of the Atlantic Ocean basin through a series of transform migrations and ridge jumps(8,9), with portions of this material subsequently migrating down the ridge axis.
C1 Freiberg Univ Min & Technol, Inst Mineral, D-09596 Freiberg, Germany.
C3 Technical University Freiberg
RP Pilot, J (corresponding author), Freiberg Univ Min & Technol, Inst Mineral, D-09596 Freiberg, Germany.
NR 35
TC 103
Z9 112
U1 0
U2 26
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 18
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6686
BP 676
EP 679
DI 10.1038/31452
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZV288
UT WOS:000074289600050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schrenzel, J
   Serrander, L
   Bánfi, B
   Nüsse, O
   Fouyouzi, R
   Lew, DP
   Demaurex, N
   Krause, KH
AF Schrenzel, J
   Serrander, L
   Bánfi, B
   Nüsse, O
   Fouyouzi, R
   Lew, DP
   Demaurex, N
   Krause, KH
TI Electron currents generated by the human phagocyte NADPH oxidase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chronic granulomatous-disease; respiratory burst oxidase; human-neutrophils; conductance; metabolism; channels; cells
AB Electron transport across biological membranes is a well-known feature of bacteria, mitochondria and chloroplasts, where it provides motive forces for vectorial transport processes(1). In contrast, electron transport is generally not found in the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells, possibly because it would interfere with electric processes at the plasma membrane. An exception is provided by the phagocyte NADPH oxidase, which generates superoxide (O-2(.-)) through electron transfer from cytosolic NADPH to extracellular oxygen(2-5). The enzyme is essential for host defence, and patients with chronic granulomatous disease, who lack the functional enzyme, suffer from severe infections(6,7). It has been suggested that electron transfer by the NADPH oxidase might be electrogenic(8). Here we demonstrate, using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique, the generation of electron currents by the NADPH oxidase in human eosinophil granulocytes. The currents were absent in granulocytes of sufferers of chronic granulomatous disease and under conditions of low oxygen. Generation of electron currents across the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells has not been observed previously and might be - independently of the generation of superoxide - a physiologically relevant function of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase.
C1 Univ Hosp Geneva, Dept Med, Div Infect Dis, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
   Univ Geneva, Med Ctr, Dept Physiol, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
C3 University of Geneva; University of Geneva
RP Krause, KH (corresponding author), Univ Hosp Geneva, Dept Med, Div Infect Dis, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
NR 24
TC 173
Z9 184
U1 1
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 16
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6677
BP 734
EP 737
DI 10.1038/33725
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZH612
UT WOS:000073129000064
PM 9565037
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU De Strooper, B
   Saftig, P
   Craessaerts, K
   Vanderstichele, H
   Guhde, G
   Annaert, W
   Von Figura, K
   Van Leuven, F
AF De Strooper, B
   Saftig, P
   Craessaerts, K
   Vanderstichele, H
   Guhde, G
   Annaert, W
   Von Figura, K
   Van Leuven, F
TI Deficiency of presenilin-1 inhibits the normal cleavage of amyloid precursor protein
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID familial alzheimers-disease; hippocampal-neurons; beta-protein; mutations; peptide; cells
AB Point mutations in the presenilin-1 gene (PS1) are a major cause of familial Alzheimer's disease, They result in a selective increase in the production of the amyloidogenic peptide amyloid-beta(1-42) by proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP)(1-4). Here we investigate whether PS1 is also involved in normal APP processing in neuronal cultures derived from PS1-deficient mouse embryos. Cleavage by alpha- and beta-secretase(5) of the extracellular domain of APP was not affected by the absence of PS1, whereas cleavage by gamma-secretase of the transmembrane domain of APP was prevented, causing carboxyl-terminal fragments of APP to accumulate and a fivefold drop in the production of amyloid peptide. Pulse-chase experiments indicated that PS1 deficiency specifically decreased the turnover of the membrane-associated fragments of APP. As in the regulation of cholesterol metabolism by proteolysis of a membrane-bound transcription factor(6), PS1 appears to facilitate a proteolytic activity that cleaves the integral membrane domain of APP. Our results indicate that mutations in PS1 that manifest clinically cause a gain of function and that inhibition of PS1 activity is a potential target for anti-amyloidogenic therapy in Alzheimer's disease.
C1 Katholieke Univ Leuven VIB, Ctr Human Genet, Expt Genet Grp, Louvain, Belgium.
   Innogenet NV, B-9057 Ghent, Belgium.
   Univ Gottingen, Zentrum Biochem & Mol Zellbiol, Biochem Abt 2, D-37073 Gottingen, Germany.
C3 KU Leuven; Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB); Innogenetics NV; University of Gottingen
RP Saftig, P (corresponding author), Katholieke Univ Leuven VIB, Ctr Human Genet, Expt Genet Grp, Louvain, Belgium.
EM Saftig@uni-bc2.gwdg.de
NR 29
TC 1624
Z9 1869
U1 0
U2 126
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 22
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6665
BP 387
EP 390
DI 10.1038/34910
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YT444
UT WOS:000071604200054
PM 9450754
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shao, DL
   Rangwala, SM
   Bailey, ST
   Krakow, SL
   Reginato, MJ
   Lazar, MA
AF Shao, DL
   Rangwala, SM
   Bailey, ST
   Krakow, SL
   Reginato, MJ
   Lazar, MA
TI Interdomain communication regulating ligand binding by PPAR-γ
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID activated receptor-gamma; estrogen-receptor; adipocyte differentiation; protein-kinase; proliferator; phosphorylation; hormone; alpha; thiazolidinediones; transcription
AB Binding to receptors in the cell nucleus is crucial for the action of lipophilic hormones and ligands. PPAR-gamma (for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor) is a nuclear hormone receptor that mediates adipocyte differentiation(1,2) and modulates insulin sensitivity(3), cell proliferation(4) and inflammatory processes(5,6). PPAR-gamma ligands have been implicated in the development of atherogenic foam cells(7) and as potential cancer treatments(8). Transcriptional activity of PPAR-gamma is induced by binding diverse ligands, including natural fatty acid derivatives(9-11), antidiabetic thiazolidinediones(12), and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(13). Ligand binding by PPAR-gamma, as well as by the entire nuclear-receptor superfamily, is an independent property of the carboxy-terminal ligand-binding domain (LBD) of the receptor(14,15). Here we show that ligand binding by PPAR-gamma is regulated by intramolecular communication between its amino-terminal A/B domain and its carboxy-terminal LED. Modification of the A/B domain, for example by physiological phosphorylation by MAP kinase, reduces ligand-binding affinity, thus negatively regulating the transcriptional and biological functions of PPAR-gamma. The ability of the A/B domain to regulate ligand binding has important implications for the evaluation and mechanism of action of potentially therapeutic ligands that bind PPAR-gamma and that are likely to extend to other members of the nuclear-receptor superfamily.
C1 Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Med, Div Endocrinol Diabet & Metab, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 University of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania
RP Lazar, MA (corresponding author), Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Med, Div Endocrinol Diabet & Metab, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
EM lazar@mail.med.upenn.edu
NR 30
TC 309
Z9 358
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 26
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6709
BP 377
EP 380
DI 10.1038/24634
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 142MJ
UT WOS:000077204000052
PM 9845075
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Blunier, T
   Chappellaz, J
   Schwander, J
   Dallenbach, A
   Stauffer, B
   Stocker, TF
   Raynaud, D
   Jouzel, J
   Clausen, HB
   Hammer, CU
   Johnsen, SJ
AF Blunier, T
   Chappellaz, J
   Schwander, J
   Dallenbach, A
   Stauffer, B
   Stocker, TF
   Raynaud, D
   Jouzel, J
   Clausen, HB
   Hammer, CU
   Johnsen, SJ
TI Asynchrony of Antarctic and Greenland climate change during the last glacial period
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ice-core record; isotope profiles; heinrich events; north-atlantic; oscillations; paleoclimate; deglaciation; temperature; circulation; sediments
AB A central issue in climate dynamics is to understand how the Northern and Southern hemispheres are coupled during climate events. The strongest of the fast temperature changes observed in Greenland (so-called Dansgaard-Oeschger events) during the last glaciation have an analogue in the temperature record from Antarctica. A comparison of the global atmospheric concentration of methane as recorded in ice cores from Antarctica and Greenland permits a determination of the phase relationship (in leads or lags) of these temperature variations. Greenland warming events around 36 and 45 kyr before present lag their Antarctic counterpart by more than 1 kyr. On average, Antarctic climate change leads that of Greenland by 1-2.5 kyr over the period 47-23 kyr before present.
C1 Univ Bern, Inst Phys, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
   CNRS, Lab Glaciol & Geophys Environm, F-38402 St Martin Dheres, France.
   CEA Saclay, UMR CEA CNRS 1572, Lab Sci Climat & Environm, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   Univ Copenhagen, Dept Geophys NBIfAPG, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark.
   Univ Iceland, Inst Sci, Dept Geophys, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland.
C3 University of Bern; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Saclay; CEA; University of Copenhagen; University of Iceland
RP Blunier, T (corresponding author), Univ Bern, Inst Phys, Sidlerstr 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
EM blunier@climate.unibe.ch
NR 51
TC 596
Z9 662
U1 0
U2 144
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 20
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6695
BP 739
EP 743
DI 10.1038/29447
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 112PR
UT WOS:000075503600034
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Abraham, ER
AF Abraham, ER
TI The generation of plankton patchiness by turbulent stirring
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sea-surface temperature; phytoplankton patchiness; mesoscale variability; model; diffusion; eddy
AB Diffusive processes are often used to represent the formation of spatial patterns in biological systems(1). Here I show how patchiness may be generated in planktonic ecosystems through non-diffusive advection. Plankton distributions in oceanic surface waters can be characterized by the spectra of concentrations obtained along ship transects. Such spectra are inevitably found to have a power-law form over horizontal scales ranging from 1 to 100 km (ref. 2). Phytoplankton have distributions similar to those of physical quantities such as sea surface temperature, with much less variability at shorter length scales. In contrast, zooplankton density may be almost as variable at short scales as long ones(3). Distributions of this form are generated in a model of the turbulent stirring of coupled phytoplankton and zooplankton populations, The characteristic spatial patterns of the phytoplankton and zooplankton are a consequence of the timescales of their response to changes in their environment caused by turbulent advection.
C1 Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res, Wellington, New Zealand.
C3 Earth Sciences New Zealand; National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research (NIWA) - New Zealand
RP Abraham, ER (corresponding author), Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res, POB 14-901, Wellington, New Zealand.
NR 30
TC 374
Z9 414
U1 2
U2 65
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 5
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6667
BP 577
EP 580
DI 10.1038/35361
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YV594
UT WOS:000071842300049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Corma, A
   Fornes, V
   Pergher, SB
   Maesen, TLM
   Buglass, JG
AF Corma, A
   Fornes, V
   Pergher, SB
   Maesen, TLM
   Buglass, JG
TI Delaminated zeolite precursors as selective acidic catalysts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mcm-22
AB Heterogeneous catalysis is important in fine-chemical and pharmaceutical manufacture and in petroleum refining(1). Many of the catalysts used by these industries are based on aluminosilicates, which combine high stability with excellent activity in acid-mediated reactions'. Within this class of material, zeolites-microporous crystalline aluminosilicates with three-dimensional framework structures-have attracted particular attention: they are significantly more active than the layered structures (clays)(3) and mesoporous structures (whose walls are amorphous)(4,5), and they impart shape selectivity on the reaction products. The selectivity arises from the fact that the catalytically active acid sites have to be accessed through uniformly sized pores and voids, imposing size constraints on the accessibility to reactants and the nature of the intermediates and products'. Providing access for larger molecules to the catalytic sites would expand the range of reactions that zeolites can catalyse. But attempts to increase the pore size of zeolites(6) have met with only limited success. Here we describe an approach in which a layered zeolite precursor(7,8) is delaminated, in much the same way as the layered structure of a clay may be unbound. The result is an aluminosilicate whose zeolite-type catalytic sites are contained within thin, readily accessible sheets. Performance tests show that the delamination process improves the accessibility of the catalytic sites without affecting their activity. We expect that our approach could be adapted to other layered zeolite precursors(5,7-11), thus paving the way to exfoliated zeolite precursors as a new class of catalysts.
C1 Univ Politecn Valencia, CSIC, Inst Tecnol Quim, Valencia 46022, Spain.
   Zeolyst Int, PQ Res & Dev Ctr, Conshohocken, PA 19428 USA.
   Shell Int Chem BV, Shell Res & Technol Ctr, NL-1030 BN Amsterdam, Netherlands.
C3 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); Universitat Politecnica de Valencia; CSIC-UPV - Instituto de Tecnologia Quimica (ITQ); Royal Dutch Shell
RP Corma, A (corresponding author), Univ Politecn Valencia, CSIC, Inst Tecnol Quim, Ave Naranjos S-N, Valencia 46022, Spain.
EM acorma@itq.upv.es
NR 17
TC 837
Z9 913
U1 11
U2 509
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 26
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6709
BP 353
EP 356
DI 10.1038/24592
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 142MJ
UT WOS:000077204000045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Martin, W
   Müller, M
AF Martin, W
   Müller, M
TI The hydrogen hypothesis for the first eukaryote
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID trichomonas-vaginalis; amitochondriate eukaryote; mitochondria; protist; origin; gene; endosymbiont; metabolism; evolution; archaea
AB A new hypothesis for the origin of eukaryotic cells is proposed, based on the comparative biochemistry of energy metabolism. Eukaryotes are suggested to have arisen through symbiotic association of an anaerobic, strictly hydrogen-dependent, strictly autotrophic archaebacterium (the host) with a eubacterium (the symbiont) that was able to respire, but generated molecular hydrogen as a waste product of anaerobic heterotrophic metabolism. The host's dependence upon molecular hydrogen produced by the symbiont is put forward as the selective principle that forged the common ancestor of eukaryotic cells.
C1 Tech Univ Carolo Wilhelmina Braunschweig, Inst Genet, D-38023 Braunschweig, Germany.
   Rockefeller Univ, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Braunschweig University of Technology; Rockefeller University
RP Müller, M (corresponding author), Tech Univ Carolo Wilhelmina Braunschweig, Inst Genet, Spielmannstr 7, D-38023 Braunschweig, Germany.
EM w.martin@tu-bs.de; mmuller@rockvax.rockefeller.edu
NR 50
TC 939
Z9 1045
U1 4
U2 216
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 5
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6671
BP 37
EP 41
DI 10.1038/32096
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZA528
UT WOS:000072373000041
PM 9510246
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Deliagina, TG
   Arshavsky, YI
   Orlovsky, GN
AF Deliagina, TG
   Arshavsky, YI
   Orlovsky, GN
TI Control of spatial orientation in a mollusc
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID clione-limacina; neuronal mechanisms; rhythmic behaviors; pteropod mollusk; locomotion; modulation
AB The main function of postural nervous mechanisms in different species, from mollusc to man, is to counteract the force of gravity and stabilize body orientation in space(1-3). Here we investigate the basic principles of postural control in a simple animal model, the marine mollusc Clione limacina. When swimming, C. limacina maintains its vertical orientation because of the activity of the postural neuronal network. Driven by gravity-sensing organs (statocysts), the network causes postural corrections by producing tail flexions. To understand how this function occurs, we studied network activity by using a new method, We used an in vitro preparation that consisted of the central nervous system isolated with the statocysts, Output signals from the network (electrical activity of tail motor neurons) controlled an electrical motor which rotated the preparation in space. We analysed the activity of individual neurons involved in postural stabilization under opened or closed feedback loop. When we closed this artificial feedback leap, the network stabilized the vertical orientation of the preparation, This stabilization is based on the tendency of the network to minimize the difference between the activities of the two antagonistic groups of neurons, which are driven by orientation-dependent sensory inputs.
C1 Karolinska Inst, Nobel Inst Neurophysiol, Dept Neurosci, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Moscow State Univ, AN Belozersky Inst Physicochem Biol, Moscow 119899, Russia.
   Univ Puerto Rico, Inst Neurobiol, San Juan, PR 00901 USA.
   Russian Acad Sci, Inst Informat Transmiss Problems, Moscow 101447, Russia.
C3 Karolinska Institutet; Lomonosov Moscow State University; University of Puerto Rico; Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems of the RAS; Russian Academy of Sciences
RP Deliagina, TG (corresponding author), Karolinska Inst, Nobel Inst Neurophysiol, Dept Neurosci, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
EM Tatiana.Deliagina@neuro.ki.se
NR 23
TC 38
Z9 42
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 14
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6681
BP 172
EP 175
DI 10.1038/30251
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZN200
UT WOS:000073619900049
PM 9603520
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Grazzini, E
   Guillon, G
   Mouillac, B
   Zingg, HH
AF Grazzini, E
   Guillon, G
   Mouillac, B
   Zingg, HH
TI Inhibition of oxytocin receptor function by direct binding of progesterone
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rat glomerulosa cells; reciprocal modulation; vasopressin receptor; antagonist binding; pregnancy; agonist; specificity; expression; uterus; ligand
AB The steroid hormone progesterone (P-4) is essential for establishing and maintaining pregnancy in mammals(1-3). One of its functions includes maintenance of uterine quiescence by decreasing uterine sensitivity to the uterotonic peptide hormone oxytocin(3-5). Although it is generally held that steroid hormones such as P-4 act at a genomic level by binding to nuclear receptors and modulating the expression of specific target genes(6), we show here that the effect of P-4 on uterine sensitivity to oxytocin involves direct, nongenomic action of P-4 on the uterine oxytocin receptor (OTR), a member of the G-protein-coupled receptor family. P-4 inhibits oxytocin binding to OTR-containing membranes in virro, binds with high affinity to recombinant rat OTR expressed in CHO cells, and suppresses oxytocin-induced inositol phosphate production and calcium mobilization. These effects are highly steroid-and receptor-specific, because binding and signalling functions of the closely related human OTR are not affected by P-4 itself but by the P-4 metabolite 5 beta-dihydroprogesterone. Our findings provide the first evidence for a direct Interaction between a steroid hormone and a G-protein-coupled receptor and define a new level of crosstalk between the peptide-and steroid-hormone signalling pathways.
C1 McGill Univ, Royal Victoria Hosp, Mol Endocrinol Lab, Res Inst, Montreal, PQ H3A 1A1, Canada.
   CNRS, INSERM, Ctr Pharmacol Endocrinol, U469, F-34094 Montpellier, France.
C3 McGill University; Royal Victoria Hospital; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Universite de Montpellier
RP Zingg, HH (corresponding author), McGill Univ, Royal Victoria Hosp, Mol Endocrinol Lab, Res Inst, Montreal, PQ H3A 1A1, Canada.
EM zingg@rvhri.lan.mcgill.ca
NR 27
TC 382
Z9 422
U1 1
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 2
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6675
BP 509
EP 512
DI 10.1038/33176
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZF215
UT WOS:000072875200062
PM 9548257
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wang, JL
   Liu, R
   Hawkins, M
   Barzilai, N
   Rossetti, L
AF Wang, JL
   Liu, R
   Hawkins, M
   Barzilai, N
   Rossetti, L
TI A nutrient-sensing pathway regulates leptin gene expression in muscle and fat
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID insulin-resistance; obese gene; in-vivo; hexosamine biosynthesis; glucose-transport; humans; adiposity; product; protein; mice
AB Leptin, the protein encoded by the obese (ob) gene, is synthesized and released in response to increased energy storage in adipose tissue(1-4). However, it is still not known how incoming energy is sensed and transduced into increased expression of the ob gene. The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway is a cellular 'sensor' of energy availability(5-8) and mediates the effects of glucose on the expression of several gene products(9-12). Here we provide evidence for rapid activation of ob gene expression in skeletal muscle by glucosamine. Increased tissue concentrations of the end product of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), result in rapid and marked increases in leptin messenger RNA and protein levels (although these levels were much lower than those in fat). Plasma leptin levels and leptin mRNA and protein levels in adipose tissue also increase. Most important, stimulation of leptin synthesis is reproduced by either hyperglycaemia or hyperlipidaemia, which also increase tissue levels of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine in conscious rodents(7). Finally, incubation of 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes and L6 myocytes with glucosamine rapidly induces ob gene expression. Our findings are the first evidence of inducible leptin expression in skeletal muscle and unveil an important biochemical Link between increased availability of nutrients and leptin expression.
C1 Yeshiva Univ Albert Einstein Coll Med, Ctr Diabet Res & Training, Bronx, NY 10461 USA.
C3 Yeshiva University; Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine
RP Liu, R (corresponding author), Yeshiva Univ Albert Einstein Coll Med, Ctr Diabet Res & Training, 1300 Morris Pk Ave, Bronx, NY 10461 USA.
EM rossetti@aecom.yu.edu
NR 29
TC 670
Z9 759
U1 0
U2 41
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 18
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6686
BP 684
EP 688
DI 10.1038/31474
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZV288
UT WOS:000074289600053
PM 9641678
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Katoh-Fukui, Y
   Tsuchiya, R
   Shiroishi, T
   Nakahara, Y
   Hashimoto, N
   Noguchi, K
   Higashinakagawa, T
AF Katoh-Fukui, Y
   Tsuchiya, R
   Shiroishi, T
   Nakahara, Y
   Hashimoto, N
   Noguchi, K
   Higashinakagawa, T
TI Male-to-female sex reversal in M33 mutant mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sry-related gene; y-chromosome; campomelic dysplasia; polycomb protein; drosophila; mouse; expression; differentiation; mutations; embryos
AB Polycomb genes in Drosophila maintain the repressed state of homeotic and other developmentally regulated genes(1-4) by mediating changes in higher-order chromatin structure(5-7). M33, a mouse homologue of Polycomb, was isolated by means of the structural similarity of its chromodomain(8). The fifth exon of M33 contains a region of homology shared by Drosophila and Xenopus(8,9). In Drosophila, its deletion results in the loss of Polycomb function(10). Here we have disrupted M33 in mice by inserting a poly(A) capture-type neo(r) targeting vector into its fifth exon. More than half of the resultant M33(cterm)/M33(cterm) mutant mice died before weaning, and survivors showed male-to-female sex reversal. Formation of genital ridges was retarded in both XX and XY M33(cterm)/M33(cterm) embryos. Gonadal growth defects appeared near the time of expression of the Y-chromosome-specific Sry gene(11), suggesting that M33 deficiency may cause sex reversal by interfering with steps upstream of Sry. M33(cterm)\M33(cterm) mice may be a valuable model in which to test opposing views regarding sex determination.
C1 Mitsubishi Kasei Inst Life Sci, Tokyo 1948511, Japan.
   Natl Inst Genet, Mammalian Genet Lab, Shizuoka 4118540, Japan.
C3 Research Organization of Information & Systems (ROIS); National Institute of Genetics (NIG) - Japan
RP Katoh-Fukui, Y (corresponding author), Mitsubishi Kasei Inst Life Sci, Tokyo 1948511, Japan.
EM kan@libra.ls.m-kagaku.co.jp
NR 30
TC 247
Z9 287
U1 1
U2 15
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 18
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6686
BP 688
EP 692
DI 10.1038/31482
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZV288
UT WOS:000074289600054
PM 9641679
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Utley, RT
   Ikeda, K
   Grant, PA
   Côté, J
   Steger, DJ
   Eberharter, A
   John, S
   Workman, JL
AF Utley, RT
   Ikeda, K
   Grant, PA
   Côté, J
   Steger, DJ
   Eberharter, A
   John, S
   Workman, JL
TI Transcriptional activators direct histone acetyltransferase complexes to nucleosomes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tata-binding protein; basal transcription; vp16; ada2; domains; adapter; invitro; gene; cbp
AB Transcriptional co-activators were originally identified as proteins that act as intermediaries between upstream activators and the basal transcription machinery. The discovery that co-activators such as Tetrahymena and yeast Gcn5( >)(1,2), as well as human p300/CBP3,4, pCAF(5), Src-1(6), ACTR(7) and TAFII250(8), can acetylate histones suggests that activators may be involved in targeting acetylation activity to promoters. Several histone deacetylases have been linked to transcriptional co-repressor proteins(9), suggesting that the action of both acetylases and deacetylases is important in the regulation of many genes. Here we demonstrate the binding of two native yeast histone acetyltransferase (HAT) complexes to the herpesvirus VP16 activation domain and the yeast transcriptional activator Gcn4 and show that it is their interaction with the VP16 activation domain that targets Gal4-VP16-bound nucleosomes for acetylation. We find that Gal4-VP16-driven transcription from chromatin templates is stimulated by both HAT complexes in an acetyl CoA-dependent reaction. Our results demonstrate the targeting of native HAT complexes by a transcription-activation domain to nucleosomes in order to activate transcription.
C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Howard Hughes Med Inst, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Penn State Univ, Ctr Gene Regulat, Althouse Lab 306, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Jichi Med Sch, Dept Biol, Minami Kawachi, Tochigi 32904, Japan.
   Univ Laval, Hotel Dieu Quebec, Ctr Canc Res, Quebec City, PQ G1R 2J6, Canada.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; Jichi Medical University; Laval University; Laval University Hospital
RP Workman, JL (corresponding author), Penn State Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Howard Hughes Med Inst, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
EM jlw10@psu.edu
NR 31
TC 436
Z9 503
U1 0
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 30
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6692
BP 498
EP 502
DI 10.1038/28886
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 105NT
UT WOS:000075080400057
PM 9697775
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stern, DL
AF Stern, DL
TI A role of Ultrabithorax in morphological differences between Drosophila species
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bithorax complex; gene ultrabithorax; body plans; hox genes; evolution; melanogaster; expression; products; proteins
AB The mechanisms underlying the evolution of morphology are poorly understood(1,2). Distantly related taxa sometimes exhibit correlations between morphological differences and patterns of gene expression(3-8), but such comparisons cannot establish how mechanisms evolve to generate diverse morphologies. Answers to these questions require resolution of the nature of developmental evolution within and between closely related species. Here I show how the detailed regulation of the Hox gene Ultrabithorax patterns trichomes on the posterior femur of the second leg in Drosophila melanogaster, and that evolution of Ultrabithorax has contributed to divergence of this feature among closely related species, The cis-regulatory regions of Ultrabithorax, and not the protein itself, appear to have evolved. This study provides experimental evidence that cis-regulatory evolution is one way in which conserved proteins have promoted morphological diversity(1).
C1 Wellcome CRC Inst, Cambridge CB2 1QR, England.
RP Stern, DL (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Museum Zool, Lab Dev & Evolut, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM063622] Funding Source: Medline; Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 21
TC 199
Z9 238
U1 0
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 3
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6710
BP 463
EP 466
DI 10.1038/24863
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 145KL
UT WOS:000077370100053
PM 9853753
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cowie, LL
   Songaila, A
AF Cowie, LL
   Songaila, A
TI Heavy-element enrichment in low-density regions of the intergalactic medium
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lyman-alpha forest; gravitational collapse; clouds; model; abundance
AB Models for the composition of the diffuse intergalactic medium(1,2) predict that low-density intergalactic gas at high redshift should be very poor in heavy elements. This is because locations of early star formation land thus of heavy-element synthesis) and of gas delivery from such stars are located preferentially within higher-density regions of the intergalactic gas. Here we present a method for analysing carbon and oxygen absorption lines in quasar spectra that allows us to probe the heavy-element abundances at a redshift of three within low-density regions of intergalactic gas. We find that the ratio of triply ionized carbon to neutral hydrogen is roughly constant over a wide range of densities, and that, even as the density approaches zero, the ratio remains high. This unexpected enrichment of low-density gas in heavy elements suggests that early generations of small galaxies might be much more efficient at ejecting heavy elements into the intergalactic medium than has previously been thought.
C1 Univ Hawaii, Inst Astron, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
C3 University of Hawaii System
RP Cowie, LL (corresponding author), Univ Hawaii, Inst Astron, 2680 Woodlawn Dr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
NR 28
TC 138
Z9 146
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 2
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6688
BP 44
EP 46
DI 10.1038/27845
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZY030
UT WOS:000074579600041
PM 9665126
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Evrard, YA
   Lun, Y
   Aulehla, A
   Gan, L
   Johnson, RL
AF Evrard, YA
   Lun, Y
   Aulehla, A
   Gan, L
   Johnson, RL
TI lunatic fringe is an essential mediator of somite segmentation and patterning
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID signaling molecule; gene family; expression; notch1; region; cells
AB The gene lunatic fringe encodes a secreted factor with significant sequence similarity to the Drosophila gene fringe(1-5). fringe has been proposed to function as a boundary-specific signalling molecule in the wing imaginal disc, where it is required to localize signalling activity by the protein Notch to the presumptive wing margin(3,6). By targeted disruption in mouse embryos, we show here that lunatic fringe is likewise required for boundary formation. lunatic fringe mutants fail to form boundaries between individual GRAPHICS somites, the initial segmental unit of the vertebrate trunk. Hn addition, the normal alternating rostral-caudal pattern of the semitic mesoderm is disrupted, suggesting that intersomitic boundary formation and rostral-caudal patterning of somites are mechanistically Linked by a process that requires lunatic fringe activity. As a result, the derivatives of the somitic mesoderm, especially the axial skeleton, are severely disorganized in lunatic fringe mutants. Taken together our results demonstrate an essential function for a vertebrate fringe homologue and suggest a model in which lunatic fringe modulates Notch signalling in the segmental plate to regulate somitogenesis and rostral-caudal patterning of somites simultaneously.
C1 Univ Texas, Md Anderson Canc Ctr, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Univ Texas, Md Anderson Canc Ctr, Program Genes & Dev, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; UTMD Anderson Cancer Center; University of Texas System; UTMD Anderson Cancer Center
RP Johnson, RL (corresponding author), Univ Texas, Md Anderson Canc Ctr, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Box 117,1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
NR 28
TC 355
Z9 407
U1 1
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 23
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6691
BP 377
EP 381
DI 10.1038/28632
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 103QF
UT WOS:000074968800053
PM 9690473
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Velusamy, T
   Langer, WD
AF Velusamy, T
   Langer, WD
TI Outflow-infall interactions as a mechanism for terminating accretion in protostars
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dark cloud barnard-5; molecular outflows; jet; evolution; disk
AB The formation of stars begins with the collapse of a dense interstellar cloud core to a protostar surrounded by a disk of gas and dust. Material in the envelope of the cloud core falls inwards to feed further growth of the protostar and its accretion disk. At some point during the accretion phase, an outflow of gas begins along the disk's rotation axis. Outflows have been studied in a large number of sources', and recently it has become possible to study infall land outflow) very close to the star(2-8). But the possible interaction between these flows and its effect on the mass of the disk and the young star remain uncertain. Here we present observational evidence for an interaction between infalling and outflowing molecular gas. The opening angle of the outflow cone is largest near the star, indicating a widening of the outflow with time. Outside the lobes of the outflowing gas we see a narrow, disk-like region that is infalling. We suggest that the widening of the outflow may isolate the disk from further infall.
C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); California Institute of Technology
RP Velusamy, T (corresponding author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, MS 169-506, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
NR 23
TC 88
Z9 93
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 16
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6677
BP 685
EP 687
DI 10.1038/33624
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZH612
UT WOS:000073129000048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chen, QJ
   Fernandez, V
   Sundström, A
   Schlichtherle, M
   Datta, S
   Hagblom, P
   Wahlgren, M
AF Chen, QJ
   Fernandez, V
   Sundström, A
   Schlichtherle, M
   Datta, S
   Hagblom, P
   Wahlgren, M
TI Developmental selection of var gene expression in Plasmodium falciparum
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human cerebral malaria; infected erythrocytes; antigenic variation; proteins; cytoadherence; phenotypes; adherence; diverse; family
AB The protozoan Plasmodium falciparum causes lethal malaria(1). Adhesion of erythrocytes infected with P. falciparum to vascular endothelium and to uninfected red blood cells (rosetting) maybe involved in the pathogenesis of severe malaria(2-4). The binding is mediated by the antigenically variant erythrocyte-membrane-protein-1 (PfEMP-1)(5-8), which is encoded by members of the P. falciparum var gene famjily(9,10). The control of expression and switching of var genes seems to lack resemblance.to mechanisms operating in variant gene families of other microbial pathogens(11,12). Here we show that multiple, distinct var gene transcripts (about 24 or more) can be detected by reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction in bulk cultures of the rosetting parasite FCR3S1.2, despite the adhesive homogeneity of the cultures. We also detected several var transcripts in single erythrocytes infected with a ring-stage parasite of FCR3S1.2, and found that different var genes are transcribed simultaneously from several chromosomes in the same cell. In contrast, we detected only one var transcript, FCR3S1.2 var-1, which encodes the rosetting PfEMP-1 protein(13), in individual rosette-adhesive trophozoite-infected cells, and we found only one PfEMP-1 type at the erythrocyte surface by labelling with (125)iodine and immunoprecipitation. We conclude that a single P. falciparum parasite simultaneously transcribes multiple var genes but, through a developmentally regulated process, selects only one PfEMP-1 to reach the surface of the host cell.
C1 Karolinska Inst, Ctr Microbiol & Tumor Biol, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Swedish Inst Infect Dis Control, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Changchun Univ Agr & Anim Sci, Changchun 130062, Peoples R China.
   Astra Res Ctr, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
C3 Karolinska Institutet; Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control; Jilin University
RP Wahlgren, M (corresponding author), Karolinska Inst, Ctr Microbiol & Tumor Biol, Box 280, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
NR 24
TC 270
Z9 317
U1 0
U2 39
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 23
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6691
BP 392
EP 395
DI 10.1038/28660
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 103QF
UT WOS:000074968800057
PM 9690477
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sellinger, A
   Weiss, PM
   Nguyen, A
   Lu, YF
   Assink, RA
   Gong, WL
   Brinker, CJ
AF Sellinger, A
   Weiss, PM
   Nguyen, A
   Lu, YF
   Assink, RA
   Gong, WL
   Brinker, CJ
TI Continuous self-assembly of organic-inorganic nanocomposite coatings that mimic nacre
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thin-film formation; mesoporous silica; interfaces; nucleation; growth; layer
AB Nanocomposite materials are widespread in biological systems. Perhaps the most studied is the nacre of abalone shell, an orientated coating composed of alternating layers of aragonite (CaCO3) and a biopolymer. Its laminated structure simultaneously provides strength, hardness and toughness: containing about 1 vol. % polymer, nacre is twice as hard and 1,000 times as tough as its constituent phases(1). Such remarkable properties have inspired chemists and materials scientists to develop synthetic, 'biomimetic' nanocomposite assemblies(2-5), Nonetheless, the efficient processing of layered organic-inorganic composites remains an elusive goal, Here we report a rapid, efficient self-assembly process for preparing nanolaminated coatings that mimic the structure of nacre. Beginning with a solution of silica, surfactant and organic monomers, we rely on evaporation during dip-coating to induce the formation of micelles and partitioning of the organic constituents into the micellar interiors(6). Subsequent self-assembly of the silica-surfactant-monomer micellar species into lyotropic mesophases(7) simultaneously organizes the organic and inorganic precursors into the desired nanolaminated form. Polymerization fixes this structure, completing the nanocomposite assembly process. This approach may be generalized both to other composite architectures and to other materials combinations.
C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA.
   Univ New Mexico, NSF, Ctr Microengn Mat, Adv Mat Lab, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA.
   Univ New Mexico, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Sandia National Laboratories; University of New Mexico; National Science Foundation (NSF); University of New Mexico
RP Brinker, CJ (corresponding author), Sandia Natl Labs, 1001 Univ Blvd SE, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA.
NR 30
TC 545
Z9 626
U1 5
U2 373
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 16
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6690
BP 256
EP 260
DI 10.1038/28354
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 101CK
UT WOS:000074851900041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wu, LP
   Anderson, KV
AF Wu, LP
   Anderson, KV
TI Regulated nuclear import of Rel proteins in the Drosophila immune response
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID kappa-b-alpha; induced phosphorylation; dorsoventral pattern; dorsal; cactus; gene; degradation; embryo; dissociation; expression
AB The Drosophila immune response uses many of the same components as the mammalian innate immune response, including signalling pathways that activate transcription factors of the Rel/NK-kappa B family(1-4). In response to infection, two Rel proteins, Dif and Dorsal, translocate from the cytoplasm to the nuclei of larval fat-body cells(1,2,5). The Toll signalling pathway, which controls dorsal-ventral patterning during Drosophila embryogenesis(6), regulates the nuclear import of Dorsal in the immune response(2,7), but here we show that the Toll pathway is not required for nuclear import of Dif. Cytoplasmic retention of both Dorsal and Dif depends on Cactus protein; nuclear import of Dorsal and Dif is accompanied by degradation of Cactus. Therefore the two signalling pathways that target Cactus for degradation must discriminate between Cactus-Dorsal and Cactus-Dif complexes. We identified new genes that are required for normal induction of transcription of an antibacterial peptide during the immune response. Mutations in three of these genes prevent nuclear import of Dif in response to infection, and define new components of signalling pathways involving Rel. Mutations in three other genes cause constitutive nuclear localization of Dif; these mutations may block Rel protein activity by a novel mechanism.
C1 Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Program Mol Biol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Grad Sch Med Sci, Sloan Kettering Div, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Cornell University; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
RP Anderson, KV (corresponding author), Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Program Mol Biol, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
NR 28
TC 149
Z9 175
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 5
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6671
BP 93
EP 97
DI 10.1038/32195
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZA528
UT WOS:000072373000057
PM 9510254
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Horiuchi, T
   Niwa, O
   Hatakenaka, N
AF Horiuchi, T
   Niwa, O
   Hatakenaka, N
TI Evidence for laser action driven by electrochemiluminscence
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gain
AB Emission of light from excited-state dye molecules can be driven by the electron transfer between electrochemically generated anion and cation radicals-a process known as electrochemiluminescence(1-5) (ECL). ECL has been investigated for both display(6) and laser applications(7-9). The latter is of particular interest as, in contrast to conventional dye lasers, a laser operating by this principle would not require an additional laser source optically to pump the dye into the required excited state, and may offer additional advantages in terms of power, tunability and range of available wavelengths. But the pumping rate hitherto achieved by ECL is two orders of magnitude lower than the optical pumping threshold(9). Here we describe a device structure designed to enhance the efficiency of the ECL process, and present evidence that laser action has been realized in such a structure: the ECL spectrum is strongly modulated by the device structure, the output intensity shows a clear threshold as the drive current increases, and spectral narrowing is observed as the intensity increases.
C1 NTT Corp, NTT Basic Res Labs, Kanagawa 2430198, Japan.
C3 NTT, Inc
RP Horiuchi, T (corresponding author), NTT Corp, NTT Basic Res Labs, Kanagawa 2430198, Japan.
EM horiuchi@will.brl.ntt
NR 13
TC 58
Z9 60
U1 2
U2 33
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 13
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6694
BP 659
EP 661
DI 10.1038/29260
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 110MD
UT WOS:000075384200037
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pestova, TV
   Borukhov, SI
   Hellen, CUT
AF Pestova, TV
   Borukhov, SI
   Hellen, CUT
TI Eukaryotic ribosomes require initiation factors 1 and 1A to locate initiation codons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mammalian protein-synthesis; amino-acid-sequence; rabbit reticulocytes; binding protein; messenger-rna; translation; mechanism; entry; sui1; purification
AB The scanning model of translation initiation is a coherent description of how eukaryotic ribosomes reach the initiation codon after being recruited to the capped 5' end of messenger RNA. Five eukaryotic initiation factors (eIF 2, 3, 4A, 4B and 4F) with established functions have been assumed to be sufficient to mediate this process. Here we report that eIF1 and eIF1A are also both essential for translation initiation. In their absence, 43S ribosomal preinitiation complexes incubated with ATP, eIF4A, eIF4B and eIF4F bind exclusively to the cap-proximal region but are unable to reach the initiation codon. Individually, eIF1A enhances formation of this cap-proximal complex, and eIF1 weakly promotes formation of a 48S ribosomal compiler at the Initiation codon. These proteins act synergistically to mediate assembly of ribosomal initiation complexes at the Initiation codon and dissociate aberrant complexes from the mRNA.
C1 SUNY Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Brooklyn, NY 11203 USA.
   Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, AN Belozersky Inst Physicochem Biol, Moscow 119899, Russia.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University; Lomonosov Moscow State University
RP Pestova, TV (corresponding author), SUNY Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, 450 Clarkson Ave, Brooklyn, NY 11203 USA.
EM tpestova@netmail.hscbklyn.edu
NR 26
TC 339
Z9 453
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 27
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6696
BP 854
EP 859
DI 10.1038/29703
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 114LW
UT WOS:000075611800037
PM 9732867
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cao, MK
   Woodward, FI
AF Cao, MK
   Woodward, FI
TI Dynamic responses of terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycling to global climate change
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID net primary production; atmospheric co2; rain-forest; dioxide; sink; model
AB Terrestrial ecosystems and the climate system are closely coupled, particularly by cycling of carbon between vegetation, soils and the atmosphere. It has been suggested(1,2) that changes in climate and in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations have modified the carbon cycle so as to render terrestrial-ecosystems as substantial carbon sinks(3,4); but direct evidence for this is very limited(5,6). Changes in ecosystem carbon stocks caused by shifts between stable climate states have been evaluated(7,8), but the dynamic responses of ecosystem carbon fluxes to transient climate changes are still poorly understood. Here we use a terrestrial biogeochemical model(9), forced by simulations of transient climate change with a general circulation model(10), to quantify the dynamic variations in ecosystem carbon fluxes induced by transient changes in atmospheric CO2 and climate from 1861 to 2070. We predict that these changes increase global net ecosystem production significantly, but that this response will decline as the CO2 fertilization effect becomes saturated and is diminished by changes in climatic factors. Thus terrestrial ecosystem carbon fluxes both respond to and strongly influence the atmospheric CO2 increase and climate change.
C1 Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
C3 University of Sheffield
RP Cao, MK (corresponding author), Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Clark Hall, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA.
EM mc5m@virginia.edu
NR 30
TC 534
Z9 791
U1 10
U2 452
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 21
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6682
BP 249
EP 252
DI 10.1038/30460
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZP513
UT WOS:000073761000047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Williams, DM
   Kasting, JF
   Frakes, LA
AF Williams, DM
   Kasting, JF
   Frakes, LA
TI Low-latitude glaciation and rapid changes in the Earth's obliquity explained by obliquity-oblateness feedback
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID climate friction; south-australia; snowball earth; ice-age; paleolatitude; deposition; insolation; intervals; evolution; mars
AB Palaeomagnetic data suggest that the Earth was glaciated at low latitudes during the Palaeoproterozoic(1,2) (about 2.4-2.2 Gyr ago) and Neoproterozoic(3-8) (about 820-550 Myr ago) eras, although some of the Neoproterozoic data are disputed(9,10). If the Earth's magnetic field was aligned more or less with its spin axis, as it is today, then either the polar ice caps must have extended well down into the tropics-the 'snowball Earth' hypothesis(8)-or the present zonation of climate with respect to latitude must have been reversed. Williams(11) has suggested that the Earth's obliquity may have been greater than 54 degrees during most of its history, which would have made the Equator the coldest part of the planet(12). But this would require a mechanism to bring the obliquity down to its present value of 23.5 degrees. Here we propose that obliquity-oblateness feedback(13) could have reduced the Earth's obliquity by tens of degrees in less than 100 Myr if the continents were situated so as to promote the formation of large polar ice sheets. A high obliquity for the early Earth may also provide a natural explanation for the present inclination of the lunar orbit with respect to the ecliptic (5 degrees), which is otherwise difficult to explain.
C1 Penn State Univ, Behrend Coll, Sch Sci, Erie, PA 16563 USA.
   Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Univ Adelaide, Dept Geol & Geophys, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; Adelaide University; University of Adelaide
RP Williams, DM (corresponding author), Penn State Univ, Behrend Coll, Sch Sci, Stn Rd, Erie, PA 16563 USA.
NR 33
TC 78
Z9 91
U1 0
U2 36
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 3
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6710
BP 453
EP 455
DI 10.1038/24845
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 145KL
UT WOS:000077370100050
PM 9853751
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Eckermann, S
   Schröder, G
   Schmidt, J
   Strack, D
   Edrada, RA
   Helariutta, Y
   Elomaa, P
   Kotilainen, M
   Kilpeläinen, I
   Proksch, P
   Teeri, TH
   Schröder, J
AF Eckermann, S
   Schröder, G
   Schmidt, J
   Strack, D
   Edrada, RA
   Helariutta, Y
   Elomaa, P
   Kotilainen, M
   Kilpeläinen, I
   Proksch, P
   Teeri, TH
   Schröder, J
TI New pathway to polyketides in plants
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chalcone synthase; 6-methylsalicylic acid; catalytic property; protease inhibitors; gerbera-hybrida; hiv protease; family; 5,6-dihydro-4-hydroxy-2-pyrones; expression; asteraceae
AB The repertoire of secondary metabolism (involving the production of compounds not essential for growth) in the plant kingdom is enormous, but the genetic and functional basis for this diversity is hard to analyse as many of the biosynthetic enzymes are unknown. We have now identified a key enzyme in the ornamental plant Gerbera hybrida (Asteraceae) that participates in the biosynthesis of compounds that contribute to insect and pathogen resistance. Plants transformed with an antisense construct of gchs2, a complementary DNA encoding a previously unknown function(1,2), completely lack the pyrone derivatives gerberin and parasorboside. The recombinant plant protein catalyses the principal reaction in the biosynthesis of these derivatives: GCHS2 is a polyketide synthase that uses acetyl-CoA and two condensation reactions with malonyl-CoA to form the pyrone backbone of the natural products. The enzyme also accepts benzoyl-CoA to synthesize the backbone of substances that have become of interest as inhibitors of the HIV-1 protease(3-5). GCHS2 is related to chalcone synthase (CHS) and its properties define a new class of function in the protein superfamily. It appears that CHS-related enzymes are involved in the biosynthesis of a much larger range of plant products than was previously realized.
C1 Univ Freiburg, Inst Biol 2, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
   Inst Biochem Pflanzen, D-06120 Halle, Germany.
   Lehrstuhl Pharmazeut Biol, D-97082 Wurzburg, Germany.
   Univ Helsinki, Viikki Bioctr, Inst Biotechnol, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
C3 University of Freiburg; Leibniz Institut fur Pflanzenbiochemie; University of Helsinki
RP Schröder, J (corresponding author), Univ Freiburg, Inst Biol 2, Schanzlestr 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
NR 28
TC 171
Z9 209
U1 0
U2 34
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 26
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6709
BP 387
EP 390
DI 10.1038/24652
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 142MJ
UT WOS:000077204000055
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Casares, F
   Mann, RS
AF Casares, F
   Mann, RS
TI Control of antennal versus leg development in Drosophila
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ectopic expression; gene-expression; imaginal disks; melanogaster; protein; specification; extradenticle; segmentation; organization; localization
AB During the evolution of insects from a millipede-like ancestor, the Hox genes are thought to have promoted the diversification of originally identical body structures(1,2). In Drosophila melanogaster ter, antennae and legs are homologous structures that differ from each other as a result of the Hox gene Antennapedia (Antp), which promotes leg identities by repressing unknown antennal-determining genes(3-7). Here we present four lines of evidence that identify extradenticle (exd) and homothorax (hth) as antennal-determining genes. First, removing the function of exd(8,9) or hth, which is required for the nuclear localization of Exd protein(10), transforms the antenna into leg; such transformations occur without activation of Antp. Second, hth is expressed and Exd is nuclear in most antennal cells, whereas both are restricted to proximal cells of the leg. Third, Antp is a repressor of hth. Fourth, ectopic expression of Meisl, a murine hth homologue(10), can trigger antennal development elsewhere in the fly. Taken together, these data indicate that hth is an antennal selector gene, and that Antp promotes leg development by repressing hth and consequently nuclear Exd.
C1 Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Biochem & Mol Biophys, Ctr Neurobiol & Behav, New York, NY 10032 USA.
C3 Columbia University
RP Mann, RS (corresponding author), Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Biochem & Mol Biophys, Ctr Neurobiol & Behav, 701 W 168th St,HHSC 1108, New York, NY 10032 USA.
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM058575, R01 GM054510] Funding Source: Medline
NR 31
TC 255
Z9 301
U1 0
U2 26
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 16
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6677
BP 723
EP 726
DI 10.1038/33706
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZH612
UT WOS:000073129000061
PM 9565034
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Thiele, TE
   Marsh, DJ
   Ste Marie, L
   Bernstein, IL
   Palmiter, RD
AF Thiele, TE
   Marsh, DJ
   Ste Marie, L
   Bernstein, IL
   Palmiter, RD
TI Ethanol consumption and resistance are inversely related to neuropeptide Y levels
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inbred mouse strains; food-intake; alcohol; rats; behavior; seizures; mice; sensitivity; inhibition; receptors
AB Genetic linkage analysis of rats that were selectively bred for alcohol preference identified a chromosomal region that includes the neuropeptide Y (NPY) gene(I). Alcohol-preferring rats have lower levels of NPY in several brain regions compared with alcohol-non-preferring rats(2). We therefore studied alcohol consumption by mice that completely lack NPYas a result of targeted gene disruption(3). Here we report that NPY-deficient mice show increased consumption, compared with wild-type mice, of solutions containing 6%, 10% and 20% (v/v) ethanol. NPY-deficient nice are also less sensitive to the sedative/hypnotic effects of ethanol, as shown by more rapid recovery from ethanol-induced sleep, even though plasma ethanol concentrations do not differ significantly from those of controls, In contrast, transgenic mice that overexpress a marked NPY gene in neurons that usually express it have a lower preference for ethanol and are more sensitive to the sedative/hypnotic effects of this drug than controls. These data are direct evidence that alcohol consumption and resistance are inversely related to NPY levels in the brain.
C1 Univ Washington, Dept Psychol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Washington, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Biochem, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Thiele, TE (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Dept Psychol, Box 351525, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
NR 30
TC 387
Z9 429
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 26
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6709
BP 366
EP 369
DI 10.1038/24614
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 142MJ
UT WOS:000077204000049
PM 9845072
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kreusch, A
   Pfaffinger, PJ
   Stevens, CF
   Choe, S
AF Kreusch, A
   Pfaffinger, PJ
   Stevens, CF
   Choe, S
TI Crystal structure of the tetramerization domain of the Shaker potassium channel
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID k+ channel; inactivation; drosophila; stoichiometry; diversity; receptor; peptide; gene
AB Voltage-dependent, ion-selective channels such as Na+, Ca2+ and K+ channel proteins function as tetrameric assemblies of identical or similar subunits(1-4). The clustering of four subunits is thought to create an aqueous pore(5,6) centred at the four-fold symmetry axis. The highly conserved, amino-terminal cytoplasmic domain (similar to 130 amino acids) immediately preceding the first putative transmembrane helix S1 is designated T1 It is known to confer specificity for tetramer formation(7,8), so the heteromeric assembly of K+-channel subunits is an important mechanism for the observed channel diversity(9-11). We have determined the crystal structure of the T1 domain of a Shaker potassium channel at 1.55 Angstrom resolution. The structure reveals that four identical subunits are arranged in a four-fold symmetry surrounding a centrally located pore about 20 Angstrom in length. Subfamily-specific assembly is provided primarily by polar interactions encoded in a conserved set of amino acids at its tetramerization interface. Most highly conserved amino acids in the T1 domain of all known potassium channels are found in the core of the protein, indicating a common structural framework for the tetramer assembly.
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, Struct Biol Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Salk Inst Biol Studies, Mol Neurobiol Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
C3 Salk Institute; Salk Institute; Baylor College of Medicine
RP Choe, S (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, Struct Biol Lab, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
NR 30
TC 277
Z9 306
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 30
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6679
BP 945
EP 948
DI 10.1038/31978
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZK759
UT WOS:000073359900055
PM 9582078
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nötzel, R
   Niu, ZC
   Ramsteiner, M
   Schönherr, HP
   Tranpert, A
   Däweritz, L
   Ploog, KH
AF Nötzel, R
   Niu, ZC
   Ramsteiner, M
   Schönherr, HP
   Tranpert, A
   Däweritz, L
   Ploog, KH
TI Uniform quantum-dot arrays formed by natural self-faceting on patterned substrates
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular-beam epitaxy; atomic-hydrogen; growth; gaas; surfaces; photoluminescence
AB Of the approaches currently under investigation for the fabrication of functional III-V semiconductor nanostructures, self-organized growth mechanisms and directed growth on patterned substrates have yielded quantum wires and dots with the best structural and electronic properties(1). In patterned growth, high densities of structures are difficult to obtain; self-organization, on the other hand, can provide densely packed structures with good crystal quality, but generally offers limited control over nanostructure uniformity and spatial position, In the case of quantum dots, non-uniformity of size and shape is clearly undesirable, as the resulting structures will exhibit a broad range of electronic and optical properties, effectively smearing out the sought-for zero-dimensional behaviour of the dot ensemble. Here we demonstrate a method for improving size uniformity, while maintaining a high density of quantum dots, that combines elements of both self-organization and patterning. The photoluminescence spectrum of the resulting ordered arrays of quantum dots is dominated by a single sharp line, rather than the series of sharp lines that would indicate transitions in quantum dots of different sizes(2-7).
C1 Paul Drude Inst Festkorperelekt, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
C3 Leibniz Association; Paul Drude Institute for Solid State Electronics
RP Nötzel, R (corresponding author), Paul Drude Inst Festkorperelekt, Hausvogteipl 5-7, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
NR 15
TC 107
Z9 110
U1 1
U2 44
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 5
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6671
BP 56
EP 59
DI 10.1038/32127
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZA528
UT WOS:000072373000046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stipp, SLS
   Konnerup-Madsen, J
   Franzreb, K
   Kulik, A
   Mathieu, HJ
AF Stipp, SLS
   Konnerup-Madsen, J
   Franzreb, K
   Kulik, A
   Mathieu, HJ
TI Spontaneous movement of ions through calcite at standard temperature and pressure
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID surface sensitive techniques; interface processes; solid-solution; diffusion; model
AB At the resolution Limits of traditional geochemical techniques, there is Little evidence to challenge the common assumptions that, under the Earth's ambient surface conditions, dry calcite is static and that the bulk mineral behaves as a dosed system. Solid-state diffusion has been recognized at elevated temperatures(1-3), but it has always been assumed that diffusion in carbonate minerals is negligible under standard conditions(4,5). There is, however some evidence to the contrary, More than 30 years ago, the Ca-45 diffusion coefficient was estimated to be similar to 8 x 10(-20) cm(2) (ref. 6) and, more recently, we have demonstrated movement of adsorbed Cd2+ and Zn2+ into bulk calcite at rates of tens of nanometres over weeks to months (refs 7, 8). Here we present evidence that monovalent ions, Na+, K+ and Cl-, originating from fluid inclusions, accumulate in crystallites on the surface of calcite. This process is spontaneous at the Earth's surface conditions, in air. The results show that calcite under standard conditions does not always behave as a dosed system, which is a critical assumption in the use of isotope ratios, trace-element distribution and fluid-inclusion composition for interpretations of palaeoclimate, geochronology or petrogenesis. Moreover, calcite's uptake capacity for contaminants in environmental systems is probably higher than current models predict, because surface sites are constantly renewed by ionic mobility.
C1 Kobenhavns Univ, Inst Geol, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
   Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, Lab Met Chim Mat, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
   Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, Inst Genie Atom Phys, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne
RP Stipp, SLS (corresponding author), Kobenhavns Univ, Inst Geol, Oster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
NR 16
TC 67
Z9 70
U1 1
U2 35
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 26
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6709
BP 356
EP 359
DI 10.1038/24597
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 142MJ
UT WOS:000077204000046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Walls, C
   Rockwell, T
   Mueller, K
   Bock, Y
   Williams, S
   Pfanner, J
   Dolan, J
   Fang, P
AF Walls, C
   Rockwell, T
   Mueller, K
   Bock, Y
   Williams, S
   Pfanner, J
   Dolan, J
   Fang, P
TI Escape tectonics in the Los Angeles metropolitan region and implications for seismic risk
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID southern-california; geodetic measurement; crustal deformation; transverse ranges; fault system; earthquake; basin; slip
AB Recent damaging earthquakes in California, including the 1971 San Fernando(1), 1983 CoaLinga(2), 1987 Whittier Narrows(3) and 1994 Northridge(4) events, have drawn attention to thrust faults as both potentially hazardous seismic sources and as a mechanism for accommodating shortening in many regions of southern California. Consequently, many geological studies(5,6) have concluded that thrust faults in Southern California pose the greatest seismic hazard, and also account for most of the estimated 5-7 mm yr(-1) of contraction across the greater Los Angeles metropolitan area(7,8) indicated by Global Positioning System geodetic measurements(9). Our study demonstrates, however, that less than 50% of the geodetically observed contraction is accommodated on the principal thrust systems across the Los Angeles region. We integrate the most recent geological, geodetic and seismological data to assess the spatial distribution of strain across the Los Angeles metropolitan region. We then demonstrate that a significant component of seismic moment release and shortening in this region is accommodated by east-west crustal escape 'extrusion' along known strike-slip and oblique-slip faults.
C1 San Diego State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, San Diego, CA 92182 USA.
   Univ So Calif, So Calif Earthquake Ctr, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   IGPP, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ So Calif, Dept Geol Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA.
C3 California State University System; San Diego State University; University of Southern California; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; University of Southern California
RP Walls, C (corresponding author), Earth Consultants Int, 2522 N Santiago Blvd,Suite B, Orange, CA 92867 USA.
NR 39
TC 64
Z9 79
U1 1
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 23
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6691
BP 356
EP 360
DI 10.1038/28590
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 103QF
UT WOS:000074968800047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sablin, EP
   Case, RB
   Dai, SC
   Hart, CL
   Ruby, A
   Vale, RD
   Fletterick, RJ
AF Sablin, EP
   Case, RB
   Dai, SC
   Hart, CL
   Ruby, A
   Vale, RD
   Fletterick, RJ
TI Direction determination in the minus-end-directed kinesin motor ncd
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cryoelectron microscopy; protein; drosophila; microtubules; segregation; domain
AB Motor proteins of the kinesin superfamily transport intracellular cargo along microtubules. Although different kinesin proteins share 30-50% amino-acid identity in their motor catalytic cores, some move to the plus end of microtubules whereas others travel in the opposite direction(1,2). Crystal structures of the Catalytic cores of conventional kinesin (a plus-end-directed motor involved in organelle transport) and ncd (a minus-end-directed motor involved in chromosome segregation) are nearly identical(3,4); therefore, the structural basis for their opposite directions of movement is unknown. Here we show that the ncd 'neck', made up of 13 class-specific residues next to the superfamily-conserved catalytic core, is essential for minus-end-directed motility, as mutagenesis of these neck residues reverses the direction of ncd motion. By solving the 2.5 Angstrom structure of a functional ncd dimer,we show that the ncd neck(a coiled-coil) differs from the corresponding region in the kinesin neck tan interrupted beta-strand)(5,6), although both necks interact with similar elements in the catalytic cores. The distinct neck architectures also confer different symmetries to the ncd and kinesin dimers and position these motors with appropriate directional bias on the microtubule.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Pharmacol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Vale, RD (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM vale@phy.ucsf.edu
NR 20
TC 188
Z9 220
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 22
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6704
BP 813
EP 816
DI 10.1038/27463
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 132AL
UT WOS:000076607400060
PM 9796817
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Phelan, P
   Stebbings, LA
   Baines, RA
   Bacon, JP
   Davies, JA
   Ford, C
AF Phelan, P
   Stebbings, LA
   Baines, RA
   Bacon, JP
   Davies, JA
   Ford, C
TI Drosophila Shaking-B protein forms gap junctions in paired Xenopus oocytes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID giant fiber system; synaptic connectivity; molecular-basis; nervous-system; voltage; expression; melanogaster; connexins; mutations; locus
AB In most multicellular organisms direct cell-cell communication is mediated by the intercellular channels of gap junctions. These channels allow the exchange of ions and molecules that are believed to be essential for cell signalling during development and in some differentiated tissues, Proteins called connexins, which are products of a multigene family, are the structural components of vertebrate gap junctions(1,2). Surprisingly, molecular homologues of the connexins have not been described in any invertebrate. A separate gene family, which includes the Drosophila genes shaking-B and l(1)ogre, and the Caenorhabditis elegans genes unc-7 and eat-5, encodes transmembrane proteins with a predicted structure similar to that of the connexins(3-9). shaking-B and eat-5 are required for the formation of functional gap junctions(8,10). To test directly whether Shaking-B is a channel protein, we expressed it in paired Xenopus oocytes. Here we show that Shaking-B localizes to the membrane, and that its presence induces the formation of functional intercellular channels. To our knowledge, this is the first structural component of an invertebrate gap junction to be characterized.
C1 Univ Sussex, Sch Biol Sci, Sussex Ctr Neurosci, Brighton BN1 9QG, E Sussex, England.
   Univ Sussex, Sch Biol Sci, Dept Genet & Dev, Brighton BN1 9QG, E Sussex, England.
C3 University of Sussex; University of Sussex
RP Phelan, P (corresponding author), Univ Sussex, Sch Biol Sci, Sussex Ctr Neurosci, Brighton BN1 9QG, E Sussex, England.
EM bafb5@central.sussex.ac.uk
NR 26
TC 138
Z9 164
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 8
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6663
BP 181
EP 184
DI 10.1038/34426
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YQ378
UT WOS:000071380900052
PM 9428764
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ungermann, C
   Sato, K
   Wickner, W
AF Ungermann, C
   Sato, K
   Wickner, W
TI Defining the functions of trans-SNARE pairs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID membrane-fusion complex; vacuole inheritance; in-vitro; clostridial neurotoxins; vesicle fusion; yeast vacuoles; alpha-snap; docking; nsf; synaptobrevin
AB The homotypic fusion of yeast vacuoles includes a 'docking' step, which we show here to consist of two sequential reactions: a reversible 'tethering' mediated by the GTPase Ypt7, and 'SNARE pairing', in which SNARE proteins from opposite membranes form a complex in trans. The function of this trans-SNARE complex must be transient, as the complex can be disassembled by excess Sec18 in the presence of Sec17 and ATP without influencing the fusion rate. These data Indicate that SNARE pairing may transiently signal to downstream factors, leading to fusion.
C1 Dartmouth Coll, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, Hanover, NH 03755 USA.
C3 Dartmouth College
RP Ungermann, C (corresponding author), Dartmouth Coll, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, 7200 Vail, Hanover, NH 03755 USA.
EM Christian.Ungermann@Dartmouth.edu
NR 34
TC 291
Z9 328
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 10
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6711
BP 543
EP 548
DI 10.1038/25069
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 147AY
UT WOS:000077466800048
PM 9859990
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chapman, DL
   Papaioannou, VE
AF Chapman, DL
   Papaioannou, VE
TI Three neural tubes in mouse embryos with mutations in the T-box gene Tbx6
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID expression; mesoderm; protein; gastrulation; evolution; hindbrain; pattern; cns
AB Somites, segmented mesodermal units of the vertebrate embryo, are the precursors of adult skeletal muscle, bone and cartilage(1). During embryogenesis, somite progenitor cells ingress through the primitive streak, move laterally to a paraxial position (alongside the body axis) and segment into epithelial somites(2). Little is known about how this paraxial mesoderm tissue is specified(1,2). We have previously described a mouse T-box gene, Tbx6 (ref. 3), which codes for a putative DNA-binding protein(4,5). The embryonic pattern of expression of Tbx6 in somite precursor cells suggests that this gene may be involved in the specification of paraxial mesoderm(3). We now report the creation of a mutation in Tbx6 that profoundly affects the differentiation of paraxial mesoderm. Irregular somites form in the neck region of mutant embryos, whereas more posterior paraxial tissue does not form somites but instead differentiates along a neural pathway, forming neural-tube-like structures that flank the axial neural tube. These paraxial tubes show dorsal/ventral patterning that is characteristic of the neural tube, and have differentiated motor neurons, These results indicate that Tbx6 is needed for cells to choose between a mesodermal and a neuronal differentiation pathway during gastrulation; Tbx6 is essential for the specification of posterior paraxial mesoderm, and in its absence cells destined to form posterior somites differentiate along a neuronal pathway.
C1 Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Genet & Dev, New York, NY 10032 USA.
C3 Columbia University
RP Chapman, DL (corresponding author), Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Genet & Dev, 701 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032 USA.
NR 26
TC 340
Z9 400
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 12
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6668
BP 695
EP 697
DI 10.1038/35624
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YW872
UT WOS:000071982500052
PM 9490412
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tai, KK
   Goldstein, SAN
AF Tai, KK
   Goldstein, SAN
TI The conduction pore of a cardiac potassium channel
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID k+ channel; xenopus-oocytes; selectivity; mutations; residues; block; isk; charybdotoxin; k(v)lqt1; proteins
AB Ion channels form transmembrane water-filled pores that allow ions to cross membranes in a rapid and selective fashion, The amino acid residues that line these pores have been sought to reveal the mechanisms of ion conduction and selectivity(1-7). The pore (P) loop(8) is a stretch of residues that influences single-channel-current amplitude, selectivity among ions and open-channel blockade(2,3,5) and is conserved in potassium-channel subunits previously recognized to contribute to pore formation(5,9). To date, potassium-channel pores have been shown to form by symmetrical alignment of four P loops around a central conduction pathway(10-12). Here we show that the selectivity-determining pore region of the voltage-gated potassium channel of human heart through which the I-Ks current passes includes the transmembrane segment of the non-P-loop protein minK. Two adjacent residues in this segment of minK are exposed in the pore on either side of a short barrier that restricts the movement of sodium, cadmium and zinc ions across the membrane, Thus, potassium-selective pores are not restricted to P loops or a strict P-loop geometry.
C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Sect Dev Biol & Biophys, New Haven, CT 06536 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Boyer Ctr Mol Med, Dept Cellular & Mol Physiol, New Haven, CT 06536 USA.
C3 Yale University; Yale University
RP Goldstein, SAN (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Sect Dev Biol & Biophys, 295 Congress Ave, New Haven, CT 06536 USA.
NR 30
TC 112
Z9 124
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 5
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6667
BP 605
EP 608
DI 10.1038/35416
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YV594
UT WOS:000071842300057
PM 9468141
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Smith, SS
   Gong, QH
   Hsu, FC
   Markowitz, RS
   ffrench-Mullen, JMH
   Li, HS
AF Smith, SS
   Gong, QH
   Hsu, FC
   Markowitz, RS
   ffrench-Mullen, JMH
   Li, HS
TI GABAA receptor α4 subunit suppression prevents withdrawal properties of an endogenous steroid
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID a receptor; rat-brain; progesterone; metabolites; dependence; ethanol; women; model
AB The hormone progesterone is readily converted to 3 alpha-OH-5 alpha-pregnan-20-one (3 alpha,5 alpha-THP) in the brains of males and females(1,2), In the brain, 3 alpha,5 alpha-THP acts like a sedative(3-5), decreasing anxiety and reducing seizure activity, by enhancing the function of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)(6-8), the brain's major inhibitory neurotransmitter, Symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS), such as anxiety(9) and seizure(10,11) susceptibility, are associated with sharp declines in circulating levels of progesterone and, consequently, of levels of 3 alpha,5 alpha-THP in the brain. Abrupt discontinuation of use of sedatives such as benzodiazepines(12) and ethanol(13) can also produce PMS-like withdrawal symptoms. Here we report a progesterone-withdrawal paradigm, designed to mimic PMS and post-partum syndrome in a rat model. In this model, withdrawal of progesterone leads to increased seizure susceptibility and insensitivity to benzodiazepine sedatives through an effect on gene transcription. Specifically, this effect was due to reduced levels of 3 alpha,5 alpha-THP which enhance transcription of the gene encoding the alpha 4 subunit of the GABA(A) receptor. We also find that increased susceptibility to seizure after progesterone withdrawal is due to a sixfold decrease in the decay time for GABA currents and consequent decreased inhibitory function. Blockade of the alpha 4 gene transcript prevents these withdrawal properties. PMS symptoms may therefore be attributable, in part, to alterations in expression of GABA(A) receptor subunits as a result of progesterone withdrawal.
C1 Allegheny Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Neurobiol & Anat, EPPI, Philadelphia, PA 19129 USA.
   Zeneca Inc, Zeneca Pharmaceut, RIN Biosci, Wilmington, DE 19850 USA.
C3 AstraZeneca
RP Smith, SS (corresponding author), Allegheny Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Neurobiol & Anat, EPPI, 3200 Henry Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19129 USA.
NR 30
TC 476
Z9 517
U1 0
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 30
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6679
BP 926
EP 930
DI 10.1038/31948
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZK759
UT WOS:000073359900050
PM 9582073
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nusser, Z
   Hájos, N
   Somogyi, P
   Mody, I
AF Nusser, Z
   Hájos, N
   Somogyi, P
   Mody, I
TI Increased number of synaptic GABAA receptors underlies potentiation at hippocampal inhibitory synapses
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-term potentiation; adult-rat brain; release sites; dentate gyrus; visual-cortex; subunits; cells; heterogeneity; interneurons; transmission
AB Changes in synaptic efficacy are essential far neuronal development(1), learning and memory formation(2) and for pathological slates of neuronal excitability, including temporal-lobe epilepsy(3), At synapses, where there is a high probability of opening of postsynaptic receptors(4), all of which are occupied by the released transmitter(5-9), the most effective means of augmenting postsynaptic responses is to increase the number of receptors(2,10,11). Here we combine quantal analysis of evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents with quantitative immunogold localization of synaptic GABA(A) receptors in hippocampal granule cells in order to clarify the basis of inhibitory synaptic plasticity induced by an experimental model of temporal-lobe epilepsy (a process known as kindling)(10). We find that the larger amplitude (66% increase) of elementary synaptic currents (quantal size) after kindling results directly from a 75% increase in the number of GABA(A) receptors at inhibitory synapses on somata and axon initial segments. Receptor density was up by 34-40% and the synaptic junctional area was expanded by 31%. Presynaptic boutons were enlarged, which may account for the 39% decrease in the average number of released transmitter packets (quantal content). Our findings establish the postsynaptic insertion of new GABA(A) receptors and the corresponding increase in postsynaptic responses augmenting the efficacy of mammalian inhibitory synapses.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Pharmacol, MRC, Anat Neuropharmacol Unit, Oxford OX1 3TH, England.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; University of Oxford; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
RP Nusser, Z (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
EM mody@ucla.edu
FU NINDS NIH HHS [NS36142] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 397
Z9 460
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 10
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6698
BP 172
EP 177
DI 10.1038/25999
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 118GK
UT WOS:000075829900042
PM 9744275
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhang, NA
   Gridley, T
AF Zhang, NA
   Gridley, T
TI Defects in somite formation in lunatic fringe deficient mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID expression; dorsal; boundary; delta; notch
AB Segmentation in vertebrates first arises when the unsegmented paraxial mesoderm subdivides to form paired epithelial spheres called somites(1,2). The Notch signalling pathway is important in regulating the formation and anterior-posterior patterning of the vertebrate somite(3-7). One component of the Notch signalling pathway in Drosophila is the fringe gene, which encodes a secreted signalling molecule required for activation of Notch during specification of the wing margins-(8-11). Here we show that mice homozygous for a targeted mutation of the lunatic fringe (Lfng) gene, one of the mouse homologues(12,13) of fringe, have defects in somite formation and anterior-posterior patterning of the somites. Somites in the mutant embryos are irregular in size and shape, and their anterior-posterior patterning is disturbed. Marker analysis revealed that in the presomitic mesoderm of the mutant embryos, sharply demarcated domains of expression of several components of the Notch signalling pathway are replaced by even gradients of gene expression. These results indicate that Lfng encodes an essential component of the Notch signalling pathway during somitogenesis in mice.
C1 Jackson Lab, Bar Harbor, ME 04609 USA.
C3 Jackson Laboratory
RP Gridley, T (corresponding author), Jackson Lab, 600 Main St, Bar Harbor, ME 04609 USA.
EM gridley@jax.org
NR 27
TC 360
Z9 412
U1 2
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 23
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6691
BP 374
EP 377
DI 10.1038/28625
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 103QF
UT WOS:000074968800052
PM 9690472
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Müller, RD
   Roest, WR
   Royer, JY
AF Müller, RD
   Roest, WR
   Royer, JY
TI Asymmetric sea-floor spreading caused by ridge-plume interactions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mid-atlantic ridge; ocean; altimetry
AB Crustal accretion at mid-ocean ridges is generally modelled as a symmetric process. Regional analyses, however, often show either small-scale asymmetries, which vary rapidly between individual spreading corridors, or large-scale asymmetries represented by consistent excess accretion on one of the two separating plates over geological time spans(1-6). In neither case is the origin of the asymmetry well understood. Here we present a comprehensive analysis of the asymmetry of crustal accretion over the past 83 Myr based on a set of self-consistent digital isochrons(7) and models of absolute plate motion(8,9). We find that deficits in crustal accretion occur mainly on ridge hanks overlying one or several hotspots. We therefore propose that asymmetric accretion is caused by ridge propagation towards mantle plumes or minor ridge jumps sustained by asthenospheric flow(10,11) between ridges and plumes. Quantifying the asymmetry of crustal accretion provides a complementary approach to that based on geochemical(12) and other geophysical data(13,14) in helping to unravel how mantle plumes and mid-ocean ridges are linked through mantle convection processes.
C1 Univ Sydney, Sch Geosci, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
   Geol Survey Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0E9, Canada.
   Geosci Azur, Unite Mixte Rech 6526, F-06235 Villefranche Sur Mer, France.
C3 University of Sydney; Natural Resources Canada; Lands & Minerals Sector - Natural Resources Canada; Geological Survey of Canada
RP Müller, RD (corresponding author), Univ Sydney, Sch Geosci, Bldg F05, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
EM dietmar@es.su.oz.au
NR 28
TC 99
Z9 114
U1 2
U2 23
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 3
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6710
BP 455
EP 459
DI 10.1038/24850
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 145KL
UT WOS:000077370100051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Devitt, A
   Moffatt, OD
   Raykundalia, C
   Capra, JD
   Simmons, DL
   Gregory, CD
AF Devitt, A
   Moffatt, OD
   Raykundalia, C
   Capra, JD
   Simmons, DL
   Gregory, CD
TI Human CD14 mediates recognition and phagocytosis of apoptotic cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID macrophage recognition; vitronectin receptor; binding-protein; human-monocytes; antigen; stimulation; endotoxin; antibody; polymers; death
AB Cells undergoing programmed cell death (apoptosis) are cleared rapidly in vivo by phagocytes without inducing inflammation(1), Here we show that the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked plasma-membrane glycoprotein CD14 (refs 2, 3) on the surface of human macrophages is important for the recognition and clearance of apoptotic cells, CD14 can also act as a receptor that binds bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), triggering inflammatory responses(4), Overstimulation of CD14 by LPS can cause the often fatal toxic-shock syndrome(5,6). Here we show that apoptotic cells interact with CD14, triggering phagocytosis of the apoptotic cells, This interaction depends on a region of CD14 that is identical to, or at least closely associated with, a region known to bind LPS, However, apoptotic cells, unlike LPS, do not provoke the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from macrophages, These results indicate that clearance of apoptotic cells is mediated by a receptor whose interactions with 'non-self' components (LPS) and 'self' components (apoptotic cells) produce distinct macrophage responses.
C1 Univ Birmingham, Sch Med, Dept Immunol, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England.
   Univ Nottingham, Sch Med, Queens Med Ctr, Inst Cell Signalling, Nottingham NG7 2UH, England.
   Univ Nottingham, Sch Med, Queens Med Ctr, Sch Biomed Sci, Nottingham NG7 2UH, England.
   Oklahoma Med Res Fdn, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA.
   SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceut, Harlow CM19 5AW, Essex, England.
C3 University of Birmingham; University of Nottingham; University of Nottingham; Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline United Kingdom
RP Gregory, CD (corresponding author), Univ Birmingham, Sch Med, Dept Immunol, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England.
NR 30
TC 570
Z9 636
U1 0
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 2
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6675
BP 505
EP 509
DI 10.1038/33169
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZF215
UT WOS:000072875200061
PM 9548256
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Flore, O
   Rafii, S
   Ely, S
   O'Leary, JJ
   Hyjek, EM
   Cesarman, E
AF Flore, O
   Rafii, S
   Ely, S
   O'Leary, JJ
   Hyjek, EM
   Cesarman, E
TI Transformation of primary human endothelial cells by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (Publication with Expression of Concern. See JUN, 2025)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article; Publication with Expression of Concern
ID dna-sequences; infection; lymphoma
AB Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), or human herpesvirus 8, is invariably present in Kaposi's sarcoma lesions(1,2) KSHV contains several viral oncogenes and serological evidence suggests that KSHV infection is necessary for the development of Kaposi's sarcoma, but cellular transformation by this virus has not so far been demonstrated. KSHV is found in the microvascular endothelial cells in Kaposi's sarcoma lesions and in the spindle 'tumour' cells(3,4), which are also thought to be of endothelial origin. Here we investigate the biological consequences of infecting human primary endothelial cells with purified KSHV particles. We find that infection causes long-term proliferation and survival of these cells, which are associated with the acquisition of telomerase activity and anchorage-independent growth. KSHV was present in only a subset of cells, and paracrine mechanisms were found to be responsible for the survival of uninfected cells. Their survival may have been mediated by upregulation of a receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor. Our results indicate that transformation of endothelial cells by KSHV, as well as paracrine mechanisms that are induced by this virus, may be critical in the pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma.
C1 Cornell Univ, Coll Med, Dept Pathol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Coll Med, Dept Med, Div Hematol Oncol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Univ Cagliari, Dipartimento Med Interna, I-09100 Cagliari, Italy.
   Coombe Womens Hosp, Dept Pathol, Dublin, Ireland.
   St James Hosp, Dublin 8, Ireland.
   Trinity Coll Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
C3 Cornell University; Cornell University; University of Cagliari; Trinity College Dublin; Trinity College Dublin; Trinity College Dublin
RP Cesarman, E (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Coll Med, Dept Pathol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM ecesarm@mail.med.cornell.edu
NR 20
TC 334
Z9 380
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 6
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6693
BP 588
EP 592
DI 10.1038/29093
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 107YN
UT WOS:000075238700051
PM 9707121
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kobayashi, KL
   Kimura, T
   Sawada, H
   Terakura, K
   Tokura, Y
AF Kobayashi, KL
   Kimura, T
   Sawada, H
   Terakura, K
   Tokura, Y
TI Room-temperature magnetoresistance in an oxide material with an ordered double-perovskite structure
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID low-field magnetoresistance
AB Colossal magnetoresistance-a huge decrease in resistance in response to a magnetic field-has recently been observed in manganese oxides with perovskite structure. This effect is attracting considerable interest from both fundamental and practical points of view(1). In the context of using this effect in practical devices, a noteworthy feature of these materials is the high degree of spin polarization of the charge carriers, caused by the half-metallic nature of these materials(20,21); this in principle allows spin-dependent carrier scattering processes, and hence the resistance, to be strongly influenced by low magnetic fields. This type of field control has been demonstrated for charge-carrier scattering at tunnelling junctions(2,3) and at crystal-twin or ceramic grain boundaries(4,5), although the operating temperature of such structures is still too low (less than or equal to 150K) for most applications. Here we report a material-Sr2FeMoO6, an ordered double perovskite(6)-exhibiting intrinsic tunnelling-type magnetoresistance at room temperature. We explain the origin of this behaviour with electronic-structure calculations that indicate the material to be half-metallic. Our results show promise for the development of ordered perovskite magnetoresistive devices that are operable at room temperature.
C1 Joint Res Ctr Atom Technol, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058562, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Dept Appl Phys, Tokyo 1138656, Japan.
C3 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST); University of Tokyo
RP Tokura, Y (corresponding author), Joint Res Ctr Atom Technol, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058562, Japan.
EM tokura@ap.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 21
TC 2594
Z9 2756
U1 10
U2 849
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 15
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6703
BP 677
EP 680
DI 10.1038/27167
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 129PR
UT WOS:000076472600046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kemp, M
AF Kemp, M
TI Graphic gropings
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Hist Art, Oxford OX1 2PG, England.
C3 University of Oxford
RP Kemp, M (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Hist Art, 35 Beaumont St, Oxford OX1 2PG, England.
NR 1
TC 0
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 26
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6709
BP 319
EP 319
DI 10.1038/24508
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 142MJ
UT WOS:000077204000029
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Leeuw, T
   Wu, CL
   Schrag, JD
   Whiteway, M
   Thomas, DY
   Leberer, E
AF Leeuw, T
   Wu, CL
   Schrag, JD
   Whiteway, M
   Thomas, DY
   Leberer, E
TI Interaction of a G-protein β-subunit with a conserved sequence in Ste20/PAK family protein kinases
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; pheromone response; gamma-subunits; yeast; phosphorylation; association; far1
AB Serine/threonine protein kinases of the Ste20/PAK family have been implicated in the signalling from heterotrimeric G proteins to mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascades(1,2). in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Ste20 is involved in transmitting the mating-pheromone signal from the beta gamma-subunits (encoded by the STE4 and STE18 genes, respectively) of a heterotrimeric G protein to a downstream MAP kinase cascade(1). We have identified a binding site for the G-protein beta-subunit (G beta) in the non-catalytic carboxy-terminal regions of Ste20 and its mammalian homologues, the p21-activated protein kinases (PAKs). Association of G beta with this site in Ste20 was regulated by binding of pheromone to the receptor. Mutations in G beta and Ste20 that prevented this association blocked activation of the MAP kinase cascade. Considering the high degree of structural and functional conservation of Ste20/PAK family members and G-protein subunits, our results provide a possible model for a role of these kinases in G beta gamma-mediated signal transduction in organisms ranging from yeast to mammals.
C1 Natl Res Council Canada, Biotechnol Res Inst, Eukaryot Genet Grp, Montreal, PQ H4P 2R2, Canada.
   Natl Res Council Canada, Biotechnol Res Inst, Macromol Struct Grp, Montreal, PQ H4P 2R2, Canada.
   McGill Univ, Dept Biol, Montreal, PQ H3A 2B2, Canada.
   McGill Univ, Dept Anat & Cell Biol, Montreal, PQ H3A 2B2, Canada.
   McGill Univ, Dept Med, Montreal, PQ H3A 2B2, Canada.
C3 National Research Council Canada; National Research Council Canada; McGill University; McGill University; McGill University
RP Leberer, E (corresponding author), Natl Res Council Canada, Biotechnol Res Inst, Eukaryot Genet Grp, 6100 Royalmount Ave, Montreal, PQ H4P 2R2, Canada.
EM Ekkehard.Leberer@nrc.ca
NR 20
TC 184
Z9 227
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 8
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6663
BP 191
EP 195
DI 10.1038/34448
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YQ378
UT WOS:000071380900055
PM 9428767
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lithgow-Bertelloni, C
   Silver, PG
AF Lithgow-Bertelloni, C
   Silver, PG
TI Dynamic topography, plate driving forces and the African superswell
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lower mantle; model; heterogeneity; continents; convection; earth; tomography; anomaly; velocity; plume
AB Discovering the connection between processes observed to occur at the surface of the Earth and its internal dynamics remains an essential goal in the Earth sciences. Deep mantle structure, as inferred from seismic tomography or subduction history, has been shown to account well for the observed surface gravity field and motions of tectonic plates(1-3). But the origin of certain large-scale features, such as the anomalous elevation of the southern and eastern African plateaux, has remained controversial. Whereas the average elevation of most cratons is between 400 and 500 m, the southern African plateau stands more than 1 km above sea level, with the surrounding oceans possessing a residual bathymetry in excess of 500 m (ref. 4). Global seismic tomography studies have persistently indicated the existence of a large-scale low-velocity anomaly beneath the African plate(5-10) and here we show that mantle flow induced by the density variations inferred from these velocity anomalies can dynamically support the excess elevation of the African 'superswell'. We also find that this upwelling mantle flow-which is most intense near the core-mantle boundary-constitutes a significant driving force for tectonic plates in the region.
C1 Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Terr Magnetism, Washington, DC 20015 USA.
C3 Carnegie Institution for Science
RP Lithgow-Bertelloni, C (corresponding author), Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Terr Magnetism, 5241 Broad Branch Rd NW, Washington, DC 20015 USA.
EM crlb@umich.edu
NR 28
TC 452
Z9 495
U1 0
U2 63
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 17
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6699
BP 269
EP 272
DI 10.1038/26212
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 120TZ
UT WOS:000075974600048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hikmet, RAM
   Kemperman, H
AF Hikmet, RAM
   Kemperman, H
TI Electrically switchable mirrors and optical components made from liquid-crystal gels
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB In liquid-crystal (LC) display devices, patterned electrodes are used to effect switching of molecular orientation within a pixel element, and thin layers of a material (typically a polymer) at the surfaces of the cell plates induce the liquid-crystal molecules to revert to their original orientation after the electric field is switched off(1). Because of their periodic variation in refractive index, cholesteric LC phases (which have a helical variation in orientation) reflect Light at a wavelength determined by the helical pitch(2,3), and so can potentially be used in switchable optical devices such as shutters, reflectors and notch-and band-pass filters, But orientation layers are unable to restore the initial orientation in cholesteric phases, They can instead be given an internal 'memory' of their initial orientation by creating an anisotropic polymer network within the system using in situ photopolymerization(4). Here we show that such crosslinked cholesteric gels can be used to produce fast electrically switchable reflectors with narrow-to broad-band widths (the latter having a silvery mirror-like appearance). By photopolymerizing in a patterned manner, we can make image recordings in the gels which become visible on application of an electric field, These patterned gels offer the prospect of making optical components such as lenses and gratings by holographic recording.
C1 Philips Res Labs, NL-5656 AA Eindhoven, Netherlands.
C3 Philips; Philips Research
RP Hikmet, RAM (corresponding author), Philips Res Labs, Prof Holstlaan 4, NL-5656 AA Eindhoven, Netherlands.
NR 7
TC 349
Z9 369
U1 1
U2 110
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 2
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6675
BP 476
EP 479
DI 10.1038/33110
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZF215
UT WOS:000072875200052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhang, ZH
   Hartmann, H
   Do, VM
   Abramowski, D
   Sturchler-Pierrat, C
   Staufenbiel, M
   Sommer, B
   van de Wetering, M
   Clevers, H
   Saftig, P
   De Strooper, B
   He, X
   Yankner, BA
AF Zhang, ZH
   Hartmann, H
   Do, VM
   Abramowski, D
   Sturchler-Pierrat, C
   Staufenbiel, M
   Sommer, B
   van de Wetering, M
   Clevers, H
   Saftig, P
   De Strooper, B
   He, X
   Yankner, BA
TI Destabilization of β-catenin by mutations in presenilin-1 potentiates neuronal apoptosis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID familial alzheimers-disease; in-vivo; missense mutations; protein; gene; cells; localization; plaques; brain; mice
AB Mutations of the presenilin-1 gene are a major cause of familial early-onset Alzheimer's disease(1-4). Presenilin-1 can associate with members of the catenin family of signalling proteins, but the significance of this association is unknown(5,6). Here we show that presenilin-1 forms a complex with beta-catenin in vivo that increases beta-catenin stability, Pathogenic mutations in the presenilin-1 gene reduce the ability of presenilin-1 to stabilize beta-catenin, and lead to increased degradation of beta-catenin in the brains of transgenic mice, Moreover, beta-catenin levels are markedly reduced in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients with presenilin-1 mutations. Loss of beta-catenin signalling increases neuronal vulnerability to apoptosis induced by amyloid-beta protein, Thus, mutations in presenilin-1 may increase neuronal apoptosis by altering the stability of beta-catenin, predisposing individuals to early-onset Alzheimer's disease.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Childrens Hosp, Div Neurosci, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Novartis Pharma Ltd, Preclin Res, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
   Univ Utrecht Hosp, Dept Immunol, NL-3508 GA Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Univ Gottingen, Zentrum Biochem & Mol Zellbiol, Biochem Abt 2, D-37073 Gottingen, Germany.
   Katholieke Univ Leuven VIB, Ctr Human Genet, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Novartis; Utrecht University; Utrecht University Medical Center; University of Gottingen; Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB); KU Leuven
RP Yankner, BA (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM Yankner@A1.tch.harvard.edu
NR 28
TC 483
Z9 556
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 15
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6703
BP 698
EP 702
DI 10.1038/27208
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 129PR
UT WOS:000076472600052
PM 9790190
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ueda, Y
   Takahashi, T
   Inoue, H
   Tsuru, T
   Sakano, M
   Ishisaki, Y
   Ogasaka, Y
   Makishima, K
   Yamada, T
   Ohta, K
   Akiyama, M
AF Ueda, Y
   Takahashi, T
   Inoue, H
   Tsuru, T
   Sakano, M
   Ishisaki, Y
   Ogasaka, Y
   Makishima, K
   Yamada, T
   Ohta, K
   Akiyama, M
TI A population of faint galaxies that contribute to the cosmic X-ray background
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gas imaging spectrometer; n-log s; board asca; spectrum; origin
AB The origin of the cosmic X-ray background radiation(1,2) has remained mysterious since its discovery(3) thirty-five years ago. Investigation of its origin has been difficult because instruments have had insufficient resolution to distinguish small, faint sources in the hard X-ray band (above 2 keV) that dominates the background. Until now, only three per cent of the flux in the 2-10 keV band could be attributed to individual sources(4,5). Here we report the results of a survey 100 times more sensitive than previous studies in the 2-10 keV band. We find many faint resolved sources, whose integrated flux accounts for 30 per cent of the X-ray background in this energy range. The average spectrum of the resolved sources is harder than those of nearby bright active galactic nuclei and is dose to the spectrum of the X-ray background radiation. This means that a new dass of sources, with hard X-ray spectra, dominate the sky at photon energies above 2 keV.
C1 Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Kanagawa 229, Japan.
   Kyoto Univ, Dept Phys, Kyoto 60601, Japan.
   Tokyo Metropolitan Univ, Dept Phys, Tokyo 19203, Japan.
   NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
   Univ Tokyo, Dept Phys, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 113, Japan.
   Tohoku Univ, Inst Astron, Sendai, Miyagi 98077, Japan.
   Kyoto Univ, Dept Astron, Kyoto 60601, Japan.
C3 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA); Institute of Space & Astronautical Science (ISAS); Kyoto University; Tokyo Metropolitan University; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; University of Tokyo; Tohoku University; Kyoto University
RP Ueda, Y (corresponding author), Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Yoshinodai, Kanagawa 229, Japan.
NR 24
TC 69
Z9 70
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 26
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6670
BP 866
EP 868
DI 10.1038/36047
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YZ206
UT WOS:000072230900043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wolf, G
   Petersen, D
   Dietel, M
   Petersen, I
AF Wolf, G
   Petersen, D
   Dietel, M
   Petersen, I
TI Telemicroscopy via the Internet
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Hosp Charite, Inst Pathol, D-10098 Berlin, Germany.
   Hannover Med Sch, Blood Bank, D-30623 Hannover, Germany.
C3 Free University of Berlin; Humboldt University of Berlin; Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin; Hannover Medical School
RP Wolf, G (corresponding author), Univ Hosp Charite, Inst Pathol, Schumannstr 20-21, D-10098 Berlin, Germany.
NR 1
TC 39
Z9 40
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 5
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6667
BP 613
EP 614
DI 10.1038/35429
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YV594
UT WOS:000071842300059
PM 9468143
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hamilton, B
   Jacobs, J
   Hill, DA
   Pettifer, RF
   Teehan, D
   Canham, LT
AF Hamilton, B
   Jacobs, J
   Hill, DA
   Pettifer, RF
   Teehan, D
   Canham, LT
TI Size-controlled percolation pathways for electrical conduction in porous silicon
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fabrication
AB Silicon shows photo-and electroluminescence at visible wavelengths when chemically etched into a microporous network of 'wires' several nanometres thick(1). This raises the possibility of a silicon-based optoelectronic technology. The luminescence properties may be understood on the basis of the injection or creation of electrons and holes in the interconnected network of wires which recombine radiatively with high efficiency(1,2). Elucidating the electron-transport mechanisms has been held back by several difficulties, particularly that of making stable, high-quality contacts to the porous material. Here we report experiments that probe the conduction process using photoemission stimulated by hard-ultraviolet/X-ray synchrotron radiation, obviating the need for good electrical contacts. We find that the conductivity of porous silicon films is temperature-dependent, and that the films become insulating at low temperatures. We suggest that these results may be understood in terms of a percolation process occurring through sites in the porous network in which conductivity is thermally activated, and we postulate that this activation may be the consequence of a Coulomb blockade effect(3,4) in the nanoscale channels of the film. This is consistent with our observation of optical 'unblocking' of conducting pathways. These results imply that the size distribution of the nanowires in the silicon backbone plays a key role in determining the conduction properties, and that porous-silicon light-emitting diodes may use only a small (and the least efficient) fraction of the material. Improvements in electroluminescence efficiency may be possible by taking into account the percolative nature of the conduction process.
C1 Univ Manchester, Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Phys, Manchester M60 1QD, Lancs, England.
   Univ Warwick, Dept Phys, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England.
   SERC, Daresbury Lab, CLRC, Warrington WA4 4AD, Cheshire, England.
   DERA, Malvern WR14 3PS, Worcs, England.
C3 University of Manchester; University of Warwick; STFC Daresbury Laboratory
RP Hamilton, B (corresponding author), Univ Manchester, Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Phys, Manchester M60 1QD, Lancs, England.
NR 18
TC 58
Z9 61
U1 0
U2 34
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 4
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6684
BP 443
EP 445
DI 10.1038/30924
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZR842
UT WOS:000074020000036
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhang, JK
   Cado, D
   Chen, A
   Kabra, NH
   Winoto, A
AF Zhang, JK
   Cado, D
   Chen, A
   Kabra, NH
   Winoto, A
TI Fas-mediated apoptosis and activation-induced T-cell proliferation are defective in mice lacking FADD/Mort1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tumor-necrosis-factor; domain-containing receptor; death-domain; signaling complex; cd95 fas/apo-1; lymphocytes-t; protein; interacts; thymocytes; fadd
AB Programmed cell death, or apoptosis, is important in homeostasis of the immune system: for example, non-functional or autoreactive lymphocytes are eliminated through apoptosis, One member of the tumour necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family; Fas (also known as CD95 or Apo-1), can trigger cell death and is essential for lymphocyte homeostasis(1,2). FADD/Mort1 (refs 3-6) is a Pas-associated protein that is thought to mediate apoptosis by recruiting the protease caspase-8 (refs 7, 8), A dominant-negative mutant of FADD inhibits apoptosis initiated by Fas and other TNFR family members(6,9-14). Other proteins, notably Daax, also bind Fas and presumably mediate a FADD-independent apoptotic pathway(15). Here we investigate the role of FADD in vivo by generating FADD-deficient mice. As homozygous mice die in utero, we generated FADD(-/-) embryonic stem cells and FADD(-/-) chimaeras in a background devoid of the recombination activating gene RAG-1, which activates rearrangement of the immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor genes, We found that thymocyte subpopulations were apparently normal in newborn chimaeras. Fas-induced apoptosis was completely blocked, indicating that there are no redundant Fas apoptotic pathways, As these mice age, their thymocytes decrease to an undetectable level, although peripheral T cells are present in all older FADD(-/-) chimaeras, Unexpectedly, activation-induced proliferation is impaired in these FADD(-/-) T cells, despite production of the cytokine interleukin (IL)-2, These results and the similarities between FADD(-/-) mice and mice lacking the P-subunit of the IL-2 receptor suggest that there is an unexpected connection between cell proliferation and apoptosis.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Div Immunol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Canc Res Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Winoto, A (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Div Immunol, 469 LSA, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 30
TC 642
Z9 698
U1 0
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 19
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6673
BP 296
EP 300
DI 10.1038/32681
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZC739
UT WOS:000072612300051
PM 9521326
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Griffith, CA
   Owen, T
   Miller, GA
   Geballe, T
AF Griffith, CA
   Owen, T
   Miller, GA
   Geballe, T
TI Transient clouds in Titan's lower atmosphere
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID voyager-1 radio-occultation; mu-m; surface; methane; troposphere; reanalysis; spectrum; aerosols; images; albedo
AB The 1980 encounter by the Voyager I spacecraft with Titan, Saturn's largest moon, revealed(1,2) the presence of a thick atmosphere containing nitrogen and methane (1.4 and similar to 0.05 bar, respectively). Methane was found to be nearly saturated at Titan's tropopause, which, with other considerations, led to the hypothesis that Titan might experience a methane analogue of Earth's vigorous hydrological cycle, with clouds, rain and seas(3-7). Yet recent analyses of Voyager data indicate large areas of supersaturated methane, more indicative of dry and stagnant conditions(8,9), A resolution to this apparent contradiction requires observations of Titan's lower atmosphere, which was hidden from the Voyager cameras by the photochemical haze (or smog) in Titan's stratosphere. Here we report near-infrared spectroscopic observations of Titan within four narrow spectral windows where the moon's atmosphere is ostensibly transparent. We detect pronounced flux enhancements that indicate the presence of reflective methane condensation clouds in the troposphere, These clouds occur at a relatively low altitude (15 +/- 10 km), at low latitudes, and appear to cover similar to 9 per cent of Titan's disk.
C1 No Arizona Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA.
   Univ Hawaii, Inst Astron, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   Joint Astron Ctr, Hilo, HI 96720 USA.
C3 Northern Arizona University; University of Hawaii System
RP Griffith, CA (corresponding author), No Arizona Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, POB 6010, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA.
NR 25
TC 177
Z9 187
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 8
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6702
BP 575
EP 578
DI 10.1038/26920
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 127QW
UT WOS:000076362900039
PM 9783583
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Garrett, TPJ
   McKern, NM
   Lou, MZ
   Frenkel, MJ
   Bentley, JD
   Lovrecz, GO
   Elleman, TC
   Cosgrove, LJ
   Ward, CW
AF Garrett, TPJ
   McKern, NM
   Lou, MZ
   Frenkel, MJ
   Bentley, JD
   Lovrecz, GO
   Elleman, TC
   Cosgrove, LJ
   Ward, CW
TI Crystal structure of the first three domains of the type-1 insulin-like growth factor receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alanine-scanning mutagenesis; alpha-subunit; binding domain; gene; determinants; specificity; site
AB The type-1 insulin-like growth-factor receptor (IGF-1R) and insulin receptor (IR) are closely related members of the tyrosine-kinase receptor superfamily. IR is essential for glucose homeostasis, whereas IGF-1R is involved in both normal growth and development and malignant transformation. Homologues of these receptors are found in animals as simple as cnidarians. The epidermal growth-factor receptor (EGFR) family is closely related to the IR family and has significant sequence identity to the extracellular portion we describe here. We now present the structure of the first three domains of IGF-1R (L1-Cys-rich-L2) determined to a 2.4 Angstrom resolution. The L domains each consist of a single-stranded right-handed beta-helix. The Cys-rich region is composed of eight disulphide-bonded modules, seven of which form a rod-shaped domain with modules associated in an unusual manner. The three domains surround a central space of sufficient size to accommodate a ligand molecule. Although the fragment (residues 1-462) does not bind ligand, many of the determinants responsible for hormone binding and ligand specificity map to this central site. This structure therefore shows how the IR subfamily might interact with their ligands.
C1 CSIRO, Div Mol Sci, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia.
   Biomol Res Inst, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia.
C3 Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)
RP Ward, CW (corresponding author), CSIRO, Div Mol Sci, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia.
EM tom.barrett@bioresi.com.au; colin.ward@molsci.csiro.au
NR 30
TC 226
Z9 274
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 23
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6691
BP 395
EP 399
DI 10.1038/28668
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 103QF
UT WOS:000074968800058
PM 9690478
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pina, CM
   Becker, U
   Risthaus, P
   Bosbach, D
   Putnis, A
AF Pina, CM
   Becker, U
   Risthaus, P
   Bosbach, D
   Putnis, A
TI Molecular-scale mechanisms of crystal growth in barite
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID morphology
AB Models of crystal growth have been defined by comparing macroscopic growth kinetics with theoretical predictions for various growth mechanisms(1,2). The classic Burton-Cabrera-Frank (BCF) theory(3) predicts that spiral growth at screw dislocations will dominate near equilibrium. Although this has often been observed(2,4), such growth is sometimes inhibited(4,5), which has been assumed to be due to the presence of impurities(6). At higher supersaturations, growth is commonly modelled by two-dimensional nucleation on the pre-existing surface according to the 'birth and spread' model(7), In general, the morphology of a growing crystal is determined by the rate of growth of different crystallographic faces, and periodic-bond-chain (PBC) theory(8,9) relates this morphology to the existence of chains of strongly bonded ions in the structure. Here we report tests of such models for the growth of barite crystals, using a combination of in situ observations of growth mechanisms at molecular resolution with the atomic force microscope(10,11) and computer simulations of the surface attachment of growth units. We observe strongly anisotropic growth of two-dimensional nuclei with morphologies controlled by the underlying crystal structure, as well as structure-induced self-inhibition of spiral growth. Our results reveal the limitations of both the BCF and PBC theories in providing a general description of crystal growth.
C1 Univ Munster, Inst Mineral, D-48149 Munster, Germany.
C3 University of Munster
RP Putnis, A (corresponding author), Univ Munster, Inst Mineral, Corrensstr 24, D-48149 Munster, Germany.
NR 19
TC 208
Z9 228
U1 2
U2 127
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 1
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6701
BP 483
EP 486
DI 10.1038/26718
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 124ZG
UT WOS:000076212200050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ponte, RM
   Stammer, D
   Marshall, J
AF Ponte, RM
   Stammer, D
   Marshall, J
TI Oceanic signals in observed motions of the Earth's pole of rotation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atmospheric angular-momentum; excitation; length; wobble
AB Motion of the Earth's pole of rotation relative to its crust, commonly referred to as polar motion, can be excited by a variety of geophysical mechanisms(1), In particular, changes in atmospheric wind and mass fields have been linked to polar motion over a wide range of timescales, but substantial discrepancies remain between the atmospheric and geodetic observations(1-4). Here we present results from a nearly global ocean model which indicate that oceanic circulation and mass-field variability play important roles in the excitation of seasonal to fortnightly polar motion. The joint oceanic and atmospheric excitation provides a better agreement with the observed polar motion than atmospheric excitation alone. Geodetic measurements may therefore be used to provide a global consistency check on the quality of simulated large-scale oceanic fields.
C1 Atmospher & Environm Res Inc, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Atmospheric & Environmental Research; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Ponte, RM (corresponding author), Atmospher & Environm Res Inc, 840 Mem Dr, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM ponte@aer.com
NR 23
TC 110
Z9 118
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 29
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6666
BP 476
EP 479
DI 10.1038/35126
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YU290
UT WOS:000071701800047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Spray, JG
   Kelley, SP
   Rowley, DB
AF Spray, JG
   Kelley, SP
   Rowley, DB
TI Evidence for a late Triassic multiple impact event on Earth
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID comet shoemaker-levy-9; mass extinction; crater; origin; melt
AB Evidence for the collision of fragmented comets or asteroids with some of the larger (jovian) planets and their moons is now well established following the dramatic impact of the disrupted comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 with Jupiter in 1994 (ref. 1). Collisions by fragmented objects result in multiple impacts that can lead to the formation of linear crater chains, or catenae, on planetary surfaces(2). Here we present evidence for a multiple impact event that occurred on Earth. Five terrestrial impact structures have been found to possess comparable ages (similar to 214 Myr), coincident with the Norian stage of the Triassic period These craters are Rochechouart (France), Manicouagan and Saint Martin (Canada), Obolon' (Ukraine) and Red Wing (USA). When these impact structures are plotted on a tectonic reconstruction of the North American and Eurasian plates for 214 Myr before present, the three largest structures (Rochechouart, Manicouagan and Saint Martin) are co-latitudinal at 22.8 degrees (within 1.2 degrees, similar to 110 km), and span 43.5 degrees of palaeolongitude, These structures may thus represent the remains of a crater chain at least 4,462 km long. The Obolon' and Red Wing craters, on the other hand, lie on great circles of identical declination with Rochechouart and Saint Martin, respectively. We therefore suggest that the five impact structures were formed at the same time (within hours) during a multiple impact event caused by a fragmented comet or asteroid colliding with Earth.
C1 Univ New Brunswick, Dept Geol, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada.
   Open Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Geophys Sci, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 University of New Brunswick; Open University - UK; University of Chicago
RP Spray, JG (corresponding author), Univ New Brunswick, Dept Geol, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada.
EM jgs@unb.ca
NR 36
TC 83
Z9 91
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 12
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6672
BP 171
EP 173
DI 10.1038/32397
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZB349
UT WOS:000072462700059
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lee, HW
   Blasco, MA
   Gottlieb, GJ
   Horner, JW
   Greider, CW
   DePinho, RA
AF Lee, HW
   Blasco, MA
   Gottlieb, GJ
   Horner, JW
   Greider, CW
   DePinho, RA
TI Essential role of mouse telomerase in highly proliferative organs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immortal cells; rna; chromosm; activation; growth; yeast; dna
AB We have investigated the role of the enzyme telomerase in highly proliferative organs in successive generations of mice lacking telomerase RNA. Late-generation animals exhibited defective spermatogenesis, with increased programmed cell death (apoptosis) and decreased proliferation in the testis. The proliferative capacity of haematopoietic cells In the bone marrow and spleen was also compromised. These progressively adverse effects coincided with substantial erosion of telomeres (the termini of eukaryotic chromosomes) and fusion and loss of chromosomes. These findings indicate an essential role for telomerase, and hence telomeres, in the maintenance of genomic integrity and in the long-term viability of high-renewal organ systems.
C1 Yeshiva Univ Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Bronx, NY 10461 USA.
   Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
   Univ Autonoma Madrid, CSIC, Ctr Nacl Biotecnol, Dept Immunol & Oncol, E-28049 Madrid, Spain.
   Quest Diagnost Inc, Teterboro, NJ 07608 USA.
C3 Yeshiva University; Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; Autonomous University of Madrid; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia (CNB); Quest Diagnostics Inc
RP Greider, CW (corresponding author), Yeshiva Univ Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, 1300 Morris Pk Ave, Bronx, NY 10461 USA.
NR 41
TC 1105
Z9 1257
U1 1
U2 54
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 9
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6676
BP 569
EP 574
DI 10.1038/33345
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZG300
UT WOS:000072987200049
PM 9560153
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Oda, Y
   Kawasaki, K
   Morita, M
   Korn, H
   Matsui, H
AF Oda, Y
   Kawasaki, K
   Morita, M
   Korn, H
   Matsui, H
TI Inhibitory long-term potentiation underlies auditory conditioning of goldfish escape behaviour
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mauthner cell; startle reflex; transmission; synapses; responses; network
AB Long-term potentiation (LTP), the increase in synaptic strength evoked by high-frequency stimulation, is often considered to be a cellular model for learning and memory. The validity of this model depends on the assumptions that physiological stimuli can induce LTP in vivo and that the resulting: synaptic modifications correlate with behavioural changes. However, modifiable synapses are generally embedded deep in complex circuits. In contrast, the goldfish Mauthner (M)-cell and its afferent synapses are easily accessible for electrophysiological studies, and firing of this neuron is sufficient to trigger fast escape behaviour in response to sudden stimuli(1,2). We have previously shown that tetanic stimulation can induce LTP of the feedforward inhibitory synapses that control the excitability of the M-ceIl(3,4). Here we report that natural sensory stimulation can induce potentiation of this inhibitory connection that resembles the LTP induced by afferent tetanization. Furthermore, comparable acoustic stimulation produced a parallel decrease in the probability of the sound-evoked escape reflex Thus we demonstrate for the first time, to our knowledge, a behavioural role for the long-term synaptic strengthening of inhibitory synapses.
C1 Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Engn Sci, Div Biophys Engn, Neurosci Lab, Osaka 5608531, Japan.
   Inst Pasteur, INSERM, U261, Biol Cellulaire & Mol Lab, F-75724 Paris, France.
C3 University of Osaka; Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm)
RP Oda, Y (corresponding author), Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Engn Sci, Div Biophys Engn, Neurosci Lab, Machikaneyama 1-3, Osaka 5608531, Japan.
NR 27
TC 69
Z9 86
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 9
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6689
BP 182
EP 185
DI 10.1038/28172
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZZ203
UT WOS:000074705900054
PM 9671301
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Benson, FE
   Baumann, P
   West, SC
AF Benson, FE
   Baumann, P
   West, SC
TI Synergistic actions of Rad51 and Rad52 in recombination and DNA repair
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; protein; yeast; complex; mouse; reca; gene; uvsy; bacteriophage-t4; homologs
AB In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, mutations in the genes RAD51 or RAD52 result in severe defects in genetic recombination and the repair of double-strand DNA breaks, These genes, and others of the RAD52 epistasis group (RAD50, RAD54, RAD55 RAD57, RAD59 MRE11 and XRS2), were first identified by their sensitivity to X-rays(1). They were subsequently shown to be required for spontaneous and induced mitotic recombination, meiotic recombination, and mating-type switching (reviewed in ref, 2), Human homologues of RAD50, RAD51, RAD52 RAD54 and MRE11 have been identified(3-6). Targeted disruption of the murine RAD51 gene results in an embryonic lethal phenotype, indicating that Rad51 protein is required during cell proliferation(7,8). Biochemical studies have shown that human RAD51 encodes a protein of relative molecular mass 36,966 (hRad51) that promotes ATP-dependent homologous pairing and DNA strand exchange(9-11), As a structural and functional homologue of the RecA protein from Escherichia coli(3,9,12), hRad51 is thought to play a central role in recombination, Yeast Rad51 has been shown to interact with Rad52 protein(13-15), as does the human homologue(16), Here we show that hRad52 stimulates homologous pairing by hRad51. The DNA-binding properties of hRad52 indicate that Rad52 is involved in an early stage of Rad51-mediated recombination.
C1 Imperial Canc Res Fund, Clare Hall Labs, S Mimms EN6 3LD, Herts, England.
RP West, SC (corresponding author), Imperial Canc Res Fund, Clare Hall Labs, S Mimms EN6 3LD, Herts, England.
NR 26
TC 335
Z9 408
U1 0
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 22
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6665
BP 401
EP 404
DI 10.1038/34937
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YT444
UT WOS:000071604200058
PM 9450758
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Holland, NB
   Qiu, YX
   Ruegsegger, M
   Marchant, RE
AF Holland, NB
   Qiu, YX
   Ruegsegger, M
   Marchant, RE
TI Biomimetic engineering of non-adhesive glycocalyx-like surfaces using oligosaccharide surfactant polymers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID force microscopy; liquid; adsorption; interfaces; graphite
AB The external region of a cell membrane, known as the glycocalyx, is dominated by glycosylated molecules(1-3), which direct specific interactions such as cell-cell recognition and contribute to the steric repulsion that prevents undesirable non-specific adhesion of other molecules and cells. Mimicking the non-adhesive properties of a glycocalyx provides a potential solution to the clinical problems, such as thrombosis(4), that are associated with implantable devices owing to non-specific adsorption of plasma proteins. Here we describe a biomimetic surface modification of graphite using oligosaccharide surfactant polymers, which, like a glycocalyx, provides a dense and confluent layer of oligosaccharides. The surfactant polymers consist of a flexible poly(vinyl amine) with dextran and alkanoyl side chains. We show that alkanoyl side chains assemble on graphite through hydrophobic interaction and epitaxial adsorption. This constrains the polymer backbone to lie parallel to the substrate, with solvated dextran side chains protruding into the aqueous phase, creating a glycocalyx-like coating. The resulting biomimetic surface is effective in suppressing protein adsorption from human plasma protein solution.
C1 Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Macromol Sci, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
   Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
C3 University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University; University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University
RP Marchant, RE (corresponding author), Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Macromol Sci, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
EM rxm4@po.cwru.edu
NR 22
TC 274
Z9 350
U1 4
U2 129
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 23
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6678
BP 799
EP 801
DI 10.1038/33894
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZJ679
UT WOS:000073241200048
PM 9572137
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kulkarni, SR
   Frail, DA
   Wieringa, MH
   Ekers, RD
   Sadler, EM
   Wark, RM
   Higdon, JL
   Phinney, ES
   Bloom, JS
AF Kulkarni, SR
   Frail, DA
   Wieringa, MH
   Ekers, RD
   Sadler, EM
   Wark, RM
   Higdon, JL
   Phinney, ES
   Bloom, JS
TI Radio emission from the unusual supernova 1998bw and its associialion with the γ-ray burst of 25 April 1998
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID shocked relativistic jets; synchrotron emission; afterglow; equipartition; sn-1987a; model
AB Data accumulated over the past year strongly favour the idea that gamma-ray bursts lie at cosmological distances, although the nature of the power source remains unclear. Here we report radio observations of the supernova SN1998bw, which exploded at about the same time, and in about the same direction, as the gamma-ray burst GRB980425, At its peak, the supernova was unusually luminous at radio wavelengths. A simple interpretation of the data requires that the source expanded with an apparent velocity of at least twice the speed of light, indicating that the supernova was accompanied by a shock wave moving at relativistic speeds (the ejects of supernovae are typically characterized by non-relativistic velocities). The energy of the shock is at least 10(49) erg, with an inferred ejecta mass of 10(-5) solar masses, and we suggest that the early phase of this shock wave produced the burst of gamma-rays, Although In general the properties of supernovae are very different from those of gamma-ray bursts, we argue that this unusual supernova establishes a second class of gamma-ray burst, which Is distinctly different from the cosmological kind.
C1 CALTECH 105 24, Div Phys Math & Astron, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Natl Radio Astron Observ, Socorro, NM 87801 USA.
   CSIRO, Australia Telescope Natl Facil, Narrabri, NSW 2390, Australia.
   CSIRO, Australia Telescope Natl Facil, Epping, NSW 1710, Australia.
   Univ Sydney, Sch Phys, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
   CALTECH 130 33, Div Phys Math & Astron, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology; National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO); Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO); Australia Telescope National Facility; Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO); Australia Telescope National Facility; University of Sydney; California Institute of Technology
RP Kulkarni, SR (corresponding author), CALTECH 105 24, Div Phys Math & Astron, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM srk@astro.caltech.edu
NR 50
TC 581
Z9 628
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 15
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6703
BP 663
EP 669
DI 10.1038/27139
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 129PR
UT WOS:000076472600042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vinnik, L
   Breger, L
   Romanowicz, B
AF Vinnik, L
   Breger, L
   Romanowicz, B
TI Anisotropic structures at the base of the Earth's mantle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID seismic anisotropy; central-pacific; boundary-layer; d'' layer; core; beneath; waves; sks; sv
AB The D " shell at the base of the Earth's mantle is thought to be a thermal and compositional boundary layer where vigorous dynamical processes are taking place(1-4). An important property of D " is its seismic anisotropy, expressed as different velocities for horizontally and vertically polarized shear waves that have been diffracted or reflected at the core-mantle boundary(5,6). The nature of this anisotropy has been the subject of debate(7-11). Here we present an analysis of various seismic phases, generated in the Kermadec-Fiji-Tonga zone and recorded at stations in North America, which reveal a region at the base of the mantle beneath the southwest Pacific Ocean where horizontally propagating vertically polarized waves are slower (by at least 10 per cent) than horizontally polarized waves. This observed anisotropy is an order of magnitude larger than that previously thought to exist in the lower mantle, and corresponds to lateral variations in horizontally polarized shear-wave velocity which are also of about 10 per cent. We speculate that this anisotropy maybe the result of the mixing and shearing of strongly heterogeneous material in the boundary layer.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Seismol Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Geol & Geophys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Russian Acad Sci, Inst Phys Earth, Moscow, Russia.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Russian Academy of Sciences; Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth of the Russian Academy of Sciences
RP Romanowicz, B (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Seismol Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 30
TC 64
Z9 69
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 11
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6685
BP 564
EP 567
DI 10.1038/31208
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZT988
UT WOS:000074150100048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chen, QY
   Kirsch, GE
   Zhang, DM
   Brugada, R
   Brugada, J
   Brugada, P
   Potenza, D
   Moya, A
   Borggrefe, M
   Breithardt, G
   Ortiz-Lopez, R
   Wang, Z
   Antzelevitch, C
   O'Brien, RE
   Schulze-Bahr, E
   Keating, MT
   Towbin, JA
   Wang, Q
AF Chen, QY
   Kirsch, GE
   Zhang, DM
   Brugada, R
   Brugada, J
   Brugada, P
   Potenza, D
   Moya, A
   Borggrefe, M
   Breithardt, G
   Ortiz-Lopez, R
   Wang, Z
   Antzelevitch, C
   O'Brien, RE
   Schulze-Bahr, E
   Keating, MT
   Towbin, JA
   Wang, Q
TI Genetic basis and molecular mechanism for idiopathic: ventricular fibrillation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inherited cardiac-arrhythmia; st segment elevation; long-qt syndrome; bundle-branch block; sodium-channel; heart-disease; j-wave; death; mutations
AB Ventricular fibrillation causes more than 300,000 sudden deaths each year in the USA alone(1,2). In approximately 5-12% of these cases, there are no demonstrable cardiac or non-cardiac causes to account for the episode, which is therefore classified as idiopathic ventricular fibrillation (IVF)(3-6). A distinct group of IVF patients has been found to present with a characteristic electrocardiographic pattern(7-15). Because of the small size of most pedigrees and the high incidence of sudden death, however, molecular genetic studies of NF have not yet been done. Because IVF causes cardiac rhythm disturbance, we investigated whether malfunction of ion channels could cause the disorder by studying mutations in the cardiac sodium channel gene SCN5A. We have now identified a missense mutation, a splice-donor mutation, and a frameshift mutation in the coding region of SCN5A in three IVF families. We show that sodium channels with the missense mutation recover from inactivation more rapidly than normal and that the frameshift mutation causes the sodium channel to be non-functional. Our results indicate that mutations in cardiac ion-channel genes contribute to the risk of developing IVF.
C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat Cardiol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Med Cardiol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Cardiovasc Sci, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Human Genet, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Case Western Reserve Univ, Rammelkamp Ctr Res, Cleveland, OH 44109 USA.
   Univ Barcelona, Hosp Clin, Cardiovasc Inst, Arrhythmia Unit, E-08036 Barcelona, Spain.
   OLV Hosp, Ctr Cardiovasc, B-9300 Aalst, Belgium.
   IRCCS, Dept Cardiol, S Giovanni Rotondo, Italy.
   Hosp Gen Valle Hebron, Dept Cardiol, Barcelona 08020, Spain.
   Hosp Univ Munster, Inst Arteriosclerosis Res, Dept Cardiol & Angiol, D-48129 Munster, Germany.
   Masonic Med Res Lab, Utica, NY 13504 USA.
   Univ Utah, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Human Genet & Med, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
C3 Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University; MetroHealth System; University of Barcelona; Hospital Clinic de Barcelona; Cardiovascular Center Aalst; Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron; University of Munster; Masonic Medical Research Laboratory; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah
RP Wang, Q (corresponding author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat Cardiol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
EM qwang@bcm.tmc.edu
NR 30
TC 1339
Z9 1484
U1 0
U2 52
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 19
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6673
BP 293
EP 296
DI 10.1038/32675
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZC739
UT WOS:000072612300050
PM 9521325
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lyon, BE
AF Lyon, BE
TI Optimal clutch size and conspecific brood parasitism
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID intraspecific nest parasitism; american coots; birds; swallows; goldeneyes; choice; eggs
AB Egg-laying organisms should lay, in a reproductive bout, the number of eggs that maximizes fitness. Lack argued 50 years ago that clutch size for most birds is limited by the amount of food parents can pro,ide for their offspring(1). Clutch sizes, however, are of much debate(2-4). Here I propose and test a new explanation for this pattern that is based on evidence that conspecific brood parasitism is widespread in birds(5-7), specifically when females with their own nests also parasitize conspecific birds(8-13). A graphical model of clutch size shows that the trade-offs a brood parasite faces when allocating eggs to her own nest or to nests of other conspecific females can favour a reduction in the parasite's own clutch size. This prediction is supported by a field study of American coots (Fulica americana). Moreover, the cost of receiving parasitic eggs also favours a reduction in clutch size for hosts, introducing a 'game'(14) element to clutch size when parasitic females are themselves parasitized. These results indicate that conspecific brood parasitism should no longer be ignored as a force in clutch-size evolution.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Biol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Univ Calgary, Dept Biol Sci, Kananaskis Field Stn, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; University of Calgary
RP Lyon, BE (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Biol, Earth & Marine Sci Bldg, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
EM lyon@biology.ucsc.edu
NR 25
TC 65
Z9 69
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 26
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6674
BP 380
EP 383
DI 10.1038/32878
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZD694
UT WOS:000072713600049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yamanaka, S
   Hotehama, K
   Kawaji, H
AF Yamanaka, S
   Hotehama, K
   Kawaji, H
TI Superconductivity at 25.5 K in electron-doped layered hafnium nitride
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID beta-zrncl; structured crystal; intercalation
AB The electronic properties of crystals with a layered structure can be radically altered by the intercalation, between the layers, of guest species that act as electron donors or accepters. Such studies have been performed extensively on graphite, transition-metal dichalcogenides and oxide bronzes(1). Interest in redox intercalation reactions(2) has increased recently because the high-transition-temperature (high-T-c) superconductors based on copper oxide also have layered structures, the superconductivity occurring within two-dimensional CuO2 planes separated by charge-reservoir oxide layers(3). Similarly, in metal-doped fullerenes, which show relatively high transition temperatures, the electron donor atoms sit in the interstitial sites between adjacent fullerene balls(4). In a previous study(5), we described a layered nitride, beta-ZrNCl, consisting of Zr-N double layers sandwiched between two close-packed chlorine layers. On lithium intercalation, the crystal changed from a semiconductor to a metal, and became a superconductor at 13 K. Here we report the properties of the isostructural compound beta-HfNCl. After electron-doping the crystal by lithium intercalation, we observe superconductivity with a T-c of up to 25.5 K. This transition temperature is higher than that observed in any intermetallic compound, and suggests that layered nitride structures may offer transition temperatures comparable to those observed in layered copper oxide structures.
C1 Hiroshima Univ, Fac Engn, Dept Appl Chem, Higashihiroshima 739, Japan.
C3 Hiroshima University
RP Yamanaka, S (corresponding author), Hiroshima Univ, Fac Engn, Dept Appl Chem, Higashihiroshima 739, Japan.
EM syamana@ipc.hiroshima-u.ac.jp
NR 18
TC 402
Z9 418
U1 2
U2 164
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 9
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6676
BP 580
EP 582
DI 10.1038/33362
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZG300
UT WOS:000072987200052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sassone-Corsi, P
AF Sassone-Corsi, P
TI Molecular clocks in development
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 30
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6679
BP 872
EP 872
DI 10.1038/31827
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZK759
UT WOS:000073359900027
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kessler, DA
   Levine, H
AF Kessler, DA
   Levine, H
TI Fluctuation-induced diffusive instabilities
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID limited aggregation; bacterial colony; growth; propagation; selection; stability
AB The formation of complex patterns in many non-equilibrium systems, ranging from solidifying alloys to multiphase flow(1), nonlinear chemical reactions(2) and the growth of bacterial colonies(3,4), involves the propagation of an interface that is unstable to diffusive motion. Most existing theoretical treatments of diffusive instabilities are based on mean-field approaches, such as the use of reaction-diffusion equations, that neglect the role of fluctuations, Here we show that finite fluctuations in particle number can be essential for such an instability to occur. We study, both analytically and with computer simulations, the planar interface separating different species in the simple two-component reaction A + B --> 2A (which can also serve as a simple model of bacterial growth in the presence of a nutrient). The interface displays markedly different dynamics within the reaction-diffusion treatment from that when fluctuations are taken into account. Our findings suggest that fluctuations can provide a new and general pattern-forming mechanism in non-equilibrium growth.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Bar Ilan Univ, Dept Phys, Ramat Gan, Israel.
   Bar Ilan Univ, Minerva Ctr, Ramat Gan, Israel.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; Bar Ilan University; Bar Ilan University
RP Levine, H (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
EM hlevine@ucsd.edu
NR 19
TC 100
Z9 107
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 6
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6693
BP 556
EP 558
DI 10.1038/29020
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 107YN
UT WOS:000075238700040
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Demler, E
   Zhang, SC
AF Demler, E
   Zhang, SC
TI Quantitative test of a microscopic mechanism of high-temperature superconductivity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electronic specific-heat; neutron-scattering; so(5) symmetry; hubbard-model; yba2cu3o7; 300-k; gap
AB One of the main challenges to theoretical attempts to understand the microscopic mechanism of high-transition-temperature (high-T-c) superconductivity is to account quantitatively for the superconducting condensation energy, the energy by which the normal state differs from the superconducting state(1-6). A microscopic model commonly used to describe the superconducting copper oxides, the t-J model(7), is thought to capture the essential physics of the phenomenon: the interplay between the electrons' kinetic energy and their antiferromagnetic exchange interaction. Within the t-J model the condensation energy can be related to the change in the dynamical spin structure between the superconducting and the normal states(8). Here we propose a microscopic mechanism for the condensation energy of high-T-c superconductors. Within this mechanism, the appearance of a resonance in the superconducting state(9-13) enables the antiferromagnetic exchange energy in this state to be lowered relative to the normal state. We show that the intensity of the resonant neutron-scattering peak observed previously in YBa2Cu3O7 when it undergoes the transition to the superconducting state(14-16) is in quantitative agreement with the condensation energy of these materials(2,3).
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University
RP Demler, E (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Theoret Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
EM demler@itp.ucsb.edu
NR 31
TC 118
Z9 122
U1 1
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 31
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6713
BP 733
EP 735
DI 10.1038/25482
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 151WC
UT WOS:000077742800026
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Douglas, T
   Young, M
AF Douglas, T
   Young, M
TI Host-guest encapsulation of materials by assembled virus protein cages
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chlorotic mottle virus; binding; diffraction; resolution
AB Self-assembled cage structures of nanometre dimensions can be used as constrained environments for the preparation of nanostructured materials(1,2) and the encapsulation of guest molecules(3), with potential applications in drug delivery(4) and catalysis(5). In synthetic systems the number of subunits contributing to cage structures is typically rather small(3,6). But the protein coats of viruses (virions) commonly comprise hundreds of subunits that self-assemble into a cage for transporting viral nucleic acids. Many virions, moreover, can undergo reversible structural changes that open or close gated pores to allow switchable access to their interior(7). Here we show that such a virion - that of the cowpea chlorotic mottle virus - can be used as a host for the synthesis of materials. We report the mineralization of two polyoxometalate species (paratungstate and decavanadate) and the encapsulation of an anionic polymer inside this virion, controlled by pH-dependent gating of the virion's pores. The diversity in size and shape of such virus particles make this a versatile strategy for materials synthesis and molecular entrapment.
C1 Temple Univ, Dept Chem, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA.
   Montana State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Temple University; Montana State University System; Montana State University Bozeman
RP Douglas, T (corresponding author), Temple Univ, Dept Chem, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA.
NR 31
TC 813
Z9 958
U1 5
U2 278
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 14
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6681
BP 152
EP 155
DI 10.1038/30211
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZN200
UT WOS:000073619900043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jura, M
   Turner, J
AF Jura, M
   Turner, J
TI A mysterious dust clump in a disk around an evolved binary star system
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID red-rectangle nebula; circumstellar envelopes; carbon stars; evolution; grains
AB The discovery of planets in orbit around the pulsar PSR1257+12 (ref. 1) shows that planets may form around post-main-sequence stars(2). Other evolved stars, such as HD44179 (an evolved star which is part of the binary system that has expelled the gas and dust that make the Red Rectangle nebula), possess gravitationally bound orbiting dust disks(3,4). It is possible that planets might form from gravitational collapse in such disks(5). Here we report high-angular-resolution observations at millimetre and submillimetre wavelengths of the dusk disk associated with the Red Rectangle. We find a dust clump with an estimated mass near that of Jupiter in the outer region of the disk. The clump is larger than our Solar System, and far beyond where planet formation would normally be expected, so its nature is at present unclear.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Jura, M (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
NR 25
TC 25
Z9 27
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 10
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6698
BP 144
EP 145
DI 10.1038/25938
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 118GK
UT WOS:000075829900032
PM 9744271
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Carslaw, KS
   Wirth, M
   Tsias, A
   Luo, BP
   D"rnbrack, A
   Leutbecher, M
   Volkert, H
   Renger, W
   Bacmeister, JT
   Reimer, E
   Peter, T
AF Carslaw, KS
   Wirth, M
   Tsias, A
   Luo, BP
   Drnbrack, A
   Leutbecher, M
   Volkert, H
   Renger, W
   Bacmeister, JT
   Reimer, E
   Peter, T
TI Increased stratospheric ozone depletion due to mountain-induced atmospheric waves
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 1988/89 arctic winter; temperature-fluctuations; chlorine; simulation; model
AB Chemical reactions on polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) particles are responsible for the production of reactive chlorine species (chlorine 'activation') which cause ozone destruction(1). Gas-phase deactivation of these chlorine species can take several weeks in the Arctic winter stratosphere, so that ozone destruction can be sustained even in air parcels that encounter PSCs only intermittently(2,3). Chlorine activation during a PSC encounter proceeds much faster at low temperatures when cloud particle surface area and heterogeneous reaction rates are higher(4). Although mountain-induced atmospheric gravity waves are known to cause local reductions in stratospheric temperature of as much as 10-15 K (refs 5-9), and are often associated with mesoscale PSCs10-12, their effect on chlorine activation and ozone depletion has not been considered. Here we describe aircraft observations of mountain-wave-induced mesoscale PSCs in which temperatures were 12 K lower than expected synoptically, Model calculations show that despite their localized nature, these PSCs can cause almost complete conversion of inactive chlorine species to ozone-destroying forms in air flowing through the clouds. Using a global mountain-wave model(8), we identify regions where mountain waves can develop, and show that they can cause frequent chlorine activation of air in the Arctic stratosphere. Such mesoscale processes offer a possible explanation for the underprediction of reactive chlorine concentrations and ozone depletion rates calculated by three-dimensional models of the Arctic stratosphere(13-17).
C1 Max Planck Inst Chem, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
   DLR, D-32230 Wessling, Germany.
   USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA.
   Inst Meteorol, D-12165 Berlin 41, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; United States Department of Defense; United States Navy; United States Naval Research Laboratory; NRL Chesapeake
RP Carslaw, KS (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Chem, Postfach 3060, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
EM carslaw@mpch-mainz.mpg.de
NR 27
TC 176
Z9 183
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 12
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6668
BP 675
EP 678
DI 10.1038/35589
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YW872
UT WOS:000071982500046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wickman, HH
   Korley, JN
AF Wickman, HH
   Korley, JN
TI Colloid crystal self-organization and dynamics at the air/water interface
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID systems
AB The properties of two-dimensional arrays of micrometre-sized particles are of interest in relation to a wide range of phenomena, including self-organization and phase behaviour in colloid science and condensed-matter physics(1-3), the behaviour of dusty plasmas(4) and the templating of ordered structures for photonic applications(5). Most studies have used pre-existing particles such as monodisperse latex spheres, which may be manipulated with electric or magnetic fields. In contrast, we report here an inorganic solution that spontaneously precipitates a self-organized two-dimensional colloid crystal at the air/water interface. A solution of calcium hydroxide exposed to air reacts with dissolved carbon dioxide to precipitate microcrystals of calcium carbonate in the form of calcite. These aggregate at the surface to form a disordered gel mat with fractal characteristics(6). We find, however, that in aged solutions a second population of charged microcrystals with the 'dogtooth spar' morphology appears on the surface. These crystallites, which can be observed by optical microscopy, become organized into a regular triangular lattice. The competition between electrostatic and capillary forces between particles leads to lattice spacings of the order of 125 to 175 mu m, 5 to 7 times the diameter of the particles. These structures are stable for around 24 h, but eventually aggregate with the fractal gel. The mechanism of their self-organization, as yet incompletely understood, might provide some insights into similar phenomena in colloid science(2,3,7-9).
C1 Natl Sci Fdn, Arlington, VA 22230 USA.
   USN, Ctr Biomol Sci & Engn, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA.
   Clark Atlanta Univ, Atlanta, GA 30314 USA.
C3 National Science Foundation (NSF); United States Department of Defense; United States Navy; United States Naval Research Laboratory; NRL Chesapeake; Clark Atlanta University
RP Wickman, HH (corresponding author), Natl Sci Fdn, 4201 Wilson Blvd, Arlington, VA 22230 USA.
EM hwickman@nsf.gov
NR 15
TC 78
Z9 90
U1 2
U2 72
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 4
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6684
BP 445
EP 447
DI 10.1038/30930
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZR842
UT WOS:000074020000037
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hung, LW
   Wang, IXY
   Nikaido, K
   Liu, PQ
   Ames, GFL
   Kim, SH
AF Hung, LW
   Wang, IXY
   Nikaido, K
   Liu, PQ
   Ames, GFL
   Kim, SH
TI Crystal structure of the ATP-binding subunit of an ABC transporter
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID periplasmic histidine permease; electron-density maps; escherichia-coli; cystic-fibrosis; traffic atpase; protein; identification; resolution; hydrolysis; humans
AB ABC transporters (also known as traffic ATPases) form a large family of proteins responsible for the translocation of a variety of compounds across membranes of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes'. The recently completed Escherichia coli genome sequence revealed that the largest family of paralogous E. coli proteins is composed of ABC transporters(2), Many eukaryotic proteins of medical significance belong to this family, such as the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), the P-glycoprotein (or multidrug-resistance protein) and the heterodimeric transporter associated with antigen processing (Tap1-Tap2). Here we report the crystal structure at 1.5 Angstrom resolution of HisP, the ATP-binding subunit of the histidine permease, which is an ABC transporter from Salmonella typhimurium, We correlate the details of this structure with the biochemical, genetic and biophysical properties of the wild-type and several mutant HisP proteins. The structure provides a basis for understanding properties of ABC transporters and of defective CFTR proteins.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, EO Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Kim, SH (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, EO Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM shkim@lbl.gov
NR 30
TC 610
Z9 707
U1 0
U2 53
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 17
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6712
BP 703
EP 707
DI 10.1038/25393
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 150YT
UT WOS:000077694200060
PM 9872322
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gladman, BJ
   Nicholson, PD
   Burns, JA
   Kavelaars, JJ
   Marsden, BG
   Williams, GV
   Offutt, WB
AF Gladman, BJ
   Nicholson, PD
   Burns, JA
   Kavelaars, JJ
   Marsden, BG
   Williams, GV
   Offutt, WB
TI Discovery of two distant irregular moons of Uranus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID small satellites; kuiper belt; photometry
AB The systems of satellites and rings surrounding the giant planets in the Solar System have remarkably similar architectures(1) Closest to each planet are rings with associated moonlets, then larger 'regular' satellites on nearly circular orbits close to the planet's equatorial plane, and finally one or more distant, small 'irregular' satellites on highly elliptical or inclined orbits. Hitherto, the only departure from this broad classification scheme was the satellite system around Uranus, in which no irregular satellites had been found(2). Here we report the discovery of two satellites orbiting Uranus at distances of several hundred planetary radii. These satellites have inclined, retrograde orbits of moderate eccentricity that clearly identify them as irregular. The satellites are extremely faint (apparent red magnitudes m(R) = 20.4 and 21.9), with estimated radii of only 60 and 30 km. Both moons are unusually red in colour, suggesting a link between these objects-which were presumably captured by Uranus early in the Solar System's history-and other recently discovered bodies(3) orbiting in the outer Solar System.
C1 Univ Toronto, Canadian Inst Theoret Astrophys, Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada.
   Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   McMaster Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada.
   Smithsonian Astrophys Observ, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   W&B Observ, Cloudcroft, NM 88317 USA.
C3 University of Toronto; Cornell University; McMaster University; Smithsonian Institution; Harvard University; Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
RP Gladman, BJ (corresponding author), Univ Toronto, Canadian Inst Theoret Astrophys, Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada.
NR 34
TC 62
Z9 64
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 30
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6679
BP 897
EP 899
DI 10.1038/31890
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZK759
UT WOS:000073359900040
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Boccaccio, C
   Andò, M
   Tamagnone, L
   Bardelli, A
   Michieli, P
   Battistini, C
   Comoglio, PM
AF Boccaccio, C
   Andò, M
   Tamagnone, L
   Bardelli, A
   Michieli, P
   Battistini, C
   Comoglio, PM
TI Induction of epithelial tubules by growth factor HGF depends on the STAT pathway
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID scatter factor-receptor; c-fos promoter; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; tyrosine kinase; met receptor; protein; expression; cells; transformation; morphogenesis
AB Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) induces a three-phase response leading-to the formation of branched tubular structures in epithelial cells(1,2). The HGF receptor tyrosine kinase works through a Src homology (SH2) docking site that can activate several signalling pathways(3). The first phase of the response (scattering), which results from cytoskeletal reorganization, loss of intercellular junctions and cell migration(4), is depdent on phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase and Rac activation(5,6). The second phase (growth) requires stimulation of the Ras-MAP kinase cascade(7). Here we show that the third phase (tubulogenesis) is dependent on the STAT pathway. HGF stimulates recruitment of Stat-3 to the receptor, tyrosine phosphorylation, nuclear translocation and binding to the specific promoter element SIE. Electroporation of a tyrosine-phosphorylated peptide, which interferes with both the association of STAT to the receptor and STAT dimerization, inhibits tubule formation in vitro without affecting either HGF-induced 'scattering' or growth. The same result is obtained using a specific 'decoy' oligonucleotide that prevents STAT from binding to DNA and affecting the expression of genes involved in cell-cycle regulation (c-fos and waf-1). Activation of signal transducers that directly control transcription is therefore required for morphogenesis.
C1 Univ Turin, Sch Med, Inst Canc Res, I-10060 Candiolo, Italy.
   Pharmacia & Upjohn Inc, Preclin Res, I-20014 Nerviano, Italy.
C3 University of Turin; Pfizer; Pfizer Italy
RP Boccaccio, C (corresponding author), Univ Turin, Sch Med, Inst Canc Res, Str Prov 142, I-10060 Candiolo, Italy.
EM cboccaccio@hal.ircc.polito.it
NR 30
TC 457
Z9 524
U1 0
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 15
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6664
BP 285
EP 288
DI 10.1038/34657
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YR328
UT WOS:000071484400051
PM 9440692
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Barger, AJ
   Cowie, LL
   Sanders, DB
   Fulton, E
   Taniguchi, Y
   Sato, Y
   Kawara, K
   Okuda, H
AF Barger, AJ
   Cowie, LL
   Sanders, DB
   Fulton, E
   Taniguchi, Y
   Sato, Y
   Kawara, K
   Okuda, H
TI Submillimetre-wavelength detection of dusty star-forming galaxies at high redshift
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Optical surveys of the global star-formation rate in high-redshift galaxies show a strong peak in activity at a redshift of z approximate to 1.5, which implies that most of the star formation(1) has already been seen. High-redshift galaxies may, however, emit most of their energy at submillimetre wavelengths, if they contain substantial amounts of dust that absorbs the starlight and reradiates it as far-infrared light. Here we report a deep survey of a blank region of sky, performed at submillimetre wavelengths (450 and 850 mu m). We detect luminous sources in the 850-mu m band which, if they have similar spectra to low-redshift ultraluminous infrared galaxies and are primarily powered by star formation, must each be converting more than 100 solar masses of gas per year into stars: this is larger than the maximum star-formation rates inferred for most optically selected galaxies(2). The total amount of star formation at high redshifts is essentially fixed by the level of background light, but where the peak activity occurs at submillimetre wavelengths is not yet well established. However, the background light inferred from the sources that we have detected is already comparable to that from the optically selected sources. Establishing the main epoch of star formation will therefore require a combination of optical and submillimetre studies.
C1 Univ Hawaii, Inst Astron, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   Tohoku Univ, Inst Astron, Sendai, Miyagi 9808578, Japan.
   ESA, Div Astrophys, ISO Sci Operat Ctr, E-28080 Madrid, Spain.
   Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Astron Inst, Tokyo 181, Japan.
C3 University of Hawaii System; Tohoku University; Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA); Institute of Space & Astronautical Science (ISAS); University of Tokyo
RP Barger, AJ (corresponding author), Univ Hawaii, Inst Astron, 2680 Woodlawn Dr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
EM barger@ifa.hawaii.edu
NR 34
TC 703
Z9 744
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 16
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6690
BP 248
EP 251
DI 10.1038/28338
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 101CK
UT WOS:000074851900038
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tynan, CT
AF Tynan, CT
TI Ecological importance of the Southern Boundary of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID euphausia-superba; ocean; zone; stratification
AB The Southern Ocean surrounds the Antarctic continent and supports one of the most productive marine ecosystems. Migratory and endemic species of whales, seals and birds benefit from the high biomass of their principal prey, krill (Euphausia superba) and cephalopods, in this area. Most species of baleen whales and male sperm whales in the Southern Hemisphere migrate between low-latitude breeding grounds in winter and highly productive Antarctic feeding grounds in summer. Here I show the importance of the southernmost reaches of the strongest ocean current, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), to a complex and predictable food web of the Southern Ocean, The circumpolar distributions of blue, fin and humpback whales from spring to midsummer trace the non-uniform high-latitude penetration of shoaled, nutrient-rich Upper Circumpolar Deep Water, which is carried eastward by the ACC, The poleward extent of this water mass delineates the Southern Boundary(1) of the ACC and corresponds not only to the circumpolar distributions of baleen whales, but also to distributions of krill and to regions of high, seasonally averaged, phytoplankton biomass, Sperm whales, which feed on cephalopods(2), also congregate in highest densities near the Southern Boundary. The association of primary production, Krill, and whales with the Southern Boundary, suggests that it provides predictably productive foraging for many species, and is of critical importance to the function of the Southern Ocean ecosystem.
C1 NOAA, Natl Res Council, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA.
C3 National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; National Academies of Sciences, Engineering & Medicine
RP Tynan, CT (corresponding author), NOAA, Natl Res Council, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA.
NR 19
TC 209
Z9 239
U1 1
U2 77
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 16
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6677
BP 708
EP 710
DI 10.1038/33675
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZH612
UT WOS:000073129000056
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Collett, M
   Collett, TS
   Bisch, S
   Wehner, R
AF Collett, M
   Collett, TS
   Bisch, S
   Wehner, R
TI Local and global vectors in desert ant navigation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Desert ants returning from a foraging trip to their nest navigate both by path integration and by visual landmarks(1-3). In path integration, ants compute their net distance and direction from the nest throughout their outward(1) and return(4) journeys, and so can always return directly home from their current location(1). As the path-integration vector is updated over the entire journey, we call it a global vector. On a familiar route, when ants can steer by visual landmarks, they adopt a fixed and often circuitous path consisting of several separate segments that point in different directions(2,3,5). Here we show that, as in honeybees(6-8), such multisegment journeys are composed partly of stored local movement vectors, which are associated with landmarks and are recalled at the appropriate place. We also show that a local vector learnt at one value of the global vector can be recalled at many values, and that expression of the global vector is temporarily inhibited while the local vector is used. These results indicate that the global vector is ignored during navigation through familiar, cluttered territory, but that it re-emerges to take the ant home once the insect leaves the clutter and other guidance strategies cease to operate.
C1 Univ Sussex, Sch Biol Sci, Sussex Ctr Neurosci, Brighton BN1 9QG, E Sussex, England.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, BBSRC, NERC,Ecol & Behav Grp, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
   Univ Zurich, Dept Zool, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Univ Bonn, Inst Zool, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
C3 University of Sussex; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC); University of Oxford; University of Zurich; University of Bonn
RP Collett, TS (corresponding author), Univ Sussex, Sch Biol Sci, Sussex Ctr Neurosci, Brighton BN1 9QG, E Sussex, England.
EM t.s.collett@sussex.ac.uk
NR 12
TC 219
Z9 238
U1 2
U2 50
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 16
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6690
BP 269
EP 272
DI 10.1038/28378
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 101CK
UT WOS:000074851900045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ji, Q
   Currie, PJ
   Norell, MA
   Ji, SA
AF Ji, Q
   Currie, PJ
   Norell, MA
   Ji, SA
TI Two feathered dinosaurs from northeastern China
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID early cretaceous birds; mongolia
AB Current controversy over the origin and early evolution of birds centres on whether or not they are derived from coelurosaurian theropod dinosaurs. Here we describe two theropods from the Upper Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous Chaomidlanzi Formation of Liaoning province, China. Although both theropods have feathers, it is likely that neither was able to fly. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that they are both more primitive than the earliest known avialan third), Archaeopteryx. These new fossils represent stages in the evolution of birds from feathered, ground-living, bipedal dinosaurs.
C1 Royal Tyrrell Museum Palaeontol, Drumheller, AB T0J 0Y0, Canada.
   Natl Geol Museum China, Beijing 100034, Peoples R China.
   Amer Museum Nat Hist, New York, NY 10024 USA.
C3 American Museum of Natural History (AMNH)
RP Currie, PJ (corresponding author), Royal Tyrrell Museum Palaeontol, Box 7500, Drumheller, AB T0J 0Y0, Canada.
EM pcurrie@mcd.gov.ab.ca
NR 33
TC 488
Z9 586
U1 3
U2 201
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 25
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6687
BP 753
EP 761
DI 10.1038/31635
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZW652
UT WOS:000074433100039
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brune, H
   Giovannini, M
   Bromann, K
   Kern, K
AF Brune, H
   Giovannini, M
   Bromann, K
   Kern, K
TI Self-organized growth of nanostructure arrays on strain-relief patterns
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID scanning tunneling microscope; nucleation; surfaces; au(111); ingaas; dots; gaas
AB The physical and chemical properties of low-dimensional structures depend on their size and shape, and can be very different from those of bulk matter. If such structures have at least one dimension small enough that quantum-mechanical effects prevail, their behaviour can be particularly interesting. In this way, for example, magnetic nanostructures can be made from materials that are non-magnetic in bulk(1), catalytic activity can emerge from traditionally inert elements such as gold(2), and electronic behaviour useful for device technology can be developed(3,4). The controlled fabrication of ordered metal and semiconductor nanostructures at surfaces remains, however, a difficult challenge. Here we describe the fabrication of highly ordered, two-dimensional nanostructure arrays through nucleation of deposited metal atoms on substrates with periodic patterns defined by dislocations that form to relieve strain. The strain-relief patterns are created spontaneously when a monolayer or two of one material is deposited on a substrate with a different lattice constant. Dislocations often repel adsorbed atoms diffusing over the surface, and so they can serve as templates for the confined nucleation of nanostructures from adatoms. We use this technique to prepare ordered arrays of silver and iron nanostructures on metal substrates.
C1 Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, Inst Phys Expt, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne
RP Kern, K (corresponding author), Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, Inst Phys Expt, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
NR 24
TC 594
Z9 632
U1 1
U2 220
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 30
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6692
BP 451
EP 453
DI 10.1038/28804
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 105NT
UT WOS:000075080400043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wylie, DRW
   Bischof, WF
   Frost, BJ
AF Wylie, DRW
   Bischof, WF
   Frost, BJ
TI Common reference frame for neural coding of translational and rotational optic flow
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pigeon vestibulocerebellar neurons; optokinetic stimulation; spatial-organization; self-motion; visual flow; responses; perception; flocculus
AB Self-movement of an organism through the environment is guided jointly by information provided by the vestibular system and by visual pathways that are specialized for detecting 'optic flow'(1,2). Motion of any object through space, including the self-motion of organisms, can be described with reference to six degrees of freedom: rotation about three orthogonal axes, and translation along these axes, Here we describe neurons in the pigeon brain that respond best to optic flow resulting from translation along one of the three orthogonal axes, We show that these translational optic flow neurons, like rotational optic flow neuron(3-5), share a common spatial frame of reference with the semicircular canals of the vestibular system. The three axes to which these neurons respond best are the vertical axis and two horizontal axes orientated at 45 degrees to either side of the body midline.
C1 Univ Alberta, Dept Psychol, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada.
   Queens Univ, Dept Psychol, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
C3 University of Alberta; Queens University - Canada
RP Wylie, DRW (corresponding author), Univ Alberta, Dept Psychol, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada.
NR 21
TC 93
Z9 97
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 19
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6673
BP 278
EP 282
DI 10.1038/32648
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZC739
UT WOS:000072612300046
PM 9521321
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Doublié, S
   Tabor, S
   Long, AM
   Richardson, CC
   Ellenberger, T
AF Doublié, S
   Tabor, S
   Long, AM
   Richardson, CC
   Ellenberger, T
TI Crystal structure of a bacteriophage T7 DNA replication complex at 2.2 Å resolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli thioredoxin; i klenow fragment; polymerase-i; deoxynucleoside triphosphate; deoxyribonucleic-acid; exonuclease activity; protein; mechanism; residues; mutant
AB DNA polymerases change their specificity for nucleotide substrates with each catalytic cycle, while achieving error frequencies in the range of 10(-5) to 10(-6). Here we present a 2.2 Angstrom crystal structure of the replicative DNA polymerase from bacteriophage T7 complexed with a primer-template and a nucleoside triphosphate in the polymerase active site. The structure illustrates how nucleotides are selected in a template-directed manner, and provides a structural basis for a metal-assisted mechanism of phosphoryl transfer by a large group of related polymerases.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem & Mol Pharmacol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Ellenberger, T (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem & Mol Pharmacol, 240 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM stabor@heckle.med.harvard.edu; tome@jeckle.med.harvard.edu
NR 50
TC 1122
Z9 1301
U1 3
U2 73
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 15
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6664
BP 251
EP 258
DI 10.1038/34593
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YR328
UT WOS:000071484400040
PM 9440688
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Carmi, I
   Kopczynski, JB
   Meyer, BJ
AF Carmi, I
   Kopczynski, JB
   Meyer, BJ
TI The nuclear hormone receptor SEX-1 is an X-chromosome signal that determines nematode sex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ligand-binding domain; caenorhabditis-elegans; dosage compensation; crystal-structure; retinoic acid; c-elegans; gene; identification; transcription; superfamily
AB Organisms in many phyla determine sexual fate by distinguishing one X chromosome from two. Here we use the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans to dissect such an X-chromosome-counting mechanism in molecular detail. In this nematode, several genes on the X chromosome called X signal elements communicate X-chromosome dose by controlling the activity of the sex-determination gene xol-1 (refs 1, 2), xol-1 specifies male (XO) fate when active and hermaphrodite (XX) fate when inactive(3,4). The only X signal element described so far represses xol-1 post-transcriptionally, but xol-1 is repressed in XX animals by transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms(2). Here we identify a nuclear-hormone-receptor homologue, SEX-1, that regulates the transcription of xol-1. We show that sex-1 is vital to X-chromosome counting: changing sex-1 gene dose in XX or XO embryos causes sexual transformation and death from inadequate dosage compensation (the hermaphrodite-specific process that equalizes X-gene expression between the sexes(5)). The SEX-1 protein acts directly on xol-1, associating with its promoter in vivo and repressing xol-1 transcription in XX embryos. Thus, xol-1 is the direct molecular target of the primary sex-determination signal, and the dose of a nuclear hormone receptor helps to communicate X-chromosome number to determine nematode sex.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Meyer, BJ (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM030702] Funding Source: Medline
NR 26
TC 116
Z9 154
U1 1
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 12
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6707
BP 168
EP 173
DI 10.1038/24164
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 139DU
UT WOS:000077013300052
PM 9823896
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cavallo, RA
   Cox, RT
   Moline, MM
   Roose, J
   Polevoy, GA
   Clevers, H
   Peifer, M
   Bejsovec, A
AF Cavallo, RA
   Cox, RT
   Moline, MM
   Roose, J
   Polevoy, GA
   Clevers, H
   Peifer, M
   Bejsovec, A
TI Drosophila Tcf and Groucho interact to repress Wingless signalling activity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID segment polarity gene; beta-catenin; cubitus interruptus; transcription; melanogaster; expression; armadillo; complex; protein; lef-1
AB Wingless/Wnt signalling directs cell-fate choices during embryonic development(1,2). Inappropriate reactivation of the pathway causes cancer(3-5). In Drosophila, signal transduction from Wingless stabilizes cytosolic Armadillo(1), which then forms a bipartite transcription factor with the HMG-box protein Drosophila Tcf (dTcf) and activates expression of Wingless-responsive genes(6-8) Here we report that in the absence of Armadillo, dTcf acts as a transcriptional repressor of Wingless-responsive genes, and we show that Groucho acts as a corepressor in this process. Reduction of dTcf activity partially suppresses wingless and armadillo mutant phenotypes, leading to derepression of Wingless-responsive genes. Furthermore, overexpression of wild-type dTcf enhances the phenotype of a weak wingless allele. Finally, mutations in the Drosophila groucho gene also suppress wingless and armadillo mutant phenotypes as Groucho physically interacts with dTcf and is required for its full repressor activity.
C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Biochem Mol Biol & Cell Biol, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Genet & Mol Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Univ Utrecht Hosp, Dept Immunol, NL-3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands.
C3 Northwestern University; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; Utrecht University; Utrecht University Medical Center
RP Bejsovec, A (corresponding author), Northwestern Univ, Dept Biochem Mol Biol & Cell Biol, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
EM bejsovec@nwu.edu
NR 26
TC 597
Z9 782
U1 0
U2 38
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 8
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6702
BP 604
EP 608
DI 10.1038/26982
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 127QW
UT WOS:000076362900049
PM 9783586
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Geim, AK
   Dubonos, SV
   Lok, JGS
   Henini, M
   Maan, JC
AF Geim, AK
   Dubonos, SV
   Lok, JGS
   Henini, M
   Maan, JC
TI Paramagnetic Meissner effect in small superconductors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-temperature superconductors; high-tc superconductors; magnetization; nb
AB A superconductor placed in a magnetic field and cooled down through the transition temperature expels magnetic flux. This phenomenon, known as the Meissner effect, is arguably the most essential property of superconductors and implies zero resistivity. Surprisingly, several recent experiments have shown that some superconducting samples(1-7) may attract magnetic field-the so-called paramagnetic Meissner effect. The scarce, if not controversial, experimental evidence for this effect makes it difficult to identify the origin of this enigmatic phenomenon, although a large number of possible explanations have been advanced(8-16). Here we report observations of the paramagnetic Meissner effect with a resolution better than one quantum of magnetic flux. The paramagnetic Meissner effect is found to be an oscillating function of the magnetic field (due to flux quantization) and replaces the normal Meissner effect only above a certain field when several nux quanta are frozen inside a superconductor. The paramagnetic state is found to be metastable and the Meissner state can be restored by external noise. We conclude that the paramagnetic Meissner effect is related to the surface superconductivity and, therefore, represents a general property of superconductors: on decreasing temperature, the flux captured at the third (surface) critical field inside the superconducting sheath compresses into a smaller volume, allowing extra flux to penetrate at the surface.
C1 Univ Nijmegen, Mat Res Inst, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands.
   Russian Acad Sci, Inst Microelect Technol, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia.
   Univ Nottingham, Dept Phys, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England.
C3 Radboud University Nijmegen; Russian Academy of Sciences; University of Nottingham
RP Geim, AK (corresponding author), Univ Nijmegen, Mat Res Inst, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands.
NR 25
TC 246
Z9 261
U1 0
U2 77
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 12
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6707
BP 144
EP 146
DI 10.1038/24110
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 139DU
UT WOS:000077013300044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Guilford, P
   Hopkins, J
   Harraway, J
   McLeod, M
   McLeod, N
   Harawira, P
   Taite, H
   Scoular, R
   Miller, A
   Reeve, AE
AF Guilford, P
   Hopkins, J
   Harraway, J
   McLeod, M
   McLeod, N
   Harawira, P
   Taite, H
   Scoular, R
   Miller, A
   Reeve, AE
TI E-cadherin germline mutations in familial gastric cancer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID invasion-suppressor gene; lobular breast cancers; carcinoma cell-lines; expression; extraction; stomach
AB The identification of genes predisposing to familial cancer is an essential step towards understanding the molecular events underlying tumorigenesis and is critical for the clinical management of affected families. Despite a declining incidence, gastric cancer remains a major cause of cancer death worldwide(1), and about 10% of cases show familial clustering(2,3), The relative contributions of inherited susceptibility and environmental effects to familial gastric cancer are poorly understood because little is known of the genetic events that predispose to gastric cancer. Here we describe the identification of the gene responsible for early-onset, histologically poorly differentiated, high grade, diffuse gastric cancer(4) in a large kindred from New Zealand (Aotearoa), Genetic linkage analysis demonstrated significant Linkage to markers flanking the gene for the calcium-dependent cell-adhesion protein E-cadherin. Sequencing of the E-cadherin gene revealed a G-->T nucleotide substitution in the donor splice consensus sequence of exon 7, leading to a truncated gene product, Diminished E-cadherin expression is associated with aggressive, poorly differentiated carcinomas(5). Underexpression of E-cadherin is a prognostic marker of poor clinical outcome in many tumour types(6), and restored expression of E-cadherin in tumour models can suppress the invasiveness of epithelial tumour cells(7,8). The role of E-cadherin in gastric cancer susceptibility was confirmed by identifying inactivating mutations in other gastric cancer families, In one family a frameshift mutation,vas identified in exon 15, and in a second family a premature stop codon interrupted exon 13, These results describe, to our knowledge for the first time, a molecular basis for familial gastric cancer, and confirm the important role of E-cadherin mutations in cancer.
C1 Univ Otago, Dept Biochem, Canc Genet Lab, Dunedin, Aotearoa, New Zealand.
   Kimi Hauora Hlth Clin, Mt Maunganui S, Aotearoa, New Zealand.
   Tauranga Publ Hosp, Tauranga, Aotearoa, New Zealand.
   Univ Otago, Dept Pathol, Dunedin, Aotearoa, New Zealand.
C3 University of Otago; University of Otago
RP Guilford, P (corresponding author), Univ Otago, Dept Biochem, Canc Genet Lab, POB 56, Dunedin, Aotearoa, New Zealand.
EM parry.guilford@stonebow.otago.ac.nz
NR 29
TC 1306
Z9 1475
U1 0
U2 68
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 26
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6674
BP 402
EP 405
DI 10.1038/32918
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZD694
UT WOS:000072713600055
PM 9537325
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU De Felipe, C
   Herrero, JF
   O'Brien, JA
   Palmer, JA
   Doyle, CA
   Smith, AJH
   Laird, JMA
   Belmonte, C
   Cervero, F
   Hunt, SP
AF De Felipe, C
   Herrero, JF
   O'Brien, JA
   Palmer, JA
   Doyle, CA
   Smith, AJH
   Laird, JMA
   Belmonte, C
   Cervero, F
   Hunt, SP
TI Altered nociception, analgesia and aggression in mice lacking the receptor for substance P
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stress-induced analgesia; primary sensory neurons; dorsal horn; spinal-cord; rat; antagonist; activation; inhibition; induction; localization
AB The peptide neurotransmitter substance P modulates sensitivity to pain by activating the neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor, which is expressed by discrete populations of neurons throughout the central nervous system(1-4). Substance P is synthesized by small-diameter sensory 'pain' fibres(5), and release of the peptide into the dorsal horn of the spinal cord following intense peripheral stimulation(6) promotes central hyperexcitability and increased sensitivity to pain(7-10). However, despite the availability of specific NK-1 antagonists(4), the function of substance P in the perception of pain remains unclear Here we investigate the effect of disrupting the gene encoding the NK-1 receptor in mice, We found that the mutant mice were healthy and fertile, but the characteristic amplification ('wind up') and intensity coding of nociceptive reflexes was absent, Although substance P did not mediate the signalling of acute pain or hyperalgesia, it was essential for the full development of stress-induced analgesia and for an aggressive response to territorial challenge, demonstrating that the peptide plays an unexpected role in the adaptive response to stress.
C1 MRC, Mol Neurobiol Lab, Div Neurobiol, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
   Univ Miguel Hernandez, Inst Neurociencias, Alicante 03080, Spain.
   Univ Alcala de Henares, Fac Med, Dept Fisiol, Madrid 28871, Spain.
   Univ Edinburgh, Ctr Genome Res, Edinburgh EH9 3JQ, Midlothian, Scotland.
C3 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); Universidad Miguel Hernandez de Elche; CSIC-UMH - Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante (IN); Universidad de Alcala; University of Edinburgh
RP Hunt, SP (corresponding author), MRC, Mol Neurobiol Lab, Div Neurobiol, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
EM hunt@mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk
NR 29
TC 643
Z9 654
U1 0
U2 41
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 26
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6674
BP 394
EP 397
DI 10.1038/32904
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZD694
UT WOS:000072713600053
PM 9537323
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lee, K
   Wanninkhof, R
   Takahashi, T
   Doney, SC
   Feely, RA
AF Lee, K
   Wanninkhof, R
   Takahashi, T
   Doney, SC
   Feely, RA
TI Low interannual variability in recent oceanic uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID north pacific; co2; budget; pco(2); sink; flux
AB An improved understanding of the partitioning of carbon between the atmosphere, terrestrial biosphere, and ocean allows for more accurate predictions of future atmospheric CO2 concentrations under various fossil-fuel CO2-emission scenarios. One of the more poorly quantified relevant processes is the interannual variability in the uptake of fossil-fuel CO2 from the atmosphere by the terrestrial biosphere and ocean. Existing estimates, based on atmospheric measurements, indicate that the oceanic variability is large(1-3). Here we estimate the interannual variability in global net air-sea CO2 nux using changes in the observed wind speeds and the partial pressure of CO2 (p(co2)) in surface sea water and the overlying air. Changes in seawater P-co2 are deduced from interannual anomalies in sea surface temperature and the regionally and seasonally varying temperature-dependence of seawater P-co2, assuming that variations in sea surface temperature reflect seawater P-co2 changes caused by thermodynamics, biological processes and water mixing. The calculated interannual variability in oceanic CO2 uptake of 0.4 Ct Cyr(-1) (2 sigma) is much less than that inferred from the analysis of atmospheric measurements(1-3). Our results suggest that variable sequestration of carbon by the terrestrial biosphere is the main cause of observed year-to-year variations in the rate of atmospheric CO2 accumulation.
C1 Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, CIMAS, Miami, FL 33149 USA.
   NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
   Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Climate & Global Dynam, Boulder, CO 80307 USA.
   NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA.
C3 University of Miami; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; Atlantic Oceanographic & Meteorological Laboratory (AOML); Columbia University; National Center Atmospheric Research (NCAR) - USA; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA
RP Lee, K (corresponding author), Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, CIMAS, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA.
EM lee@aoml.noaa.gov
NR 25
TC 111
Z9 121
U1 0
U2 27
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 12
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6707
BP 155
EP 159
DI 10.1038/24139
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 139DU
UT WOS:000077013300048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bourne, SJ
   England, PC
   Parsons, B
AF Bourne, SJ
   England, PC
   Parsons, B
TI The motion of crustal blocks driven by flow of the lower lithosphere and implications for slip rates of continental strike-slip faults
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID san-andreas fault; pacific plate boundary; strain accumulation; southern-california; new-zealand; geodetic measurement; earthquake cycle; north canterbury; deformation; stress
AB Geodetic measurements in actively deforming areas of the continents reveal the pattern of deformation in the lithosphere. If the dominant forces acting on crustal blocks are tractions al their bases, then the long-term motion of each block will be given by the average velocity of the underlying lithosphere. Slip rates between blocks estimated in this way from recent geodetic measurements across fault zones in the South Island of New Zealand and Southern California are in good agreement with slip rates estimated geologically.
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Earth Sci, Oxford OX1 3PR, England.
C3 University of Oxford
RP Bourne, SJ (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Earth Sci, Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PR, England.
EM S.J.Borune@siep.shell.com
NR 53
TC 160
Z9 177
U1 1
U2 26
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 12
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6668
BP 655
EP 659
DI 10.1038/35556
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YW872
UT WOS:000071982500041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ishida, K
   Mukuda, H
   Kitaoka, Y
   Asayama, K
   Mao, ZQ
   Mori, Y
   Maeno, Y
AF Ishida, K
   Mukuda, H
   Kitaoka, Y
   Asayama, K
   Mao, ZQ
   Mori, Y
   Maeno, Y
TI Spin-triplet superconductivity in Sr2RuO4 identified by 17O Knight shift
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nuclear-relaxation; nmr; state; copper; upt3; nqr
AB Superconductivity-one of the best understood many-body problems in physics-has again become a challenge following the discovery of unconventional superconducting materials: these include heavy-fenmion(1), organic(2) and the high-transition-temperature copper oxide(3) superconductors. In conventional superconductors, the electrons form superconducting Cooper pairs in a spin-singlet state, which has zero total spin (S = 0), In principle, Cooper pairs can also form in a spin-triplet state (S = 1), analogous to the spin-triplet 'p-wave' state of paired neutral fermions in superfluid He-3 (ref, 4), At present, the heavy-fermion compound UPt3 is the only known spin-triplet superconductor(5,6), although the layered oxide superconductor Sr2RuO4 (ref, 7) is believed, on theoretical grounds(8), to be a promising candidate. The most direct means of identifying the spin state of Cooper pairs is from measurements of their spin susceptibility, which can be determined by the Knight shift las probed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)), Here we report Knight-shift measurements of Sr2RuO2 using O-17 NMR, Our results show no change in spin susceptibility on passing through the superconducting transition temperature, which provides the definitive identification of Sr2RuO4 as a spin-triplet superconductor.
C1 Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Engn Sci, Dept Phys Sci, Osaka 5608531, Japan.
   Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Phys, Kyoto 6068502, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, CREST, Kawaguchi, Saitama 3320012, Japan.
C3 University of Osaka; Kyoto University; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Ishida, K (corresponding author), Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Engn Sci, Dept Phys Sci, Osaka 5608531, Japan.
EM ishida@mp.es.osaka-u.ac.jp
NR 21
TC 907
Z9 976
U1 3
U2 201
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 17
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6712
BP 658
EP 660
DI 10.1038/25315
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 150YT
UT WOS:000077694200048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Garry, DJ
   Ordway, GA
   Lorenz, LN
   Radford, NB
   Chin, ER
   Grange, RW
   Bassel-Duby, R
   Williams, RS
AF Garry, DJ
   Ordway, GA
   Lorenz, LN
   Radford, NB
   Chin, ER
   Grange, RW
   Bassel-Duby, R
   Williams, RS
TI Mice without myoglobin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID muscle; expression; gene; oxygen; heart
AB Myoglobin, an intracellular haemoprotein expressed in the heart and oxidative skeletal myofibres of vertebrates, binds molecular oxygen and may facilitate oxygen transport from erythrocytes to mitochondria, thereby maintaining cellular respiration during periods of high physiological demand(1-10). Here we show, however, that mice without myoglobin, generated by gene-knockout techhnology, are fertile and exhibit normal exercise capacity and a normal ventilatory response to low oxygen levels (hypoxia). Heart and soleus muscles from these animals are depigmented, but function normally in standard assays of muscle performance in vitro across a range of work conditions and oxygen availability. These data show that myoglobin is not required to meet the metabolic requirements of pregnancy or exercise in a terrestrial mammal, and raise new questions about oxygen transport and metabolic regulation in working muscles.
C1 Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Internal Med, Dallas, TX 75235 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Physiol, Dallas, TX 75235 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Mol Biol Oncol, Dallas, TX 75235 USA.
   Univ Cincinnati, Dept Cellular & Mol Physiol, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas; University System of Ohio; University of Cincinnati
RP Williams, RS (corresponding author), Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Internal Med, Dallas, TX 75235 USA.
NR 17
TC 235
Z9 259
U1 0
U2 26
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 29
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6705
BP 905
EP 908
DI 10.1038/27681
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 133XT
UT WOS:000076713400058
PM 9804424
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Craig, AWB
   Haghighat, A
   Yu, ATK
   Sonenberg, N
AF Craig, AWB
   Haghighat, A
   Yu, ATK
   Sonenberg, N
TI Interaction of polyadenylate-binding protein with the eIF4G homologue PAIP enhances translation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID poly(a)-binding protein; initiation; rna; motif
AB In the initiation of translation in eukaryotes, binding of the small ribosomal subunit to the messenger RNA results from recognition of the 5' cap structure (m(7)GpppX) of the mRNA by the cap-binding complex eIF4F(1). eIF4F is itself a three-subunit complex comprising the cap-binding protein eIF4E(2), eIF4A, an ATP-dependent RNA helicase(3), and eIF4G, which interacts with both eIF4A and eIF4E and enhances cap binding by eIF4E(4). The mRNA 3' polyadenylate tail and the associated poly(A)-binding protein (PABP) also regulate translational initiation(5), probably by interacting with the 5' end of the mRNA(6,7). In yeast(8,9) and plants(10), PABP interacts with eIF4G(8,9) but no such interaction has been reported in mammalian cells. Here, we describe a new human PABP-interacting protein, PAIP-1, whose sequence is similar to the central portion of eIF4G and which interacts with eIE4A. Overexpression of PAIP-1 in COS-7 cells stimulates translation, perhaps by providing a physical link between the mRNA termini.
C1 McGill Univ, Dept Biochem, Montreal, PQ H3G 1Y6, Canada.
   McGill Univ, Ctr Canc, Montreal, PQ H3G 1Y6, Canada.
C3 McGill University; McGill University
RP Sonenberg, N (corresponding author), McGill Univ, Dept Biochem, 3655 Drummond St, Montreal, PQ H3G 1Y6, Canada.
NR 29
TC 323
Z9 389
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 2
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6675
BP 520
EP 523
DI 10.1038/33198
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZF215
UT WOS:000072875200065
PM 9548260
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Granström, M
   Petritsch, K
   Arias, AC
   Lux, A
   Andersson, MR
   Friend, RH
AF Granström, M
   Petritsch, K
   Arias, AC
   Lux, A
   Andersson, MR
   Friend, RH
TI Laminated fabrication of polymeric photovoltaic diodes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID donor-acceptor heterojunctions; conjugated polymers; cell; electroluminescence; composites; devices
AB Photoexcited electron transfer between donor and acceptor molecular semiconductors provides a method of efficient charge generation following photoabsorption, which can be exploited in photovoltaic diodes(1-3). But efficient charge separation and transport to collection electrodes is problematic, because the absorbed photons must be close to the donor-acceptor heterojunction, while at the same time good connectivity of the donor and acceptor materials to their respective electrodes is required. Mixtures of acceptor and donor semiconducting polymers(3,4) (or macromolecules(5)) can provide phase-separated structures which go some way to meeting this requirement, providing high photoconductive efficiencies. Here we describe two-layer polymer diodes, fabricated by a lamination technique followed by controlled annealing, The resulting structures provide good connectivity to the collection electrodes, and we achieve a short-circuit photovoltaic quantum efficiency of up to 29% at optimum wavelength, and an overall power conversion efficiency of 1.9% under a simulated solar spectrum. Given the convenience of polymer processing, these results indicate a promising avenue towards practical applications for such devices.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Dept Phys, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England.
   Cambridge Display Technol Ltd, Cambridge CB3 0DJ, England.
   Chalmers Univ Technol, Dept Polymer Technol, S-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.
C3 University of Cambridge; Chalmers University of Technology
RP Friend, RH (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Dept Phys, Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England.
EM rhf10@cam.ac.uk
NR 24
TC 1277
Z9 1437
U1 0
U2 227
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 17
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6699
BP 257
EP 260
DI 10.1038/26183
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 120TZ
UT WOS:000075974600044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Usher, M
   Donnelly, N
AF Usher, M
   Donnelly, N
TI Visual synchrony affects binding and segmentation in perception
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID macaque monkey; cortex; information; models
AB The visual system analyses information by decomposing complex objects into simple components (visual features) that are widely distributed across the cortex(1,2). When several objects are present simultaneously in the visual field, a mechanism is required to group (bind) together visual features that belong to each object and to separate (segment) them from features of other objects. An attractive scheme for binding visual features into a coherent percept consists of synchronizing the activity of their neural representations(3-6). If synchrony is important in binding, one would expect that binding and segmentation are facilitated by visual displays that are temporally manipulated to induce stimulus-dependent synchrony. Here we show that visual grouping is indeed facilitated when elements of one percept are presented at the same time as each other and are temporally separated (on a scale below the integration time of the visual system(7)) from elements of another percept or from background elements. Our results indicate that binding is due to a global mechanism of grouping caused by synchronous neural activation, and not to a local mechanism of motion computation.
C1 Univ Kent, Dept Psychol, Canterbury CP2 7NP, Kent, England.
C3 University of Kent
RP Usher, M (corresponding author), Univ Kent, Dept Psychol, Canterbury CP2 7NP, Kent, England.
EM mu@ukc.ac.uk
NR 25
TC 145
Z9 155
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 9
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6689
BP 179
EP 182
DI 10.1038/28166
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZZ203
UT WOS:000074705900053
PM 9671300
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rothwarf, DM
   Zandi, E
   Natoli, G
   Karin, M
AF Rothwarf, DM
   Zandi, E
   Natoli, G
   Karin, M
TI IKK-γ is an essential regulatory subunit of the IκB kinase complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transcription factor; activation; alpha; phosphorylation; dissociation; beta
AB Pro-inflammatory cytokines activate the transcription factor NF-kappa B by stimulating the activity of a protein kinase that phosphorylates I kappa B, an inhibitor of NF-kappa B1-5, af sites that trigger its ubiquitination and degradation. This results in the nuclear translocation of freed NF-kappa B dimers and the activation of transcription of target genes(6,7). Many of these target genes code for immunoregulatory proteins(8,9). A large, cytokine-responsive I kappa B kinase (IKK) complex has been purified and the genes encoding two of its subunits have been cloned(1,2,5). These subunits, IKK-alpha and IKK-beta, are protein kinases whose function is needed for NF-kappa B activation by pro-inflammatory stimuli. Here, by using a monoclonal antibody against IKK-alpha, we purify the IKK complex to homogeneity from human cell lines. We find that IKK is composed of similar amounts of IKK-alpha, IKK-beta and two other polypeptides, for which we obtained partial sequences. These polypeptides are differentially processed forms of a third subunit, IKK-gamma. Molecular cloning and sequencing indicate that IKK-gamma is composed of several potential coiled-coil moths. IKK-gamma interacts preferentially with IKK-beta and is required for the activation of the IKK complex. An IKK-gamma carboxy-terminal truncation mutant that still binds IKK-beta blocks the activation of IKK and NF-kappa B.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Pharmacol, Lab Gene Regulat & Signal Transduct, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Karin, M (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Pharmacol, Lab Gene Regulat & Signal Transduct, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
EM karinoffice@ucsd.edu
NR 18
TC 843
Z9 1020
U1 1
U2 11
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 17
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6699
BP 297
EP 300
DI 10.1038/26261
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 120TZ
UT WOS:000075974600056
PM 9751060
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shimizu, K
   Suhara, K
   Ikumo, M
   Eremets, MI
   Amaya, K
AF Shimizu, K
   Suhara, K
   Ikumo, M
   Eremets, MI
   Amaya, K
TI Superconductivity in oxygen
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transition
AB Among the simple diatomic molecules, oxygen is of particular interest because it shows magnetism at low temperatures. Moreover, at pressures exceeding 95 GPa (similar to 0.95 Mbar), solid molecular oxygen becomes metallic, accompanied by a structural transition(1). The metallization process is characterized by an increase in optical reflectivity(2), and a change in the slope of the resistance-temperature curve(3), Here we report that at pressures of around 100 GPa, solid oxygen becomes superconducting, with a transition temperature of 0.6 K, The transition is revealed by both resistivity measurements and a Meissner demagnetization signal.
C1 Osaka Univ, Fac Engn Sci, Dept Mat Phys, Osaka 5608531, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, CREST, Kawaguchi, Saitama 3320012, Japan.
   Japan Atom Energy Res Inst, Adv Sci Res Ctr, Naka, Ibaraki 3191195, Japan.
C3 University of Osaka; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Japan Atomic Energy Agency
RP Shimizu, K (corresponding author), Osaka Univ, Fac Engn Sci, Dept Mat Phys, Osaka 5608531, Japan.
NR 5
TC 247
Z9 273
U1 0
U2 58
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 25
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6687
BP 767
EP 769
DI 10.1038/31656
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZW652
UT WOS:000074433100042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Percec, V
   Ahn, CH
   Ungar, G
   Yeardley, DJP
   Möller, M
   Sheiko, SS
AF Percec, V
   Ahn, CH
   Ungar, G
   Yeardley, DJP
   Möller, M
   Sheiko, SS
TI Controlling polymer shape through the self-assembly of dendritic side-groups
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nobel lecture; dendrimers; phases; sans
AB The chain conformation of polymers plays an important role in controlling their phase behaviour and associated material properties, In the case of flexible polymers, conformation is controlled by the degree of polymerization (DP), with low-DP polymers having extended polymer chains and high-DP polymers adopting random-coil conformations in solution and the bulk amorphous state(1), and folded conformations in the crystalline phase(2). Exceptions to this general rule are polymers that contain structurally rigid building blocks, or that are subjected to directional shear forces during solidification, The backbones of semi-flexible and rigid rod-like polymers, for example, are always extended in liquid crystalline and crystalline phases(3-5), and gel-spun flexible polymers form extended-chain crystals(2). Here we report a general strategy for the rational control of polymer conformation through the self-assembly of quasi-equivalent monodendritic (branched) side-groups attached to flexible backbones, At low DPs, the conical monodendrons assemble to produce a spherical polymer with random-coil backbone conformation, On increasing the DP, the self-assembly pattern of the monodendritic units changes to give cylindrical polymers with extended backbones, This correlation between polymer conformation and DP is opposite to that seen in most synthetic and natural macromolecules, We anticipate that our strategy will provide new approaches for the rational design of organized supramolecular materials(6-9) in areas such as nanotechnology, functional films and fibres, molecular devices, and membranes, expanding the synthetic and technological uses of dendritic building blocks(7,10-15).
C1 Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Macromol Sci, WM Keck Labs Organ Synth, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
   Univ Sheffield, Dept Mat Engn, Sheffield S1 3JD, S Yorkshire, England.
   Univ Sheffield, Ctr Mol Mat, Sheffield S1 3JD, S Yorkshire, England.
   Univ Ulm, D-89069 Ulm, Germany.
C3 University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University; University of Sheffield; University of Sheffield; Ulm University
RP Percec, V (corresponding author), Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Macromol Sci, WM Keck Labs Organ Synth, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
NR 27
TC 821
Z9 874
U1 5
U2 375
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 8
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6663
BP 161
EP 164
DI 10.1038/34384
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YQ378
UT WOS:000071380900046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rundlett, SE
   Carmen, AA
   Suka, N
   Turner, BM
   Grunstein, M
AF Rundlett, SE
   Carmen, AA
   Suka, N
   Turner, BM
   Grunstein, M
TI Transcriptional repression by UME6 involves deacetylation of lysine 5 of histone H4 by RPD3
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; gene-expression; yeast
AB The histone deacetylase RPD3 can be targeted to certain genes through its interaction with DNA-binding regulatory proteins. RPD3 can then repress gene transcription(1-6). In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, association of RPD3 with the transcriptional repressors SIN3 and UME6 results in repression of reporter genes containing the UME6-binding site(3). RPD3 can deacetylate all histone HS acetylation sites in cell extracts(7). However, it is unknown how H4 proteins located at genes near UME6-binding sites are affected, nor whether the effect of RPD3 is localized to the promoter regions. Here we study the mechanism by which RPD3 represses gene activity by examining the acetylation state of histone proteins at UME6-regulated genes. We used antibodies specific for individual acetylation sites in H4 to immunoprecipitate chromatin fragments. A deletion of RPD3 or SIN3, but not of the related histone-deacetylase gene HDA1, results in increased acetylation of the lysine 5 residue of H4 in the promoters of the UME6-regulated INO1 (ref. 8), IME2! (ref. 3) and SPO13 (ref. 9) genes. As increased acetylation of this residue is not merely a consequence of gene transcription, acetylation of this site may be essential for regulating gene activity.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Birmingham, Sch Med, Dept Anat, Chromatin & Gene Express Grp, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; University of Birmingham
RP Grunstein, M (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
EM mg@mbi.ucla.edu
NR 24
TC 375
Z9 427
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 23
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6678
BP 831
EP 835
DI 10.1038/33952
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZJ679
UT WOS:000073241200058
PM 9572144
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chen, L
   Glover, JNM
   Hogan, PG
   Rao, A
   Harrison, SC
AF Chen, L
   Glover, JNM
   Hogan, PG
   Rao, A
   Harrison, SC
TI Structure of the DNA binding domains from NFAT, Fos and Jun bound specifically to DNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID activated t-cells; transcription factor nfat1; nuclear factor; crystal-structure; cyclosporine-a; calcineurin; family; complex; gene; ap-1
AB The nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) and the AP-1 heterodimer, Fos-Jun, cooperatively bind a composite DNA site and synergistically activate the expression of many immune-response genes. A 2.7-Angstrom-resolution crystal structure of the DNA-binding domains of NFAT, Fos and Jun, in a quaternary complex with a DNA fragment containing the distal antigen-receptor response element from the interleukin-2 gene promoter, shows an extended interface between NFAT and AP-1, facilitated by the bending of Fos and DNA, The tight association of the three proteins on DNA creates a continuous groove for the recognition of 15 base pairs.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Blood Res, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Program in Cellular & Molecular Medicine (PCMM)
RP Harrison, SC (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM schadmin@crystal.harvard.edu
NR 50
TC 441
Z9 533
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 5
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6671
BP 42
EP 48
DI 10.1038/32100
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZA528
UT WOS:000072373000042
PM 9510247
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Macilwain, C
AF Macilwain, C
TI When rhetoric hits reality in debate on bioprospecting
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The growing interest of pharmaceutical and agri-business companies in genes from natural products is generating a complex set of conflicts with Third World nations, where most of the world's genetic diversity is to be found.
NR 3
TC 65
Z9 69
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 9
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6676
BP 535
EP +
DI 10.1038/33237
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZG300
UT WOS:000072987200013
PM 9560137
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rossignol-Strick, M
   Paterne, M
   Bassinot, FC
   Emeis, KC
   De Lange, GJ
AF Rossignol-Strick, M
   Paterne, M
   Bassinot, FC
   Emeis, KC
   De Lange, GJ
TI An unusual mid-pleistocene monsoon period over Africa and Asia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID time-scale; indian-ocean; climate; insolation; sapropels; elements; records
AB During the Quaternary period, organic-rich black layers called sapropels were intermittently deposited in the deep eastern Mediterranean Sea(1,2) following high flood periods of the Nile River(3). During the past 250 kyr, timing of sapropel formation coincides with astronomically driven maximum summer insolation in the northern tropics(4). The insolation variations-described by a monsoon index(4)-modulate the intensity of the African monsoon feeding the Nile flood(4). Here, we report the observation of a thick sapropel in eastern Mediterranean sediments that conspicuously deviates from the usual pattern. The sapropel, dated at 528-525 kyr by astronomical tuning of the stratigraphic oxygen-isotopic record, is anomalous because the tropical summer insolation, while at a peak at this time, was much lower than during the deposition of the more recent sapropels. The Mediterranean climate was cold and dry, at least at sea level At the same time, in the equatorial Indian Ocean there was an extreme event of low surface-water salinity caused by heavy monsoonal fluvial discharge(5). The simultaneity, within dating. uncertainties, of unusually heavy monsoon rainfall over Africa and Asia while summer insolation (and the monsoon index) was relatively low indicates a large, regional-scale monsoon anomaly that cannot be explained in terms of current understanding of astronomical forcing.
C1 Univ Paris 06, Lab Paleontol & Palynol, F-75005 Paris, France.
   CEA, CNRS, Ctr Faibles Radioact, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   Inst Ostseeforsch Warnemuende, D-18119 Warnemuende, Germany.
   Univ Utrecht, Inst Earth Sci, Dept Geochem, NL-3584 CD Utrecht, Netherlands.
C3 Sorbonne Universite; CEA; Universite Paris Saclay; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Leibniz Institut fur Ostseeforschung Warnemunde; Utrecht University
RP Rossignol-Strick, M (corresponding author), Univ Paris 06, Lab Paleontol & Palynol, Box 106, F-75005 Paris, France.
NR 30
TC 77
Z9 91
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 19
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6673
BP 269
EP 272
DI 10.1038/32631
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZC739
UT WOS:000072612300043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cooper, JP
   Watanabe, Y
   Nurse, P
AF Cooper, JP
   Watanabe, Y
   Nurse, P
TI Fission yeast Taz1 protein is required for meiotic telomere clustering and recombination
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID schizosaccharomyces-pombe; meiosis; centromeres; integration; genes; dna
AB The alignment of homologous chromosomes during meiosis is essential for their recombination and segregation. Telomeres form and protect the ends of eukaryotic linear chromosomes, and are composed of tandem repeats of a simple DNA sequence and the proteins that bind to these repeats(1-3). A role for telomeres in meiosis was suspected from observations of telomere clustering in meiotic cells(4-7), and has now been supported experimentally by the dramatic rearrangement of telomere locations during premeiotic stages in fission yeast(8,9). Here we show that the fission yeast telomere protein, Tazl (ref. 10), is required for stable association between telomeres and spindle pole bodies during meiotic prophase. In the absence of Tazl, telomere clustering at the spindle pole bodies is disrupted, meiotic recombination is reduced, and both spore viability and the ability of zygotes to re-enter mitosis are impaired to a level that would be expected if chromosome segregation were occurring randomly. Such telomeric association mediated by telomere-specific proteins may also be important for proper chromosome alignment and recombination during meiosis in humans.
C1 Imperial Canc Res Fund, Cell Cycle Lab, London WC2A 3PX, England.
C3 Cancer Research UK
RP Cooper, JP (corresponding author), Imperial Canc Res Fund, Cell Cycle Lab, 44 Lincolns Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, England.
EM cooperj@essex.uchsc.edu
NR 26
TC 244
Z9 278
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 23
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6678
BP 828
EP 831
DI 10.1038/33947
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZJ679
UT WOS:000073241200057
PM 9572143
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Näsholm, T
   Ekblad, A
   Nordin, A
   Giesler, R
   Högberg, M
   Högberg, P
AF Näsholm, T
   Ekblad, A
   Nordin, A
   Giesler, R
   Högberg, M
   Högberg, P
TI Boreal forest plants take up organic nitrogen
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID in-situ; mycorrhizal
AB Plant growth in the boreal forest, the largest terrestrial biome, is generally limited by the availability of nitrogen. The presumed cause of this limitation is slow mineralization of soil organic nitrogen(1,2). Here we demonstrate, to our knowledge for the first time, the uptake of organic nitrogen in the field by the trees Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies, the dwarf shrub Vaccinium myrtillus and the grass Deschampsia flexuosa. These results show that these plants, irrespective of their different types of root-fungal associations (mycorrhiza), bypass nitrogen mineralization. A trace of the amino acid glycine, labelled with the stable isotopes C-13 and N-15, was injected into the organic (mor) layer of an old successional boreal coniferous forest. Ratios of C-13:N-15 in the roots showed that at least 91, 64 and 42% of the nitrogen from the absorbed glycine was taken up in intact glycine by the dwarf shrub, the grass and the trees, respectively. Rates of glycine uptake were similar to those of N-15-ammonium. Our data indicate that organic nitrogen is important for these different plants, even when they are competing with each other and with non-symbiotic microorganisms. This has major implications for our understanding of the effects of nitrogen deposition, global warming and intensified forestry.
C1 Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Forest Genet & Plant Physiol, S-90183 Umea, Sweden.
   Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Forest Ecol, Sect Soil Sci, S-90183 Umea, Sweden.
C3 Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
RP Näsholm, T (corresponding author), Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Forest Genet & Plant Physiol, S-90183 Umea, Sweden.
NR 23
TC 801
Z9 998
U1 4
U2 502
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 30
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6679
BP 914
EP 916
DI 10.1038/31921
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZK759
UT WOS:000073359900046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lee, JO
   Russo, AA
   Pavletich, NP
AF Lee, JO
   Russo, AA
   Pavletich, NP
TI Structure of the retinoblastoma tumour-suppressor pocket domain bound to a peptide from HPV E7
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID oncogenic point mutations; large t-antigen; gene-product; cell-cycle; incomplete penetrance; susceptibility gene; complex-formation; adenovirus e1a; rb gene; protein
AB The pocket domain of the retinoblastoma (Rb) tumour suppressor is central to Rb function, and is frequently inactivated by the binding of the human papilloma virus E7 oncoprotein in cervical cancer. The crystal structure of the Rb pocket bound to a nine-residue E7 peptide containing the LxCxE motif, shared by other Rb-binding viral and cellular proteins, shows that the LxCxE peptide binds a highly conserved groove on the B-box portion of the pocket; the A-box portion appears to be required for the stable folding of the B box. Also highly consented is the extensive A-B interface, suggesting that it may be an additional protein-binding site. The A and B boxes each contain the cyclin-fold structural motif, with the LxCxE-binding site on the B-box cyclin fold being similar to a Cdk2-binding site of cyclin A and to a TBP-binding site of TFIIB.
C1 Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Cellular Biochem & Biophys Program, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
RP Pavletich, NP (corresponding author), Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Cellular Biochem & Biophys Program, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM Nikola@xray2.mskcc.org
NR 48
TC 382
Z9 481
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 26
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6670
BP 859
EP 865
DI 10.1038/36038
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YZ206
UT WOS:000072230900042
PM 9495340
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Scott, K
   Zuker, CS
AF Scott, K
   Zuker, CS
TI Assembly of the Drosophila phototransduction cascade into a signalling complex shapes elementary responses
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pdz-domain protein; signaling complex; ca2+ channel; in-vivo; trp; photoreceptors; mutants; morphogenesis; glycoprotein; chaoptin
AB The subcellular compartmentalization of signalling molecules helps to ensure the selective activation of different signal-transduction cascades within a single cell(1). Although there are many examples of compartmentalized signalling molecules, there are few examples of entire signalling cascades being organized as distinct signalling complexes. In Drosophila photoreceptors, the InaD protein, which consists of five PDZ domains, functions as a multivalent adaptor that bring together several components of the phototransduction cascade into a macromolecular complex(2-5). Here we study single-photon responses in several photoreceptor mutant backgrounds, and show that the InaD macromolecular complex is the unit of signalling that underlies elementary responses. We show that the localized activity of this signalling: unit promotes reliable single-photon responses as well as rapid activation and feedback regulation. Finally, we use genetic and electrophysiological tools to illustrate how the assembly of signalling molecules into a transduction complex limits signal amplification in vivo.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Howard Hughes Med Inst, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Biol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Neurosci, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Zuker, CS (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Howard Hughes Med Inst, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
NR 21
TC 130
Z9 144
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 22
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6704
BP 805
EP 808
DI 10.1038/27448
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 132AL
UT WOS:000076607400058
PM 9796815
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Madaule, P
   Eda, M
   Watanabe, N
   Fujisawa, K
   Matsuoka, T
   Bito, H
   Ishizaki, T
   Narumiya, S
AF Madaule, P
   Eda, M
   Watanabe, N
   Fujisawa, K
   Matsuoka, T
   Bito, H
   Ishizaki, T
   Narumiya, S
TI Role of citron kinase as a target of the small GTPase Rho in cytokinesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID binding protein-rho; serine/threonine kinase; cytoskeleton; cells
AB During mitosis, a ring containing actin and myosin appears beneath the equatorial surface of animal cells. This ring then contracts, forms a cleavage furrow and divides the cell(1-3), a step known as cytokinesis, The two daughter cells often remain connected by an intercellular bridge which contains a refringent structure known as the midbody(4,5). How the appearance of this ring is regulated is unclear, although the small GTPase Rho, which controls the formation of actin structures(6,7), is known to be essential(8-10). Protein kinases are also thought to participate in cytokinesis(8-10). We now show that a splice variant of a Rho target protein, named citron(13), contains a protein kinase domain that is related to the Rho-associated kinases ROCK14 and ROK15-17, which regulate myosin-based contractility(18-21). Citron kinase localizes to the cleavage furrow and midbody of HeLa cells; Rho is also localized in the midbody. We find that overexpression of citron mutants results in the production of multinucleate cells and that a kinase-active mutant causes abnormal contraction during cytokinesis, We propose that citron kinase regulates cytokinesis at a step after Rho in the contractile process.
C1 Kyoto Univ, Fac Med, Dept Pharmacol, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068315, Japan.
C3 Kyoto University
RP Narumiya, S (corresponding author), Kyoto Univ, Fac Med, Dept Pharmacol, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068315, Japan.
EM snaru@mfour.med.kyoto-u.ac.jp
NR 28
TC 348
Z9 406
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 30
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6692
BP 491
EP 494
DI 10.1038/28873
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 105NT
UT WOS:000075080400055
PM 9697773
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gregory, JM
   Oerlemans, J
AF Gregory, JM
   Oerlemans, J
TI Simulated future sea-level rise due to glacier melt based on regionally and seasonally resolved temperature changes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ice
AB Climate change is expected over the next century as a result of anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases and aerosols into the atmosphere, and global average sea level will consequently rise. Estimates' indicate that by 2100 sea level will be about 500 mm higher than today as a result of global warming, with thermal expansion of sea water accounting for over half of this rise. The melting of glaciers and ice sheets will contribute much of the remainder. We present an improved calculation of glacier melt, which uses the temperature patterns generated by a coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model(2,3) as inputs to a seasonally and regionally differentiated glacier model(4,5). Under specified greenhouse-gas and sulphate-aerosol forcings, our model predicts that glacier melt equivalent to 132 mm of sealevel rise will occur over the period 1990-2100, with a further 76 mm from melting of the Greenland ice sheet. These figures fall within the range of previous estimates made using simpler models(1); the advantage of our approach is that we take into account the effects of regional and seasonal temperature variations. Our inclusion of these effects increases the calculated glacier melt by 20%.
C1 Hadley Ctr, Meteorol Off, Bracknell RG12 2SY, Berks, England.
   Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, NL-3584 CC Utrecht, Netherlands.
C3 Met Office - UK; Hadley Centre; Utrecht University
RP Gregory, JM (corresponding author), Hadley Ctr, Meteorol Off, London Rd, Bracknell RG12 2SY, Berks, England.
EM jmgregory@meto.gov.uk
NR 15
TC 114
Z9 133
U1 1
U2 52
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 29
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6666
BP 474
EP 476
DI 10.1038/35119
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YU290
UT WOS:000071701800046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU York, RD
   Yao, H
   Dillon, T
   Ellig, CL
   Eckert, SP
   McCleskey, EW
   Stork, PJS
AF York, RD
   Yao, H
   Dillon, T
   Ellig, CL
   Eckert, SP
   McCleskey, EW
   Stork, PJS
TI Rap1 mediates sustained MAP kinase activation induced by nerve growth factor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pc12 cells; neuronal differentiation; signaling pathways; crk protein; sh3 domain; factor c3g; receptor; ras; specificity; sufficient
AB Activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase (also known as extracellular-signal-regulated kinase, or ERK)(1) by growth factors can trigger either cell growth or differentiation. The intracellular signals that couple growth factors to MAP kinase may determine the different effects of growth factors: for example, transient activation of MAP kinase by epidermal growth factor stimulates proliferation of PC12 cells(1), whereas they differentiate in response to nerve growth factor, which acts partly by inducing a sustained activation of MAP kinase(1). Here we show that activation of MAP kinase by nerve growth factor involves two distinct pathways: the initial activation of MAP kinase requires the small G protein Ras, but its activation is sustained by the small G protein Rap1. Rap1 is activated by CRK adaptor proteins and the guanine-nucleotide-exchange factor C3G, and forms a stable complex with B-Raf, an activator of MAP kinase. Rap1 is required for at least two indices of neuronal differentiation by nerve growth factor: electrical excitability and the induction of neuron-specific genes. We propose that the activation of Rap1 by C3G represents a common mechanism to induce sustained activation of the MAP kinase cascade in cells that express B-Raf.
C1 Oregon Hlth Sci Univ, Vollum Inst Adv Biomed Res, Portland, OR 97201 USA.
   Oregon Hlth Sci Univ, Dept Pathol, Portland, OR 97201 USA.
C3 Oregon Health & Science University; Oregon Health & Science University
RP Stork, PJS (corresponding author), Oregon Hlth Sci Univ, Vollum Inst Adv Biomed Res, Portland, OR 97201 USA.
EM stork@ohsu.edu
NR 30
TC 774
Z9 848
U1 1
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 9
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6676
BP 622
EP 626
DI 10.1038/33451
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZG300
UT WOS:000072987200065
PM 9560161
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Polat, U
   Mizobe, K
   Pettet, MW
   Kasamatsu, T
   Norcia, AM
AF Polat, U
   Mizobe, K
   Pettet, MW
   Kasamatsu, T
   Norcia, AM
TI Collinear stimuli regulate visual responses depending on cell's contrast threshold
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cat striate cortex; spatial interactions; lateral interactions; apparent contrast; facilitation; suppression; neurons; connections; physiology; potentials
AB Neurons in the primary visual cortex are selective for the size, orientation and direction of motion of patterns falling within a restricted region of visual space known as the receptive field(1). The response to stimuli presented within the receptive field can be facilitated or suppressed by other stimuli falling outside the receptive field which, when presented in isolation, fail to activate the cell(2-8). Whether this interaction is facilitative(3,4,7,9-12) or suppressive(2,3,5,6,8-14) depends on the relative orientation of pattern elements inside and outside the receptive field. Here we show that neuronal facilitation preferentially occurs when a near-threshold stimulus inside the receptive field is flanked by higher-contrast, collinear elements located in surrounding regions of visual space. Collinear flanks and orthogonally oriented flanks, however, both act to reduce the response to high-contrast stimuli presented within the receptive field. The observed pattern of facilitation and suppression may be the cellular basis for the observation in humans that the detectability of an oriented pattern is enhanced by collinear flanking elements(15-17). Modulation of neuronal responses by stimuli falling outside their receptive fields may thus represent an early neural mechanism for encoding objects and enhancing-their perceptual saliency.
C1 Smith Kettlewell Eye Res Inst, San Francisco, CA 94115 USA.
C3 The Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute
RP Kasamatsu, T (corresponding author), Smith Kettlewell Eye Res Inst, 2232 Webster St, San Francisco, CA 94115 USA.
NR 30
TC 492
Z9 538
U1 0
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 5
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6667
BP 580
EP 584
DI 10.1038/35372
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YV594
UT WOS:000071842300050
PM 9468134
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Katsura, T
   Sato, K
   Ito, E
AF Katsura, T
   Sato, K
   Ito, E
TI Electrical conductivity of silicate perovskite at lower-mantle conditions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID earths lower mantle; phase
AB Geophysical models of the electrical conductivity of the Earth's mantle based on the observed variations of electric and magnetic fields at the surface of the Earth yield estimates of about 1 S m(-1) for the conductivity of the uppermost lower mantle(1,2). But laboratory conductivity measurements on silicate perovskite (thought to be the dominant constituent of the lower mantle) at high pressures have given conflicting estimates of mantle conductivity, ranging from less than 10(-5) up to 1 S m(-1) (refs 3-6). Here we present measurements of the electrical conductivity of perovskite in a multi-anvil press at conditions appropriate for the uppermost lower mantle (pressures up to 23 GPa and temperatures up to 2,000 K). We find that the geophysical estimate of lower-mantle electrical conductivity can be well explained by the conductivity of the perovskite component of a low-oxygen-fugacity mantle composed of pyrolite(7) (the assemblage of mineral phases thought to broadly represent that of the Earth's mantle), assuming a standard geotherm. Our results also indicate that the temperature dependence of perovskite conductivity at lower-mantle temperatures and pressures is significantly larger than shown previously; extrapolations of low-temperature conductivity measurements to the higher temperatures of the lower mantle should therefore be treated with caution.
C1 Okayama Univ, Inst Study Earths Interior, Misasa, Tottori 6820193, Japan.
C3 Okayama University
RP Katsura, T (corresponding author), Okayama Univ, Inst Study Earths Interior, Misasa, Tottori 6820193, Japan.
EM tkatsura@misasa.okayama-u.ac.jp
NR 16
TC 82
Z9 99
U1 2
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 1
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6701
BP 493
EP 495
DI 10.1038/26736
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 124ZG
UT WOS:000076212200053
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nolte, RT
   Wisely, GB
   Westin, S
   Cobb, JE
   Lambert, MH
   Kurokawa, R
   Rosenfeld, MG
   Willson, TM
   Glass, CK
   Milburn, MV
AF Nolte, RT
   Wisely, GB
   Westin, S
   Cobb, JE
   Lambert, MH
   Kurokawa, R
   Rosenfeld, MG
   Willson, TM
   Glass, CK
   Milburn, MV
TI Ligand binding and co-activator assembly of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thyroid-hormone receptor; nuclear-receptor; transactivation domain; transcriptional coactivator; estrogen-receptor; crystal-structure; retinoic acid; af-2 activity; fatty-acids; rxr-alpha
AB The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that is Important in adipocyte differentiation and glucose homeostasis and which depends on Interactions with co-activators, including steroid receptor co-activating factor-1 (SRC-1), Here we present the X-ray crystal structure of the human apo-PPAR-gamma ligand-binding domain (LBD), at 2.2 Angstrom resolution; this structure reveals a large binding pocket, which may explain the diversity of ligands for PPAR-gamma, We also describe the ternary complex containing the PPAR-gamma LED, the antidiabetic ligand rosiglitazone (BRL49653), and 88 amino acids of human SRC-1 at 2.3 Angstrom resolution. Glutamate and lysine residues that are highly conserved in LBDs of nuclear receptors form a 'charge clamp' that contacts backbone atoms of the LXXLL helices of SRC-1. These results, together with the observation that two consecutive LXXLL motifs of SRC-1 make identical contacts with both subunits of a PPAR-gamma homodimer, suggest a general mechanism for the assembly of nuclear receptors with co-activators.
C1 Glaxo Wellcome Inc, Res & Dev, Div Chem, Dept Struct Chem, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA.
   Glaxo Wellcome Inc, Res & Dev, Div Chem, Dept Med Chem, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Med, Div Cellular & Mol Med, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline USA; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline USA; University of California System; University of California San Diego; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Milburn, MV (corresponding author), Glaxo Wellcome Inc, Res & Dev, Div Chem, Dept Struct Chem, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA.
NR 47
TC 1729
Z9 1977
U1 3
U2 108
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 10
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6698
BP 137
EP 143
DI 10.1038/25931
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 118GK
UT WOS:000075829900031
PM 9744270
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zinnecker, H
   McCaughrean, MJ
   Rayner, JT
AF Zinnecker, H
   McCaughrean, MJ
   Rayner, JT
TI A symmetrically pulsed jet of gas from an invisible protostar in Orion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID space-telescope observations; iras sources; young stars; numerical simulations; molecular-hydrogen; outflows; spectrograph; models; galaxy; shocks
AB Young stars are thought to accumulate most of their mass through an accretion disk, which channels the gas and dust of a collapsing cloud onto the central protostellar object(1). The rotational and magnetic forces in the star-disk system often produce high-velocity jets of outflowing gas(2-6). These jets-an in principle be used to study the accretion and ejection history of the system, which is hidden from direct view by the dust and dense gas of the parent cloud. But the structures of these jets are often too complex to determine which features arise at the source and which are the result of subsequent interactions with, the surrounding gas. Here we present infrared observations of a very young jet driven by an invisible protostar in the vicinity of the Horsehead nebula in Orion. These observations reveal a sequence of geyser-like eruptions occurring at quasi-regular intervals and with near-perfect mirror symmetry either side of the source. This symmetry is strong evidence that such features must be associated with the formation of the jet, probably related to recurrent or even chaotic instabilities in the accretion disk.
C1 Astrophys Inst Potsdam, D-14482 Potsdam, Germany.
   Univ Hawaii, Inst Astron, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
C3 University of Hawaii System
RP Zinnecker, H (corresponding author), Astrophys Inst Potsdam, Sternwarte 16, D-14482 Potsdam, Germany.
NR 40
TC 142
Z9 147
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 27
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6696
BP 862
EP 865
DI 10.1038/29716
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 114LW
UT WOS:000075611800039
PM 9732868
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hirayama, R
AF Hirayama, R
TI Oldest known sea turtle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Reptiles constitute a primarily terrestrial assemblage, but several groups returned to the marine environment after the first appearance of reptiles in the late Palaeozoic era(1). Successful diversification of the chelonioid sea turtles, particularly during the Cretaceous period, was perhaps one of the most important events in the history of turtles (and marine reptiles)(2-4). The fossil record of chelonioids before the Late Cretaceous has been poorly documented. Here I report the discovery of an exceptionally well-preserved skeleton of the oldest known chelonioid, from the Early Cretaceous stage (about 110 million years before the present)(5-7) of eastern Brazil. This specimen represents a new taxon, extending the history of chelonioids by 10 million years, and it sheds new light on the early evolution of the group. The limb of the specimen is a relatively primitive paddle, which still possesses movable digits as in freshwater turtles. However, the skull is specialized in the manner of later chelonioids, with large interorbital foramina that are indicative of huge lachrymal salt glands surrounding the eyes(8,9). This discovery supports the idea that the establishment of the salt-excreting system, and the occupation of a marine habitat, may have preceded the formation of rigid paddles in the history of chelonioids.
C1 Teikyo Heisei Univ, Chiba 29001, Japan.
C3 Teikyo Heisei University
RP Hirayama, R (corresponding author), Teikyo Heisei Univ, Uruido 2289, Chiba 29001, Japan.
EM renhrym@ab.mbn.or.jp
NR 22
TC 181
Z9 210
U1 1
U2 40
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 16
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6677
BP 705
EP 708
DI 10.1038/33669
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZH612
UT WOS:000073129000055
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Roeper, B
AF Roeper, B
TI Rescuing the works of RamonyCajal
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Nature, European Off, Munich, Germany.
RP Roeper, B (corresponding author), Nature, European Off, Munich, Germany.
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 1998
VL 0
IS 
BP 9
EP 9
DI 
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZJ678
UT WOS:000073241100009
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Weinstein, JD
   deCarvalho, R
   Guillet, T
   Friedrich, B
   Doyle, JM
AF Weinstein, JD
   deCarvalho, R
   Guillet, T
   Friedrich, B
   Doyle, JM
TI Magnetic trapping of calcium monohydride molecules at millikelvin temperatures
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bose-einstein condensation; polarized atomic-hydrogen; neutral atoms; gas
AB Recent advances(1-5) in the magnetic trapping and evaporative cooling of atoms to nanokelvin temperatures have opened important areas of research, such as Bose-Einstein condensation and ultracold atomic collisions. Similarly, the ability to trap and cool molecules should facilitate the study of ultracold molecular physics and collisions(6); improvements in molecular spectroscopy could be anticipated. Also, ultracold molecules could aid the search for electric dipole moments of elementary particles(7). But although laser cooling (in the case of alkali metals(1,8,9)) and cryogenic surface thermalization (in the case of hydrogen(10,11)) are currently used to cool some atoms sufficiently to permit their loading into magnetic trays, such techniques are not applicable to molecules, because of the latter's complex internal energy-level structure. (Indeed, most atoms have resisted trapping by these techniques.) We have reported a more general loading technique(12) based on elastic collisions with a cold buffer gas, and have used it to trap atomic chromium and europium(13,14). Here we apply this technique to magnetically trap a molecular species-calcium monohydride (CaH). We use Zeeman spectroscopy to determine the number of trapped molecules and their temperature, and set upper bounds on the cross-sectional areas of collisional relaxation processes. The technique should he applicable to many paramagnetic molecules and atoms.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Chem, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University
RP Doyle, JM (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
NR 31
TC 720
Z9 791
U1 3
U2 77
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 10
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6698
BP 148
EP 150
DI 10.1038/25949
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 118GK
UT WOS:000075829900034
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Priest, ER
   Foley, CR
   Heyvaerts, J
   Arber, TD
   Culhane, JL
   Acton, LW
AF Priest, ER
   Foley, CR
   Heyvaerts, J
   Arber, TD
   Culhane, JL
   Acton, LW
TI Nature of the heating mechanism for the diffuse solar corona
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray telescope; active regions; alfven waves; yohkoh; model; loops
AB The temperature of the Sun's outer atmosphere (the corona) exceeds that of the solar surface by about two orders of magnitude, but the nature of the coronal heating mechanisms has long been a mystery(1). The corona is a magnetically dominated environment, consisting of a variety of plasma structures including X-ray bright points, coronal holes and coronal loops. The latter are closed magnetic structures that occur over a range of scales and are anchored at each end in the solar surface. Large-scale regions of diffuse emission are made up of many long coronal loops(2). Here we present X-ray observations of the diffuse corona from which we deduce its likely heating mechanism. We find that the observed variation in temperature along a loop is highly sensitive to the spatial distribution of the heating. From a comparison of the observations and models we conclude that uniform heating gives the best fit to the loop temperature distribution, enabling us to eliminate previously suggested mechanisms of low-lying heating near the footpoints of a loop. Our findings favour turbulent breaking and reconnection of magnetic field lines as the heating mechanism of the diffuse solar corona.
C1 Univ St Andrews, Dept Math & Computat Sci, St Andrews KY16 9SS, Fife, Scotland.
   UCL, Mullard Space Sci Lab, Dorking RH5 6NT, Surrey, England.
   Observ Strasbourg, F-6700 Strasbourg, France.
   Montana State Univ, Dept Phys, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA.
C3 University of St Andrews; University of London; University College London; Montana State University System; Montana State University Bozeman
RP Priest, ER (corresponding author), Univ St Andrews, Dept Math & Computat Sci, St Andrews KY16 9SS, Fife, Scotland.
EM eric@dcs.st-and.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 148
Z9 154
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 11
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6685
BP 545
EP 547
DI 10.1038/31166
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZT988
UT WOS:000074150100042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Westendorp, RGJ
   Kirkwood, TBL
AF Westendorp, RGJ
   Kirkwood, TBL
TI Human longevity at the cost of reproductive success
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID drosophila-melanogaster; senescence; evolution
AB The disposable soma theory on the evolution of ageing states that longevity requires investments in somatic maintenance that reduce the resources available for reproduction(1,2), Experiments in Drosophila melanogaster indicate that trade-offs of this kind exist in non-human species(3-7). We have determined the interrelationship between longevity and reproductive success in Homo sapiens using a historical data set from the British aristocracy. The number of progeny was small when women died at an early age, increased with the age of death, reaching a plateau through the sixth, seventh and eighth decades of life, but decreased again in women who died at an age of 80 years or over. Age at first childbirth was lowest in women who died early and highest for women who died at the oldest ages. When account was taken only of women who had reached menopause, who were aged 60 years and over, female longevity was negatively correlated with number of progeny and positively correlated with age at first childbirth. The findings show that human life histories involve a trade-off between longevity and reproduction.
C1 Leiden Univ, Med Ctr CO P, Dept Gen Internal Med & Clin Epidemiol, Sect Gerontol & Geriatr, NL-2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands.
   Univ Manchester, Sch Biol Sci, Manchester M13 9PT, Lancs, England.
   Univ Manchester, Dept Geriatr Med, Biol Gerontol Grp, Manchester M13 9PT, Lancs, England.
C3 Leiden University; Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC); Leiden University - Excl LUMC; University of Manchester; University of Manchester
RP Westendorp, RGJ (corresponding author), Leiden Univ, Med Ctr CO P, Dept Gen Internal Med & Clin Epidemiol, Sect Gerontol & Geriatr, POB 9600, NL-2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands.
EM RudiWestendorp@compuserv.ecom
NR 25
TC 391
Z9 434
U1 1
U2 106
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 31
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6713
BP 743
EP 746
DI 10.1038/25519
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 151WC
UT WOS:000077742800030
PM 9874369
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gray, RA
   Pertsov, AM
   Jalife, J
AF Gray, RA
   Pertsov, AM
   Jalife, J
TI Spatial and temporal organization during cardiac fibrillation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ventricular-fibrillation; reentrant activity; spiral waves; termination; mechanism; heart; muscle
AB Cardiac fibrillation (spontaneous, asynchronous contractions of cardiac muscle fibres) is the leading cause of death in the industrialized world(1), yet it is not dear how it occurs. It has been debated whether or not fibrillation is a random phenomenon. There is some determinism during fibrillation(2,3), perhaps resulting from rotating waves of electrical activity(4-6). Here we present a new algorithm that markedly reduces the amount of data required to depict the complex spatiotemporal patterns of fibrillation. We use a potentiometric dye(7) and video imaging(8,9) to record the dynamics of transmembrane potentials at many sites during fibrillation. Transmembrane signals at each site exhibit a strong periodic component centred near 8 Hz. This periodicity is seen as an attractor in two-dimensional-phase space and each site can be represented by its phase around the attractor, Spatial phase maps at each instant reveal the 'sources' of fibrillation in the form of topological defects, or phase singularities(10), at a few sites. Using our method of identifying phase singularities, we can elucidate the mechanisms for the formation and termination of these singularities, and represent an episode of fibrillation by locating singularities. Our results indicate an unprecedented amount of temporal and spatial organization during cardiac fibrillation.
C1 SUNY Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Pharmacol, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA.
   Univ Alabama Birmingham, Dept Biomed Engn, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA.
   Univ Alabama Birmingham, Dept Med, Div Cardiovasc Dis, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; SUNY Upstate Medical University; University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Birmingham; University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Birmingham
RP Pertsov, AM (corresponding author), SUNY Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Pharmacol, 766 Irving Ave, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA.
EM rag@crml.uab.edu
NR 30
TC 794
Z9 891
U1 1
U2 42
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 5
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6671
BP 75
EP 78
DI 10.1038/32164
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZA528
UT WOS:000072373000052
PM 9510249
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Godt, D
   Tepass, U
AF Godt, D
   Tepass, U
TI Drosophila oocyte localization is mediated by differential cadherin-based adhesion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polarity gene armadillo; cell-adhesion; anterior-posterior; body axes; oogenesis; protein; specification; rearrangement; melanogaster; polarization
AB In a Drosophila follicle the oocyte always occupies a posterior position among a group of sixteen germline cells. Although the importance of this cell arrangement for the subsequent formation of the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo is well documented(1-4), the molecular mechanism responsible for the posterior localization of the oocyte was unknown. Here we show that the homophilic adhesion molecule DE-cadherin(5-7) mediates oocyte positioning. During follicle biogenesis, DE-cadherin is expressed in germline (including oocyte) and surrounding follicle cells, with the highest concentration of DE-cadherin being found at the interface between oocyte and posterior follicle cells. Mosaic analysis shows that DE-cadherin is required in both germline and follicle cells for correct oocyte localization, indicating that germline-soma interactions may be involved in this process. By analysing the behaviour of the oocyte in follicles with a chimaeric follicular epithelium, we find that the position of the oocyte is determined by the position of DE-cadherin-expressing follicle cells, to which the oocyte attaches itself selectively. Among the DE-cadherin positive follicle cells, the oocyte preferentially contacts those cells that express higher levels of DE-cadherin. On the basis of these data, we propose that in wild-type follicles the oocyte competes successfully with its sister germline cells for contact to the posterior follicle cells, a sorting process driven by different concentrations of DE-cadherin. This is, to our knowledge, the first in vivo example of a cell-sorting process that depends on differential adhesion mediated by a cadherin.
C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Zool, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada.
C3 University of Toronto
RP Godt, D (corresponding author), Univ Toronto, Dept Zool, 25 Harbord St, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada.
EM dgodt@zoo.utoronto.ca; utepass@zoo.utoronto.ca
NR 30
TC 279
Z9 326
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 24
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6700
BP 387
EP 391
DI 10.1038/26493
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 122QW
UT WOS:000076083800055
PM 9759729
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Epstein, R
   Kanwisher, N
AF Epstein, R
   Kanwisher, N
TI A cortical representation of the local visual environment
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spatial reorientation; landmark stability
AB Medial temporal brain regions such as the hippocampal formation and parahippocampal cortex have been generally implicated in navigation(1-6) and visual memory(7-9). However, the specific function of each of these regions is not yet clear, Here we present evidence that a particular area within human parahippocampal cortex is involved in a critical component of navigation: perceiving the local visual environment, This region, which we name the 'parahippocampal place area' (PPA), responds selectively and automatically in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to passively viewed scenes, but only weakly to single objects and not at all to faces, The critical factor for this activation appears to be the presence in the stimulus of information about the layout of local space. The response in the PPA to scenes with spatial layout but no discrete objects (empty rooms) is as strong as the response to complex meaningful scenes containing multiple objects (the same rooms furnished) and over twice as strong as the response to arrays of multiple objects without three-dimensional spatial context (the furniture from these rooms on a blank background). This response is reduced if the surfaces in the scene are rearranged so that they no longer define a coherent space, We propose that the PPA represents places by encoding the geometry of the local environment.
C1 MIT, Dept Brain & Cognit Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Epstein, R (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Brain & Cognit Sci, E10-238,79 Amherst St, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM epstein@psyche.mit.edu
NR 24
TC 2270
Z9 2674
U1 6
U2 203
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 9
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6676
BP 598
EP 601
DI 10.1038/33402
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZG300
UT WOS:000072987200058
PM 9560155
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chiappe, LM
   Norell, MA
   Clark, JM
AF Chiappe, LM
   Norell, MA
   Clark, JM
TI The skull of a relative of the stem-group bird Mononykus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB In joint expeditions, researchers from the American Museum of Natural History and the Mongolian Academy of Sciences have recovered over 20 alvarezsaurid (Theropoda: Aves) specimens in the Late Cretaceous beds of Mongolia's Gobi Desert(1), Here we describe a new taxon that is closely related to Mononykus(2,3). This new taxon is represented by two exquisitely preserved skulls-the first known for Alvarezsauridae-details of which support the theory that the group is related to birds(4,5). This theory was first put forward on the basis of primarily postcranial evidence(2,3), including the presence of avian characteristics such as the absence of a contact between the jugal and postorbital, and between the quadratojugal and squamosal, articulations, Other earlier evidence that suggested that the alvarezsaurids were birds included the presence of a movable joint between the quadratojugal and quadrate, separate squamosal and braincase articulations of the quadrate, confluence between the caudal tympanic recess and columellar recess, a triradiate palatine, an unusually large foramen magnum, and the loss of a coronoid bone. The configuration of the temporal region of the skull and its articulation with the rostrum indicate the capability for prokinetic movement in which flexing occurs at the junction of the upper jaw and neurocranium, and support the idea that prokinesis preceded other types of avian intracranial kinesis.
C1 Amer Museum Nat Hist, Dept Ornithol, New York, NY 10024 USA.
   Amer Museum Nat Hist, Dept Vertebrate Paleontol, New York, NY 10024 USA.
   George Washington Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Washington, DC 20052 USA.
C3 American Museum of Natural History (AMNH); American Museum of Natural History (AMNH); George Washington University
RP Chiappe, LM (corresponding author), Amer Museum Nat Hist, Dept Ornithol, Cent Pk W & 79th St, New York, NY 10024 USA.
NR 29
TC 122
Z9 139
U1 1
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 19
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6673
BP 275
EP 278
DI 10.1038/32642
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZC739
UT WOS:000072612300045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Guttman, DS
   Charlesworth, D
AF Guttman, DS
   Charlesworth, D
TI An X-linked gene with a degenerate Y-linked homologue in a dioecious plant
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dosage compensation; sex determination; melandrium-album; flowering plants; evolution; chromosm; expression; overlap; silene; model
AB Most flowering plants are hermaphroditic, having flowers with both male and female parts. Less than 4% of plant species are dioecious (with individuals of separate sexes), and many of these species have chromosome-mediated sex determination. The taxonomic distribution of separate sexes and chromosomal sex-determination systems in the flowering planes indicates that plant sex chromosomes have evolved recently through replicated, independent events(1-4), contrasting with the ancient origins of mammalian and insect sex chromosomes. Plant sex chromosomes, therefore, offer opportunities to study the most interesting early stages of the evolution of sex chromosomes. Here we show that a gene encoding a male-specific protein is linked to the X chromosome in the dioecious plant Silene latifolia, and that it has a degenerate homologue in the non-pairing region of the Y chromosome. The Y-linked locus has degenerated as a result of nucleotide deletion and the accumulation of repetitive sequences. We have identified both the first X-linked gene and the first pair of homologous sex-linked loci to be found in plants. The homology between the active X-linked locus and the degenerate Y-linked locus supports a common ancestry for these two loci.
C1 Univ Chicago, Dept Ecol & Evolut, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 University of Chicago
RP Guttman, DS (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, Dept Mol Genet & Cell Biol, 1103 E 57th St, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
NR 25
TC 112
Z9 120
U1 1
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 21
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6682
BP 263
EP 266
DI 10.1038/30492
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZP513
UT WOS:000073761000052
PM 9607762
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Xiao, SH
   Zhang, Y
   Knoll, AH
AF Xiao, SH
   Zhang, Y
   Knoll, AH
TI Three-dimensional preservation of algae and animal embryos in a Neoproterozoic phosphorite
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID evolution; china; environments; canada
AB Phosphorites of the late Neoproterozoic (570 +/- 20 Myr BP) Doushantuo Formation, southern China, preserve an exceptional record of multicellular life from just before the Ediacaran radiation of macroscopic animals. Abundant thalli with cellular structures preserved in three-dimensional detail show that latest-Proterozoic algae already possessed many of the anatomical and reproductive features seen in the modern marine flora. Embryos preserved in early cleavage stages indicate that the divergence of lineages leading to bilaterians may have occurred well before their macroscopic traces or body fossils appear in the geological record. Discovery of these fossils shows that the early evolution of multicellular organisms is amenable to direct palaeontological inquiry.
C1 Harvard Univ, Bot Museum, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Beijing Univ, Coll Life Sci, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China.
C3 Harvard University; Peking University
RP Knoll, AH (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Bot Museum, 26 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
NR 51
TC 629
Z9 821
U1 4
U2 111
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 5
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6667
BP 553
EP 558
DI 10.1038/35318
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YV594
UT WOS:000071842300041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nikolic, M
   Chou, MM
   Lu, WG
   Mayer, BJ
   Tsai, LH
AF Nikolic, M
   Chou, MM
   Lu, WG
   Mayer, BJ
   Tsai, LH
TI The p35/Cdk5 kinase is a neuron-specific Rac effector that inhibits Pak1 activity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cyclin-dependent kinase-5; regulatory subunit; actin organization; family; rho; expression; activator; gtpases; cdc42; brain
AB Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) and its neuron-specific regulator p35 (refs 1-4) are essential for neuronal migration and for the laminar configuration of the cerebral cortex(5-7). In addition, p35/ Cdk5 kinase concentrates at the leading edges of axonal growth cones and regulates neurite outgrowth in cortical neurons in cultures. The Rho family of small GTPases is implicated in a range of cellular functions, including cell migration and neurite outgrowth(9-13). Here we show that the p35/Cdk5 kinase co-localizes with Raf in neuronal growth cones, Furthermore, p35 associates;: directly with Rac in a GTP-dependent manner. Another Rac effector, Pak1 kinase(14,15), is also present in the Rac-p35/Cdk5 complexes and co-localizes with p35/Cdk5 and Rac at neuronal peripheries. The active p35/Cdk5 kinase causes Pak1 hyperphosphorylation in a Rac-dependent manner, which results in downregulation of Pak1 kinase activity. Because the Rho family of GTPases and the Pak kinases are implicated in actin polymerization(16-18), the modification of Pak1, imposed by the p35/Cdk5 kinase, is likely to have an impact on the dynamics of the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton in neurons, thus promoting neuronal migration and neurite outgrowth.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Childrens Hosp, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Mol Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Tsai, LH (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM lhtsai@warren.med.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 336
Z9 384
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 10
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6698
BP 194
EP 198
DI 10.1038/26034
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 118GK
UT WOS:000075829900047
PM 9744280
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Severinghaus, JP
   Sowers, T
   Brook, EJ
   Alley, RB
   Bender, ML
AF Severinghaus, JP
   Sowers, T
   Brook, EJ
   Alley, RB
   Bender, ML
TI Timing of abrupt climate change at the end of the Younger Dryas interval from thermally fractionated gases in polar ice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atmospheric methane; core record; greenland; air; firn; ocean; model; deglaciation; antarctica; event
AB Rapid temperature change fractionates gas Isotopes in unconsolidated snow, producing a signal that is preserved in trapped air bubbles as the snow forms ice, The fractionation of nitrogen and argon isotopes at the end of the Younger Dryas cold interval, recorded in Greenland ice, demonstrates that warming at this time was abrupt. This warming coincides with the onset of a prominent rise in atmospheric methane concentration, indicating that the climate change was synchronous (within a few decades) over a region of at least hemispheric extent, and providing constraints on previously proposed mechanisms of climate change at this time, The depth of the nitrogen-isotope signal relative to the depth of the climate change recorded in the Ice matrix indicates that, during the Younger Dryas, the summit of Greenland was 15 +/- 3 degrees C colder than today.
C1 Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA.
   Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Washington State Univ, Dept Geol, Vancouver, WA 98686 USA.
   Washington State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, Vancouver, WA 98686 USA.
C3 University of Rhode Island; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; Washington State University; Washington State University
RP Severinghaus, JP (corresponding author), Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA.
EM jeffs@gsosun1.gso.uri.edu
NR 47
TC 494
Z9 575
U1 2
U2 104
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 8
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6663
BP 141
EP 146
DI 10.1038/34346
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YQ378
UT WOS:000071380900040
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Haug, GH
   Tiedemann, R
AF Haug, GH
   Tiedemann, R
TI Effect of the formation of the Isthmus of Panama on Atlantic Ocean thermohaline circulation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stratigraphy; climate; history; oxygen; water
AB The Late Cenozoic closure of the seaway between the North and South American continents is thought to have caused extensive changes in ocean circulation and Northern Hemisphere climate(1-2). But the timing and consequences of the emergence of the Isthmus of Panama, which closed the seaway, remain controversial(1-5). Here we present stable-isotope and carbonate sand-fraction records from Caribbean sediments which, when compared to Atlantic and Pacific palaeoceanographic records, indicate that the closure caused a marked reorganization of ocean circulation starting 4.6 million years ago. Shallowing of the seaway intensified the Gulf Stream and introduced warm and saline water masses to high northern latitudes. These changes strengthened deep-water formation in the Labrador Sea over the next million years-as indicated by an increased deep-water ventilation and carbonate preservation in the Caribbean Sea-and favoured early Pliocene warming of the Northern Hemisphere. The evaporative cooling of surface waters during North Atlantic Deep Water formation would have introduced moisture to the Northern Hemisphere. Although the pronounced intensification of Northern Hemisphere glaciation between 3.1 and 2.5 million years ago substantially lagged the full development of North Atlantic Deep Water formation, we propose that the increased atmospheric moisture content was a necessary precondition for ice-sheet growth, which was then triggered by the incremental changes in the Earth's orbital obliquity.
C1 Univ Kiel, Forschungszentrum Marine Geowissensch, Geomar, D-24148 Kiel, Germany.
C3 Helmholtz Association; GEOMAR Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research Kiel; University of Kiel
RP Haug, GH (corresponding author), Univ So Calif, Dept Earth Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA.
NR 34
TC 719
Z9 867
U1 1
U2 264
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 18
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6686
BP 673
EP 676
DI 10.1038/31447
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZV288
UT WOS:000074289600049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Baggiolini, M
AF Baggiolini, M
TI Chemokines and leukocyte traffic
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; t-lymphocytes; molecular-cloning; cc-chemokines; hiv-1 entry; receptor; interleukin-8; inflammation; expression; sdf-1
AB Over the past ten years, numerous chemokines have been identified as attractants of different types of blood leukocytes to sites of infection and inflammation. They are produced locally in the tissues and act on leukocytes through selective receptors. Chemokines are now known to also function as regulatory molecules in leukocyte maturation, traffic and homing of lymphocytes, and the development of lymphoid tissues.
C1 Univ Bern, Theodor Kocher Inst, CH-3000 Bern 9, Switzerland.
C3 University of Bern; Theodor Kocher Institute
RP Baggiolini, M (corresponding author), Univ Bern, Theodor Kocher Inst, CH-3000 Bern 9, Switzerland.
NR 69
TC 2366
Z9 2663
U1 0
U2 111
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 9
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6676
BP 565
EP 568
DI 10.1038/33340
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZG300
UT WOS:000072987200048
PM 9560152
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nugent, MA
   Brantley, SL
   Pantano, CG
   Maurice, PA
AF Nugent, MA
   Brantley, SL
   Pantano, CG
   Maurice, PA
TI The influence of natural mineral coatings on feldspar weathering
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hydrothermal conditions; labradorite feldspar; dissolution; albite; sims; plagioclase; mechanism; surfaces; aluminum; layers
AB Quantification of the rate of weathering of feldspar, the most abundant mineral in the Earth's crust, is required to estimate accurately carbon dioxide fluxes over geological timescales and to model groundwater chemistry. Laboratory dissolution rates, however, are consistently found to be up to four orders of magnitude higher than the 'natural' rates(1,2) measured in the field. Although this discrepancy has been attributed to several factors(2), previous research has tended to suggest that the underlying mechanism of feldspar dissolution under acidic pH may differ between the field and the laboratory(3). Here we demonstrate that weathered albite surfaces, like laboratory-dissolved samples, are sodium- and aluminium-depleted, indicating that the dissolution mechanism in acidic soils is similar to that in acidic laboratory solutions. We find that microtopography images are consistent with dissolution occurring at specific surface sites-indicative of surface-controlled dissolution dominated by a nonstoichiometric layer. Elevated aluminium and silicon ratios reported previously(3,4), and used to suggest a mechanism for field weathering different from laboratory dissolution(3), can alternatively be explained by a thin, hydrous, patchy, natural coating of amorphous and crystalline aluminosilicate, This coating; which is largely undetected under scanning electron microscopy after cleaning, but visible under atomic force microscopy, alters surface chemistry measurements and may partially inhibit the field dissolution rate.
C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Penn State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Kent State Univ, Dept Geol, Kent, OH 44242 USA.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; University System of Ohio; Kent State University; Kent State University Salem; Kent State University Kent
RP Nugent, MA (corresponding author), Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
EM nugent@sbmp04.ess.sunysb.edu
NR 29
TC 181
Z9 205
U1 1
U2 60
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 8
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6702
BP 588
EP 591
DI 10.1038/26951
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 127QW
UT WOS:000076362900044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Watts, DJ
   Strogatz, SH
AF Watts, DJ
   Strogatz, SH
TI Collective dynamics of 'small-world' networks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pulse-coupled oscillators; synchronization; disease; spread; chaos
AB Networks of coupled dynamical systems have been used to model biological oscillators(1-4), Josephson junction arrays(5,6), excitable media(7), neural networks(8-10), spatial games(11), genetic control networks(12) and many other self-organizing systems. Ordinarily, the connection topology is assumed to be either completely regular or completely random. But many biological, technological and social networks lie somewhere between these two extremes. Here we explore simple models of networks that can be tuned through this middle ground: regular networks 'rewired' to introduce increasing amounts of disorder. We find that these systems can be highly clustered, like regular lattices, yet have small characteristic path lengths, like random graphs. We call them 'small-world' networks, by analogy with the small-world phenomenon(13,14) (popularly known as six degrees of separation(15)). The neural network of the worm Caenorhabditis elegans, the power grid of the western United States, and the collaboration graph of film actors are shown to be small-world networks. Models of dynamical systems with small-world coupling display enhanced signal-propagation speed, computational power, and synchronizability. In particular, infectious diseases spread more easily in small-world networks than in regular lattices.
C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Theoret & Appl Mech, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
C3 Cornell University
RP Watts, DJ (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Paul F Lazarsfeld Ctr Social Sci, 812 SIPA Bldg,420 W118 St, New York, NY 10027 USA.
NR 27
TC 31058
Z9 35617
U1 159
U2 5680
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 4
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6684
BP 440
EP 442
DI 10.1038/30918
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZR842
UT WOS:000074020000035
PM 9623998
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kaufer, D
   Friedman, A
   Seidman, S
   Soreq, H
AF Kaufer, D
   Friedman, A
   Seidman, S
   Soreq, H
TI Acute stress facilitates long-lasting changes in cholinergic gene expression
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human acetylcholinesterase; alzheimers-disease; gulf-war; promoter; brain; pyridostigmine; neurons; calcium; tacrine; cells
AB Acute traumatic stress may lead to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)(1), which is characterized by delayed neuropsychiatric symptoms including depression, irritability, and impaired cognitive performance(2). Curiously, inhibitors of the acetylcholine-hydrolysing enzyme acetylcholinesterase may induce psychopathologies that are reminiscent of PTSD3,4. It is unknown how a single stressful event mediates long-term neuronal plasticity. Moreover, no mechanism has been proposed to explain the convergent neuropsychological outcomes of stress and of acetylcholinesterase inhibition. However, acute stress elicits a transient increase in the amounts released of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and a phase of enhanced neuronal excitability(5). Inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase also promote enhanced electrical brain activity(6), presumably by increasing the survival of acetylcholine at the synapse. Here we report that there is similar bidirectional modulation of genes that regulate acetylcholine availability after stress and blockade of acetylcholinesterase. These calcium-dependent changes in gene expression coincide with phases of rapid enhancement and delayed depression of neuronal excitability, Both of these phases are mediated by muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, Our results suggest a model in which robust cholinergic stimulation triggers rapid induction of the gene encoding the transcription factor c-Fos. This protein then mediates selective regulatory effects on the long-lasting activities of genes involved in acetylcholine metabolism.
C1 Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Alexander Silberman Inst Life Sci, Dept Biol Chem, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel.
   Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Fac Hlth Sci, Dept Physiol, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel.
   Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Fac Hlth Sci, Dept Neurosurg, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel.
   Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Zlotowski Ctr Neurosci, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel.
C3 Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
RP Soreq, H (corresponding author), Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Alexander Silberman Inst Life Sci, Dept Biol Chem, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel.
EM soreq@shum.huji.ac.il
NR 27
TC 525
Z9 578
U1 0
U2 55
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 28
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6683
BP 373
EP 377
DI 10.1038/30741
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZQ593
UT WOS:000073883600056
PM 9620801
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brehm, A
   Miska, EA
   McCance, DJ
   Reid, JL
   Bannister, AJ
   Kouzarides, T
AF Brehm, A
   Miska, EA
   McCance, DJ
   Reid, JL
   Bannister, AJ
   Kouzarides, T
TI Retinoblastoma protein recruits histone deacetylase to repress transcription
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene-product; binding; regulator; yeast; site; cbp
AB The retinoblastoma protein (Rb) silences specific genes that are active in the S phase of the cell cycle and which are regulated by E2F transcription factors(1). Rb binds to the activation domain of E2F and then actively represses the promoter by a mechanism that is poorly understood(2,3). Here we show that Rb associates with a histone deacetylase, HDAC1, through the Rb 'pocket' domain. Association with the deacetylase is reduced by naturally occurring mutations in the pocket and by binding of the human papilloma virus oncoprotein E7. We find that Rb can recruit histone deacetylase to E2F and that Rb cooperates with HDAC1 to repress the E2F-regulated promoter of the gene encoding the cell-cycle protein cyclin E. Inhibition of histone deacetylase activity by trichostatin A (TSA) inhibits Rb-mediated repression of a chromosomally integrated E2F-regulated promoter. Our results indicate that histone deacetylases are important for regulating the cell cycle and that active transcriptional repression by Rb may involve the modification of chromatin structure.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Wellcome CRC Inst, Cambridge CB2 1QR, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Pathol, Cambridge CB2 1QR, England.
   Univ Rochester, Med Ctr, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Rochester, NY 14642 USA.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge; University of Rochester
RP Kouzarides, T (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Wellcome CRC Inst, Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge CB2 1QR, England.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 25
TC 1061
Z9 1277
U1 0
U2 41
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 5
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6667
BP 597
EP 601
DI 10.1038/35404
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YV594
UT WOS:000071842300055
PM 9468139
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Westphal, AJ
   Price, PB
   Weaver, BA
   Afanasiev, VG
AF Westphal, AJ
   Price, PB
   Weaver, BA
   Afanasiev, VG
TI Evidence against stellar chromospheric origin of Galactic cosmic rays
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID energetic particles; supernova-remnants; r-processes; s-process; abundances; elements; nuclei; solar; nucleosynthesis; acceleration
AB Interstellar space is filled with a gas of relativistic ions and electrons-the Galactic cosmic rays. These energetic particles tie interstellar gas to ambient magnetic fields by ionizing the component molecules and atoms, and so play a role in stabilizing molecular clouds against collapse(1) and regulating the collapse of protostellar clouds(2). The observed energy spectrum of cosmic rays up to greater than or similar to 10(15) eV is consistent with their acceleration by supernova shock waves(3), but the original source of cosmic-ray nuclei remains unclear. There has been a widely held belief that the source consists of a solar-like ionized medium(4), probably the chromospheres of late-type Sun-like stars(5). This model predicts an overabundance of easily ionized elements, Here we show that lead, which is easily ionized, is underabundant in the Galactic cosmic rays in contradiction with this model. Rather, our measurements are consistent with two other possible models: one in which the nuclei originate in interstellar gas, and in entire grains accelerated to about one per cent of the speed of light by supernova shock : waves(6,7); and another in which the cosmic rays contain an admixture of an exotic, freshly synthesized component(8), probably originating in neutrino-driven winds from newly born neutron stars(9).
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Westphal, AJ (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 30
TC 99
Z9 100
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 5
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6706
BP 50
EP 52
DI 10.1038/23887
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 136HE
UT WOS:000076852700047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wieczorek, E
   Brand, M
   Jacq, X
   Tora, L
AF Wieczorek, E
   Brand, M
   Jacq, X
   Tora, L
TI Function of TAFII-containing complex without TBP in transcription by RNA polymerase II
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tata-binding protein; estrogen-receptor; tfiid complex; activation functions; promoter; purification; initiation; expression; drosophila; subunits
AB Initiation of transcription of a gene from a core promoter region by RNA polymerase II requires the assembly of several initiation factors to form a preinitiation complex. Assembly of this complex(1,2) is thought to be nucleated exclusively by the sequence-specific binding of the TFIID transcription factor complex, which is composed of the TATA-binding protein (TBP) and TBP-associated factors (TAF(II)s) (refs 3, 4), to the different promoters. Here we isolate and characterize a new multiprotein complex that does not contain either TBP or a TBP-like factor but is composed of several TAF(II)s and other proteins. This complex can replace TFIID on both TATA-containing and TATA-lacking promoters in in vitro transcription assays. Moreover, an anti-TBP antibody that inhibits TBP- and TFIID-dependent transcription does not inhibit activity of this new complex. These results indicate that TBP-free RNA polymerase II mediated transcription may be able to occur in mammalian cells and that multiple preinitiation complexes may play an important role in regulating gene expression.
C1 ULP, CNRS, INSERM, Inst Genet & Biol Mol & Cellulaire, F-67404 Illkirch, France.
C3 Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Tora, L (corresponding author), ULP, CNRS, INSERM, Inst Genet & Biol Mol & Cellulaire, BP 163, F-67404 Illkirch, France.
NR 29
TC 224
Z9 260
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 14
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6681
BP 187
EP 191
DI 10.1038/30283
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZN200
UT WOS:000073619900054
PM 9603525
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Delledonne, M
   Xia, YJ
   Dixon, RA
   Lamb, C
AF Delledonne, M
   Xia, YJ
   Dixon, RA
   Lamb, C
TI Nitric oxide functions as a signal in plant disease resistance
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID oxidative burst; arabidopsis-thaliana; accumulation; synthases; elicitor; protein
AB Recognition of an avirulent pathogen triggers the rapid production of the reactive oxygen intermediates superoxide (O-2(-)) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)(1). This oxidative burst drives crosslinking of the cell wall(2), induces several plant genes involved in cellular protection and defence(3,4), and is necessary for the initiation of host cell death in the hypersensitive disease-resistance response(1,3). However, this burst is not enough to support a strong disease-resistance response(4,5). Here we show that nitric oxide, which acts as a signal in the immune, nervous and vascular systems(6), potentiates the induction of hypersensitive cell death in soybean cells by reactive oxygen intermediates and functions independently of such intermediates to induce genes for the synthesis of protective natural products. Moreover, inhibitors of nitric oxide synthesis compromise the hypersensitive disease-resistance response of Arabidopsis leaves to Pseudomonas syringae, promoting disease and bacterial growth. We conclude that nitric oxide plays a key role in disease resistance in plants.
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, Plant Biol Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Samuel Roberts Noble Fdn Inc, Div Plant Biol, Ardmore, OK 73402 USA.
   Univ Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Ist Genet, I-29100 Piacenza, Italy.
C3 Salk Institute; Noble Research Institute; Catholic University of the Sacred Heart
RP Lamb, C (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, Plant Biol Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
NR 29
TC 1428
Z9 1814
U1 5
U2 257
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 6
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6693
BP 585
EP 588
DI 10.1038/29087
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 107YN
UT WOS:000075238700050
PM 9707120
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Buck, G
AF Buck, G
TI Most smooth closed space curves contain approximate solutions of the n-body problem
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID energy; knots
AB The determination of the exact trajectories of mutually interacting masses (the n-body problem(1,2)) is apparently intractable for n greater than or equal to 3, when the generic solutions become chaotic. A few special solutions are known, which require the masses to be in certain initial positions; these are known as 'central configurations' (refs 1-6) (an example is the equilateral triangle formed by the Sun, Jupiter and Trojan asteroids). The configurations are usually found by symmetry arguments. Here I report a generalization of the central-configuration approach which leads to large continuous families of approximate solutions. I consider the uniform motion of equidistributed masses on closed space curves, in the limit when the number of particles tends to infinity. In this situation, the gravitational force on each particle is proportional to the local curvature, and may be calculated using an integral closely related to the Biot-Savart integral. Approximate solutions are possible for certain (constant) values of the particle speed, determined by equating this integral to the mass times the centrifugal acceleration. Most smooth, closed space curves contain such approximate solutions, because only the local curvature is involved. Moreover, the theory also holds for sets of closed awes, allowing approximate solutions for knotted and linked configurations.
C1 St Anselms Coll, Dept Math, Manchester, NH 03102 USA.
RP Buck, G (corresponding author), St Anselms Coll, Dept Math, Manchester, NH 03102 USA.
EM gbuck@anselm.edu
NR 14
TC 11
Z9 22
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 3
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6697
BP 51
EP 53
DI 10.1038/25684
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 116JY
UT WOS:000075722200041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ahlberg, PE
   Jonanson, Z
AF Ahlberg, PE
   Jonanson, Z
TI Osteolepiforms and the ancestry of tetrapods
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID evolution; braincase; origin; limbs
AB Fossil discoveries(1-7) and improved phylogenies(3-5,7) have greatly improved our understanding of the origin of tetrapods, making it possible to reconstruct sequences of character change leading to tetrapod morphologies(5,7) and to tentatively identify the genetic basis for some of these changes(8,9). However, progress has centred on the upper part of the Tetrapodomorpha(5) which is occupied by Devonian tetrapods such as Acanthostega(1,2,5) and Ichthyostega(1). Few advances have been made in improving our understanding of the lower, 'fish' part of the group, beyond establishing Elpistostegalia, Osteolepiformes and Rhizodontida as progressively more primitive constituents(10-13). It has not been convincingly confirmed or disproved that the Osteolepiformes, a diverse but structurally uniform group that is central to the debate about tetrapod origins(14-17), is monophyletic relative to tetrapods (that is, a single side branch on the tetrapod lineage), The earliest steps of the fish-tetrapod transition have thus remained poorly resolved. Here we present the first detailed analysis of the lower part of the Tetrapodomorpha, based on 99 characters scored for 29 taxa. We show that both the Osteolepiformes as a whole and their constituent group Osteolepididae are paraphyletic to tetrapods (that is, each comprises a section of the tetrapod lineage with several side branches), and that their 'uniting characters' are attributes of the tetrapodomorph stem lineage, The supposedly discredited idea of osteolepiforms as tetrapod ancestors(14-17) is, in effect, supported by our analysis. Tetrapod-like character complexes evolved three times in parallel within the Tetrapodomorpha.
C1 Nat Hist Museum, Dept Palaeontol, London SW7 5BD, England.
   Australian Museum, Palaeontol Sect, Sydney S, NSW 2000, Australia.
C3 Natural History Museum London; Australian Museum
RP Ahlberg, PE (corresponding author), Nat Hist Museum, Dept Palaeontol, Cromwell Rd, London SW7 5BD, England.
EM P.Ahlberg@nhm.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 132
Z9 149
U1 0
U2 56
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 22
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6704
BP 792
EP 794
DI 10.1038/27421
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 132AL
UT WOS:000076607400054
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Roberts, G
   Sherratt, TN
AF Roberts, G
   Sherratt, TN
TI Development of cooperative relationships through increasing investment
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tit-for-tat; prisoners-dilemma; reciprocal altruism; evolution; impala
AB Reciprocal altruism(1) can become established among selfish, unrelated individuals if they use responsive strategies such as 'tit-for-tat'(2-4). This result raises the fundamental question: how altruistic should one be? The problem is difficult to solve using current 'prisoner's dilemma' based models because they allow only the discrete choice of cooperating or defecting. In reality, however, cooperation is rarely all-or-nothing. Furthermore, if cooperative investment is variable, a new and more subtle kind of cheating becomes possible: individuals may invest slightly less than their partner. A concern is that this 'short-changing' will erode cooperative ventures. Here we show that cooperation can thrive despite variable investment through the new strategy of 'raise-the-stakes'. This strategy offers a small amount on first meeting and then, if matched, raises its investment, something that no strategy in the discrete model can do. We show that such behaviour can readily invade a population of non-altruists and cannot be effectively exploited. The practice of 'testing the water' rather than making sudden cooperative 'leaps of faith' powerfully reinforces the stability and effectiveness of reciprocity.
C1 Newcastle Univ, Dept Psychol, Evolut & Behav Res Grp, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, Tyne & Wear, England.
   Univ Durham, Dept Biol Sci, Durham DH1 3LE, England.
C3 Newcastle University - UK; Durham University
RP Roberts, G (corresponding author), Newcastle Univ, Dept Psychol, Evolut & Behav Res Grp, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, Tyne & Wear, England.
EM gilbert.roberts@ncl.ac.uk
NR 23
TC 212
Z9 229
U1 0
U2 42
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 9
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6689
BP 175
EP 179
DI 10.1038/28160
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZZ203
UT WOS:000074705900052
PM 9671299
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Himanen, JP
   Henkemeyer, M
   Nikolov, DB
AF Himanen, JP
   Henkemeyer, M
   Nikolov, DB
TI Crystal structure of the ligand-binding domain of the receptor tyrosine kinase EphB2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neural crest migration; transmembrane ligands; commissural axons; nuk; guidance; complex; pattern
AB The Eph receptors, which bind a group of cell-membrane-anchored ligands known as ephrins, represent the largest subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)(1). They are predominantly expressed in the developing and adult nervous system(2) and are important in contact-mediated axon guidance(3-6), axon fasciculation(5,7) and cell migations(8-11). Eph receptors are unique among other RTKs in that they fall into two subclasses with distinct Ligand specificities(12), and in that they can themselves function as ligands to activate bidirectional cell-cell signalling(4,13,14). We report here the crystal structure at 2.9 Angstrom resolution of the amino-terminal ligand-binding domain of the EphB2 receptor (also known as NUk)(15-17). Th, domain folds into a compact jellyroll beta-sandwich composed of 11 antiparallel beta-strands. Using structure-based mutagenesis, we have identified an extended loop that is important for ligand binding and class specificity. This loop, which is conserved within but not between Eph RTK subclasses, packs against the concave beta-sandwich surface near positions at which missense mutations cause signalling defects(18), localizing the ligand-binding region on the surface of the receptor.
C1 Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Cellular Biochem & Biophys Program, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Ctr Dev Biol, Dallas, TX 75235 USA.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
RP Nikolov, DB (corresponding author), Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Cellular Biochem & Biophys Program, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM Dimitar@ximpact3.number.lnuk
NR 30
TC 90
Z9 123
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 3
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6710
BP 486
EP 491
DI 10.1038/24904
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 145KL
UT WOS:000077370100059
PM 9853759
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nussbaum, RL
AF Nussbaum, RL
TI Human genetics - Putting the Parkin into Parkinson's
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID juvenile parkinsonism; disease
C1 Natl Human Genome Res Inst, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)
RP Nussbaum, RL (corresponding author), Natl Human Genome Res Inst, 49 Convent Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM rlnuss@nhgri.nih.gov
NR 9
TC 13
Z9 17
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 9
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6676
BP 544
EP 545
DI 10.1038/33271
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZG300
UT WOS:000072987200026
PM 9560145
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wilson, PA
   Jenkyns, HC
   Elderfield, H
   Larson, RL
AF Wilson, PA
   Jenkyns, HC
   Elderfield, H
   Larson, RL
TI The paradox of drowned carbonate platforms and the origin of Cretaceous Pacific guyots
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID strontium-isotope stratigraphy; enewetak-atoll; volcanism; calcite; demise; reefs; plate
AB Geochemical, stratigraphic and palaeolatitudinal data from deep boreholes drilled through Pacific guyots-flat-topped seamounts-help to explain the drowning of these Cretaceous shallow-water carbonate platforms that once thrived through the accumulation of biogenic and inorganic calcium carbonate sediment in mind-oceanic regions. The platforms drowned sequentially over a 60-million-year interval while they were being transported northward by Pacific plate motion through a narrow equatorial zone (similar to 0-10 degrees S). Such platforms were apparently resistant to the effects of Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events. Although the mechanism responsible for drowning remains unknown, the tropics have not always been the refuge for atolls that they are today.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Earth Sci, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, England.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Earth Sci, Oxford OX1 3PR, England.
   Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of Oxford; University of Rhode Island
RP Wilson, PA (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Earth Sci, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, England.
EM paw100@cam.ac.uk
NR 51
TC 82
Z9 87
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 30
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6679
BP 889
EP 894
DI 10.1038/31865
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZK759
UT WOS:000073359900038
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Böltau, M
   Walheim, S
   Mlynek, J
   Krausch, G
   Steiner, U
AF Böltau, M
   Walheim, S
   Mlynek, J
   Krausch, G
   Steiner, U
TI Surface-induced structure formation of polymer blends on patterned substrates
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID films
AB Phase separation in bulk mixtures commonly leads to an isotropic, disordered morphology of the coexisting phases(1). The presence of a surface can significantly alter the phase-separation process, however(2,3). Here we show that the domains of a phase-separating mixture of polymers in a thin film can be guided into arbitrary structures by a surface with a prepatterned variation of surface energies. Such a pattern can be imposed on a surface by using printing methods for depositing microstructured molecular films(4), thereby allowing for such patterns to be readily transferred to a two-component polymer film. This approach might provide a simple means for fabricating polymer-based microelectronic circuits(5) or polymer resists for lithographic semiconductor processing.
C1 Univ Konstanz, Fak Phys, D-78457 Constance, Germany.
C3 University of Konstanz
RP Steiner, U (corresponding author), Univ Konstanz, Fak Phys, D-78457 Constance, Germany.
NR 13
TC 498
Z9 598
U1 2
U2 128
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 26
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6670
BP 877
EP 879
DI 10.1038/36075
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YZ206
UT WOS:000072230900047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wu, YC
   Horvitz, HR
AF Wu, YC
   Horvitz, HR
TI C-elegans phagocytosis and cell-migration protein CED-5 is similar to human DOCK180
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nematode caenorhabditis-elegans; gene-expression; death; recognition; apoptosis; mutations; encodes; muscle
AB During programmed cell death, cell corpses are rapidly engulfed(1). This engulfment process involves the recognition and subsequent phagocytosis of cell corpses by engulfing cells(1-4). How cell corpses are engulfed is largely unknown, Here we report that ced-5, a gene that is required for cell-corpse engulfment in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegan(5), encodes a protein that is similar to the human protein DOCK180 and the Drosophila melanogaster protein Myoblast City (MBC), both of which have been implicated in the extension of cell surfaces(6). ced-5 mutants are defective not only in the engulfment of cell corpses but also in the migrations of two specific gonadal cells, the distal tip cells. The expression of human DOCK180 in C. elegans rescued the cell-migration defect of a ced-5 mutant. We present evidence that ced-5 functions in engulfing cells during the engulfment of cell corpses. We suggest that ced-5 acts in the extension of the surface of an engulfing cell around a dying cell during programmed cell death, We name this new family of proteins that function in the extension of cell surfaces the CDM (for CED-5, DOCK180 and MBC) family.
C1 MIT, Dept Biol, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Horvitz, HR (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Biol, Howard Hughes Med Inst, 68-425,77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM horvitz@mit.edu
NR 29
TC 325
Z9 371
U1 1
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 2
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6675
BP 501
EP 504
DI 10.1038/33163
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZF215
UT WOS:000072875200060
PM 9548255
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rutherford, SL
   Lindquist, S
AF Rutherford, SL
   Lindquist, S
TI Hsp90 as a capacitor for morphological evolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID steroid-receptor; tyrosine kinase; protein-kinase; in-vivo; drosophila; neutrality; mutations; hsp83
AB The heat-shock protein Hsp90 supports diverse but specific signal transducers and lies at the interface of several developmental pathways. We report here that when Drosophila Hsp90 is mutant or pharmacologically Impaired, phenotypic variation affecting nearly any adult structure is produced, with specific variants depending on the genetic background and occurring both in laboratory strains and in wild populations. Multiple, previously silent, genetic determinants produced these variants and, when enriched by selection, they rapidly became independent of the Hsp90 mutation, Therefore, widespread variation affecting morphogenic pathways exists in nature, but is usually silent; Hsp90 buffers this variation, allowing it to accumulate under neutral conditions, When Hsp90 buffering is compromised, for example by temperature, cryptic variants are expressed and selection can lead to the continued expression of these traits, even when Hsp90 function is restored. This provides a plausible mechanism for promoting evolutionary change in otherwise entrenched developmental processes.
C1 Univ Chicago, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Chicago
RP Lindquist, S (corresponding author), Univ Calif Irvine, Ctr Dev Biol, 4205 Biol Sci 2, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
NR 37
TC 1727
Z9 2015
U1 1
U2 225
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 26
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6709
BP 336
EP 342
DI 10.1038/24550
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 142MJ
UT WOS:000077204000040
PM 9845070
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rossetti, Y
   Rode, G
   Pisella, L
   Farné, A
   Li, L
   Boisson, D
   Perenin, MT
AF Rossetti, Y
   Rode, G
   Pisella, L
   Farné, A
   Li, L
   Boisson, D
   Perenin, MT
TI Prism adaptation to a rightward optical deviation rehabilitates left hemispatial neglect
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID unilateral visual neglect; vestibular stimulation; motor control; hemineglect; cortex
AB A large proportion of right-hemisphere stroke patients show hemispatial neglect-a neurological deficit of perception, attention, representation, and/or performing actions within their left-sided space(1), inducing many functional debilitating effects on everyday life, and responsible for poor functional recovery and ability to benefit from treatment(2). The frequent parietal locus of the lesion producing neglect reflects the impairment of coordinate transformation used by the nervous system to represent extrapersonal space. Given that adaptation to a visual distortion can provide an efficient way to stimulate neural structures responsible for the transformation of sensorimotor coordinates, the aim of our study was to investigate the effect of prism adaptation on various neglect symptoms, including the pathological shift of the subjective midline to the right. All patients exposed to the optical shift of the visual field to the right were improved on their manual body-midline demonstration and on classical neuropsychological tests. Unlike other physiological manipulations used to improve neglect, this improvement lasted for at least two hours after prism removal and thus could be useful in rehabilitation programmes. The positive effect found for both sensorimotor and more cognitive spatial functions suggests that they share or depend on a common level of space representation linked to multisensory integration.
C1 Hospices Civils Lyon, Hop Henry Gabrielle, Serv Reeduc Neurol, F-69565 St Genis Laval, France.
   Univ Claude Bernard, F-69565 St Genis Laval, France.
   Espace & Act, INSERM, U94, F-69676 Bron, France.
   Hop Neurol, Serv Reeduc, F-69003 Lyon, France.
C3 CHU Lyon; Universite Lyon 1; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); CHU Lyon
RP Rossetti, Y (corresponding author), Hospices Civils Lyon, Hop Henry Gabrielle, Serv Reeduc Neurol, BP 57, F-69565 St Genis Laval, France.
EM rossetti@lyon151.inserm.fr
NR 24
TC 668
Z9 736
U1 0
U2 97
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 10
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6698
BP 166
EP 169
DI 10.1038/25988
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 118GK
UT WOS:000075829900040
PM 9744273
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Farell, B
AF Farell, B
TI Two-dimensional matches from one-dimensional stimulus components in human stereopsis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cat visual-cortex; depth; disparity; mechanisms
AB Three-dimensional visual scenes project onto the retina of the eye as two-dimensional images. The third dimension, depth, is projected as subtle differences between left and right retinal images. As early as the 1830s, stereoscopic depth perception was shown to depend on horizontal disparities between these images(1) To detect disparity, the visual system must match corresponding parts of the two retinal images. To identify the stimulus elements used in stereo matching, I applied a disparity-adaptation technique to visual patterns whose one-dimensional components and two-dimensional features have very different disparities. Surprisingly, the adaptors that are effective in altering depth perception appear widely separated in depth from the patterns they adapt. I conclude that stereo matching occurs in all directions of two-dimensional space and that one-dimensional components are the stimulus primitives, the fundamental elements of stereo matching. This is a reversal of the classical view of stereo correspondence as a one-dimensional (horizontal) matching of monocular two-dimensional features(2-4).
C1 Syracuse Univ, Inst Sensory Res, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA.
   SUNY Hlth Sci Ctr, Ctr Vis Res, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA.
C3 Syracuse University; State University of New York (SUNY) System; SUNY Upstate Medical University
RP Farell, B (corresponding author), Syracuse Univ, Inst Sensory Res, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA.
EM bart_farell@isr.syr.edu
NR 27
TC 49
Z9 49
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 15
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6703
BP 689
EP 693
DI 10.1038/27192
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 129PR
UT WOS:000076472600050
PM 9790188
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Versteege, I
   Sévenet, N
   Lange, J
   Rousseau-Merck, MF
   Ambros, P
   Handgretinger, R
   Aurias, A
   Delattre, O
AF Versteege, I
   Sévenet, N
   Lange, J
   Rousseau-Merck, MF
   Ambros, P
   Handgretinger, R
   Aurias, A
   Delattre, O
TI Truncating mutations of hSNF5/INI1 in aggressive paediatric cancer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID malignant rhabdoid tumor; swi/snf complex; binding; stimulation; protein; kidney; snf5
AB Malignant rhabdoid tumours (MRTs) are extremely aggressive cancers of early childhood. They can occur in various locations, mainly the kidney, brain and soft tissues(1,2). Cytogenetic and molecular analyses have shown that the deletion of region 11.2 of the long arm of chromosome 22 (22q11.2) is a recurrent genetic characteristic of MRTs, indicating that this locus may encode a tumour suppressor gene(3-8). Here we map the most frequently deleted part of chromosome 22q11.2 from a panel of 13 MRT cell lines. We observed six homozygous deletions that delineate the smallest region of overlap between the cell lines. This region is found in the hSNF5/3INI1 gene, which encodes a member of the chromatin-remodelling SWI/SNF multiprotein complexes(9-12). We analysed the sequence of hSNF5/INI1 and found frameshift or nonsense mutations of this gene in six other cell lines. These truncating mutations of one allele were associated with the loss of the other allele. Identical alterations were observed in corresponding primary tumour DNAs but not in matched constitutional DNAs, indicating that they had been acquired somatically. The observation of bi-allelic alterations of hSNF5/INI1 in MRTs suggests that loss-of-function mutations of hSNF5/INI1 contribute to oncogenesis.
C1 Inst Curie, Sect Rech, Lab Pathol Mol Canc, F-75248 Paris 05, France.
   St Anna Childrens Hosp, Childrens Canc Res Inst, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
   Univ Tubingen, Kinderklin, D-72070 Tubingen, Germany.
C3 UNICANCER; Universite PSL; Institut Curie; Saint Anna Children's Hospital; St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI); Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen
RP Delattre, O (corresponding author), Inst Curie, Sect Rech, Lab Pathol Mol Canc, 26 Rue Ulm, F-75248 Paris 05, France.
EM delattre@curie.fr
NR 28
TC 1243
Z9 1418
U1 0
U2 50
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 9
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6689
BP 203
EP 206
DI 10.1038/28212
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZZ203
UT WOS:000074705900060
PM 9671307
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hughen, KA
   Overpeck, JT
   Lehman, SJ
   Kashgarian, M
   Southon, J
   Peterson, LC
   Alley, R
   Sigman, DM
AF Hughen, KA
   Overpeck, JT
   Lehman, SJ
   Kashgarian, M
   Southon, J
   Peterson, LC
   Alley, R
   Sigman, DM
TI Deglacial changes in ocean circulation from an extended radiocarbon calibration
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID north-atlantic; last deglaciation; younger dryas; snow accumulation; climate-change; c-14; corals; greenland; chronology; sediments
AB Temporal variations in the atmospheric concentration of radiocarbon sometimes result in radiocarbon-based age-estimates of biogenic material that do not agree with true calendar age, This problem is particularly severe beyond the limit of the high-resolution radiocarbon calibration based on tree-ring data, which stretches back only to(1,2) about 11.8 kyr before present (BP), near the termination of the Younger Dryas cold period If a wide range of palaeoclimate records are to be exploited for better understanding the rates and patterns of environmental change during the last deglaciation, extending the well-calibrated radiocarbon timescale back further in time is crucial. Several studies attempting such an extension, using uranium/thorium-dated corals(3-5) and laminae counts in varved sediments(6-9), show conflicting results, Here we use radiocarbon data from varved sediments in the Cariaco basin, in the southern Caribbean Sea, to construct an accurate and continuous radiocarbon calibration for the period 9 to 14.5 kyr sp, nearly 3,000 years beyond the tree-ring-based calibration, A simple model compared to the calculated atmospheric radiocarbon concentration and palaeoclimate data from the same sediment core suggests that North Atlantic Deep Water formation shut down during the Younger Dryas period, but was gradually replaced by an alternative mode of convection, possibly via the formation of North Atlantic Intermediate Water.
C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Paleoclimatol Program, Boulder, CO 80303 USA.
   Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, CAMS, Livermore, CA 94551 USA.
   Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA.
   Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Penn State Univ, Ctr Earth Syst Sci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
   Univ Colorado, INSTAAR, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; University of California System; University of Miami; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
RP Hughen, KA (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, 20 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
NR 30
TC 276
Z9 301
U1 0
U2 37
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 1
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6662
BP 65
EP 68
DI 10.1038/34150
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YP888
UT WOS:000071326100048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dlugokencky, EJ
   Masarie, KA
   Lang, PM
   Tans, PP
AF Dlugokencky, EJ
   Masarie, KA
   Lang, PM
   Tans, PP
TI Continuing decline in the growth rate of the atmospheric methane burden
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID northern-hemisphere; dramatic decrease; carbon-dioxide; ch4; co; accumulation
AB The global atmospheric methane burden has more than doubled since pre-industrial times(1,2), and this increase is responsible for about 20% of the estimated change in direct radiative forcing due to anthropogenic greenhouse-gas emissions, Research into future climate change and the development of remedial environmental policies therefore require a reliable assessment of the long-term growth rate in the atmospheric methane load, Measurements have revealed that although the global atmospheric methane burden continues to increase(2) with significant interannual variability(3,4), the overall rate of increase has slowed(2,5), Here we present an analysis of methane measurements from a global air sampling network that suggests that, assuming constant OH concentration, global annual methane emissions have remained nearly constant during the period 1984-96, and that the decreasing growth rate in atmospheric methane reflects the approach to a steady state on a timescale comparable to methane's atmospheric lifetime. If the global methane sources and OH concentration continue to remain constant, we expect average methane mixing ratios to increase slowly from today's 1,730 nmol mol(-1) to similar to 1,800 nmol mol(-1), with little change in the contribution of methane to the greenhouse effect.
C1 NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA.
   Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
C3 National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
RP Dlugokencky, EJ (corresponding author), NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA.
NR 21
TC 304
Z9 356
U1 2
U2 55
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 4
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6684
BP 447
EP 450
DI 10.1038/30934
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZR842
UT WOS:000074020000038
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Newell, PT
   Meng, CI
   Wing, S
AF Newell, PT
   Meng, CI
   Wing, S
TI Relation to solar activity of intense aurorae in sunlight and darkness
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The oldest documented(1,2) relationship between the number of sunspots (the solar cycle) and terrestrial effects is the increased frequency of aurorae in the period immediately after the solar maximum (the peak of the number of sunspots). This correlation is, however, based only on observations of the relatively rare events of 'great aurorae', which are those that reach mid-latitudes or lower. The overwhelming majority of intense aurorae, and therefore most of the energy put into the ionosphere, occurs at high latitudes, where aurorae appear nightly. Here we report the global frequency of aurorae as a function of solar cycle, determined by data from the US Air Force Defense Meteorological Satellite Program. We find that, contrary to expectations, the total number of intense aurorae is uncorrelated with solar activity in darkness, and is negatively correlated with solar activity in sunlit conditions. These findings imply a causal relationship between aurorae and ionospheric conductivity (the latter is maximal at solar maximum) and therefore indicate that the occurrence of intense aurorae is a discharge phenomenon, similar to lightning.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory
RP Newell, PT (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Johns Hopkins Rd, Laurel, MD 20723 USA.
NR 12
TC 56
Z9 56
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 28
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6683
BP 342
EP 344
DI 10.1038/30682
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZQ593
UT WOS:000073883600046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hemminki, A
   Markie, D
   Tomlinson, I
   Avizienyte, E
   Roth, S
   Loukola, A
   Bignell, G
   Warren, W
   Aminoff, M
   Höglund, P
   Järvinen, H
   Kristo, P
   Pelin, K
   Ridanpää, M
   Salovaara, R
   Toro, T
   Bodmer, W
   Olschwang, S
   Olsen, AS
   Stratton, MR
   de la Chapelle, A
   Aaltonen, LA
AF Hemminki, A
   Markie, D
   Tomlinson, I
   Avizienyte, E
   Roth, S
   Loukola, A
   Bignell, G
   Warren, W
   Aminoff, M
   Höglund, P
   Järvinen, H
   Kristo, P
   Pelin, K
   Ridanpää, M
   Salovaara, R
   Toro, T
   Bodmer, W
   Olschwang, S
   Olsen, AS
   Stratton, MR
   de la Chapelle, A
   Aaltonen, LA
TI A serine/threonine kinase gene defective in Peutz-Jegheus syndrome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mutations; cancer
AB Studies of hereditary cancer syndromes have contributed greatly to our understanding of molecular events involved in tumorigenesis. Here we investigate the molecular background of the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome(1,2) (PJS), a rare hereditary disease in which there is predisposition to benign and malignant tumours of many organ systems. A locus for this condition was recently assigned to chromosome 19p (ref. 3). We have identified truncating germline mutations in a gene residing on chromosome 19p in multiple individuals affected by PJS. This previously identified but unmapped gene, LKB1 (ref. 4), has strong homology to a cytoplasmic Xenopus serine/threonine protein kinase XEEK1 (ref. 5), and weaker similarity to many other protein kinases. Peutz-Jeghers syndrome is therefore the first cancer-susceptibility syndrome to be identified that is due to inactivating mutations in a protein kinase.
C1 Univ Helsinki, Haartman Inst, Dept Med Genet, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
   Univ Helsinki, Haartman Inst, Dept Pathol, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
   Dunedin Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Dunedin, New Zealand.
   Inst Canc Res, Haddow Labs, Sect Canc Genet, Sutton SM2 5NG, Surrey, England.
   John Radcliffe Hosp, Nuffield Dept Clin Med, Oxford OX3 9DU, England.
   Univ Helsinki, Cent Hosp, Dept Surg 2, FIN-00290 Helsinki, Finland.
   Folkhalsan Inst Genet, Helsinki 00280, Finland.
   John Radcliffe Hosp, Inst Mol Med, Imperial Canc Res Fund, Canc & Immunogenet Lab, Oxford OX3 9DS, England.
   Fdn Jean Dausset CEPH, INSERM, U434, F-75010 Paris, France.
   Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Ctr Human Genome, Livermore, CA 94550 USA.
   Ohio State Univ, Ctr Comprehens Canc, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
C3 University of Helsinki; University of Helsinki; University of Otago; University of London; Institute of Cancer Research - UK; University of Oxford; University of Helsinki; Helsinki University Central Hospital; University of Oxford; Foundation Jean Dausset-CEPH; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; University of California System; James Cancer Hospital & Solove Research Institute; University System of Ohio; Ohio State University
RP Aaltonen, LA (corresponding author), Univ Helsinki, Haartman Inst, Dept Med Genet, POB 21 Haartmaninkatu 3, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
EM Lauri.Aaltonen@Helsinki.Fi
NR 15
TC 1243
Z9 1491
U1 0
U2 44
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 8
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6663
BP 184
EP 187
DI 10.1038/34432
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YQ378
UT WOS:000071380900053
PM 9428765
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nicolaou, KC
   Yang, Z
   Shi, GQ
   Gunzner, JL
   Agrios, KA
   Gärtner, P
AF Nicolaou, KC
   Yang, Z
   Shi, GQ
   Gunzner, JL
   Agrios, KA
   Gärtner, P
TI Total synthesis of brevetoxin A
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID organic-synthesis; stereocontrolled synthesis; generation strategy; construction; systems; ethers; binding; oxidant; toxins; chain
AB Brevetoxin A is the most potent neurotoxin secreted by Gymnodinium breve Davis, a marine organism often associated with harmful algal blooms known as 'red tides'(1-3). The compound, whose mechanism of action involves binding to and opening of sodium channels(4-7), is sufficiently toxic to kill fish at concentrations of nanogams per mi (refs 3, 4) and, after accumulation in filter-feeding shellfish, to poison human consumers. The precise pathway by which nature constructs brevetoxin A is at present unknown(8,9), but strategies for its total synthesis have been contemplated for some time. The synthetic challenge posed by brevetoxin A reflects the high complexity of its molecular structure: 10 oxygen atoms and a chain of 44 carbon atoms are woven into a polycyclic macromolecule that includes 10 rings (containing between 5 and 9 atoms) and 22 stereogenic centres. Particularly challenging are the 7-, 8- and 9-membered rings which allow the molecule to undergo slow conformational changes and force a 90 degrees twist at one of its rings(1-6). Here we describe the successful incorporation of methods that were specifically developed for the construction of these rings(10,11) into an overall strategy for the total synthesis of brevetoxin A in its naturally occurring form. The convergent synthesis reported here renders this scarce neurotoxin synthetically available and, more importantly, allows the design and synthesis of analogues for further biochemical studies.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, Dept Chem, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, Skaggs Inst Chem Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Chem & Biochem, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; Scripps Research Institute; University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Nicolaou, KC (corresponding author), Scripps Res Inst, Dept Chem, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
NR 44
TC 151
Z9 175
U1 2
U2 70
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 19
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6673
BP 264
EP 269
DI 10.1038/32623
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZC739
UT WOS:000072612300042
PM 9521320
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mattingley, JB
   Husain, M
   Rorden, C
   Kennard, C
   Driver, J
AF Mattingley, JB
   Husain, M
   Rorden, C
   Kennard, C
   Driver, J
TI Motor role of human inferior parietal lobe revealed in unilateral neglect patients
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID directional hypokinesia; attention; representation; cortex
AB The exact role of the parietal lobe in spatial cognition is controversial. One influential hypothesis proposes that it subserves spatial perception(1), whereas other accounts suggest that its primary role is to direct spatial movement(2,3). For humans, it has been suggested that these functions may be divided between inferior and superior parietal lobes, respectively(2,4). In apparent support of a purely perceptual function for the inferior parietal lobe (IPL), patients with lesions to this structure, particularly in the right hemisphere, exhibit unilateral spatial neglect (deficient awareness for the side of space opposite to that of their lesion)(5). Here we show that patients with right IPL lesions also have a specific difficulty in initiating leftward movements towards visual targets on the left side of space, This motor impairment was not found in neglect patients,vith frontal lesions, contrary to precious proposals that motor aspects of neglect are particularly associated with anterior damage(6-9). Our results suggest that the human IPL operates as a sensorimotor interface, rather than subserving only perceptual functions.
C1 Charing Cross Hosp, Imperial Coll Sch Med, Div Neurosci & Psychol Med, London W6 8RF, England.
   UCL, Inst Cognit Neurosci, Dept Psychol, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Expt Psychol, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England.
C3 Imperial College London; University of London; University College London; University of Cambridge
RP Husain, M (corresponding author), Charing Cross Hosp, Imperial Coll Sch Med, Div Neurosci & Psychol Med, London W6 8RF, England.
EM m.husain@cxwms.ac.uk
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 26
TC 235
Z9 258
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 12
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6672
BP 179
EP 182
DI 10.1038/32413
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZB349
UT WOS:000072462700062
PM 9515962
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Buse, K
   Adibi, A
   Psaltis, D
AF Buse, K
   Adibi, A
   Psaltis, D
TI Non-volatile holographic storage in doubly doped lithium niobate crystals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID linbo3
AB Photorefractive materials are being widely investigated for applications in holographic data storage(1), Inhomogeneous illumination of these materials with an optical interference pattern redistributes charge, builds up internal electric fields and so changes the refractive index. Subsequent homogeneous illumination results in light diffraction and reconstructs the information encoded in the original interference pattern. A range of inorganic and organic photorefractive materials are known(2), in which thousands of holograms of high fidelity can be efficiently stored, reconstructed and erased. But there remains a problem with volatility: the read-out process usually erases the stored information and amplifies the scattered light. Several techniques for 'fixing' holograms have been developed(3-6), but they have practical disadvantages and only laboratory demonstrators have been built(7-10). Here we describe a resolution to the problem of volatility that should lead to the realization of a more practical system. We use crystals of lithium niobate-available both in large size and with excellent homogeneity-that have been doped with two different deep electron traps (iron and manganese). Illumination of the crystals with incoherent ultraviolet light during the recording process permits the storage of data (a red-light interference pattern) that can be subsequently read, in the absence of ultraviolet light, without erasure. Our crystals show up to 32 per cent diffraction efficiency, rapid optical erasure of the stored data is possible using ultraviolet light, and light scattering is effectively prevented.
C1 CALTECH, Dept Elect Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology
RP Psaltis, D (corresponding author), CALTECH, Dept Elect Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
NR 17
TC 526
Z9 590
U1 1
U2 133
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 18
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6686
BP 665
EP 668
DI 10.1038/31429
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZV288
UT WOS:000074289600046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Van Doren, M
   Broihier, HT
   Moore, LA
   Lehmann, R
AF Van Doren, M
   Broihier, HT
   Moore, LA
   Lehmann, R
TI HMG-CoA reductase guides migrating primordial germ cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID coenzyme-a reductase; drosophila-melanogaster; expression; phenotypes; mesoderm
AB The enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase is best known for catalysing a rate-limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis, but it also participates in the production of a wide variety of other compounds'. Some clinical benefits attributed to inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase are now thought to be independent of any serum cholesterol-lowering effect(2,3). Here we describe a new cholesterol-independent role for HMG-CoA reductase, in regulating a developmental process: primordial germ cell migration. We show that in Drosophila this enzyme is highly expressed in the somatic gonad and that it is necessary for primordial germ cells to migrate to this tissue. Misexpression of HMG-CoA reductase is sufficient to attract primordial germ cells to tissues other than the gonadal mesoderm. We conclude that the regulated expression of HMG-CoA reductase has a critical developmental function in providing spatial information to guide migrating primordial germ cells.
C1 NYU, Med Ctr, Skirball Inst, Dev Genet Program, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   NYU, Med Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Cell Biol, New York, NY 10016 USA.
C3 New York University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; New York University
RP Lehmann, R (corresponding author), NYU, Med Ctr, Skirball Inst, Dev Genet Program, 540 1st Ave, New York, NY 10016 USA.
EM lehmann@saturn.med.nyu.edu
NR 20
TC 149
Z9 178
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 3
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6710
BP 466
EP 469
DI 10.1038/24871
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 145KL
UT WOS:000077370100054
PM 9853754
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU You, CF
   Bickle, MJ
AF You, CF
   Bickle, MJ
TI Evolution of an active sea-floor massive sulphide deposit
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ridge; ocean
AB Hydrothermal circulation at oceanic spreading ridges causes sea water to penetrate to depths of 2 to 3 km in the oceanic crust where it is heated to similar to 400 degrees C before venting at spectacular 'black smokers'. These hydrothermal systems exert a strong influence on ocean chemistry(1), yet their structure, longevity and magnitude remain largely unresolved(2). The active Transatlantic Geotraverse (TAG) deposit, at 26 degrees N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, is one of the largest, oldest and most intensively studied of the massive sulphide mounds that accumulate beneath black-smoker fields. Here we report ages of sulphides and anhydrites from the recently drilled(3) TAG substrate structures-determined from U-234-Th-230 systematics analysed by thermal ionization mass spectrometry, The new precise ages combined with existing data(4,5) show that the oldest material (11,000 to 37,000 years old) forms a layer across the centre of the deposit with younger material (2,300-7,800 years old) both above and below. This stratigraphy confirms that much of the sulphide and anhydrite are precipitated within the mound by mixing of entrained sea water with hydrothermal fluid(6). The age distribution is consistent with episodic activity of the hydrothermal system recurring at intervals of up to 2,000 years.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Earth Sci, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, England.
   Natl Cheng Kung Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Tainan, Taiwan.
C3 University of Cambridge; National Cheng Kung University
RP Bickle, MJ (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Earth Sci, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, England.
NR 18
TC 60
Z9 69
U1 1
U2 34
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 13
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6694
BP 668
EP 671
DI 10.1038/29279
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 110MD
UT WOS:000075384200040
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Carpenter, EP
   Hawkins, AR
   Frost, JW
   Brown, KA
AF Carpenter, EP
   Hawkins, AR
   Frost, JW
   Brown, KA
TI Structure of dehydroquinate synthase reveals an active site capable of multistep catalysis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pentafunctional arom protein; aspergillus-nidulans; 3-dehydroquinate; shikimate
AB Dehydroquinate synthase (DHQS) has long been regarded as a catalytic marvel because of its ability to perform several consecutive chemical reactions in one active site(1-7). There has been considerable debate as to whether DHQS is actively involved in all these steps(1,2), or whether several steps occur spontaneously, making DHQS a spectator in its own mechanism(3-5). DHQS performs the second step in the shikimate pathway, which is required for the synthesis of aromatic compounds in bacteria, microbial eukaryotes and plants(8). This enzyme is a potential target for new antifungal and antibacterial drugs(9,10) as the shikimate pathway is absent from mammals and DHQS is required for pathogen virulence(11). Here we report the crystal structure of DHQS, which has several unexpected features, including a previously unobserved mode for NAD(+)-binding and an active-site organization that is surprisingly similar to that of alcohol dehydrogenase, in a new protein fold, The structure reveals interactions between the active site and a substrate-analogue inhibitor, which indicate how DHQS can perform multistep catalysis without the formation of unwanted by-products.
C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Biochem, London SW7 2AY, England.
   Natl Inst Med Res, Div Prot Struct, London NW7 1AA, England.
   Med Sch Newcastle Upon Tyne, New Med Sch, Dept Biochem & Genet, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, Tyne & Wear, England.
   Michigan State Univ, Dept Chem, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
C3 Imperial College London; MRC National Institute for Medical Research; Newcastle University - UK; Michigan State University
RP Brown, KA (corresponding author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Biochem, Exhibit Rd, London SW7 2AY, England.
EM k.brown@ic.ac.uk
NR 29
TC 123
Z9 161
U1 1
U2 55
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 16
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6690
BP 299
EP 302
DI 10.1038/28431
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 101CK
UT WOS:000074851900054
PM 9685163
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sarmiento, JL
   Hughes, TMC
   Stouffer, RJ
   Manabe, S
AF Sarmiento, JL
   Hughes, TMC
   Stouffer, RJ
   Manabe, S
TI Simulated response of the ocean carbon cycle to anthropogenic climate warming
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atmospheric co2; circulation; model; dioxide; pacific; air
AB A 1995 report(1) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change provides a set of illustrative anthropogenic CO2 emission models leading to stabilization of atmospheric CO2 concentrations ranging from 350 to 1,000 p.p.m. (refs 1-4). Ocean carbon-cycle models used in calculating these scenarios assume that oceanic circulation and biology remain unchanged through time. Here we examine the importance of this assumption by using a coupled atmosphere-ocean model of global warming(5) for the period 1765 to 2065. We find a large potential modification to the ocean carbon sink in a vast region of the Southern Ocean where increased rainfall leads to surface freshening and increased stratification(6). The increased stratification reduces the downward flux of carbon and the loss of heat to the atmosphere, both of which decrease the oceanic uptake of anthropogenic CO2 relative to a constant-climate control scenario. Changes in the formation, transport and cycling of biological material may counteract the reduced uptake, but the response of the biological community to the climate change is difficult to predict on present understanding. Our simulation suggests that such physical and biological changes might already be occurring, and that they could substantially affect the ocean carbon sink over the next few decades.
C1 Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA.
   Bermuda Biol Stn Res, Ferry Reach, Bermuda.
C3 Princeton University; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; Princeton University; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA
RP Sarmiento, JL (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, POB CN710, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
EM jls@splash.princeton.edu
NR 27
TC 715
Z9 843
U1 5
U2 248
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 21
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6682
BP 245
EP 249
DI 10.1038/30455
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZP513
UT WOS:000073761000046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wickware, P
AF Wickware, P
TI Favouring the brave
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 19
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6669
BP 820
EP 821
DI 10.1038/35918
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YX884
UT WOS:000072089500063
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Keitt, TH
   Stanley, HE
AF Keitt, TH
   Stanley, HE
TI Dynamics of North American breeding bird populations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID metapopulation dynamics; density-dependence; turnover rates; power laws; variability; persistence; extinction; behavior; patterns; chaos
AB Population biologists have long been interested in the variability of natural populations(1-6). One approach to dealing with ecological complexity is to reduce the system to one or a few species, for which meaningful equations can be solved Here we explore an alternative approach(7,8) by studying the statistical properties of a data set containing over 600 species, namely the North American breeding bird survey(9). The survey has recorded annual species abundances over a 31-year period along more than 3,000 observation routes(10). We now analyse the dynamics of population variability using this data set, and find scaling features in common with inanimate systems composed of strongly interacting subunits(11). Specifically, we find that the distribution of changes in population abundance over a one-year interval is remarkably symmetrical, with long tails extending over six orders of magnitude. The variance of the population over a time series increases as a power-law with increasing time lag, indicating long-range correlation in population size fluctuations(12). We also find that the distribution of species lifetimes (the time between colonization and local extinction) within local patches is a power-law with an exponential cutoff imposed by the finite length of the time series. Our results provide a quantitative basis for modelling the dynamics of large species assemblages.
C1 Santa Fe Inst, Santa Fe, NM 87501 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Natl Ctr Ecol Anal & Synth, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 USA.
   Boston Univ, Ctr Polymer Studies, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
C3 The Santa Fe Institute; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; Boston University; Boston University
RP Keitt, TH (corresponding author), Santa Fe Inst, 1399 Hyde Pk Rd, Santa Fe, NM 87501 USA.
EM keitt@nceas.ucsb.edu
NR 32
TC 133
Z9 146
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 21
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6682
BP 257
EP 260
DI 10.1038/30478
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZP513
UT WOS:000073761000050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kirsch, J
   Betz, H
AF Kirsch, J
   Betz, H
TI Glycine-receptor activation is required for receptor clustering in spinal neurons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gamma-aminobutyric-acid; dorsal horn neurons; gephyrin; synapses; localization; subunits; protein; identification; depolarization; expression
AB The ability of nerve cells to receive up to several thousands of synaptic inputs from other neurons provides the anatomical basis for information processing in the vertebrate brain. The formation of functional synapses involves selective clustering of neurotransmitter receptors at presumptive postsynaptic regions of the neuronal plasma membrane(1-4). Receptor-associated proteins are believed to be crucial for this process. In spinal neurons, synaptic targeting of the inhibitory glycine receptor (GlyR)(5,6) depends on the expression of the anchoring protein gephyrin(7-9), Here we show that the competitive GlyR antagonist strychnine and L-type Ca2+ channel blockers inhibit the accumulation of GlyR and gephyrin at postsynaptic membrane areas in cultured rat spinal neurons. Our data are consistent with a model in which GlyR activation that results in Ca2+ influx is required for the clustering of gephyrin and GlyR at developing postsynaptic sites. Similar activity-driven mechanisms may be of general importance in synaptogenesis.
C1 Max Planck Inst Brain Res, Dept Neurochem, D-60528 Frankfurt, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Kirsch, J (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Brain Res, Dept Neurochem, Duetschordenstr 46, D-60528 Frankfurt, Germany.
EM neurochemie@mpih-frankfurt.mpg.de
NR 29
TC 229
Z9 255
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 16
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6677
BP 717
EP 720
DI 10.1038/33694
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZH612
UT WOS:000073129000059
PM 9565032
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Serabyn, E
   Shupe, D
   Figer, DF
AF Serabyn, E
   Shupe, D
   Figer, DF
TI An extraordinary cluster of massive stars near the centre of the Milky Way
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID galactic-center; spectra; galaxy
AB The relative numbers of newborn stars of different masses in a galaxy (the initial mass function) determines whether the galaxy's interstellar gas goes mainly into long-lived low-mass stars, as in the disks of normal spiral galaxies, or into short-lived massive stars, as has been proposed for "starburst" galaxies(1,2). The centre of the Milky Way is not a fully-fledged starburst region, but its star formation rate per unit volume of space is nevertheless roughly a thousand times that of the disk(3,4). It is, however, very difficult to study the initial mass function near the centre, because the dust in the gas clouds obscures the starlight, and the relatively rare young stars are mixed with much more numerous older stars(11). Here we report high-resolution infrared observations of a compact cluster of stars in the central region of our Galaxy. We find approximately 100 young, massive main-sequence stars, several of which seem to be among the most massive in the Galaxy. This cluster may be a weak analogue of the large star clusters in starburst galaxies, which opens the possibility of studying the starburst phenomenon through a local example.
C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
   CALTECH 10022, IPAC, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); California Institute of Technology; California Institute of Technology; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Serabyn, E (corresponding author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, MS 171-113,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
EM serabyn@tacos.caltech.edu
NR 23
TC 83
Z9 86
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 30
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6692
BP 448
EP 451
DI 10.1038/28799
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 105NT
UT WOS:000075080400042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tredicucci, A
   Gmachl, C
   Capasso, F
   Sivco, DL
   Hutchinson, AL
   Cho, AY
AF Tredicucci, A
   Gmachl, C
   Capasso, F
   Sivco, DL
   Hutchinson, AL
   Cho, AY
TI A multiwavelength semiconductor laser
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantum cascade lasers; dual-wavelength laser; heterostructure; well
AB Many systems, such as atoms and molecules in gas mixtures, dye solutions and some solid-state materials, can exhibit simultaneous laser action at several wavelengths asa result of the excitation of several optical transitions(1). But semiconductor lasers are usually monochromatic because the electronic levels are distributed in continuous energy bands(2). In order to achieve simultaneous lasing at several well-separated wavelengths, researchers have proposes combining different semiconductors with distinct bandgap energies in the active material. However, the difficulty of pumping different regions and of absorption of the shorter-wavelength light could be resolved only by using separated multiple resonators or by multisection injection devices(4-7). Here we report the realization of a single artificial semiconductor material with distinct optical transitions, which permits simultaneous multiwavelength laser action at mid-infrared wavelengths (6.6, 7.3 and 7.9 mu m). This is achieved by tailoring the electronic states and electron relaxation times in the material, which is a superlattice layered structure. The laser has potential applications in sensors for trace-gas analysis.
C1 AT&T Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
C3 AT&T; Nokia Corporation; Nokia Bell Labs; Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies
RP Capasso, F (corresponding author), AT&T Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, 600 Mt Ave, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
NR 24
TC 89
Z9 106
U1 0
U2 33
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 26
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6709
BP 350
EP 353
DI 10.1038/24585
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 142MJ
UT WOS:000077204000044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nan, XS
   Ng, HH
   Johnson, CA
   Laherty, CD
   Turner, BM
   Eisenman, RN
   Bird, A
AF Nan, XS
   Ng, HH
   Johnson, CA
   Laherty, CD
   Turner, BM
   Eisenman, RN
   Bird, A
TI Transcriptional repression by the methyl-CpG-binding protein MeCP2 involves a histone deacetylase complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chromatin structure; dna methylation; chromosomal protein; acetylation; cells; mouse
AB Cytosine residues in the sequence 5'CpG (cytosine-guanine) are often postsynthetically methylated in animal genomes. CpG methylation is involved in long-term silencing of certain genes during mammalian development(1,2) and in repression of viral genomes(3,4). The methyl-CpG-binding proteins MeCP1 (ref. 5) and MeCP2 (ref. 6) interact specifically with methylated DNA and mediate transcriptional repression(7-9). Here we study the mechanism of repression by MeCP2, an abundant nuclear protein that is essential for mouse embryogenesis(10). MeCP2 binds tightly to chromosomes in a methylation-dependent manner(11,12). It contains a transcriptional-repression domain (TRD) that can GRAPHICS function at a distance in vitro and in vivo(9). We show that a region of MeCP2 that localizes with the TRD associates with a corepressor complex containing the transcriptional repressor mSin3A and histone deacetylases(13-19). Transcriptional repression in vivo is relieved by the deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A(20), indicating that deacetylation of histones (and/or of other proteins) is an essential component of this repression mechanism. The data suggest that two global mechanisms of gene regulation, DNA methylation and histone deacetylation, can be linked by MeCP2.
C1 Univ Edinburgh, Inst Cell & Mol Biol, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Univ Birmingham, Sch Med, Dept Anat, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England.
   Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Div Basic Sci, Seattle, WA 98104 USA.
C3 University of Edinburgh; University of Birmingham; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center
RP Bird, A (corresponding author), Univ Edinburgh, Inst Cell & Mol Biol, Kings Bldg, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, Midlothian, Scotland.
EM A.Bird@ed.ac.uk
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 2767
Z9 3300
U1 1
U2 204
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 28
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6683
BP 386
EP 389
DI 10.1038/30764
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZQ593
UT WOS:000073883600059
PM 9620804
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU White, S
   Szewczyk, JW
   Turner, JM
   Baird, EE
   Dervan, PB
AF White, S
   Szewczyk, JW
   Turner, JM
   Baird, EE
   Dervan, PB
TI Recognition of the four Watson-Crick base pairs in the DNA minor groove by synthetic ligands
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sequence-specific recognition; double-helical dna; hairpin polyamide; binding; complex; motif; oligonucleotides; transcription; distamycin; imidazole
AB The design of synthetic ligands that read the information stored in the DNA double helix has been along-standing gal at the interface of chemistry and biology(1-5). Cell-permeable small molecules that target predetermined DNA. sequences offer a potential approach for the regulation of gene expression(6). Oligodeoxy-nucleotides that recognize the major groove of double-helical DNA via triple-helix formation bind to a broad range of sequences with high affinity and specificity(3,4), Although oligonucleotides and their analogues have been shown to interfere with gene expression(7,8), the triple-helix approach is limited to recognition of purines and suffers from poor cellular uptake. The subsequent development of pairing rules for minor-groove binding polyamides containing pyrrole (Py) and imidazole (Im) amino acids offers a second code to control sequence specificity(9-11). An Im/Py pair distinguishes G.C from C.G and both of these from A.T/T.A base pairs(9-11). A Py/Py pair specifies A.T from G.C but does not distinguish A.T from T.A(9-14). To break this degeneracy, we have added a new aromatic amino acid, 3-hydroxypyrrole (Hp), to the repertoire to test for pairings that discriminate A.T from T.A. We find that replacement of a single hydrogen atom with a hydroxy group in a Hp/Py pairing regulates affinity and specificity by an order of magnitude. By incorporation of this third amino acid, hydroxy pyrrole-imidazole-pyrrole polyamides form four ring-pairings (Im/Py, Py/Im Hp/Py and Py/Hp) which distinguish all four Watson-Crick base pairs in the minor groove of DNA.
C1 CALTECH, Div Chem & Chem Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   CALTECH, Beckman Inst, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology; California Institute of Technology
RP Dervan, PB (corresponding author), CALTECH, Div Chem & Chem Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
NR 30
TC 500
Z9 591
U1 0
U2 79
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 29
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6666
BP 468
EP 471
DI 10.1038/35106
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YU290
UT WOS:000071701800044
PM 9461213
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mirabel, IF
   Rodríguez, LF
AF Mirabel, IF
   Rodríguez, LF
TI Microquasars in our Galaxy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID superluminal source; radio jets; ray; grs-1915+105
AB Microquasars are stellar-mass black holes in our Galaxy that mimic, on a smaller scale, many of the phenomena seen in quasars. Their discovery opens the way for a new understanding of the connection between the accretion of matter onto black holes and the origin of the relativistic jets observed in remote quasars.
C1 Ctr Etud Saclay, IFM, DAPNIA, CEA, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   Inst Astron & Fis Espacio, RA-1428 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina.
   Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Astron, LFR, Morelia 58090, Michoacan, Mexico.
C3 Universite Paris Saclay; CEA; University of Buenos Aires; Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico
RP Mirabel, IF (corresponding author), Ctr Etud Saclay, IFM, DAPNIA, CEA, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
NR 29
TC 181
Z9 199
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 16
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6677
BP 673
EP 676
DI 10.1038/33603
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZH612
UT WOS:000073129000046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Marrion, NV
   Tavalin, SJ
AF Marrion, NV
   Tavalin, SJ
TI Selective activation of Ca2+-activated K+ channels by co-localized Ca2+ channels in hippocampal neurons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID calcium-channel; pyramidal neurons; potassium channels; afterhyperpolarization; diffusion; brain
AB Calcium entry through voltage-gated calcium channels can activate either large- (BK) or small- (SK) conductance calcium-activated potassium channels. In hippocampal neurons, activation of BK channels underlies the falling phase of an action potential and generation of the fast afterhyperpolarization (AHP)(1,2). In contrast, SK channel activation underlies generation of the slow AHP after a burst of action potentials(3). The source of calcium for BK channel activation is unknown, but the slow AHP is blocked by dihydropyridine antagonists(4,5), indicating that L-type calcium channels provide the calcium for activation of SK channels. It is not understood how this specialized coupling between calcium and potassium channels is achieved, Here we study channel activity in cell-attached patches from hippocampal neurons and report a unique specificity of coupling. L-type channels activate SK channels only, without activating BK channels present in the same patch. The delay between the opening of L-type channels and SK channels indicates that these channels are 50-150 nm apart. In contrast, N-type calcium channels activate BK channels only, with opening of the two channel types being nearly coincident. This temporal association indicates that N and BK channels are very close. Finally, P/Q-type calcium channels do not couple to either SK or BK channels. These data indicate an absolute segregation of coupling between channels, and illustrate the functional importance of submembrane calcium microdomains.
C1 Oregon Hlth Sci Univ, Vollum Inst, Portland, OR 97201 USA.
   Univ Bristol, Sch Med Sci, Dept Pharmacol, Bristol BS8 1TD, Avon, England.
C3 Oregon Health & Science University; University of Bristol
RP Marrion, NV (corresponding author), Oregon Hlth Sci Univ, Vollum Inst, L474, Portland, OR 97201 USA.
EM N.V.Marrion@bris.ac.uk
FU NINDS NIH HHS [F32 NS010202] Funding Source: Medline
NR 26
TC 470
Z9 538
U1 0
U2 31
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 29
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6705
BP 900
EP 905
DI 10.1038/27674
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 133XT
UT WOS:000076713400057
PM 9804423
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bradley, DC
   Chang, GC
   Andersen, RA
AF Bradley, DC
   Chang, GC
   Andersen, RA
TI Encoding of three-dimensional structure-from-motion by primate area MT neurons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 3-dimensional structure; perception; integration; stereopsis; monkey; depth
AB We see the world as three-dimensional, but because the retinal image is flat, we must derive the third dimension, depth, from two-dimensional cues. Image movement provides one of the most potent cues for depth(1-6). For example, the shadow of a contorted wire appears flat when the wire is stationary, but rotating the wire causes motion in the shadow, which suddenly appears three-dimensional. The neural mechanism of this effect, known as 'structure-from-motion', has not been discovered. Here we study cortical area MT, a primate region that is involved in visual motion perception. Two rhesus monkeys were trained to fixate their gaze while viewing two-dimensional projections of transparent, revolving cylinders. These stimuli appear to be three-dimensional, but the surface order perceived (front as opposed to back) tends to reverse spontaneously. These reversals occur because the stimulus does not specify which surface is in front or at the back, Monkeys reported which surface order they perceived after viewing the stimulus. In many of the neurons tested, there was a reproducible change in activity that coincided with reversals of the perceived surface order, even though the stimulus remained identical. This suggests that area MT has a basic role in structure-from-motion perception.
C1 CALTECH, Div Biol, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology
RP Andersen, RA (corresponding author), CALTECH, Div Biol, 391 S Holliston Ave, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM andersen@vis.caltech.edu
NR 15
TC 243
Z9 266
U1 0
U2 27
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 16
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6677
BP 714
EP 717
DI 10.1038/33688
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZH612
UT WOS:000073129000058
PM 9565031
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stern, K
   McClintock, MK
AF Stern, K
   McClintock, MK
TI Regulation of ovulation by human pheromones
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID womens menstrual cycles; ovarian-cycle; estrous synchrony; female rats; norway rats; mice
AB Pheromones are airborne chemical signals that are released by an individual into the environment and which affect the physiology or behaviour of other members of the same species(1). The idea that humans produce pheromones has excited the imagination of scientists and the public, leading to widespread claims for their existence, which, however, has remained unproven. Here we investigate whether humans produce compounds that regulate a specific neuroendocrine mechanism in other people without being consciously detected as odours (thereby fulfilling the classic definition of a pheromone). We found that odourless compounds from the armpits of women in the late follicular phase of their menstrual cycles accelerated the preovulatory surge of luteinizing hormone of recipient women and shortened their menstrual cycles. Axillary (underarm) compounds from the same donors which were collected later in the menstrual cycle (at ovulation) had the opposite effect: they delayed the luteinizing-hormone surge of the recipients and lengthened their menstrual cycles. By showing in a fully controlled experiment that the timing of ovulation can be manipulated, this study provides definitive evidence of human pheromones.
C1 Univ Chicago, Dept Psychol, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 University of Chicago
RP McClintock, MK (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, Dept Psychol, 5730 Woodlawn Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
EM mkml@midway.uchicago.edu
NR 30
TC 394
Z9 452
U1 3
U2 143
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 12
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6672
BP 177
EP 179
DI 10.1038/32408
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZB349
UT WOS:000072462700061
PM 9515961
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ebbesen, TW
   Lezec, HJ
   Ghaemi, HF
   Thio, T
   Wolff, PA
AF Ebbesen, TW
   Lezec, HJ
   Ghaemi, HF
   Thio, T
   Wolff, PA
TI Extraordinary optical transmission through sub-wavelength hole arrays
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gratings; polaritons
AB The desire to use and control photons in a manner analogous to the control of electrons in solids has inspired great interest in such topics as the localization of light, microcavity quantum electrodynamics and near-field optics(1-6). A fundamental constraint in manipulating light is the extremely low transmittivity of apertures smaller than the wavelength of the incident photon, While exploring the optical properties of submicrometre cylindrical cavities in metallic films, we have found that arrays of such holes display highly unusual zero-order transmission spectra (where the incident and detected light are collinear) at wavelengths larger than the array period, beyond which no diffraction occurs, In particular, sharp peaks in transmission are observed at wavelengths as large as ten times the diameter of the cylinders. At these maxima the transmission efficiency can exceed unity (when normalized to the area of the holes), which is orders of magnitude greater than predicted by standard aperture theory, Our experiments provide evidence that these unusual optical properties are due to the coupling of light with plasmons-electronic excitations-on the surface of the periodically patterned metal film, Measurements of transmission as a function of the incident light angle result in a photonic band diagram, These findings may find application in novel photonic devices.
C1 NEC Res Inst, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
   Univ Strasbourg, ISIS, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
   Micr Europe GmbH, D-85622 Feldkirchen, Germany.
   MIT, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 NEC Corporation; Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Ebbesen, TW (corresponding author), NEC Res Inst, 4 Independence Way, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
NR 17
TC 7009
Z9 7913
U1 20
U2 1689
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 12
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6668
BP 667
EP 669
DI 10.1038/35570
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YW872
UT WOS:000071982500043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Luther, A
   Brandsch, R
   von Kiedrowski, G
AF Luther, A
   Brandsch, R
   von Kiedrowski, G
TI Surface-promoted replication and exponential amplification of DNA analogues
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID peptide self-replication; chemical ligation; system; evolution; oligomers; templates; growth; life
AB Self-replicating chemical systems have been designed and studied to identify the minimal requirements for molecular replication(1), to translate the principle into synthetic supramolecular systems(2) and to derive a better understanding of the scope and limitations of self-organization processes(3) that are believed to be relevant to the origin of life on Earth(4). Current implementations make use of oligonucleotide analogues(5-12), peptides(13-17), and other molecules(18-24) as templates and are based either on autocatalytic, cross-catalytic, or collectively catalytic pathways for template formation. A common problem of these systems is product inhibition, leading to parabolic instead of exponential amplification(25). The fatter is the dynamic prerequisite for selection in the darwinian sense(26,27). We here describe an iterative, stepwise procedure for chemical replication which permits an exponential increase in the concentration of oligonucleotide analogues. The procedure employs the surface of a solid support and is called SPREAD (surface-promoted replication and exponential amplification of DNA analogues). Copies are synthesized from precursor fragments by chemical ligation on immobilized templates, and then Liberated and immobilized to become new templates. The process is repeated iteratively. The role of the support is to separate complementary templates which would form stable duplexes in solution. SPREAD combines the advantages of solid-phase chemistry with chemical replication, and can be further developed for the non-enzymatic and enzymatic amplification of RNA, peptides and other templates as well as for studies of in vitro evolution and competition in artificial chemical systems. Similar processes may also have played a role in the origin of life on Earth, because the earliest replication systems may have proliferated by spreading on mineral surfaces(28-33).
C1 Ruhr Univ Bochum, Lehrstuhl Bioorgan Chem, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
C3 Ruhr University Bochum
RP von Kiedrowski, G (corresponding author), Ruhr Univ Bochum, Lehrstuhl Bioorgan Chem, Univ Str 150 NC 2-173, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
EM kiedro@ernie.orch.ruhr-uni-bochum.de
NR 40
TC 205
Z9 238
U1 4
U2 66
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 19
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6708
BP 245
EP 248
DI 10.1038/24343
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 140VY
UT WOS:000077110400041
PM 9834031
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU González-Crespo, S
   Abu-Shaar, M
   Torres, M
   Martínez, C
   Mann, RS
   Morata, G
AF González-Crespo, S
   Abu-Shaar, M
   Torres, M
   Martínez, C
   Mann, RS
   Morata, G
TI Antagonism between extradenticle function and Hedgehog signalling in the developing limb
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human protooncogene pbx1; long-range action; distal-less; morphogen gradient; drosophila embryo; leg development; gene activity; wingless; protein; pattern
AB The Drosophila homeobox gene extradenticle (exd) encodes a highly conserved cofactor of Hox proteins(1-3). exd activity is regulated post-translationally by a mechanism involving nuclear translocation(4,5); only nuclear Exd protein is functional. The exd gene is required for patterning of the proximal region of the leg(6,7), whereas patterning of the distal region requires signalling by the Wingless (Wg) and Decapentaplegic (Dpp)(8,9) proteins, which are in turn activated by Hedgehog (Hh)(10). Here we show that exd function and Dpp/Wg signalling are antagonistic and divide the leg into two mutually exclusive domains. In the proximal domain, exd activity prevents cells from responding to Dpp and Wg, Conversely, in the distal domain, exd function is suppressed by the Dpp/Wg response gene Distal-less (Dll), which prevents the nuclear transport of Exd, We also found that the product of a murine homologue of exd (Pbx1) is regulated at the subcellular level, and that its pattern of nuclear localization in the mouse limb resembles that of Exd in the Drosophila leg. These findings suggest that the division of the limb into two antagonistic domains, as defined by exd (Pbx1) function and Hh signalling, may be a general feature of limb development.
C1 Univ Autonoma Madrid, Ctr Biol Mol, CSIC, E-28049 Madrid, Spain.
   Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Biochem & Mol Biophys, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, Integrat Program Cellular Mol & Biophys Stud, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Univ Autonoma Madrid, Ctr Nacl Biotecnol, Dept Inmunol & Oncol, E-28049 Madrid, Spain.
C3 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBM); Autonomous University of Madrid; Columbia University; Columbia University; Autonomous University of Madrid; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia (CNB)
RP Morata, G (corresponding author), Univ Autonoma Madrid, Ctr Biol Mol, CSIC, E-28049 Madrid, Spain.
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM058575, R01 GM054510] Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 129
Z9 142
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 9
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6689
BP 196
EP 200
DI 10.1038/28197
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZZ203
UT WOS:000074705900058
PM 9671305
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nielsen, MA
   Knill, E
   Laflamme, R
AF Nielsen, MA
   Knill, E
   Laflamme, R
TI Complete quantum teleportation using nuclear magnetic resonance
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID entanglement; state; computation; channels
AB Quantum-mechanical systems have information processing capabilities(1,2) that are not possible with classical devices, One example is quantum teleportation(3), in which the quantum state of a system is transported from one location to another without moving through the intervening space. But although partial implementations(4,5) of quantum teleportation over macroscopic distances have been achieved using optical systems, the final stage of the teleportation procedure-which allows the complete recovery of the original state-was omitted. Here we report an experimental implementation of full quantum teleportation over interatomic distances using liquid-state nuclear magnetic resonance. We achieve teleportation of the quantum state of a carbon nucleus to a hydrogen nucleus in molecules of trichloroethylene, by exploiting natural phase decoherence of the carbon nuclei. Such a teleportation scheme may be used as a subroutine in larger quantum computations, or for quantum communication.
C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   Univ New Mexico, Dept Phys & Astron, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; University of New Mexico
RP Nielsen, MA (corresponding author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, MS B-288, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
EM mnielsen@theory.caltech.edu
NR 27
TC 518
Z9 582
U1 1
U2 37
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 5
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6706
BP 52
EP 55
DI 10.1038/23891
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 136HE
UT WOS:000076852700048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lee, D
   Lis, JT
AF Lee, D
   Lis, JT
TI Transcriptional activation independent of TFIIH kinase and the RNA polymerase II mediator in vivo
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c-terminal domain; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; hsp70 gene; phosphorylation; ctd; holoenzyme; yeast; requirement; promoter; enhancer
AB The carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II becomes multiply phosphorylated by protein kinases during early steps in the gene transcription cycle both in vivo(1) and in vitro(2). In yeast, the major CTD kinase is a subunit of the general transcription factor TFIIH, and is encoded by an essential gene, KIN28 (ref. 3). Although the CTD and its phosphorylation are important for transcription(4-6), in vitro studies(7,8) have challenged whether CTD phosphorylation is an absolutely required step. The general importance of CTD phosphorylation by Kin28 for transcription in yeast has been suggested because, for all genes tested, transcription is inhibited at the non-permissive temperature in temperature-sensitive kin28 mutants(9,10). However, using such a mutant and a copper-inducible targeted destruction method, we show here that transcription of certain genes can be highly induced even when cells lack Kin28. We also show that transcription of these Kin28-independent genes is independent of Srb4 and Srb6, critical components of the CTD-associated transcriptional mediator complex(11). These results indicate that there are at least two distinct pathways for transcriptional activation: one is dependent on Kin28 and the mediator complex, and the other is not.
C1 Cornell Univ, Biochem Mol & Cell Biol Sect, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
C3 Cornell University
RP Lis, JT (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Biochem Mol & Cell Biol Sect, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
NR 30
TC 88
Z9 94
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 28
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6683
BP 389
EP 392
DI 10.1038/30770
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZQ593
UT WOS:000073883600060
PM 9620805
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Snow, JE
   Schmidt, G
AF Snow, JE
   Schmidt, G
TI Constraints on Earth accretion deduced from noble metals in the oceanic mantle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID iron-meteorites; isotope systematics; chondrites; platinum; osmium; os; classification; peridotite; elements; rhodium
AB If the Earth's mantle were in equilibrium with its core, the mantle would contain three orders of magnitude less of the noble metals (platinum-group elements Pt, Os, Ir, Ru, Pd and Rh, plus Au and Re) than are observed. An explanation put forward to account for this disparity has been that the last 1% of the Earth's accretion occurred after the iron-rich core had separated from the mantle(1,2) Recent debate has accordingly centred on which meteorite class or classes made up this 'late veneer' of accretion(3). Here we present analyses of noble-metal concentrations in oceanic peridotites (plutonic rocks which are thought to represent samples of the Earth's upper mantle). We find that the average oceanic-mantle Os/Ir ratio is indistinguishable from that in the CI-type carbonaceous chondrites', but that Ru/Ir, Pt/Ir, Rh/Ir and Pd/Ir ratios are about 40% higher, A late veneer composed of strictly CI-type carbonaceous chondritic composition is therefore not compatible with these observations, The data also allows us to rule out other carbonaceous chondrites(5), enstatite chondrites(6,7) and ordinary chondrites(8) as significant late veneer components. We propose that mixing of differentiated outer-core material back into the mantle after core separation could account for the observed noble-metal ratios and abundances in the mantle without any late accretionary veneer.
C1 Max Planck Inst Chem, Otto Hahn Inst, D-55020 Mainz, Germany.
   Univ Mainz, Inst Kernchem, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz
RP Snow, JE (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Chem, Otto Hahn Inst, Postfach 3060, D-55020 Mainz, Germany.
EM jesnow@geobar.mpch-mainz.mpg.de
NR 34
TC 125
Z9 142
U1 0
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 8
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6663
BP 166
EP 169
DI 10.1038/34396
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YQ378
UT WOS:000071380900048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gunn, MD
   Ngo, VN
   Ansel, KM
   Ekland, EH
   Cyster, JG
   Williams, LT
AF Gunn, MD
   Ngo, VN
   Ansel, KM
   Ekland, EH
   Cyster, JG
   Williams, LT
TI A B-cell-homing chemokine made in lymphoid follicles activates Burkitt's lymphoma receptor-1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID follicular dendritic cells; mareks-disease; chemoattractant; expression; genome; ligand; sdf-1; blr1
AB Secondary lymphoid organs (spleen, lymph nodes and Peyer's patches) are divided into compartments, such as B-cell zones (follicles) and T-cell zones, which provide specialized environments for specific steps of the immune response. Migration of lymphocyte subsets into these compartments is essential for normal immune function, yet the molecular cues guiding this cellular traffic are poorly defined. Chemokines constitute a family of chemotactic cytokines that have been shown to direct the migration of leukocytes during inflammation(1,2) and which may be involved in the constitutive homing of lymphocytes into follicles and T-cell zones(3-8). Here we describe a novel chemokine, B-lymphocyte chemoattractant (BLC), that is strongly expressed in the follicles of Peyer's patches, the spleen and lymph nodes. BLC strongly attracts B lymphocytes while promoting migration of only small numbers of T cells and macrophages, and therefore is the first chemokine to be identified that is selective towards B cells. An orphan chemokine receptor, Burkitt's lymphoma receptor 1 (BLR-1), has been found to be required for B-cell migration into lymphoid follicles(6). We show that BLC stimulates calcium influx into, and chemotaxis of, cells transfected with BLR-1. Our results indicate that BLC functions as a BLR-1 ligand and may guide B lymphocytes to follicles in secondary lymphoid organs.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Inst Cardiovasc Res, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Chiron Corp, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Novartis; Novartis USA
RP Cyster, JG (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
FU NCI NIH HHS [U19 CA179512] Funding Source: Medline; NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM125089] Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 692
Z9 773
U1 0
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 19
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6669
BP 799
EP 803
DI 10.1038/35876
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YX884
UT WOS:000072089500055
PM 9486651
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Meshulach, D
   Silberberg, Y
AF Meshulach, D
   Silberberg, Y
TI Coherent quantum control of two-photon transitions by a femtosecond laser pulse
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chemical-reaction; compression; selectivity; picosecond; evolution
AB Coherent quantum control(1-3) has attracted interest as a means to influence the outcome of a quantum-mechanical interaction. In principle, the quantum system can be steered towards a desired state by its interaction with light. For example, in photoinduced transitions between atomic energy levels, quantum interference effects can lead to enhancement or cancellation of the total transition probability. The interference depends on the spectral phase distribution of the incident beam; as this phase distribution can be tuned, the outcome of the interaction can in principle be controlled. Here we demonstrate that a femtosecond laser pulse can be tailored, using ultrashort pulse-shaping(4-7) techniques, to control two-photon transitions in caesium. By varying the spectral phases of the pulse components, we observe the predicted cancellation of the transitions due to destructive quantum interference; the power spectrum and energy of these 'dark pulses' are unchanged. We also show that the pulse shape can be modified extensively without affecting the two-photon transition probability.
C1 Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Phys Complex Syst, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
C3 Weizmann Institute of Science
RP Silberberg, Y (corresponding author), Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Phys Complex Syst, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
EM feyaron@wis.weizmann.ac.il
NR 24
TC 653
Z9 741
U1 0
U2 153
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 19
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6708
BP 239
EP 242
DI 10.1038/24329
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 140VY
UT WOS:000077110400039
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Glas, R
   Bogyo, M
   McMaster, JS
   Gaczynska, M
   Ploegh, HL
AF Glas, R
   Bogyo, M
   McMaster, JS
   Gaczynska, M
   Ploegh, HL
TI A proteolytic system that compensates for loss of proteasome function
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID class-i molecules; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; degradation; lactacystin; inactivation; acidophilum; inhibitors; proteins; peptides; pathway
AB Proteolysis is essential for the execution of many cellular functions. These include removal of incorrectly folded or damaged proteins(1), the activation of transcription factors(2), the ordered degradation of proteins involved in cell cycle control(3), and the generation of peptides destined for presentation by class I molecules of the major histocompatibility complex(4). A multisubunit protease complex, the proteasome(5), accomplishes these tasks. Here we show that in mammalian cells inactivation of the proteasome by covalent inhibitors allows the outgrowth of inhibitor-resistant cells. The growth of such adapted cells is apparently maintained by the induction of other proteolytic systems that compensate for the loss of proteasomal activity.
C1 MIT, Ctr Canc Res, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Ploegh, HL (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 29
TC 230
Z9 241
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 9
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6676
BP 618
EP 622
DI 10.1038/33443
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZG300
UT WOS:000072987200064
PM 9560160
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Boring, L
   Gosling, J
   Cleary, M
   Charo, IF
AF Boring, L
   Gosling, J
   Cleary, M
   Charo, IF
TI Decreased lesion formation in CCR2-/- mice reveals a role for chemokines in the initiation of atherosclerosis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; smooth-muscle cells; apolipoprotein-e; density-lipoprotein; hypercholesterolemia; susceptibility; expression; receptors; infection
AB Chemokines are proinflammatory cytokines that function in leukocyte chemoattraction and activation and have recently been shown to block the HIV-1 infection of target cells through interactions with chemokine receptors(1,2). In addition to their function in viral disease, chemokines have been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Expression of the CC chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is upregulated in human atherosclerotic plaques(3,4), in arteries of primates on a hypercholesteralaemic diet(5) and in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells exposed to minimally modified lipids(5,6). ab determine whether MCP-1 is causally related to the development of atherosclerosis, we generated mice that lack CCR2, the receptor for MCP-1 (ref. 7), and crossed them with apolipoprotein (apo) E-null mice(8-10) which develop severe atherosclerosis. Here we show that the selective absence of CCR2 decreases lesion formation markedly in apoE(-/-) mice but has no effect on plasma lipid or lipoprotein concentrations. These data reveal a role for MCP-1 in the development of early atherosclerotic lesions and suggest that upregulation of this chemokine by minimally oxidized lipids is an important link between hyperlipidaemia and fatty streak formation.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Gladstone Inst Cardiovasc Dis, San Francisco, CA 94141 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Cardiovasc Res Inst, San Francisco, CA 94110 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Med, San Francisco, CA 94141 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Daiichi Res Ctr, San Francisco, CA 94141 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; The J David Gladstone Institutes; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Charo, IF (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Gladstone Inst Cardiovasc Dis, POB 419100, San Francisco, CA 94141 USA.
NR 17
TC 1667
Z9 1933
U1 1
U2 82
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 27
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6696
BP 894
EP 897
DI 10.1038/29788
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 114LW
UT WOS:000075611800049
PM 9732872
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Elwood, RW
   Wood, KE
   Gallagher, MB
   Dick, JTA
AF Elwood, RW
   Wood, KE
   Gallagher, MB
   Dick, JTA
TI Probing motivational state during agonistic encounters in animals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crab pagurus-bernhardus; assessment strategy; resource assessment; fighting behavior; shell fights; evolution; information; conflicts
AB Animals commonly compete for resources by direct aggression: for example, spiders fight for web sites(1), male red deer fight for females(2), and scorpionflies fight for prey(3). The application of game theory has considerably advanced our understanding of the evolution of such contests(4-7). A general conclusion is that, if possible, animals should assess both the relative fighting abilities and the value of resources before making tactical decisions during contests(8). These tactical decisions are assumed to be mediated by differing motivational state(7,9), but this fundamental assumption has yet to be tested. Here we test the accumulated theory by probing the motivational state of hermit crabs during fights over the ownership of gastropod shells. The test uses a stimulus, novel to the crabs, that produces a startle response, the duration of which is an independent measure of the motivation to fight. We demonstrate that motivational state differs at an early stage of the contest according to the potential gain in resource value. There was no effect of relative size of the opponent on motivational state. In these contests, relative size neither predicted the likely cost of the contest nor the probability of victory.
C1 Queens Univ Belfast, Sch Biol & Biochem, Belfast BT9 7BL, Antrim, North Ireland.
C3 Queens University Belfast
RP Elwood, RW (corresponding author), Queens Univ Belfast, Sch Biol & Biochem, Belfast BT9 7BL, Antrim, North Ireland.
EM r.elwood@qub.ac.uk
NR 23
TC 99
Z9 105
U1 0
U2 43
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 7
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6680
BP 66
EP 68
DI 10.1038/29980
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZM028
UT WOS:000073497500047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Enquist, BJ
   Brown, JH
   West, GB
AF Enquist, BJ
   Brown, JH
   West, GB
TI Allometric scaling of plant energetics and population density
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID self-thinning relationships; -3/2 power rule; size; biomass
AB Scaling relationships that describe variation in population density with body size in ecological communities, such as the thinning law in plant ecology(1-3), can be explained in terms of how individuals use resources as a function of their size. Data for rates of xylem transport as a function of stem diameter show that rates of resource use in individual plants scale as approximately the 3/4 power of body mass, which is the same as metabolic rates of animals(4-7). Here we use this relationship to develop a mechanistic model for relationships between density and mass in resource-limited plants. It predicts that average plant size should scale as the -4/3 power of maximum population density, in agreement with empirical evidence and comparable relationships in animals(5,6,8), but significantly less than the -3/2 power predicted by geometric models(1). Our model implies that fundamental constraints on metabolic rate are reflected in the scaling of population density and other ecological and evolutionary phenomena, including the finding that resource allocation among species in ecosystems is independent of body size(5,6,8).
C1 Santa Fe Inst, Santa Fe, NM 87501 USA.
   Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA.
   Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
C3 The Santa Fe Institute; University of New Mexico; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory
RP Enquist, BJ (corresponding author), Santa Fe Inst, 1399 Hyde Pk Rd, Santa Fe, NM 87501 USA.
EM benquist@unm.edu
NR 29
TC 730
Z9 830
U1 5
U2 267
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 10
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6698
BP 163
EP 165
DI 10.1038/25977
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 118GK
UT WOS:000075829900039
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Davidson, FF
   Steller, H
AF Davidson, FF
   Steller, H
TI Blocking apoptosis prevents blindness Drosophila retinal degeneration mutants
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID programmed cell-death; dominant retinitis-pigmentosa; baculovirus p35 protein; caenorhabditis-elegans; photoreceptor cell; rhodopsin; melanogaster; inhibition; expression; mutation
AB Apoptosis is a gene-directed form of cell death that is essential for normal development and health. Yet abnormally high levels of apoptosis are linked to many degenerative diseases(1), Some important biochemical events in apoptosis have been identified(2), but the therapeutic utility of blocking cell death remains unclear. An important question in this regard is whether cells rescued from apoptosis can function. We have investigated the mechanism of cell death in two Drosophila mutant strains that exhibit age-related retinal degeneration. One of these mutations also occurs in humans, where it causes retinitis pigmentosa. We found that retinal cell death in rdgC and ninaE(RH27)/+ flies occurred by apoptosis and was blocked by eye-specific expression of the baculoviral cell survival protein p35. Most importantly, the mutant flies expressing p35 showed significant retention of visual function, The results demonstrate a therapeutic benefit of late-stage inhibition of apoptosis to flies, and suggest that similar results may be obtained in higher organisms.
C1 MIT, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Steller, H (corresponding author), MIT, Howard Hughes Med Inst, 31 Ames St, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
NR 28
TC 147
Z9 165
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 5
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6667
BP 587
EP 591
DI 10.1038/35385
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YV594
UT WOS:000071842300052
PM 9468136
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kaupmann, K
   Malitschek, B
   Schuler, V
   Heid, J
   Froest, W
   Beck, P
   Mosbacher, J
   Bischoff, S
   Kulik, A
   Shigemoto, R
   Karschin, A
   Bettler, B
AF Kaupmann, K
   Malitschek, B
   Schuler, V
   Heid, J
   Froest, W
   Beck, P
   Mosbacher, J
   Bischoff, S
   Kulik, A
   Shigemoto, R
   Karschin, A
   Bettler, B
TI GABAB-receptor subtypes assemble into functional heteromeric complexes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID metabotropic glutamate receptors; rectifying k+ channels; gaba(b) receptors; binding; neurons
AB B-type receptors for the neurotransmitter GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) inhibit neuronal activity through G-protein-coupled second-messenger systems, which regulate the release of neurotransmitters and the activity of ion channels and adenylyl cyclase(1). Physiological and biochemical studies show that there are differences in drug efficiencies at different GABA(B) receptors, so it is expected that GABA(B)-receptor (GABA(B)R) subtypes exist(2). Two GABA(B)-receptor splice variants have been cloned(3) (GABA(B)R1a and GABA(B)R1b), but native GABA(B) receptors and recombinant receptors showed unexplained differences in agonist-binding potencies. Moreover, the activation of presumed effector ion channels in heterologous cells expressing the recombinant receptors proved difficult(3-4). Here we describe a new GABA(B) receptor subtype, GABA(B)R2, which does not bind available GABA(B) antagonists with measurable potency. GABA(B)R1a, GABA(B)R1b and GABA(B)R2 alone do not activate Kir3-type potassium channels efficiently, but co-expression of these receptors yields a robust coupling to activation of Kir3 channels. We provide evidence for the assembly of heteromeric GABA(B) receptors in vivo and show that GABA(B)R2 and GABA(B)R1a/b proteins immunoprecipitate and localize together at dendritic spines. The heteromeric receptor complexes exhibit a significant increase in agonist- and partial-agonist-binding potencies as compared with individual receptors and probably represent the predominant native GABA(B) receptor. Heteromeric assembly among G-protein-coupled receptors has not, to our knowledge, been described before.
C1 Novartis Pharma AG, TA Nervous Syst, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
   Kyoto Univ, Fac Med, Dept Morphol Brain Sci, Kyoto 606, Japan.
   Max Planck Inst Biophys Chem, D-37030 Gottingen, Germany.
C3 Novartis; Kyoto University; Max Planck Society
RP Bettler, B (corresponding author), Novartis Pharma AG, TA Nervous Syst, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
NR 25
TC 987
Z9 1144
U1 0
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 17
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6712
BP 683
EP 687
DI 10.1038/25360
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 150YT
UT WOS:000077694200055
PM 9872317
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ren, Y
   Palstra, TTM
   Khomskii, DI
   Pellegrin, E
   Nugroho, AA
   Menovsky, AA
   Sawatzky, GA
AF Ren, Y
   Palstra, TTM
   Khomskii, DI
   Pellegrin, E
   Nugroho, AA
   Menovsky, AA
   Sawatzky, GA
TI Temperature-induced magnetization reversal in a YVO3 single crystal
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lavo3
AB The total energy of a magnet in a magnetic field is lowest when the magnetic moment is aligned parallel to the magnetic field. Once aligned, the magnetic moment can be reversed by applying a sufficiently large field in the opposite direction. These properties form the basis of most magnetic recording and storage devices. But the phenomenon of magnetization reversal in response to a change in temperature tin a small magnetic field) is rarer. This effect occurs in some ferrimagnetic materials consisting of two or more types of antiferromagnetically ordered magnetic ions', and forms the operational basis of ferrimagnetic insulators. Here we report the observation of multiple temperature-induced magnetization reversals in YVO3. The net magnetic moment is caused by a tilting of the antiferromagnetically aligned moments of (crystallographically identical) V3+ ions, due to orthorhombic distortion in the crystal structure. We observe an abrupt switching at 77 K associated with a first-order structural phase transition, and a gradual reversal at similar to 95 K without an accompanying structural change. The magnetization always reverses if the crystal is cooled or warmed through these two temperatures in modest fields. We propose a possible mechanism involving a change in orbital ordering which may be generic to a broad class of transition metal oxides.
C1 Univ Groningen, Ctr Mat Sci, Solid State Phys Lab, NL-9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands.
   Univ Groningen, Ctr Mat Sci, Inorgan Solid State Chem Lab, NL-9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands.
   Univ Amsterdam, VanderWaals Zeeman Inst, NL-1018 XE Amsterdam, Netherlands.
C3 University of Groningen; University of Groningen; University of Amsterdam
RP Sawatzky, GA (corresponding author), Univ Groningen, Ctr Mat Sci, Solid State Phys Lab, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands.
NR 15
TC 281
Z9 287
U1 0
U2 103
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 3
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6710
BP 441
EP 444
DI 10.1038/24802
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 145KL
UT WOS:000077370100046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Piskoti, C
   Yarger, J
   Zettl, A
AF Piskoti, C
   Yarger, J
   Zettl, A
TI C36, a new carbon solid
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c-60; buckminsterfullerene
AB Under appropriate non-equilibrium growth conditions, carbon atoms form relatively stable hollow clusters of well-defined mass number(1), collectively known as fullerenes. The mass production, purification and condensation of such dusters into a molecular solid is generally essential to full experimental characterization: the initial discovery(2) of C-60, for example, had to await a bulk synthesis method(3) six years later before detailed characterization of the molecule was possible. Gas-phase experiments(1,4,5) have indicated the existence of a wide range of fullerene clusters, but beyond Cs, only a few pure fullerene solids have been obtained(6), most notably C-70. Low-mass fullerenes are of particular interest because their high curvature and increased strain energy owing to adjacent pentagonal rings could lead to solids with unusual intermolecular bonding and electronic properties. Here we report the synthesis of the solid form of C-36 by the are-discharge method(3). We have developed purification methods that separate C-36 from amorphous carbon and other fullerenes, to yield saturated solutions, thin films and polycrystalline powders of the pure solid form. Solid-state NMR measurements suggest that the molecule has D-6h symmetry, and electron-diffraction patterns are consistent with a tightly bound molecular solid with an intermolecular spacing of 6.6 Angstrom. We observe large increases in the electrical conductivity of the solid on doping with alkali metals.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Zettl, A (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, 366 LeConte Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 12
TC 445
Z9 471
U1 1
U2 76
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 25
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6687
BP 771
EP 774
DI 10.1038/31668
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZW652
UT WOS:000074433100044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Anandakrishnan, S
   Blankenship, DD
   Alley, RB
   Stoffa, PL
AF Anandakrishnan, S
   Blankenship, DD
   Alley, RB
   Stoffa, PL
TI Influence of subglacial geology on the position of a West Antarctic ice stream from seismic observations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID beneath; deformation; reveal; sheet; flow
AB Ice streams drain much of the interior West Antarctic Ice Sheet and buffer the main ice reservoir from oceanic influences(1,2). The slow-flowing interior feeds the floating Ross Ice Shelf with ice via fast-flowing ice streams' that are believed to modulate sea-level change through their control of inland ice storage. Understanding ice-stream behaviour, and predicting the response to climate change(4), requires a better knowledge of the subglacial geology(5,6). It is known that a thawed ice-bed and high-pressure basal water are necessary, but not sufficient, conditions to cause ice streaming(7,8). Moreover, it has been hypothesized that a soft sedimentary bed is also required, because of its intrinsic low frictional resistance to flow(9), and owing to its high erodibility so as to generate till that can deform and lubricate ice motion(10,11), or to bury rough features and smooth the bed for sliding. Here we use seismic observations to provide evidence that one margin of the upglacier part of an ice stream is directly above the boundary of a basin with such sedimentary fill. The ice stream is within the basin and the ice outside the basin is slow-flowing. The basin fill presents an order-of-magnitude lower frictional resistance to ice flow than the subglacial material outside the basin. We conclude that the ice stream position is dependent on subglacial geology.
C1 Penn State Univ, Ctr Earth Syst Sci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Univ Texas, Inst Geophys, Austin, TX 78759 USA.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin
RP Anandakrishnan, S (corresponding author), Penn State Univ, Ctr Earth Syst Sci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
NR 30
TC 179
Z9 204
U1 0
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 2
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6688
BP 62
EP 65
DI 10.1038/27889
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZY030
UT WOS:000074579600047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nguyen, T
   Chin, WC
   Verdugo, P
AF Nguyen, T
   Chin, WC
   Verdugo, P
TI Role of Ca2+/K+ ion exchange in intracellular storage and release of Ca2+
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors; endoplasmic-reticulum; secretory granules; calcium release; zymogen granules; cells; binding; trisphosphate; gonadotropes; protein
AB Although fluctuations in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration have a crucial role in relaying intracellular messages in the cell(1), the dynamics of Ca2+ storage in and release from intracellular sequestering compartments remains poorly understood. The rapid release of stored Ca2+ requires large concentration gradients that had been thought to result from low-affinity buffering of Ca2+ by the polyanionic matrices within Ca2+ sequestering organelles(2). However, our results here show that resting luminal free Ca2+ concentration inside the endoplasmic reticulum and in the mucin granules remains at low levels (20-35 mu M) But after stimulation, the free luminal [Ca2+] increases, undergoing large oscillations, leading to corresponding oscillations of Ca2+ release to the cytosol, These remarkable dynamics of luminal [Ca2+] result from a fast and highly cooperative Ca2+/K+ ion-exchange process rather than from Ca2+ transport into the lumen. This common paradigm for Ca2+ storage and release, found in two different Ca2+-sequestering organelles, requires the functional interaction of three molecular components: a polyanionic matrix that functions as a Ca2+/K+ ion exchanger, and two Ca2+-sensitive channels, one to import K+ into the Ca2+-sequestering compartments, the other to release Ca2+ to the cytosol.
C1 Univ Washington, Dept Bioengn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Internal Med, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Verdugo, P (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Dept Bioengn, Box 357962, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
EM verdugo@bioeng.washington.edu
NR 30
TC 170
Z9 178
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 29
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6705
BP 908
EP 912
DI 10.1038/27686
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 133XT
UT WOS:000076713400059
PM 9804425
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kemp, M
AF Kemp, M
TI Goldsworthy's genera
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Hist Art, Oxford OX1 2PG, England.
C3 University of Oxford
RP Kemp, M (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Hist Art, 35 Beaumont St, Oxford OX1 2PG, England.
NR 0
TC 1
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 15
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6664
BP 235
EP 235
DI 10.1038/34556
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YR328
UT WOS:000071484400028
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Olson, MF
   Paterson, HF
   Marshall, CJ
AF Olson, MF
   Paterson, HF
   Marshall, CJ
TI Signals from Ras and Rho GTPases interact to regulate expression of p21Waf1/Cip1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-transformation; kinase; activation; growth; nih-3t3-cells; requirement; oncogenes
AB Small GTPases act as molecular switches in intracellular signal-transduction pathways(1). In the case of the Ras family of GTPases, one of their most important roles is as regulators of cell proliferation, and the mitogenic response to a variety of growth factors and oncogenes can be blocked by inhibiting Ras function(23). But in certain situations, activation of Ras signalling pathways arrests the cell cycle rather than causing cell proliferation(4-6). Extracellular signals may trigger different cellular responses by activating Ras-dependent signalling pathways to varying degrees(7-9). Other signalling pathways could also influence the consequences of Ras signalling. Here we show that when signalling through the Ras-related GTPase Rho is inhibited, constitutively active Ras induces the cyclin-dependent-kinase inhibitor p2I(Waf1/Cip1) and entry into the DNA-synthesis phase of the cell cycle is blocked. When Rho is active, induction of p21(Waf1/Cip1) by Ras is suppressed and Ras induces DNA synthesis. Cells that lack p21(Watl/Cip1) do not require Rho signalling for the induction of DNA synthesis by activated Ras, indicating that, once Ras has become activated, the primary requirement for Rho signalling is the suppression of p21(Waf1/Cip1) induction.
C1 Inst Canc Res, Chester Beatty Labs, CRC, Ctr Cell & Mol Biol, London SW3 6JB, England.
C3 University of London; Institute of Cancer Research - UK; Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust
RP Marshall, CJ (corresponding author), Inst Canc Res, Chester Beatty Labs, CRC, Ctr Cell & Mol Biol, 237 Fulham Rd, London SW3 6JB, England.
NR 29
TC 398
Z9 445
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 16
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6690
BP 295
EP 299
DI 10.1038/28425
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 101CK
UT WOS:000074851900053
PM 9685162
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bauer, JE
   Druffel, ERM
AF Bauer, JE
   Druffel, ERM
TI Ocean margins as a significant source of organic matter to the deep open ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pacific-ocean; sargasso sea; carbon; c-14; radiocarbon; sediments; exchange; turnover; balance; system
AB Continental shelves and slopes comprise less than 20% of the world ocean area, yet they are proposed to be quantitatively important sources of the organic matter that fuels respiration in the open ocean's interior(1,2). At least certain regions of the coastal ocean produce more organic carbon than they respire(3), suggesting that some fraction of this non-respired, unburied organic carbon is available for export from the coastal to the open ocean(4). Previous studies of carbon fluxes in ocean margins(1,5,6) have not considered the potential roles of dissolved organic carbon (DOG) and suspended particulate organic carbon (POC(susp)), even though both pools are quantitatively far larger than sinking POC. Here we report natural radiocarbon ((14)C) abundance measurements that reveal continental slope and rise waters to contain both DOC and POC(susp) that are concurrently older and in higher concentrations than DOC and POC(susp) from the adjacent North Atlantic and North Pacific central gyres. Mass-balance calculations suggest that DOC and POC(susp) inputs from ocean margins to the open ocean interior may be more than an order of magnitude greater than inputs of recently produced organic carbon derived from the surface ocean. Inputs from ocean margins may thus be one of the factors contributing to the old apparent age of organic carbon observed in the deep North Atlantic and Pacific central gyres(7-9).
C1 Coll William & Mary, Sch Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA.
   Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Earth Syst Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
C3 William & Mary; University of California System; University of California Irvine
RP Bauer, JE (corresponding author), Coll William & Mary, Sch Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA.
EM bauer@vims.edu
NR 31
TC 203
Z9 223
U1 3
U2 77
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 2
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6675
BP 482
EP 485
DI 10.1038/33122
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZF215
UT WOS:000072875200054
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhang, Y
   Feng, XH
   Derynck, R
AF Zhang, Y
   Feng, XH
   Derynck, R
TI Smad3 and Smad4 cooperate with c-Jun/c-Fos to mediate TGF-β-induced transcription
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID growth-factor-beta; signaling pathways; receptor complex; binding protein; down-regulation; expression; proliferation; activation; cyclin; genes
AB Smad proteins transduce signals for transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)-related factors'. Smad proteins activated by receptors for TGF-beta form complexes with Smad4. These com plexes are translocated into the nucleus and regulate ligand-induced gene transcription(2-4). 12-O-tetradecanoyl-13-acetate (TPA)-responsive gene promoter elements (TREs) are involved in the transcriptional responses of several genes to TGF-beta (refs 5-8), AP-1 transcription factors, composed of c-Jun and c-Fos, bind to and direct transcription from TREs, which are therefore known as AP1-binding sites(9). Here we show that Smad3 interacts directly with the TRE and that SmadS and Smad4 can activate TGF-beta-inducible transcription from the TRE in the absence of c-Jun and c-Fos, Smad3 and Smad4 also act together with c-Jun and c-Fos to activate transcription in response to TGF-beta, through a TGF-P-inducible association of c-Jun with Smad3 and an interaction of Smad3 and c-Fos, These interactions complement interactions between c-Jun and c-Fos, and between Smad3 and Smad4, This mechanism of transcriptional activation by TGF-P, through functional and physical interactions between Smad3-Smad4 and c-Jun-c-Fos, shows that Smad signalling and MAPK/JNK signalling converge at AP1-binding promoter sites.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Growth & Dev, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Anat, Cell Biol Program, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Anat, Program Dev Biol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Derynck, R (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Growth & Dev, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM derynck@itsa.ucsf.edu
NR 30
TC 623
Z9 722
U1 1
U2 27
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 27
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6696
BP 909
EP 913
DI 10.1038/29814
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 114LW
UT WOS:000075611800053
PM 9732876
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Butler, D
AF Butler, D
TI Alternative ways of meeting demand
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 3
Z9 3
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 22
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6665
BP 325
EP 325
DI 
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YT444
UT WOS:000071604200018
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schreiber-Agus, N
   Meng, Y
   Hoang, T
   Hou, H Jr
   Chen, K
   Greenberg, R
   Cordon-Cardo, C
   Lee, HW
   DePinho, RA
AF Schreiber-Agus, N
   Meng, Y
   Hoang, T
   Hou, H Jr
   Chen, K
   Greenberg, R
   Cordon-Cardo, C
   Lee, HW
   DePinho, RA
TI Role of Mxi1 in ageing organ systems and the regulation of normal and neoplastic growth
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transgenic mice; prostate-cancer; c-myc; repressor sin3; max; models; mouse; gene; differentiation; transformation
AB Mxi1 belongs to the Mad (Mxi1) family of proteins, which function as potent antagonists of Myc oncoproteins(1-4). This antagonism relates partly to their ability to compete with Myc for the protein Max and for consensus DNA binding sites and to recruit transcriptional co-repressors(4-6). Mad(Mxi1) proteins have been suggested to be essential in cellular growth control and/or in the induction and maintenance of the differentiated state(6-7) Consistent with these roles, mxi1 may be the tumour-suppressor gene that resides at region 24-26 of the long arm of chromosome 10. This region is a cancer hotspot, and mutations here may be involved in several cancers, including prostate adenocarcinoma(8-10). Here we show that mice lacking Mxi1 exhibit progressive, multisystem abnormalities. These mice also show increased susceptibility to tumorigenesis either following carcinogen treatment or when also deficient in Ink4a. This cancer-prone phenotype may correlate with the enhanced ability of several mxi1-deficient cell types, including prostatic epithelium, to proliferate. Our results show that Mxi1 is involved in the homeostasis of differentiated organ systems, acts as a tumour suppressor in vivo and engages the Myc network in functionally relevant manner.
C1 Yeshiva Univ Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Bronx, NY 10461 USA.
   Yeshiva Univ Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Mol Genet, Bronx, NY 10461 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Yeshiva University; Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Yeshiva University; Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
RP DePinho, RA (corresponding author), Yeshiva Univ Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, 1300 Morris Pk Ave, Bronx, NY 10461 USA.
EM depinho@aecom.yu.edu
NR 30
TC 169
Z9 192
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 4
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6684
BP 483
EP 487
DI 10.1038/31008
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZR842
UT WOS:000074020000049
PM 9624006
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tanaka, T
   Saha, SK
   Tomomori, C
   Ishima, R
   Liu, DJ
   Tong, KI
   Park, H
   Dutta, R
   Qin, L
   Swindells, MB
   Yamazaki, T
   Ono, AM
   Kainosho, M
   Inouye, M
   Ikura, M
AF Tanaka, T
   Saha, SK
   Tomomori, C
   Ishima, R
   Liu, DJ
   Tong, KI
   Park, H
   Dutta, R
   Qin, L
   Swindells, MB
   Yamazaki, T
   Ono, AM
   Kainosho, M
   Inouye, M
   Ikura, M
TI NMR structure of the histidine kinase domain of the E-coli osmosensor EnvZ
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID signal-transduction; escherichia-coli; dna gyrase; protein; binding; program; mutant
AB Bacteria live in capricious environments, in which they must continuously sense external conditions in order to adjust their shape, motility and physiology(1). The histidine-aspartate phosphorelay signal-transduction system (also known as the two-component system) is important in cellular adaptation to environmental changes in both prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes(2,3). In this system, protein histidine kinases function as sensors and signal transducers, The Escherichia coli osmosensor, EnvZ, is a transmembrane protein with histidine kinase activity in its cytoplasmic region(2). The cytoplasmic region contains two functional domains(4): domain A (residues 223-289) contains the conserved histidine residue (H243), a site of autophosphorylation as well as transphosphorylation to the conserved D55 residue of response regulator OmpR, whereas domain B (residues 290-450) encloses several highly conserved regions (G1, G2, F and N boxes) and is able to phosphorylate H243. Here we present the solution structure of domain B, the catalytic core of EnvZ. This core has a novel protein kinase structure, distinct from the serine/threonine/tyrosine kinase fold, with unanticipated similarities to both heat-shock protein 90 and DNA gyrase B.
C1 Ontario Canc Inst, Div Mol & Struct Biol, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Med Biophys, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada.
   Univ Tsukuba, Ctr Tsukuba Adv Res Alliance, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058577, Japan.
   Univ Tsukuba, Inst Appl Biochem, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058577, Japan.
   Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Dept Biochem, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
   Helix Res Inst Inc, Kisarazu 2920812, Japan.
   Natl Inst Agrobiol Resources, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050856, Japan.
   Tokyo Metropolitan Univ, Dept Chem, Hachioji, Tokyo 1920397, Japan.
C3 University of Toronto; University Health Network Toronto; University of Toronto; University of Tsukuba; University of Tsukuba; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Rutgers University Biomedical & Health Sciences; National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences - Japan; Tokyo Metropolitan University
RP Ikura, M (corresponding author), Ontario Canc Inst, Div Mol & Struct Biol, 610 Univ Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada.
EM mikura@oci.utor-onto.ca
NR 23
TC 216
Z9 260
U1 0
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 5
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6706
BP 88
EP 92
DI 10.1038/23968
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 136HE
UT WOS:000076852700060
PM 9817206
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dolmetsch, RE
   Xu, KL
   Lewis, RS
AF Dolmetsch, RE
   Xu, KL
   Lewis, RS
TI Calcium oscillations increase the efficiency and specificity of gene expression
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID intracellular ca2+ stores; nf-kappa-b; t-lymphocytes; antigen receptor; cyclosporine-a; calcineurin; activation; channels; cells; depletion
AB Cytosolic calcium ([Ca2+](i)) oscillations are a nearly universal mode of signalling in excitable and non-excitable cells(1-4). Although Ca2+ is known to mediate a diverse array of cell functions, it is not known whether oscillations contribute to the efficiency or specificity of signalling or are merely an inevitable consequence of the feedback control of [Ca2+](i). We have developed a Ca2+ clamp technique to investigate the roles of oscillation amplitude and frequency in regulating gene expression driven by the proinflammatory transcription factors NF-AT, Oct/GAP and NF-kappa B. Here we report that oscillations reduce the effective Ca2+ threshold for activating transcription factors, thereby increasing signal detection at low levels of stimulation. In addition, specificity is encoded by the oscillation frequency: rapid oscillations stimulate all three transcription factors, whereas infrequent oscillations activate only NF-kappa B. The genes encoding the cytokines interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-8 are also frequency-sensitive in a way that reflects their degree of dependence on NF-AT versus NF-kappa B. Our results provide direct evidence that [Ca2+]i oscillations increase both the efficacy and the information content of Ca2+ signals that lead to gene expression and cell differentiation.
C1 Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Beckman Ctr Mol & Genet Med, Dept Cellular & Mol Physiol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University
RP Lewis, RS (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Beckman Ctr Mol & Genet Med, Dept Cellular & Mol Physiol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM045374] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 1667
Z9 1919
U1 1
U2 110
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 30
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6679
BP 933
EP 936
DI 10.1038/31960
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZK759
UT WOS:000073359900052
PM 9582075
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU [Anonymous]
AF [Anonymous]
TI Cell biology
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 15
PY 1998
VL 0
IS 
BP 14
EP 15
DI 
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZE486
UT WOS:000072797700005
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wang, LY
   Kaczmarek, LK
AF Wang, LY
   Kaczmarek, LK
TI High-frequency firing helps replenish the readily releasable pool of synaptic vesicles
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID auditory brain-stem; trapezoid body; transmitter release; medial nucleus; depression; cells; organization; hippocampus; parvalbumin; calretinin
AB Synapses in the central nervous system undergo various short- and long-term changes in their strength(1-3), but it is often difficult to distinguish whether presynaptic or postsynaptic mechanisms are responsible for these changes. Using patch-clamp recording from giant synapses in the mouse auditory brainstem(4-7), we show here that short-term synaptic depression can be largely attributed to rapid depletion of a readily releasable pool of vesicles. Replenishment of this pool is highly dependent on the recent history of synaptic activity. High-frequency stimulation of presynaptic terminals significantly enhances the rate of replenishment. Broadening the presynaptic action potential with the potassium-channel blocker tetraethylammonium, which increases Ca2+ entry, further enhances the rate of replenishment. As this increase can be suppressed by the Ca2+-channel blocker Cd2+ or by the Ca2+ buffer EGTA, we conclude that Ca2+ influx through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels is the key signal that dynamically regulates the refilling of che releasable pool of synaptic vesicles in response to different patterns of inputs.
C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Univ Toronto, Hosp Sick Children, Div Neurol, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Hosp Sick Children, Program Brain & Behav, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
C3 Yale University; University of Toronto; Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids); University of Toronto; Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids)
RP Kaczmarek, LK (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
EM Kaczmarek@Yale.edu
NR 30
TC 481
Z9 530
U1 1
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 23
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6691
BP 384
EP 388
DI 10.1038/28645
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 103QF
UT WOS:000074968800055
PM 9690475
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wilson, SB
   Kent, SC
   Patton, KT
   Orban, T
   Jackson, RA
   Exley, M
   Porcelli, S
   Schatz, DA
   Atkinson, MA
   Balk, SP
   Strominger, JL
   Hafler, DA
AF Wilson, SB
   Kent, SC
   Patton, KT
   Orban, T
   Jackson, RA
   Exley, M
   Porcelli, S
   Schatz, DA
   Atkinson, MA
   Balk, SP
   Strominger, JL
   Hafler, DA
TI Extreme Th1 bias of invariant Vα24JαQ T cells in type 1 diabetes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID first-degree relatives; mice; lymphocytes; autoimmunity; expression; responses; search; genes; mouse; iddm
AB Type 1 diabetes (insulin-dependent diabetes-mellitus, IDDM) is a disease controlled by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) which results from T-cell-mediated destruction of pancreatic beta-cells(1). The incomplete concordance in identical twins and the presence of autoreactive T cells and autoantibodies in individuals who do not develop diabetes suggest that other abnormalities must occur in the immune system for disease to result(2,3). We therefore investigated a series of at-risk non-progressors and type 1 diabetic patients (including five identical twin/tripiet sets discordant for disease). The diabetic siblings had lower frequencies of CD4(-)CD8(-)V alpha 24J alpha Q(+) T cells compared with their non-diabetic sibling, All 56 V alpha 24J alpha Q(+) clones isolated from the diabetic twins/triplets secreted only interferon (IFN)-gamma upon stimulation; in contrast, 76 of 79 clones from the at-risk non-progressors and normals secreted both interleukin (IL)-4 and IFN-gamma. Half of the at-risk non-progressors had high serum levels of IL-4 and IFN-gamma. These results support a model for IDDM in which Th1-cell-mediated tissue damage is initially regulated by V alpha 24J alpha Q(+) T cells producing both cytokines; the loss of their capacity to secrete IL-4 is correlated with IDDM.
C1 Brigham & Womens Hosp, Ctr Neurol Dis, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Joslin Diabet Ctr, Immunol Sect, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Canc Biol Program, Div Hematol Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Brigham & Womens Hosp, Div Rheumatol Allergy & Immunol, Lymphocyte Biol Sect, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Univ Florida, Dept Pathol, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA.
   Univ Florida, Dept Pediat, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Joslin Diabetes Center, Inc.; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard University; State University System of Florida; University of Florida; State University System of Florida; University of Florida
RP Hafler, DA (corresponding author), Brigham & Womens Hosp, Ctr Neurol Dis, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 27
TC 550
Z9 603
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 8
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6663
BP 177
EP 181
DI 10.1038/34419
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YQ378
UT WOS:000071380900051
PM 9428763
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Weinstein, DC
   Marden, J
   Carnevali, F
   Hemmati-Brivanlou, A
AF Weinstein, DC
   Marden, J
   Carnevali, F
   Hemmati-Brivanlou, A
TI FGF-mediated mesoderm induction involves the Src-family kinase Laloo
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID early xenopus development; map kinase; requires fgf; signaling pathways; neural induction; early response; expression; embryos; protein; rna
AB During embryogenesis, inductive interactions underlie the development of much of the body plan. In Xenopus laevis factors secreted from the vegetal pole induce mesoderm in the adjacent marginal zone; members of both the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) ligand families seem to have critical roles in this process(1). Here we report the identification and characterization of laloo a novel participant in the signal transduction cascade linking extracellular, mesoderm-inducing signals to the nucleus, where alteration of cell fate is driven by changes in gene expression. Overexpression of laloo, a member of the Src-related gene family, in Xenopus embryos gives rise to ectopic posterior structures that frequently contain axial tissue. Laloo induces mesoderm in Xenopus ectodermal explants; this induction is blocked by reagents that disrupt the FGF signalling pathway. Conversely, expression of a dominant-inhibitory Laloo mutant blocks mesoderm induction by FGF and causes severe posterior truncations in vivo. This work provides the first evidence that a Src-related kinase is involved in vertebrate mesoderm induction.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, Dept Mol Vertebrate Embryol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Rockefeller University
RP Hemmati-Brivanlou, A (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Dept Mol Vertebrate Embryol, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM brvnlou@rockvax.rockefeller.edu
FU NICHD NIH HHS [HD 32105-01] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 76
Z9 82
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 27
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6696
BP 904
EP 908
DI 10.1038/29808
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 114LW
UT WOS:000075611800052
PM 9732875
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Taylor, S
   Lever, JH
   Harvey, RP
AF Taylor, S
   Lever, JH
   Harvey, RP
TI Accretion rate of cosmic spherules measured at the South Pole
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID deep-sea sediments; natural-convection; mass-distribution; blue ice; dust; antarctica; greenland; influx; water
AB Micrometeorites are terrestrially collected, extraterrestrial particles smaller than about 1 mm, which account for most of the mass being accreted to the Earth(1,2). Compared with meteorites, micrometeorites more completely represent the Earth-crossing meteoroid complex(3,4) and should include fragments of asteroids, comets, Mars and our Moon, as well as pre-solar and interstellar grains(3,6). Previous measurements of the flux of micrometeoroids that survive to the Earth's surface have large uncertainties owing to the destruction of particles by weathering(7-9), inefficiencies in magnetic collection or separation techniques(7-9), low particle counts(10,11), poor age constraint(7-9,12,13) or highly variable concentrating processes(12,13), Here we describe an attempt to circumvent these problems through the collection of thousands of well preserved and dated micrometeorites from the bottom of the South Pole water well, which supplies drinking water for the Scott-Amundsen station. Using this collection, we have determined precise estimates of the flu and mass distribution for 50-700-mu m cosmic spherules (melted micrometeorites). Allowing for the expected abundance of unmelted micrometeorites(1)4 in the samples, our results indicate that about 90% of the incoming mass of submillimetre particles evaporates during atmospheric entry. Our data indicate the loss of glass-rich and small stony spherules from deep-sea deposits(7,8), and they provide constraints for models describing the survival probability of micrometeoroids(15,16).
C1 USA, Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, Hanover, NH 03755 USA.
   Case Western Reserve Univ, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
C3 United States Department of Defense; United States Army; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; U.S. Army Engineer Research & Development Center (ERDC); Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory (CRREL); University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University
RP Lever, JH (corresponding author), USA, Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, 72 Lyme Rd, Hanover, NH 03755 USA.
EM jlever@crrel.usace.army.mil
NR 30
TC 188
Z9 198
U1 0
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 30
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6679
BP 899
EP 903
DI 10.1038/31894
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZK759
UT WOS:000073359900041
PM 9582069
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kemp, M
AF Kemp, M
TI De Vries's varieties
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Scientists have always had an irresistible urge to list and classify, But the work of the artist Herman de Vries reminds us that nature's variety will always defy our attempts at imposing a fixed order.
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Hist Art, Oxford OX1 2PG, England.
C3 University of Oxford
RP Kemp, M (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Hist Art, 35 Beaumont St, Oxford OX1 2PG, England.
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 19
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6673
BP 235
EP 235
DI 10.1038/32551
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZC739
UT WOS:000072612300027
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Song, HB
   Endow, SA
AF Song, HB
   Endow, SA
TI Decoupling of nucleotide- and microtubule-binding sites in a kinesin mutant
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID motor domain; crystal-structure; mitotic spindle; protein; myosin; kar3; ncd; purification; polymerase
AB Molecular motors require ATP to move along microtubules or actin filaments. To understand how molecular motors function, it is crucial to know how binding of the motor to its filamentous track stimulates the hydrolysis of ATP by the motor, enabling it to move along the filament. A mechanism for the enhanced ATP hydrolysis has not been elucidated, but it is generally accepted that conformational changes in the motor proteins(1-3) occur when they bind to microtubules or actin filaments, facilitating the release of ADP. Here we report that a mutation in the motor domain of the microtubule motor proteins Kar3 and Ncd uncouples nucleotide- and microtubule-binding by the proteins, preventing activation of the motor ATPase by microtubules. Unlike the wild-type motors, the mutants bind tightly to both ADP and microtubules, indicating that interactions between the nucleotide- and microtubule-binding sites are blocked. The region of the motor that includes the mutated amino arid could transmit or undergo a conformational change required to convert the motor ATPase into a microtubule-stimulated state.
C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Microbiol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
C3 Duke University
RP Endow, SA (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Microbiol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM046225] Funding Source: Medline
NR 23
TC 54
Z9 69
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 10
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6711
BP 587
EP 590
DI 10.1038/25153
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 147AY
UT WOS:000077466800061
PM 9859995
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tong, JK
   Hassig, CA
   Schnitzler, GR
   Kingston, RE
   Schreiber, SL
AF Tong, JK
   Hassig, CA
   Schnitzler, GR
   Kingston, RE
   Schreiber, SL
TI Chromatin deacetylation by an ATP-dependent nucleosome remodelling complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mi-2 autoantigen; transcription; proteins
AB The dynamic assembly and remodelling of eukaryotic chromosomes facilitate fundamental cellular processes such as DNA replication and gene transcription. The repeating unit of eukaryotic chromosomes is the nucleosome fore, consisting of DNA wound about a defined octamer of histone proteins(1). Two enzymatic processes that regulate transcription by targeting elements of the nucleosome include ATP-dependent nucleosome remodelling and reversible histone acetylation(2,3). The histone deacetylases, however, are unable to deacetylate oligonucleosomal histones in vitro(4). The protein complexes that mediate ATP-dependent nucleosome remodelling and histone acetylation/deacetylation in the regulation of transcription were considered to be different, although it has recently been suggested that these activities might be coupled(5). We report here the identification and functional characterization of a novel ATP-dependent nucleosome remodelling activity that is part of an endogenous human histone deacetylase complex This activity is derived from the CHD3 and CHD4 proteins which contain helicase/ATPase domains found in SWI2-related chromatin remodelling factors, and facilitates the deacetylation of oligonucleosomal histones in vitro. We refer to this complex as the nucleosome remodelling and deacetylating (NRD) complex. Our results establish a physical and functional link between the distinct chromatin-modifying activities of histone deacetylases and nucleosome remodelling proteins.
C1 Harvard Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Mol Biol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital
RP Schreiber, SL (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, 12 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
NR 14
TC 578
Z9 717
U1 1
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 29
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6705
BP 917
EP 921
DI 10.1038/27699
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 133XT
UT WOS:000076713400061
PM 9804427
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Crick, F
   Koch, C
AF Crick, F
   Koch, C
TI Constraints on cortical and thalamic projections: The no-strong-loops hypothesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lateral geniculate neurons; primary visual-cortex; indeterminate organization; squirrel-monkey; striate cortex; connections; pulvinar; system; terminations; networks
AB The many distinct cortical areas of the macaque monkey visual system can be arranged hierarchically, but not in a unique way, We suggest that the connections between these cortical areas never form strong, directed loops. For connections between the visual cortex and particular thalamic nuclei, we predict that certain types of connections will not be found, If strong, directed loops were to exist, we suggest that the cortex would go into uncontrolled oscillations.
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   CALTECH, Computat & Neural Syst Program, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 Salk Institute; California Institute of Technology
RP Crick, F (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
NR 34
TC 246
Z9 274
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 15
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6664
BP 245
EP 250
DI 10.1038/34584
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YR328
UT WOS:000071484400039
PM 9440687
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kemp, M
AF Kemp, M
TI Vincian velcro
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Hist Art, Oxford OX1 2PG, England.
C3 University of Oxford
RP Kemp, M (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Hist Art, 35 Beaumont St, Oxford OX1 2PG, England.
NR 0
TC 1
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 5
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6706
BP 25
EP 25
DI 10.1038/23832
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 136HE
UT WOS:000076852700031
PM 9817199
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Isaksen, ML
AF Isaksen, ML
TI Purification and detection of immunoglobulin using the affinity protein rProtein L
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB A number of immunoglobulin-binding proteins of bacterial origin have been identified in recent years, They have become powerful tools for binding, detection and purification of immunoglobulin antibodies; protein A, from Staphylococcus aureus, and the streptococcal protein G are two of the most widely used, However, these are both predominantly IgG Fc-binding proteins. Many monoclonal antibodies do not bind to protein A or protein G. Consequently there is a growing need for a molecule with broader immunoglobulin-binding activity, including affinity for various immunoglobulin classes as well as Fab fragments and scFv fragments, Such a molecule is described here.
C1 Actigen Ltd, Cambridge CB5 8LA, England.
RP Isaksen, ML (corresponding author), Actigen Ltd, 5 Signet Court,Swanns Rd, Cambridge CB5 8LA, England.
NR 1
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 15
PY 1998
VL 0
IS 
BP 10
EP 10
DI 
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZE486
UT WOS:000072797700003
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jan, YN
   Jan, LY
AF Jan, YN
   Jan, LY
TI Asymmetric cell division
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID messenger-rna localization; caenorhabditis-elegans; numb protein; drosophila; gene; prospero; encodes; fates; notch; polarity
AB With the recent identification of intrinsic cell-fate determinants for asymmetric cell division in several systems, biologists have begun to gain insight into the cellular mechanisms by which these determinants are preferentially segregated into one of the two daughter cells during mitosis so that the daughter cells acquire different fates.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Physiol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Biochem & Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Jan, YN (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Physiol, Parnassus & 3rd Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
NR 51
TC 223
Z9 260
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 23
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6678
BP 775
EP 778
DI 10.1038/33854
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZJ679
UT WOS:000073241200042
PM 9572136
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tan, S
   Richmond, TJ
AF Tan, S
   Richmond, TJ
TI Crystal structure of the yeast MATα2/MCM1/DNA ternary complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID homeo domain protein; homeodomain proteins; repressor alpha-2; dna-binding; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; secondary structure; mcm1 protein; ef-tu; transcription; operator
AB The structure of a complex containing the homeodomain repressor protein MAT alpha 2 and the MADS-box transcription factor MCM1 bound to DNA has been determined by X-ray crystallography at 2.25 Angstrom resolution. It reveals the protein-protein interactions responsible for cooperative binding of MAT alpha 2 and MCM1 to DNA. The otherwise flexible amino-terminal extension of the MAT alpha 2 homeodomain forms a beta-hairpin that grips the MCM1 surface through parallel beta-strand hydrogen bonds and dose-packed, predominantly hydrophobic, side chains. DNA bending induced by MCM1 brings the two proteins closer together, facilitating their interaction. An unusual feature of the complex is that an eight-amino-acid sequence adopts an alpha-helical conformation in one of two copies of the MAT alpha 2 monomer and a beta-strand conformation in the other. This 'chameleon' sequence of MAT alpha 2 may be important for recognizing natural operator sites.
C1 ETH Zurich, Inst Mol Biol & Biophys, ETH Honggerberg, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich
RP Richmond, TJ (corresponding author), ETH Zurich, Inst Mol Biol & Biophys, ETH Honggerberg, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
NR 42
TC 199
Z9 235
U1 0
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 12
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6668
BP 660
EP 666
DI 10.1038/35563
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YW872
UT WOS:000071982500042
PM 9490409
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hunt, AG
   Malin, PE
AF Hunt, AG
   Malin, PE
TI Possible triggering of Heinrich events by ice-load-induced earthquakes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID north-atlantic; oscillations; record
AB North Atlantic sediments dating from the last ice age contain layers of rock fragments from northeastern Canada (so-called Heinrich layers)(1). Like modern iceberg-borne sediments from Greenland, these layers have been attributed to ice-rafting episodes(1-3). Six Heinrich layers have been documented and correlated with climate changes(4-8). The layers, which are several centimetres thick, contain negligible amounts of foraminifera (which accumulate at a few millimetres per century), implying that they were deposited over just a few years. These ice-rafting Heinrich events are separated by progressively shorter intervals from about 40 to 6 kyr (ref. 9), and it has been suggested(10) that they are related to the Milankovitch cycles in the Earth's orbital parameters(11). Alternatively, they may be generated by forcing mechanisms arising from the internal dynamics of the Laurentide ice sheet(12). Here we suggest the possibility that the Heinrich events were precipitated by ice-load-induced earthquakes, analogous to those produced by reservoir water loads(13). We suggest that near its edge, the Laurentide ice sheet sheared the Earth's crust, inducing repeated failure that released the ice rafts. This region (along Canada's northeastern seaboard) shows evidence of both current(14,15) and past seismic activity owing to postglacial rebound. Our model accounts for the intervals between both the Heinrich events and the evidence of palaeoseismicity, and can be tested, by studying local sedimentary relationships.
C1 Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm, Div Earth & Ocean Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
C3 Duke University
RP Malin, PE (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm, Div Earth & Ocean Sci, Box 90235, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
EM pem@vaino.geo.duke.edu
NR 23
TC 21
Z9 25
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 14
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6681
BP 155
EP 158
DI 10.1038/30218
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZN200
UT WOS:000073619900044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dugdale, RC
   Wilkerson, FP
AF Dugdale, RC
   Wilkerson, FP
TI Silicate regulation of new production in the equatorial Pacific upwelling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID iron hypothesis; phytoplankton; ocean; eqpac
AB Surface waters of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean present the enigma of apparently high plant-nutrient concentrations but low phytoplankton biomass and productivity(1). One explanation for this 'high-nitrate, low-chlorophyll' (HNLC) phenomenon has been that growth is limited by iron availability(2,3). Here we use field data and a simple silicon-cycle model(4) to investigate the HNLC condition for the upwelling zone of this ocean region. Measured silicate concentrations in surface waters are low and largely invariant with time, and set the upper limit on the total possible biological utilization of dissolved inorganic carbon. Chemical and biological data from surface waters indicate that diatoms-silica-shelled phytoplankton-carry out all the 'new production' (nitrate uptake)(5), Smaller phytoplankton (picoplankton) accomplish most of the total primary production, largely fuelled by nitrogen regenerated in reduced forms as a result of grazing by zooplankton, The model predicts values of new and export production (the production exported to below the euphotic zone) that compare well with measured values(6). New and export production are in balance: for biogenic silica, whereas new production exceeds export for nitrogen, The HNLC condition in the upwelling zone can therefore be understood to be due to a chemostat-like regulation of nitrate uptake by upwelled silicate supply to diatoms: 'low-silicate HNLC.' These results are not inconsistent with observations of iron-fertilized diatom growth during in situ experiments in 'low-iron HNLC' waters outside this upwelling zone(2,3), but reflect the role of different supply rates of iron and silicate in determining the nature of the HNLC condition.
C1 San Francisco State Univ, Romberg Tiburon Ctr, Tiburon, CA 94920 USA.
C3 California State University System; San Francisco State University
RP Dugdale, RC (corresponding author), San Francisco State Univ, Romberg Tiburon Ctr, POB 855, Tiburon, CA 94920 USA.
EM rdugdale@sfsu.edu
NR 26
TC 416
Z9 466
U1 3
U2 157
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 15
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6664
BP 270
EP 273
DI 10.1038/34630
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YR328
UT WOS:000071484400046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schmidt, M
   Kusche, R
   von Issendorff, B
   Haberland, H
AF Schmidt, M
   Kusche, R
   von Issendorff, B
   Haberland, H
TI Irregular variations in the melting point of size-selected atomic clusters
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID simple metal-clusters; temperature; particles; physics
AB Small particles have a lower melting point than bulk material(1). The physical cause lies in the fact that small particles have a higher proportion of surface atoms than larger particles-surface atoms have fewer nearest neighbours and are thus more weakly bound and less constrained in their thermal motion(2,3) than atoms in the body of a material. The reduction in the melting point has been studied extensively for small particles or clusters on supporting surfaces. One typically observes a linear reduction of the melting point as a function of the inverse cluster radius(2,4,5). Recently, the melting point of a very small cluster, containing exactly 139 atoms, has been measured in a vacuum using a technique in which the cluster acts as its own nanometre-scale calorimeter(6,7). Here we use the same technique to study ionized sodium clusters containing 70 to 200 atoms. The melting points of these dusters are on average 33% (120 K) lower than the bulk material; furthermore, we observe surprisingly large variations in the melting point (of +/-30 K) with changing cluster size, rather than any gradual trend. These variations cannot yet be fully explained theoretically.
C1 Univ Freiburg, Fak Phys, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
C3 University of Freiburg
RP Haberland, H (corresponding author), Univ Freiburg, Fak Phys, Hermann Herder Str 3, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
EM hellmut@frha06.physik.uni-freiburg.de
NR 15
TC 515
Z9 569
U1 0
U2 102
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 21
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6682
BP 238
EP 240
DI 10.1038/30415
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZP513
UT WOS:000073761000043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Qiu, Y
   Ravi, L
   Kung, HJ
AF Qiu, Y
   Ravi, L
   Kung, HJ
TI Requirement of ErbB2 for signalling by interleukin-6 in prostate carcinoma cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID growth-factor; receptor; expression; transformation; transduction; activation
AB Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a cytokine that was initially recognized as a regulator of immune and inflammatory responses(1), but it also regulates the growth of many tumour cells, including prostrate carcinoma(2-4). Overexpression of the growth-factor receptors ErbB2/neu and ErbB3 has been implicated in the neoplastic transformation of prostate carcinoma(5-7). Here we show that treatment of the prostate cancer cell line LNCaP with IL-6 induces tyrosine phosphorylation of ErbB2 and ErbB3, but not ErbB1/ EGFR. We also show that ErbB2 forms a complex with the gp130 subunit of the IL-6 receptor in an IL-6-dependent manner. This association is important because the inhibition of ErbB2 activity results in abrogation of IL-6-induced MAPK activation. Thus ErbB2 is a critical component of IL-6 signalling through the MAP kinase pathway. These data show how a cytokine receptor can diversify its signalling pathways by engaging with a growth-factor receptor kinase.
C1 Case Western Reserve Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Biol & Microbiol, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
   Natl Hlth Res Inst, Mol & Genom Med Div, Taipei, Taiwan.
C3 University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University; National Health Research Institutes - Taiwan
RP Kung, HJ (corresponding author), Case Western Reserve Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Biol & Microbiol, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
EM hxk5@po.cwru.edu
NR 24
TC 244
Z9 259
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 7
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6680
BP 83
EP 85
DI 10.1038/30012
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZM028
UT WOS:000073497500052
PM 9590694
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zheng, P
   Guo, Y
   Niu, QT
   Levy, DE
   Dyck, JA
   Lu, SL
   Sheiman, LA
   Liu, Y
AF Zheng, P
   Guo, Y
   Niu, QT
   Levy, DE
   Dyck, JA
   Lu, SL
   Sheiman, LA
   Liu, Y
TI Proto-oncogene PML controls genes devoted to MHC class I antigen presentation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID acute promyelocytic leukemia; rar-alpha; expression; t(15-17); cells; translocation; adenovirus-12; interferon; molecules; pathway
AB Fragments of foreign antigens associated with class I molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are presented at the cell surface to elicit an immune response. This presentation requires the coordinated expression of several genes contained in the MHC1-5, including those encoding the MHC class I heavy chain, the proteins LMP-2 and LMP-7, which are involved in the proteasomal degradation of cytosolic antigens into peptide fragments that are destined for association with MHC class I molecules, and TAP-1 and TAP-2, which transport these fragments across the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum at the start of their journey to the cell surface. In many virus-transformed cell lines(6,7) and spontaneous tumours(8-10), these genes are simultaneously repressed. However, the key factor(s) that are essential for their expression and repression have not been identified. Here we report that the proto-oncogene product PML induces expression of LMP-2, LMP-7, TAP-1 and TAF-2 in an MHC-class I-negative, recurrent tumour, leading to the re-expression of cell-surface MHC in tumours and to rejection of the tumours. PML also regulates MHC expression in untransformed fibroblasts. We conclude that malfunction of PML may enable a tumour to evade the immune defence of its host.
C1 NYU, Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   NYU, Med Ctr, Kaplan Comprehens Canc Ctr, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Med, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 New York University; New York University; University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Liu, Y (corresponding author), NYU, Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, New York, NY 10016 USA.
EM liu-3@medctr.osu.edu
NR 30
TC 148
Z9 159
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 26
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6709
BP 373
EP 376
DI 10.1038/24628
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 142MJ
UT WOS:000077204000051
PM 9845074
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Snyder, LH
   Grieve, KL
   Brotchie, P
   Andersen, RA
AF Snyder, LH
   Grieve, KL
   Brotchie, P
   Andersen, RA
TI Separate body- and world-referenced representations of visual space in parietal cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neurons; microstimulation; information; hippocampus; perception; saccade; primate; monkeys; gaze; rats
AB In order to direct a movement towards a visual stimulus, visual spatial information must be combined with postural information(1). For example, directing gaze (eye plus head) towards a visible target requires the combination of retinal image location with eye and head position to determine the location of the target relative to the body. Similarly, world-referenced postural information is required to determine where something lies in the world. Posterior parietal neurons recorded in monkeys combine visual information with eye and head position(2-4). if population of such cells could make up a distributed representation of target location in an extraretinal frame of reference(4-7) However, pre vious studies have not. distinguished between world-referenced and body-referenced signals(4,8). Here we report that modulations of visual signals (gain fields) in two adjacent cortical fields, LIP and 7a, are referenced to the body and to the world, respectively. This segregation of spatial information is consistent with a streaming of information, with one path carrying body-referenced information for the control of gaze, and the other carrying world-referenced information for navigation and other tasks that require an absolute frame of reference.
C1 CALTECH, Div Biol, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology
RP Andersen, RA (corresponding author), CALTECH, Div Biol, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM andersen@vis.caltech.edu
NR 28
TC 368
Z9 400
U1 0
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 27
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6696
BP 887
EP 891
DI 10.1038/29777
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 114LW
UT WOS:000075611800047
PM 9732870
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ramaprakash, AN
   Kulkarni, SR
   Frail, DA
   Koresko, C
   Kuchner, M
   Goodrich, R
   Neugebauer, G
   Murphy, T
   Eikenberry, S
   Bloom, JS
   Djorgovski, SG
   Waxman, E
   Frontera, F
   Feroci, M
   Nicastro, L
AF Ramaprakash, AN
   Kulkarni, SR
   Frail, DA
   Koresko, C
   Kuchner, M
   Goodrich, R
   Neugebauer, G
   Murphy, T
   Eikenberry, S
   Bloom, JS
   Djorgovski, SG
   Waxman, E
   Frontera, F
   Feroci, M
   Nicastro, L
TI The energetic afterglow of the γ-ray burst of 14 December 1997
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The discovery of fading but relatively long-lived X-ray emission(1) accompanying gamma-ray bursts has revolutionized the study of these objects. This 'afterglow' is most easily explained by models(2-4) similar to those describing supernovae, but with relativistic ejecta. And as with supernovae, afterglow measurements should in principle provide important constraints on burst properties, permitting, for example, estimates of the amount of energy released, the geometry of the emitting surface and the density of the ambient medium, Here we report infrared observations of the fading optical transient(5) associated with the burst of 14 December 1997 (GRB971214;ref. 6). We detect a 'break' in the broad-band spectrum, as predicted by afterglow models, which constrains the total energy in the burst to be > 10(51) erg. Combining the fluence of optical afterglow with the redshift (z = 3.42; ref. 7), we estimate that the energy released in the afterglow alone was 2 x 10(51) erg. Estimates of afterglow energetics are less likely to be subject to geometric effects-such as beaming-that render uncertain estimates of the total burst energy, but it nevertheless appears from our measurements that gamma-ray bursts may be much more energetic than the 10(51) erg usually assumed.
C1 CALTECH, Palomar Observ 105 24, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Interuniv Ctr Astron & Astrophys, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India.
   Natl Radio Astron Observ, Socorro, NM 87801 USA.
   WM Keck Observ, Kamuela, HI 96743 USA.
   Inst Adv Study, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
   CNR, Ist Tecn Studio Rad Extraterr, I-40129 Bologna, Italy.
   Univ Ferrara, Dipartmento Fis, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy.
   CNR, Ist Astrofis Spaziale, I-00133 Rome, Italy.
   CNR, Ist Fis Cosm App Info, I-90146 Palermo, Italy.
C3 California Institute of Technology; Inter-University Centre for Astronomy & Astrophysics; National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO); Institute for Advanced Study - USA; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); University of Ferrara; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)
RP Kulkarni, SR (corresponding author), CALTECH, Palomar Observ 105 24, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM srk@surya.caltech.edu
NR 32
TC 52
Z9 56
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 7
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6680
BP 43
EP 46
DI 10.1038/29941
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZM028
UT WOS:000073497500040
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jiang, CY
   Ting, AT
   Seed, B
AF Jiang, CY
   Ting, AT
   Seed, B
TI PPAR-γ agonists inhibit production of monocyte inflammatory cytokines
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tumor-necrosis-factor; proliferator-activated receptors; adipocyte differentiation; rheumatoid-arthritis; 3t3-l1 cells; factor-alpha; expression; ligand; j(2); beta
AB The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) is a member of the nuclear receptor family of transcription factors, a large and diverse group of proteins that mediate ligand-dependent transcriptional activation and repression(1,2). Expression of PPAR-gamma is an early and pivotal event in the differentiation of adipocytes(3-6). Several agents that promote differentiation of fibroblast lines into adipocytes have been shown to be PPAR-gamma agonists(7-10), including several prostanoids, of which 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) is the most potent(8,9), as well as members of a new class of oral antidiabetic agents, the thiazolidinediones(7), and a variety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)(10). Here we show that PPAR-gamma agonists suppress monocyte elaboration of inflammatory cytokines at agonist concentrations similar to those found to be effective for the promotion of adipogenesis. Inhibition of cytokine production may help to explain the incremental therapeutic benefit of NSAIDs observed in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis at plasma drug concentrations substantially higher than are required to inhibit prostaglandin G/H synthase (cyclooxygenase).
C1 Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Mol Biol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital
RP Seed, B (corresponding author), Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Mol Biol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
NR 28
TC 2644
Z9 2964
U1 1
U2 139
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 1
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6662
BP 82
EP 86
DI 10.1038/34184
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YP888
UT WOS:000071326100053
PM 9422509
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Webber, AL
   Ingram, RS
   Levorse, JM
   Tilghman, SM
AF Webber, AL
   Ingram, RS
   Levorse, JM
   Tilghman, SM
TI Location of enhancers is essential for the imprinting of H19 and Igf2 genes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID beta-globin; mouse; methylation; mice; expression; boundary; deletion; domains; allele; assay
AB Genomic imprinting is the process in mammals by which gamete-specific epigenetic modifications establish the differential expression of the two alleles of a gene, The tightly linked H19 and Igf2 genes are expressed in tissues of endodermal and mesodermal origin, with H19 expressed from the maternal chromosome and Igf2 expressed from the paternal chromosome, A model has been proposed to explain the reciprocal imprinting of these genes(1); in this model, expression of the genes is governed by competition between their promoters for a common set of enhancers. An extra set of enhancers might be predicted to relieve the competition, thereby eliminating imprinting, Here we tested this prediction by generating mice with a duplication of the endoderm-specific enhancers, The normally silent Igf2 gene on the maternal chromosome was expressed in liver, consistent with relief from competition. We then generated a maternal chromosome containing a single set of enhancers located equidistant from Igf2 and H19; the direction of the imprint was reversed, Thus, the location of the enhancers determines the outcome of competition in liver, and the strength of the H19 promoter is not sufficient to silence Igf2.
C1 Princeton Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Mol Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Princeton University; Princeton University
RP Tilghman, SM (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
NR 28
TC 110
Z9 127
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 12
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6668
BP 711
EP 715
DI 10.1038/35655
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YW872
UT WOS:000071982500057
PM 9490417
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Oberhauser, AF
   Marszalek, PE
   Erickson, HP
   Fernandez, JM
AF Oberhauser, AF
   Marszalek, PE
   Erickson, HP
   Fernandez, JM
TI The molecular elasticity of the extracellular matrix protein tenascin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atomic-force microscope; adhesion; modules; domain; flow
AB Extracellular matrix proteins are thought to provide a rigid mechanical anchor that supports and guides migrating and rolling cells(1-4). Here we examine the mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix protein tenascin by using atomic-force-microscopy techniques. Our results indicate that tenascin is an elastic protein. Single molecules of tenascin could be stretched to several times their resting length. Force-extension curves showed a saw-tooth pattern, with peaks of force at 137 pN. These peaks were similar to 25 nm apart. Similar results have been obtained by study of titin(5). We also found similar results by studying recombinant tenascin fragments encompassing the 15 fibronectin type III domains of tenascin. This indicates that the extensibility of tenascin map be due to the stretch-induced unfolding of its fibronectin type III domains. Refolding of tenascin after stretching, observed when the force was reduced to near zero, showed a double-exponential recovery with time constants of 42 domains refolded per second and 0.5 domains per second. The former speed of refolding is more than twice as fast as any previously reported speed of refolding of a fibronectin type III domain(6,7). We suggest that the extensibility of the modular fibronectin type III region may be important in allowing tenascin-ligand bonds to persist over long extensions. These properties of fibronectin type III modules may be of widespread use in extracellular proteins containing such domain(8,9).
C1 Mayo Clin & Mayo Fdn, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Rochester, MN 55905 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Cell Biol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
C3 Mayo Clinic; Duke University
RP Fernandez, JM (corresponding author), Mayo Clin & Mayo Fdn, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Rochester, MN 55905 USA.
NR 27
TC 730
Z9 830
U1 2
U2 97
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 14
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6681
BP 181
EP 185
DI 10.1038/30270
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZN200
UT WOS:000073619900052
PM 9603523
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ernst, G
   Broholm, C
   Kowach, GR
   Ramirez, AP
AF Ernst, G
   Broholm, C
   Kowach, GR
   Ramirez, AP
TI Phonon density of states and negative thermal expansion in ZrW2O8
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Thermal expansion of solids arises from anharmonic lattice dynamics. The contrasting phenomenon of negative thermal expansion (NTE)-where expansion occurs on cooling rather than heating -was discovered(1) in ZrW2O8 in 1968. Recently, this material has attracted interest in the context of NTE for several reasons: the magnitude of the effect is relatively large (-9 p.p.m. K-1); the temperature range over which NTE occurs is also large (from close to absolute zero up to the decomposition temperature of about 1,050 K); and the NTE effect is isotropic(2), evidenced by the fact that ZrW2O8 remains cubic at all temperatures. These characteristics make ZrW2O8 an important system in which to study unusual lattice dynamics of this type, and potentially well suited for application in composite materials with an engineered thermal expansion coefficient(3). Here we report neutron-scattering measurements of ZrW2O8 that allow us to investigate its phonon spectrum, and hence determine the energy scale for the lattice motions governing NTE. We find that NTE can be modelled by several lo cv-energy phonon modes, suggesting that the effect arises from the unusual crystal structure of ZrW2O8, which supports highly anharmonic vibrational modes.
C1 AT&T Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
   Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA.
C3 AT&T; Nokia Corporation; Nokia Bell Labs; Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies; Johns Hopkins University; National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) - USA
RP Ramirez, AP (corresponding author), AT&T Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
NR 11
TC 289
Z9 322
U1 2
U2 113
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 12
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6707
BP 147
EP 149
DI 10.1038/24115
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 139DU
UT WOS:000077013300045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Klingauf, J
   Kavalali, ET
   Tsien, RW
AF Klingauf, J
   Kavalali, ET
   Tsien, RW
TI Kinetics and regulation of fast endocytosis at hippocampal synapses
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID frog neuromuscular-junction; synaptic vesicle membrane; capacitance measurements; transmitter release; exocytosis; cells; calcium; fusion
AB Presynaptic nerve terminals often contain as few as a hundred vesicles(1,2) and so must recycle them soon after exocytosis to preserve synaptic transmission and presynaptic morphology(3,4) during repetitive firing. The kinetics(3,4) and mechanisms(5) of vesicular endocytosis and repriming have therefore been studied. Vesicles in hippocampal nerve terminals can become available to release their contents within similar to 40 s of the previous round of exocytosis(6,7). Studies using the styryl dye FM1-43 (ref. 3) have estimated the time constant for endocytosis as similar to 20-30 s (refs 4, 8), at least half of the total recycling time, which is much slower than endocytosis in other secretory systems(9-11). It seems paradoxical that the neurosecretory terminals that could benefit the most from rapid endocytosis do not use such a mechanism. Here we demonstrate the existence of fast endocytosis in hippocampal nerve terminals and derive its kinetics from fluorescence measurements using dyes with varying rates of membrane departitioning. The rapid mode of vesicular retrieval was much faster after exposure to staurosporine or elevated extracellular calcium. Thus hippocampal synapses take advantage of efficient mechanisms for endocytosis, and their vesicular retrieval is subject to modulatory control.
C1 Stanford Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Mol & Cellular Physiol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University
RP Tsien, RW (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Mol & Cellular Physiol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
NR 30
TC 333
Z9 368
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 6
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6693
BP 581
EP 585
DI 10.1038/29079
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 107YN
UT WOS:000075238700049
PM 9707119
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Crameri, A
   Raillard, SA
   Bermudez, E
   Stemmer, WPC
AF Crameri, A
   Raillard, SA
   Bermudez, E
   Stemmer, WPC
TI DNA shuffling of a family of genes from diverse species accelerates directed evolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID beta-lactamase; molecular evolution; in-vitro; sequence; recombination; protein; plasmid
AB DNA shuffling is a powerful process for directed evolution, which generates diversity by recombination(1,2), combining useful mutations from individual genes. Libraries of chimaeric genes can be generated by random frag;mentation of a pool of related genes, followed by reassembly of the fragments in a self-priming polymerase reaction. Template switching causes crossovers in areas of sequence homology. Our previous studies used single genes and random point mutations as the source of diversity(3-6). An alternative source of diversity is naturally occurring homologous genes, which provide 'functional diversity.' To evaluate whether natural diversity could accelerate the evolution process, we compared the efficiency of obtaining moxalactamase activity from four cephalosporinase genes evolved separately with that from a mixed pool of the four genes. A single cycle of shuffling yielded eightfold improvements from the four separately evolved genes, versus a 270- to 540-fold improvement from the four genes shuffled together, a 50-fold increase per cycle of shuffling. The best clone contained eight segments from three of the four genes as well as 33 amino-acid point mutations, Molecular breeding by shuffling can efficiently mix sequences from different species, unlike traditional breeding techniques, The power of family shuffling may arise from sparse sampling of a larger portion of sequence space.
C1 Maxygen Inc, Santa Clara, CA 95051 USA.
RP Stemmer, WPC (corresponding author), Maxygen Inc, 3410 Cent Expressway, Santa Clara, CA 95051 USA.
NR 16
TC 649
Z9 1495
U1 2
U2 158
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 15
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6664
BP 288
EP 291
DI 10.1038/34663
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YR328
UT WOS:000071484400052
PM 9440693
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McGillicuddy, DJ Jr
   Robinson, AR
   Siegel, DA
   Jannasch, HW
   Johnson, R
   Dickeys, T
   McNeil, J
   Michaels, AF
   Knap, AH
AF McGillicuddy, DJ Jr
   Robinson, AR
   Siegel, DA
   Jannasch, HW
   Johnson, R
   Dickeys, T
   McNeil, J
   Michaels, AF
   Knap, AH
TI Influence of mesoscale eddies on new production in the Sargasso Sea
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID north-atlantic ocean; nitrogen; bermuda
AB It is problematic that geochemical estimates of new production-that fraction of total primary production in surface waters fuelled by externally supplied nutrients-in oligotrophic waters of the open ocean surpass that which can be sustained by the traditionally accepted mechanisms of nutrient supply.(1,2) In the case of the Sargasso Sea, for example, these mechanisms account for less than half of the annual nutrient requirement indicated by new production estimates based on three independent transient-tracer techniques(2-6). Specifically, approximately one-quarter to one-third of the annual nutrient requirement can be supplied by entrainment into the mixed layer during wintertime convection(7), with minor contributions from mixing in the thermocline(8,9) and wind-driven transport(10) (the potentially important role of nitrogen fixation(11)-for which estimates vary by an order of magnitude in this region(12)-is excluded from this budget). Here we present four lines of evidence-eddy-resolving model simulations, high-resolution observations from moored instrumentation, shipboard surveys and satellite data-which suggest that the vertical flux of nutrients induced by the dynamics of mesoscale eddies is sufficient to balance the nutrient budget in the Sargasso Sea.
C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Appl Ocean Phys & Engn, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Computat Earth Syst Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Geog, Ocean Phys Lab, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA.
   Bermuda Biol Stn Res, Ferry Reach, Bermuda.
   Univ So Calif, Wrigley Inst Environm Studies, Avalon, CA 90704 USA.
C3 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Harvard University; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute; University of Southern California
RP McGillicuddy, DJ Jr (corresponding author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Appl Ocean Phys & Engn, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
EM dmcgillicuddy@whoi.edu
NR 28
TC 827
Z9 903
U1 7
U2 175
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 16
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6690
BP 263
EP 266
DI 10.1038/28367
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 101CK
UT WOS:000074851900043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mahadevan, R
AF Mahadevan, R
TI Reconciling the spectrum of Sagittarius A* with a two-temperature plasma model
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID accreting black-hole; sgr-a; galactic-center; radio-source; cygnus x-1; electrons; emission; position
AB The radio source Sagittarius A* is thought to be powered by gas accreting onto a supermassive black hole at the centre of our Galaxy(1,2). Using the high infrared accretion rates(3), however, standard accretion models(4) are unable to explain the observed low luminosity and spectral energy distribution(5-8), which has led to the consideration of a new model: advection-dominated accretion flow(9-12). In an advection-dominated flow, most of the accretion energy is stored as thermal energy in the gas which is then lost as the gas falls into the black hole, This model requires the protons to have a much higher temperature than the electrons, and the gas therefore has a two-temperature structure(10,13,14). Although this model explains the low total luminosity(15-18) and much of the spectral energy distribution (from millimetre wavelengths to hard X-rays), it has been difficult to reconcile with low-frequency radio observations. Here we show that a neglected emission process associated with the protons naturally explains the radio observations without any 'fine tuning' of the model parameters. This result simultaneously supports the two-temperature model of the gas and suggests that an advection-dominated accretion flow onto a black hole of 2.5 x 10(6) solar masses provides an accurate description of Sagittarius A*.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Inst Astron, Cambridge CB3 0HA, England.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP Mahadevan, R (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Inst Astron, Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0HA, England.
EM rohan@ast.cam.ac.uk
NR 47
TC 92
Z9 101
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 13
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6694
BP 651
EP 653
DI 10.1038/29241
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 110MD
UT WOS:000075384200034
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wong, SS
   Joselevich, E
   Woolley, AT
   Cheung, CL
   Lieber, CM
AF Wong, SS
   Joselevich, E
   Woolley, AT
   Cheung, CL
   Lieber, CM
TI Covalently functionalized nanotubes as nanometre-sized probes in chemistry and biology
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID force microscopy; carbon nanotubes
AB Carbon nanotubes combine a range of properties that make them well suited for use as probe tips in applications such as atomic force microscopy (AFM)(1-3), Their high aspect ratio, for example, opens up the possibility of probing the deep crevices(4) that occur in microelectronic circuits, and the small effective radius of nanotube tips significantly improves the lateral resolution beyond what can be achieved using commercial silicon tips(5). Another characteristic feature of nanotubes is their ability to buckle elastically(4,6), which makes them very robust while limiting the maximum force that is applied to delicate organic and biological samples, Earlier investigations into the performance of nanotubes as scanning probe microscopy tips have focused on topographical imaging, but a potentially more significant issue is the question of whether nanotubes can be modified to create probes that can sense and manipulate matter at the molecular level(7), Here we demonstrate that nanotube tips with the capability of chemical and biological discrimination can be created with acidic functionality and by coupling basic or hydrophobic functionalities or biomolecular probes to the carboxyl groups that are present at the open tip ends. We have used these modified nanotubes as AFM tips to titrate the acid and base groups, to image patterned samples based on molecular interactions, and to measure the binding force between single protein-ligand pairs. As carboxyl groups are readily derivatized by a variety of reactions(8), the preparation of a wide range of functionalized nanotube tips should be possible, thus creating molecular probes with potential applications in many areas of chemistry and biology.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University
RP Lieber, CM (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, 12 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
NR 24
TC 1370
Z9 1548
U1 1
U2 365
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 2
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6688
BP 52
EP 55
DI 10.1038/27873
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZY030
UT WOS:000074579600044
PM 9665127
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pepin, RO
AF Pepin, RO
TI Isotopic evidence for a solar argon component in the Earths mantle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID noble-gas state; atmospheric contamination; loihi seamount; diffusion; glasses; basalts; hawaii; xenon; wind
AB Determining the presence of solar argon, krypton and xenon in the Earth's mantle is important for understanding the source, incorporation mechanism and transport of noble gases in the Earth, as well as the evolutionary history of the Earth's atmosphere. There are strong indications in the mid-ocean ridge basalt database that solar helium and neon are indeed present(1-3), and modelling exercises indicate that the compositions of all five noble gases in the Earth's primordial inventory were solar-like(3-5). But solar isotopic signatures of the heavier noble gases argon and xenon, which differ significantly from atmospheric compositions, have appeared only subtly if at all in analyses of mantle-derived samples(6)-their non-radiogenic isotope ratios are generally found to be indistinguishable or only slightly different from those in the atmosphere(2,7-10). The first promising isotopic evidence for a solar-like argon component in the Earth's mantle appeared in a recent analysis of basalt glasses from the Hawaiian Loihi seamount(11). Here I show that recent measurements(12) of neon and argon isotopes in a suite of mid-ocean ridge basalt samples from the southern East Pacific Rise greatly strengthen the case for the presence of solar argon, and by inference krypton and xenon, in the Earth's mantle.
C1 Univ Minnesota, Sch Phys & Astron, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
C3 University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities
RP Pepin, RO (corresponding author), Univ Minnesota, Sch Phys & Astron, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
EM pepin001@tc.umn.edu
NR 29
TC 26
Z9 27
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 13
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6694
BP 664
EP 667
DI 10.1038/29272
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 110MD
UT WOS:000075384200039
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wolf, F
   Geisel, T
AF Wolf, F
   Geisel, T
TI Spontaneous pinwheel annihilation during visual development
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ocular dominance columns; orientation selectivity; striate cortex; maps; organization; arrangement; preference; domains; models
AB Neurons in the visual cortex respond preferentially to edge-like stimuli of a particular orientation(1). It is a long-standing hypothesis that orientation selectivity arises during development through the activity-dependent refinement of cortical circuitry(2-4). Unambiguous evidence far such a process has, however, remained elusive(5-7). Here we argue that, if orientation preferences arise through activity-dependent refinement of initially unselective patterns of synaptic connections, this process should leave distinct signatures in the emerging spatial pattern of preferred orientations. Preferred orientations typically change smoothly and progressively across the cortex(1). This smooth progression is disrupted at the centres of so-called pinwheels(8,9), where neurons exhibiting the whole range of orientation preferences are located in close vicinity(10). Assuming that orientation selectivity develops through a set of rules that we do not specify, we demonstrate mathematically that the spatial density of pinwheels is rigidly constrained by basic symmetry principles. In particular, the spatial density of pinwheels, which emerge when orientation selectivity is first established, is larger than a model-independent minimal value. As a consequence, lower densities, if observed in adult animals, are predicted to develop through the motion and annihilation of pinwheel pairs.
C1 Max Planck Inst Stromungsforsch, D-37018 Gottingen, Germany.
   Univ Frankfurt, SFB Nichtlineare Dynam, D-6000 Frankfurt, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; Goethe University Frankfurt
RP Wolf, F (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Stromungsforsch, Postfach 2853, D-37018 Gottingen, Germany.
NR 30
TC 87
Z9 91
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 3
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6697
BP 73
EP 78
DI 10.1038/25736
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 116JY
UT WOS:000075722200049
PM 9738500
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Douek, DC
   McFarland, RD
   Keiser, PH
   Gage, EA
   Massey, JM
   Haynes, BF
   Polis, MA
   Haase, AT
   Feinberg, MB
   Sullivan, JL
   Jamieson, BD
   Zack, JA
   Picker, LJ
   Koup, RA
AF Douek, DC
   McFarland, RD
   Keiser, PH
   Gage, EA
   Massey, JM
   Haynes, BF
   Polis, MA
   Haase, AT
   Feinberg, MB
   Sullivan, JL
   Jamieson, BD
   Zack, JA
   Picker, LJ
   Koup, RA
TI Changes in thymic function with age and during the treatment of HIV infection
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immunodeficiency-virus type-1; t-cells; v(d)j recombination; lymphocytes; cd4+; thymopoiesis; regeneration; products; therapy; virgin
AB The thymus represents the major site of the production and generation of T cells expressing alpha beta-type T-cell antigen receptors(1). Age-related involution(2) may affect the ability of the thymus to reconstitute T cells expressing CD4 cell-surface antigens that are lost during HIV infection(3); this effect has been seen after chemotherapy and bone-marrow transplantation(4,5). Adult HIV-infected patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) show a progressive increase in their number of naive CD4-positive T cells(6,7). These cells could arise through expansion of existing naive T cells in the periphery(8) or through thymic production of new naive T cells(9,10). Here we quantify thymic output by measuring the excisional DNA products of TCR-gene rearrangement. We find that, although thymic function declines with age, substantial output is maintained into late adulthood. HIV infection leads to a decrease in thymic function that can be measured in the peripheral blood and lymphoid tissues. In adults treated with HAART, there is a rapid and sustained increase in thymic output in most subjects. These results indicate that the adult thymus fan contribute to immune reconstitution following HAART.
C1 Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Med, Dallas, TX 75235 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, Dallas, TX 75235 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
   Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
   Univ Massachusetts, Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Worcester, MA 01605 USA.
   Univ Massachusetts, Med Ctr, Dept Mol Med, Worcester, MA 01605 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Med, Div Hematol Oncol, Sch Med, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Mol Genet, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   UCLA Inst, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas; Duke University; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID); University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; Emory University; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Koup, RA (corresponding author), Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Med, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75235 USA.
NR 30
TC 1519
Z9 1695
U1 4
U2 60
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 17
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6712
BP 690
EP 695
DI 10.1038/25374
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 150YT
UT WOS:000077694200057
PM 9872319
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kulkarni, A
   Colburn, HS
AF Kulkarni, A
   Colburn, HS
TI Role of spectral detail in sound-source localization
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Sounds heard over headphones are typically perceived inside the head(1) (internalized), unlike real sound sources which are perceived outside the head (externalized). If the acoustical waveforms from a real sound source are reproduced precisely using headphones, auditory images are appropriately externalized and localized(1-4) The filtering (relative boosting, attenuation and delaying of component frequencies) of a sound by the head and outer ear provides information about the location of a sound source by means of the differences in the frequency spectra between the ears as well as the overall spectral shape. This location-dependent filtering is explicitly described by the head-related transfer function (HRTF) from sound source to ear canal. Here we present sounds to subjects through open-canal tube-phones and investigate how accurately the HRTFs must be reproduced to achieve true three-dimensional perception of auditory signals in anechoic space. Listeners attempted to discriminate between 'real' sounds presented from a loudspeaker and 'virtual' sounds presented over tube-phones. Our results show that the HRTFs can be smoothed significantly in frequency without affecting the perceived location of a sound. Listeners cannot distinguish real from virtual sources until the HRTF has lost most of its detailed variation in frequency, at which time the perceived elevation of the image is the reported cue.
C1 Boston Univ, Hearing Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Boston Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
C3 Boston University; Boston University
RP Kulkarni, A (corresponding author), Boston Univ, Hearing Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
EM abhijit@enga.bu.edu
NR 9
TC 165
Z9 194
U1 2
U2 23
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 31
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6713
BP 747
EP 749
DI 10.1038/25526
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 151WC
UT WOS:000077742800031
PM 9874370
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Davis, AJ
   Jenkinson, LS
   Lawton, JH
   Shorrocks, B
   Wood, S
AF Davis, AJ
   Jenkinson, LS
   Lawton, JH
   Shorrocks, B
   Wood, S
TI Making mistakes when predicting shifts in species range in response to global warming
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID temperature; climate; limits
AB Many attempts to predict the biotic responses to climate change rely on the 'climate envelope' approach(1-3), in which the current distribution of a species is mapped in climate-space and then, if the position of that climate-space changes, the distribution of the species is predicted to shift accordingly(4-6). The flaw in this approach is that distributions of species also reflect the influence of interactions with other species(7-10), so predictions based on climate envelopes may be very misleading if the interactions between species are altered by climate change(11). An additional problem is that current distributions may be the result of sources and sinks(12), in which species appear to thrive in places where they really persist only because individuals disperse into them from elsewhere(13,14). Here we use microcosm experiments on simple but realistic assemblages to show how misleading the climate envelope approach can be. We show that dispersal and interactions, which are important elements of population dynamics(15), must be included in predictions of biotic responses to climate change.
C1 Univ Leeds, Dept Biol, Ecol & Evolut Grp, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, NERC, Ctr Populat Biol, Ascot SL5 7PY, Berks, England.
C3 University of Leeds; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC); Imperial College London
RP Davis, AJ (corresponding author), Univ Leeds, Dept Biol, Ecol & Evolut Grp, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
EM a.j.davis@leeds.ac.uk
NR 27
TC 910
Z9 1071
U1 3
U2 341
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 19
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6669
BP 783
EP 786
DI 10.1038/35842
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YX884
UT WOS:000072089500050
PM 9486646
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mizunuma, M
   Hirata, D
   Miyahara, K
   Tsuchiya, E
   Miyakawa, T
AF Mizunuma, M
   Hirata, D
   Miyahara, K
   Tsuchiya, E
   Miyakawa, T
TI Role of calcineurin and Mpk1 in regulating the onset of mitosis in budding yeast
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID map kinase pathway; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; hypotonic shock; cell integrity; gene; calmodulin; calcium; phosphatase; adaptation; expression
AB Signalling via calcium is probably involved in regulating eukaryotic cell proliferation, but details of its mechanism of action are unknown(1,2). In Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the onset of mitosis is determined by activation of a complex of the p36(cdc2) protein kinase and a cyclin protein that is specific to the G2 phase of the cell cycle. This activation requires dephosphorylation of p34(cdc2) (ref. 3). Wee1, a tyrosine kinase that inhibits p34(cdc2) by phosphorylating it, is needed to determine the length of G2 phase, Here we show that calcium-activated pathways in Saccharomyces cerevisiae control the onset of mitosis by regulating Swe1, a Wee1 homologue. Zds1 (also known as Oss1 and Hst1) (refs 4-7) is important in repressing the transcription of SWE1 in G2 phase. In the presence of high calcium levels, cells lacking Zds1 are delayed in entering mitosis. Calcineurin(8-11) and Mpk1 (refs 12, 13) regulate Swe1 activation at the transcriptional and posttranslational levels, respectively, and both are required for the calcium-induced delay in G2 phase. These cellular pathways also induce a G2-phase delay In response to hypotonic shock.
C1 Hiroshima Univ, Grad Sch Engn, Dept Mol Biotechnol, Higashihiroshima 739, Japan.
C3 Hiroshima University
RP Miyakawa, T (corresponding author), Hiroshima Univ, Grad Sch Engn, Dept Mol Biotechnol, Higashihiroshima 739, Japan.
NR 25
TC 117
Z9 131
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 19
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6673
BP 303
EP 306
DI 10.1038/32695
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZC739
UT WOS:000072612300053
PM 9521328
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Forman, BM
   Tzameli, I
   Choi, HS
   Chen, L
   Simha, D
   Seol, W
   Evans, RM
   Moore, DD
AF Forman, BM
   Tzameli, I
   Choi, HS
   Chen, L
   Simha, D
   Seol, W
   Evans, RM
   Moore, DD
TI Androstane metabolites bind to and deactivate the nuclear receptor CAR-β
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thyroid-hormone receptor; fatty-acids; inverse agonists; retinoic acid; lxr-alpha; eicosanoids; activation; identification; 16-androstenes; coactivator
AB The orphan receptor CAR-beta (ref. 1) binds DNA as a heterodimer with the retinoid-X receptor and activates gene transcription in a constitutive manner. Here we show that, in contrast to the classical nuclear receptors, the constitutive activity of CAR-beta results from a ligand-independent recruitment of transcriptional co-activators. While searching for potential ligands of CAR-beta, we found that the steroids androstanol and androstenol inhibit the constitutive activity of CAR-beta. This effect is stereospecific: only 3 alpha-hydroxy, 5 alpha-reduced androstanes are active. These androstanes do not interfere with heterodimerization or DNA binding of CAR-beta; instead, they promote co-activator release from the ligand-binding domain. These androstane ligands are examples of naturally occurring inverse agonists(2,3) that reverse transcriptional activation by nuclear receptors. CAR-beta (constitutive androstane receptor-beta), therefore, defines an unanticipated steroidal signalling pathway that functions in a manner opposite to that of the conventional nuclear receptor pathways.
C1 City Hope Natl Med Ctr, Duarte, CA 91010 USA.
   Salk Inst Biol Studies, Howard Hughes Med Inst, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Cell Biol, Houston, TX 77401 USA.
   Chonnam Natl Univ, Hormone Res Ctr, Kwangju 500757, South Korea.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Mol Biol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Dana Farber Canc Inst, Div Neoplast Dis Mechanisms, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 City of Hope; Salk Institute; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Baylor College of Medicine; Chonnam National University; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
RP Forman, BM (corresponding author), City Hope Natl Med Ctr, 1500 E Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA 91010 USA.
NR 26
TC 423
Z9 477
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 8
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6702
BP 612
EP 615
DI 10.1038/26996
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 127QW
UT WOS:000076362900051
PM 9783588
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mastroberardino, L
   Spindler, B
   Pfeiffer, R
   Skelly, PJ
   Loffing, J
   Shoemaker, CB
   Verrey, F
AF Mastroberardino, L
   Spindler, B
   Pfeiffer, R
   Skelly, PJ
   Loffing, J
   Shoemaker, CB
   Verrey, F
TI Amino-acid transport by heterodimers of 4F2hc/CD98 and members of a permease family
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID interleukin-1-dependent interleukin-2 production; monoclonal-antibody 4f2; xenopus-laevis oocytes; el4 thymoma cells; surface-antigen; heavy-chain; stimulation; expression; protein; cloning
AB Amino-acid transport across cellular plasma membranes depends on several parallel-functioning (co-)transporters and exchangers'. The widespread transport system L accounts for a sodium-independent exchange of large, neutral amino acids, whereas the system y(+)L exchanges positively charged amino acids and/or neutral amino acids together with sodium(2,3). The molecular nature of these transporters remains unknown, although expression of the human cell-surface glycoprotein 4F2 heavy chain (h4F2hc; CD98 in the mouse)(4,5) is known to induce low levels of L- and/or y(+)L-type transport(6-9). This glycoprotein is found in activated lymphocytes, together with an uncharacterized, disulphide-linked lipophilic light chain with an apparent relative molecular mass of 40,000 (M-r 40 K)(10,11). Here we identify the permease-related protein E16 (ref. 12) as the first light chain of h4F2hc and show that the resulting heterodimeric complex mediates L-type amino-acid transport. The homologous protein from Schistosoma mansoni, SPRM1, also associates covalently with coexpressed h4F2hc glycoprotein, although it induces amino-acid transport of different substrate specificity. The coexpression of h4F2hc is required for surface expression of these permease-related light chains, which belong to a new family of amino-acid transporters that form heterodimers with cell-surface glycoproteins.
C1 Univ Zurich, Inst Physiol, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Univ Zurich, Inst Anat, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Immunol & Infect Dis, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 University of Zurich; University of Zurich; Harvard University; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
RP Verrey, F (corresponding author), Univ Zurich, Inst Physiol, Winterthurerstr 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
NR 20
TC 486
Z9 566
U1 0
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 17
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6699
BP 288
EP 291
DI 10.1038/26246
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 120TZ
UT WOS:000075974600054
PM 9751058
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Veit, B
   Briggs, SP
   Schmidt, RJ
   Yanofsky, MF
   Hake, S
AF Veit, B
   Briggs, SP
   Schmidt, RJ
   Yanofsky, MF
   Hake, S
TI Regulation of leaf initiation by the terminal ear 1 gene of maize
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-lineage patterns; shoot apical meristem; expression; proteins; meiosis
AB Higher plants elaborate much of their architecture post-embryonically through development initiated at the tips of shoots(1,2) During vegetative growth, leaf primordia arise at predictable sires to give characteristic leaf arrangements, or phyllotaxies(3,4). How these sites are determined is a long-standing question(5,6) that bears on the nature of pattern-formation mechanisms in plants, Fate-mapping studies in several species indicate that each leaf primordium becomes organized from a group of 100-200 cells on the flank of the shoot apes'. Although molecular studies indicate that the regulated expression of specific homeobox genes plays some part in this determination process(8-11), mechanisms that regulate the timing and position of leaf initiation are less well understood. Here we describe a gene from maize, terminal ear 1. Patterns of expression of this gene in the shoot and phenotypes of mutants indicate a role for terminal ear 1 in regulating leaf initiation. The te1 gene product contains conserved RNA-binding motifs, indicating that it may function through an RNA-binding activity.
C1 Massey Univ, Inst Mol Biosci, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, USDA, Ctr Plant Gene Express, Albany, CA 94710 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Biol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Pioneer Hi Bred Int Inc, Johnston, IA 50131 USA.
C3 Massey University; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); University of California System; University of California San Diego; DuPont; Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc.
RP Veit, B (corresponding author), Massey Univ, Inst Mol Biosci, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
NR 23
TC 115
Z9 143
U1 2
U2 34
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 14
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6681
BP 166
EP 168
DI 10.1038/30239
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZN200
UT WOS:000073619900047
PM 9603518
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yu, XM
   Salter, MW
AF Yu, XM
   Salter, MW
TI Gain control of NMDA-receptor currents by intracellular sodium
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hippocampal-neurons; glutamate receptors; channel activity; calcium; na+; kinase; inactivation; phosphatases; activation; transport
AB The influx of Na+ is fundamental to electrical signalling in the nervous system and is essential for such basic signals as action potentials and excitatory postsynaptic potentials(1). During periods of bursting or high levels of discharge activity, large increases in intracellular Na+ concentration ([Na+](i)) are produced in neuronal soma and dendrites(2-4). However, the intracellular signalling function of raised postsynaptic: [Na+](i) is unknown. Here we show that [Na+](i) regulates the function of NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors, a principal subtype of glutamate receptor(5). NMDA-receptor-mediated whole-cell currents and NMDA-receptor single-channel activity were increased by raising [Na+](i) and channel activity decreased upon lowering [Na+](i); therefore. the activity of NMDA channels tracks changes in [Na+](i). We found that the sensitivity of the channel to Na+ was set by a Src kinase that is associated with the channel. Raising [Na+](i) selectively increased synaptic responses mediated by NMDA receptors, but not by non-NMDA receptors. Thus, the change in postsynaptic [Na+](i) that occurs during neuronal activity is a signal for controlling the gain of excitatory synaptic transmission. This mechanism may be important for NMDA-receptor-dependent plasticity and toxicity in the central nervous system.
C1 Hosp Sick Children, Programme Brain & Behav, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Physiol, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Oral Physiol, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada.
   Clarke Inst Psychiat, Mol Neurobiol Sect, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada.
C3 University of Toronto; Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids); University of Toronto; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; Centre for Addiction & Mental Health - Canada
RP Salter, MW (corresponding author), Hosp Sick Children, Programme Brain & Behav, 555 Univ Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
NR 30
TC 131
Z9 155
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 3
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6710
BP 469
EP 474
DI 10.1038/24877
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 145KL
UT WOS:000077370100055
PM 9853755
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU [Anonymous]
AF [Anonymous]
TI Lab furniture
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 15
PY 1998
VL 0
IS 
BP 20
EP 20
DI 
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZE486
UT WOS:000072797700007
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chen, H
   Fre, S
   Slepnev, VI
   Capua, MR
   Takei, K
   Butler, MH
   Di Fiore, PP
   De Camilli, P
AF Chen, H
   Fre, S
   Slepnev, VI
   Capua, MR
   Takei, K
   Butler, MH
   Di Fiore, PP
   De Camilli, P
TI Epsin is an EH-domain-binding protein implicated in clathrin-mediated endocytosis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nerve-terminals; alpha-adaptin; vesicles; dynamin; eps15
AB During endocytosis, clathrin and the clathrin adaptor protein AP-2 (ref, 1), assisted by a variety of accessory factors, help to generate an invaginated bud at the cell membrane(2,3). One of these factors is Eps15, a clathrin-coat-associated protein that binds the alpha-adaptin subunit of AP-2 (refs 4-8). Here we investigate the function of Eps15 by characterizing an important binding partner for its region containing EH domains(9); this protein, epsin, is closely related to the Xenopus mitotic phosphoprotein MP90 (ref. 10) and has a ubiquitous tissue distribution. It is concentrated together with Eps15 in presynaptic nerve terminals, which are sites specialized for the clathrin-mediated endocytosis of synaptic vesicles. The central region of epsin binds AP-2 and its carboxyterminal region binds Eps15. Epsin is associated with clathrin coats in situ, can be co-precipitated with AP-2 and Eps15 from brain extracts, but does not co-purify with clathrin coat components in a clathrin-coated vesicle fraction. When epsin function is disrupted, clathrin-mediated endocytosis is blocked. We propose that epsin may participate, together with Eps15, in the molecular rearrangement of the clathrin coats that are required for coated-pit imagination and vesicle fission.
C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
   European Inst Oncol, Dept Expt Oncol, I-20141 Milan, Italy.
   Univ Bari, Ist Microbiol, I-70124 Bari, Italy.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Yale University; Yale University; IRCCS European Institute of Oncology (IEO); Universita degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro
RP De Camilli, P (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, 295 Congress Ave, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
NR 30
TC 491
Z9 580
U1 1
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 20
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6695
BP 793
EP 797
DI 10.1038/29555
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 112PR
UT WOS:000075503600049
PM 9723620
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Calignano, A
   La Rana, G
   Giuffrida, A
   Piomelli, D
AF Calignano, A
   La Rana, G
   Giuffrida, A
   Piomelli, D
TI Control of pain initiation by endogenous cannabinoids
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular characterization; formalin test; receptor; brain; rats; anandamide; neurons; tissue
AB The potent analgesic effects of cannabis-like drugs(1-4) and the presence of CB1-type cannabinoid receptors in pain-processing areas of the brain and spinal cord(5,6) indicate that endogenous cannabinoids such as anandamide(7) may contribute to the control of pain transmission within the central nervous system (CNS)(8). Here we show that anandamide attenuates the pain behaviour produced by chemical damage to cutaneous tissue by interacting with CB1-like cannabinoid receptors located outside the CNS. Palmitylethanolamide (PEA), which is released together with anandamide from a common phospholipid precursor(9), exerts a similar effect by activating peripheral CB2-like receptors. When administered together, the two compounds act synergistically, reducing pain responses 100-fold more potently than does each compound alone. Gas-chromatography/mass-spectrometry measurements indicate that the levels of anandamide and PEA in the skin are enough to cause a tonic activation of local cannabinoid receptors. In agreement with this possibility, the CB1 antagonist SR141716A and the CB2 antagonist SR144528 prolong and enhance the pain behaviour produced by tissue damage. These results indicate that peripheral CB1-like and CBZ-like receptors participate in the intrinsic control of pain initiation and that locally generated anandamide and PEA may mediate this effect.
C1 Univ Naples, Dipartimento Farmacol Sperimentale, I-80131 Naples, Italy.
   Inst Neurosci, San Diego, CA 92121 USA.
C3 University of Naples Federico II
RP Piomelli, D (corresponding author), Univ Naples, Dipartimento Farmacol Sperimentale, 49 Via D Montesano, I-80131 Naples, Italy.
EM piomelli@nsi.edu
NR 29
TC 918
Z9 1026
U1 1
U2 96
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 16
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6690
BP 277
EP 281
DI 10.1038/28393
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 101CK
UT WOS:000074851900048
PM 9685157
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ito, Y
   Bleloch, AL
   Brown, LM
AF Ito, Y
   Bleloch, AL
   Brown, LM
TI Nanofabrication of solid-state Fresnel lenses for electron optics
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fabrication
AB Lenses for precision electron optics are mainly magnetic, requiring large cylinders of soft iron to focus an electron beam. Such lenses can only be convergent(1), and so suffer from spherical aberration. Electrostatic lenses are sometimes used, but tend to be even more cumbersome. The advent of high-brightness electron guns for scanning transmission electron microscopy has made it possible to use the resulting tightly focused electron beams to drill holes a few nanometres in size and of controlled depth in some inorganic thin films(2-5): such patterned structures can then be used to manipulate the phase of an electron wave in a manner analogous to light optics(6,7). Here we use this approach to fabricate compact solid-state 'pixelated' Fresnel lenses for electron optics. These lenses, which can be convergent or divergent, are not expected to compete with conventional magnetic lenses in most applications (such as microscopy), but may find a niche in electron-beam lithography.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Dept Phys, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP Bleloch, AL (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Dept Phys, Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England.
NR 10
TC 28
Z9 31
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 2
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6688
BP 49
EP 52
DI 10.1038/27863
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZY030
UT WOS:000074579600043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kiser, PF
   Wilson, G
   Needham, D
AF Kiser, PF
   Wilson, G
   Needham, D
TI A synthetic mimic of the secretory granule for drug delivery
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mast-cell; vesicles; accumulation; products
AB Secretory cells contain submicroscopic granules composed of a polyanionic polymer network that is collapsed owing to the presence of hydronium ions and weak base cations(1-3). The network is encapsulated within a lipid membrane, and functions as a vehicle for the osmotically inert storage of a variety of granule-bound endogenous mediator species, such as histamine, serotonin and proteases. These species are excreted from the granule and thence from the cell in response to external biochemical signals(1-4) Hydrogels that swell and shrink in response to external stimuli might serve as synthetic analogues of secretory granules(5,6). Here we describe the systematic engineering of multi-component, environmentally responsive hydrogel microspheres, coated with a lipid bilayer to mimic more closely the natural secretory granule. These microspheres exhibit pH- and ion-dependent volume phase transitions and ion-sensitive exchange of bound cations when the encapsulating lipid membrane is porated. We stimulated poration electrically in individual microgel particles immobilized and manipulated with a micropipette. This system could find use for the triggered release of encapsulated drugs in the body.
C1 Duke Univ, Dept Mech Engn & Mat Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
   Access Pharmaceut, Dallas, TX 75207 USA.
   Glynn Wilson Grp, Issaquah, WA 98027 USA.
C3 Duke University
RP Needham, D (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Dept Mech Engn & Mat Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
EM david.needham@duke.edu
NR 20
TC 242
Z9 267
U1 0
U2 111
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 30
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6692
BP 459
EP 462
DI 10.1038/28822
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 105NT
UT WOS:000075080400046
PM 9697768
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lord, GM
   Matarese, G
   Howard, LK
   Baker, RJ
   Bloom, SR
   Lechler, RI
AF Lord, GM
   Matarese, G
   Howard, LK
   Baker, RJ
   Bloom, SR
   Lechler, RI
TI Leptin modulates the T-cell immune response and reverses starvation-induced immunosuppression
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID anorexia-nervosa; serum leptin; mediated-immunity; interferon-gamma; diabetic mice; obese gene; receptor; mouse; weight; humans
AB Nutritional deprivation suppresses immune function(1-3). The cloning of the obese gene and identification of its protein product leptin(4) has provided fundamental insight into the hypothalamic regulation of body weight(5,6). Circulating levels of this adipocyte-derived hormone are proportional to fat mass(6,7) but maybe lowered rapidly by fasting(8,9) or increased by inflammatory mediators(10,11). The impaired T-cell immunity of mice(12,13) now known to be defective in leptin (ob/ob)(4) or its receptor (db/db)(14,13), has never been explained. Impaired cell-mediated immunity(1-3) and reduced levels of leptin(7) are both features of low body weight in humans. Indeed, malnutrition predisposes to death from infectious diseases(16). We report here that leptin has a specific effect on T-lymphocyte responses, differentially regulating the proliferation of naive and memory T cells. Leptin increased Th1 and suppressed Th2 cytokine production. Administration of leptin to mice reversed the immunosuppressive effects of acute starvation. Our findings suggest a new role for leptin in linking nutritional status to cognate cellular immune function, and provide a molecular mechanism to account for the immune dysfunction observed in starvation.
C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Hammersmith Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Immunol, London W12 0NN, England.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Hammersmith Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Endocrinol, London W12 0NN, England.
C3 Imperial College London; Imperial College London
RP Lechler, RI (corresponding author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Hammersmith Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Immunol, Du Cane Rd, London W12 0NN, England.
NR 27
TC 1795
Z9 2050
U1 1
U2 111
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 27
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6696
BP 897
EP 901
DI 10.1038/29795
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 114LW
UT WOS:000075611800050
PM 9732873
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kemp, M
AF Kemp, M
TI Boccioni's ballistics
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Hist Art, Oxford OX1 2PG, England.
C3 University of Oxford
RP Kemp, M (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Hist Art, 35 Beaumont St, Oxford OX1 2PG, England.
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 19
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6669
BP 751
EP 751
DI 10.1038/35770
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YX884
UT WOS:000072089500032
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ogasawara, K
   Hida, S
   Azimi, N
   Tagaya, Y
   Sato, T
   Yokochi-Fukuda, T
   Waldmann, TA
   Taniguchi, T
   Taki, S
AF Ogasawara, K
   Hida, S
   Azimi, N
   Tagaya, Y
   Sato, T
   Yokochi-Fukuda, T
   Waldmann, TA
   Taniguchi, T
   Taki, S
TI Requirement for IRF-1 in the microenvironment supporting development of natural killer cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID receptor-gamma chain; regulatory factor-i; interleukin-2 receptor; beta-chain; transcription factor; il-2 receptor; mice; marrow; differentiation; suppression
AB Natural killer (NK) cells are critical for both innate and adaptive immunity(1,2). The development of NK cells requires interactions between their progenitors and the bone-marrow microenvironment(3-6); however, little is known about the molecular nature of such interactions, Mice that do not express the transcription factor interferon-regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1; such mice are IRF-1(-/-) mice) have been shown to exhibit a severe NK-cell deficiency(7,8). Here we demonstrate that the lack of IRF-1 affects the radiation-resistant cells that constitute the microenvironment required for NK-cell development, but not the NK-cell progenitors themselves. We also show that IRF-1(-/-) bone-marrow cells can generate functional NK cells when cultured with the cytokine interleukin-15 (refs 9-12) and that the interleukin-15 gene is transcriptionally regulated by IRF-1. These results reveal, for the first time, a molecular mechanism by which the bone-marrow microenvironment supports NK-cell development.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Med, Dept Immunol, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 113, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Fac Med, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 113, Japan.
   NCI, Metab Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 University of Tokyo; University of Tokyo; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI)
RP Taki, S (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Med, Dept Immunol, Bunkyo Ku, Hongo 7-3-1, Tokyo 113, Japan.
EM shin-t@m.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 30
TC 296
Z9 331
U1 1
U2 11
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 12
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6668
BP 700
EP 703
DI 10.1038/35636
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YW872
UT WOS:000071982500054
PM 9490414
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Herrling, PL
AF Herrling, PL
TI Maximizing pharmaceutical research by collaboration
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Novartis the Swiss-based multinational pharmaceutical company, is in the forefront of research into new therapeutic strategies. Like other multinationals, it finds that the most effective way of increasing the size and breadth of its research effort is to form alliances with external academic research groups and with smaller entrepreneurial biotechnology companies.
C1 Novartis Pharma AG, Res, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
C3 Novartis
RP Herrling, PL (corresponding author), Novartis Pharma AG, Res, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
NR 0
TC 8
Z9 8
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 30
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6679
BP 32
EP 35
DI 
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZK760
UT WOS:000073360100007
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brandes, JA
   Boctor, NZ
   Cody, GD
   Cooper, BA
   Hazen, RM
   Yoder, HS
AF Brandes, JA
   Boctor, NZ
   Cody, GD
   Cooper, BA
   Hazen, RM
   Yoder, HS
TI Abiotic nitrogen reduction on the early Earth
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID amino-acids; evolution; nitrate; iron; co2
AB The production of organic precursors to life depends critically on the form of the reactants, In particular, an environment dominated by N-2 is far less efficient in synthesizing nitrogen-bearing organics than a reducing environment rich in ammonia (refs 1, 2). Relatively reducing lithospheric conditions on the early Earth have been presumed to favour the generation of an ammonia-rich atmosphere. but this hypothesis has not been studied experimentally. Here we demonstrate mineral-catalysed reduction of N-2, NO2- and NO3- to ammonia at temperatures between 300 and 800 degrees C and pressures of 0.1-0.4 GPa-conditions typical of crustal and oceanic hydrothermal systems. We also show that only N-2 is stable above 800 degrees C, thus precluding significant atmospheric ammonia formation during hot accretion, We conclude that mineral-catalysed N-2 reduction might have provided a significant source of ammonia to the Hadean ocean. These results also suggest that, whereas nitrogen in the Earth's early atmosphere was present predominantly as N-2, exchange with oceanic, hydrothermally derived ammonia could have provided a significant amount of the atmospheric ammonia necessary to resolve the early-faint-Sun paradox(3).
C1 Carnegie Inst Washington, Geophys Lab, Washington, DC 20015 USA.
C3 Carnegie Institution for Science
RP Brandes, JA (corresponding author), Carnegie Inst Washington, Geophys Lab, 5251 Broad Branch Rd NW, Washington, DC 20015 USA.
EM brandes@gl.ciw.edu
NR 28
TC 192
Z9 215
U1 0
U2 84
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 24
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6700
BP 365
EP 367
DI 10.1038/26450
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 122QW
UT WOS:000076083800048
PM 9759725
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sohl, JL
   Jaswal, SS
   Agard, DA
AF Sohl, JL
   Jaswal, SS
   Agard, DA
TI Unfolded conformations of α-lytic protease are more stable than its native state
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pro-region; folding reaction; domain
AB alpha-Lytic protease (alpha LP), an extracellular bacterial protease, is synthesized with a large amino-terminal pro-region that is essential for its folding in vivo and in vitro(1,2). In the absence of the proregion, the protease folds to an inactive, partially folded state, designated 'I'. The pro-region catalyses protease folding by directly stabilizing the folding transition state (>26 kcal mol(-1)) which separates the native state 'N' from I-1,I-3. Although a basic tenet of protein folding is that the native state of a protein is at the minimum free energy(4), we show here that both the I and fully unfolded states of alpha LP we lower in free energy than the native state. Native alpha LP is thus metastable: its apparent stability derives from a large barrier to unfolding. Consequently the evolution of alpha LP has been distinct from most other proteins: it has not been constrained by the free-energy difference between the native and unfolded states, but instead by the size of its unfolding barrier.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Grad Grp Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem & Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Agard, DA (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Grad Grp Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
NR 17
TC 188
Z9 220
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 22
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6704
BP 817
EP 819
DI 10.1038/27470
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 132AL
UT WOS:000076607400061
PM 9796818
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schauber, C
   Chen, L
   Tongaonkar, P
   Vega, I
   Lambertson, D
   Potts, W
   Madura, K
AF Schauber, C
   Chen, L
   Tongaonkar, P
   Vega, I
   Lambertson, D
   Potts, W
   Madura, K
TI Rad23 links DNA repair to the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nucleotide excision-repair; transcription factor tfiih; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; pyrimidine dimers; in-vivo; protein; mutants; purification; homolog; xpc
AB Rad23 is an evolutionarily conserved protein that is important for nucleotide excision repair(1-3). A regulatory role has been proposed for Rad23 because rad23 mutants are sensitive to ultraviolet light but are still capable of incising damaged DNA(4,5). Here we show that Rad23 interacts with the 26S proteasome through an aminoterminal ubiquitin-like domain (UbL(R23)). The carboxy terminus of Rad23 binds to the Rad4 DNA repair protein and creates a link between the DNA repair and proteasome pathways. The ultraviolet sensitivity caused by deletion of the UbL(R23) domain may therefore arise from its inability to interact with the proteasome. The fusion proteins glutathione S-transferase (GST)-Rad23 and Rad4-haemagglutinin (HA), and the proteasome subunits Cim3 and Cim5, cofractionate through consecutive chromatography steps. The ubiquitin-like domain of human Rad23 (UbL(HRB)) also interacts with the human proteasome. These results demonstrate that ubiquitin-like domains (UbLs) represent a new class of proteasome-interacting motifs.
C1 Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Dept Biochem, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Rutgers University Biomedical & Health Sciences
RP Madura, K (corresponding author), Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Dept Biochem, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
EM maduraki@umdnj.edu
NR 23
TC 410
Z9 474
U1 1
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 12
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6668
BP 715
EP 718
DI 10.1038/35661
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YW872
UT WOS:000071982500058
PM 9490418
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lewan, MD
AF Lewan, MD
TI Sulphur-radical control on petroleum formation rates
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID monterey kerogen; sulfur; generation; pyrolysis; maturation; cracking; models; rocks
AB Most petroleum is formed through the partial decomposition of kerogen (an insoluble sedimentary organic material) in response to thermal stress during subsurface burial in a sedimentary basin(1,2). Knowing the mechanisms and kinetics of this process allows the determination of the extent and timing of petroleum formation, which, in turn, are critical for evaluating the potential for petroleum occurrences within a sedimentary basin. Kinetic models of petroleum generation are derived mainly from pyrolysis experiments(1,2), in which it is usually assumed that formation rates are controlled by the strength of the bonds within the precursor compounds: this agrees with the observation that petroleum formation rates increase with increasing sulphur content of thermally immature kerogen(2-4), C-S bonds being weaker than C-C bonds. However, this explanation fails to account for the overall composition of petroleum, Here I argue, on the basis of pyrolysis experiments, that it is the presence of sulphur radicals, rather than the relative weakness of C-S bonds, that controls petroleum formation rates, My findings suggest that the rate of petroleum formation depends critically on the concentration of sulphur radicals generated during the initial stages of thermal maturation. The proposed mechanism appears to provide a realistic explanation for both the overall composition of petroleum and the observed variation in formation rates.
C1 US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA.
C3 United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey
RP Lewan, MD (corresponding author), US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Box 25046,MS 977, Denver, CO 80225 USA.
EM mlewan@usgs.gov
NR 29
TC 191
Z9 231
U1 1
U2 53
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 8
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6663
BP 164
EP 166
DI 10.1038/34391
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YQ378
UT WOS:000071380900047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Saunders, RC
   Kolachana, BS
   Bachevalier, J
   Weinberger, DR
AF Saunders, RC
   Kolachana, BS
   Bachevalier, J
   Weinberger, DR
TI Neonatal lesions of the medial temporal lobe disrupt prefrontal cortical regulation of striatal dopamine
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ventral tegmental area; caudate-nucleus; subcortical dopamine; rhesus-monkey; release; cortex; rats; schizophrenia; projections; damage
AB The effects of early brain damage are often, but not always, milder than the effects of comparable damage in adults, depending on the age at which injury occurred, the region of the brain damaged, and the brain functions involved(1-7). Studies of the impact of early brain damage have generally focused on functions primarily associated with the neural structures injured, even though the development and function of distant but interconnected neural systems might also show effects. Here we examine the regulation of striatal dopamine by the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, in adult monkeys that had had either neonatal or adult lesions of the medial-temporal lobe and in normal animals. We use microdialysis to measure the dopamine response in the caudate nucleus after the infusion of amphetamine into the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Normal animals and those with adult lesions showed a reduction in dopamine overflow; in contrast, monkeys with neonatal lesions showed increased dopamine release. Thus, early injury to the primate medial-temporal lobe disrupts the normal regulation of striatal dopamine activity by the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during adulthood. Early focal lesions may have substantial and long-lasting impacts on the function of a distant neural system.
C1 Univ Texas, Dept Neurobiol & Anat, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   St Elizabeths Hosp, NIMH, Ctr Neurosci, Clin Brain Disorders Branch, Washington, DC 20032 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
RP Saunders, RC (corresponding author), NIMH, Clin Brain Disorders Branch, Bldg 49,Room 1B80,49 Convent Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM rcs@ln.nimh.nih.gov
NR 29
TC 128
Z9 133
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 14
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6681
BP 169
EP 171
DI 10.1038/30245
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZN200
UT WOS:000073619900048
PM 9603519
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Li, AB
   Fischer, KM
   Wysession, ME
   Clarke, TJ
AF Li, AB
   Fischer, KM
   Wysession, ME
   Clarke, TJ
TI Mantle discontinuities and temperature under the North American continental keel
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transition zone; seismic tomography; pressure; dynamics; beneath; slopes
AB A ubiquitous feature of upper-mantle seismic velocity models has been the presence of high-velocity 'keels' beneath stable continental interiors(1-5) Uncertainty remains, however, regarding the maximum depth to which continental keels extend, the degree to which they have cooled the mantle that surrounds them and their role in mantle dow Here we investigate thermal anomalies across the eastern margin of the North American continental keel by imaging the seismic discontinuities at depths of 410 and 660 km with compressional-to-shear converted waves recorded by a 1,500-km-long seismometer deployment in the eastern United States. The thickness of the transition zone (the region nominally between depths of 410 and 660 km) and the depth to the '410-km' discontinuity indicate that cold keel material and sub-keel down-wellings must be largely confined to the upper mantle and may impinge on the transition zone only in localized regions and with thermal anomalies of less than similar to 150 K. A 20-km depression of the '660-km' discontinuity to the south of the westernmost stations coincides with a region of fast velocity in the deep transition zone(2) and may be associated with the remnants of the subducted Farallon plate(1,2,4).
C1 Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
   Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA.
   New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Socorro, NM 87801 USA.
C3 Brown University; Washington University (WUSTL); New Mexico Institute of Mining Technology
RP Li, AB (corresponding author), Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
NR 30
TC 71
Z9 81
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 10
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6698
BP 160
EP 163
DI 10.1038/25972
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 118GK
UT WOS:000075829900038
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sastry, S
   Debenedetti, PG
   Stillinger, FH
AF Sastry, S
   Debenedetti, PG
   Stillinger, FH
TI Signatures of distinct dynamical regimes in the energy landscape of a glass-forming liquid
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID supercooled liquids; molecular-dynamics; transitions; system
AB Most materials attain a glassy state at low temperatures under suitable methods of preparation. This state exhibits the mechanical properties of a solid, but shows microscopic structural disorder(1,2). A comprehensive understanding of the glassy state is, however, still lacking(3). A widespread assumption is that the non-exponential relaxation processes observed in the dynamics of glasses-and also in protein dynamics, protein folding and population dynamics-are (in common with other manifestations of complex dynamics) strongly influenced by the underlying energy landscape associated with the structural configurations that the system may adopt. But concrete evidence for this in studies of glass formation has been scarce. Here we present such evidence, obtained from computer simulations of a model glass-forming liquid. We demonstrate that the onset of non-exponential relaxation corresponds to a well defined temperature below which the depth of the potential-energy minima explored by the liquid increases with decreasing temperature, and above which it does not. At lower temperatures, we observe a sharp transition when the liquid gets trapped in the deepest accessible energy basin. This transition temperature depends on the cooling rate, in a manner analogous to the experimental glass transition. We also present evidence that the barrier heights separating potential-energy minima sampled by the liquid increase abruptly at a temperature above the glass transition but well below the onset of non-exponential relaxation, This identification of a relationship between static, topographic features of the energy landscape and complex dynamics holds the promise of a clearer, possibly thermodynamic, understanding of the glass transition.
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Princeton Mat Inst, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   AT&T Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
   Jawaharlal Nehru Ctr Adv Sci Res, Bangalore 560064, Karnataka, India.
C3 Princeton University; Princeton University; Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies; Nokia Corporation; Nokia Bell Labs; AT&T; Department of Science & Technology (India); Jawaharlal Nehru Center for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR)
RP Debenedetti, PG (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
EM pdebene@pucc.princeton.edu
NR 29
TC 974
Z9 1051
U1 2
U2 221
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 11
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6685
BP 554
EP 557
DI 10.1038/31146
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZT988
UT WOS:000074150100045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mochizuki, T
   Saijoh, Y
   Tsuchiya, K
   Shirayoshi, Y
   Takai, S
   Taya, C
   Yonekawa, H
   Yamada, K
   Nihei, H
   Nakatsuji, N
   Overbeek, PA
   Hamada, H
   Yokoyama, T
AF Mochizuki, T
   Saijoh, Y
   Tsuchiya, K
   Shirayoshi, Y
   Takai, S
   Taya, C
   Yonekawa, H
   Yamada, K
   Nihei, H
   Nakatsuji, N
   Overbeek, PA
   Hamada, H
   Yokoyama, T
TI Cloning of inv, a gene that controls left/right asymmetry and kidney development
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nodal expression; yeast; mouse; similarity; drosophila; proteins; inversus; mutation; embryos; notch
AB Most vertebrate internal organs show a distinctive left/right asymmetry. The inv (inversion of embryonic turning) mutation in mice was created previously by random insertional mutagenesis(1); it produces both a constant reversal of left/right polarity (situs inversus) and cyst formation in the kidneys(2). Asymmetric expression patterns of the genes nodal and lefty are reversed in the inv mutant(3-6), indicating that inv may act early in left/right determination. Here we identify a new gene located at the inv locus. The encoded protein contains 15 consecutive repeats of an Ank/Swi6 motif(7,8) at its amino terminus. Expression of the gene is the highest in the kidneys and liver among adult tissues, and is seen in presomite-stage embryos. Analysis of the transgenic genome and the structure of the candidate gene indicate that the candidate gene is the only gene that is disrupted in inv mutants. Transgenic introduction of a minigene encoding the candidate protein restores normal left/right asymmetry and kidney development in the inv mutant, confirming the identity of the candidate gene.
C1 Japan Sci & Technol Corp, Crest, Tokyo 1700013, Japan.
   Tokyo Womens Med Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Kidney Ctr,Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 1628600, Japan.
   Tokyo Womens Med Univ, Sch Med, Dept Anat & Dev Biol, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 1628600, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Inst Mol & Cellular Biol, Suita, Osaka 565, Japan.
   Natl Inst Genet, Mammalian Dev Lab, Mishima, Shizuoka 411, Japan.
   Inst Med Ctr Japan, Res Inst, Dept Genet, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 162, Japan.
   Tokyo Metropolitan Inst Med Sci, Dept Lab Anim Sci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 113, Japan.
C3 Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Tokyo Women's Medical University; Tokyo Women's Medical University; University of Osaka; Research Organization of Information & Systems (ROIS); National Institute of Genetics (NIG) - Japan; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science
RP Yokoyama, T (corresponding author), Japan Sci & Technol Corp, Crest, Tokyo 1700013, Japan.
EM tyoko@research.twmc.ac.jp
NR 29
TC 219
Z9 239
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 10
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6698
BP 177
EP 181
DI 10.1038/26006
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 118GK
UT WOS:000075829900043
PM 9744276
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fire, A
   Xu, SQ
   Montgomery, MK
   Kostas, SA
   Driver, SE
   Mello, CC
AF Fire, A
   Xu, SQ
   Montgomery, MK
   Kostas, SA
   Driver, SE
   Mello, CC
TI Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sex-determining gene; heavy-chain gene; protein; muscle; expression; myosin; inhibition; embryos; kinase; unc-22
AB Experimental introduction of RNA into cells can be used in certain biological systems to interfere with function of an endogenous gene(1,2). Such effects have been proposed io result from a simple antisense mechanism that depends on hybridization between the injected RNA and endogenous messenger RNA transcripts, RNA interference has been used in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to manipulate gene expression(3,4). Here we investigate the requirements for structure and delivery of the interfering RNA. To our surprise, we found that double-stranded RNA was substantially more effective at producing interference than was either strand individually. After injection into adult animals, purified single strands had at most a modest effect, whereas double-stranded mixtures caused potent and specific interference. The effects of this interference were evident in bath the injected animals and their progeny. Only a few molecules of injected double-stranded RNA were required per affected cell, arguing against stochiometric interference with endogenous mRNA and suggesting that there could be a catalytic or amplification component in the interference process.
C1 Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Embryol, Baltimore, MD 21210 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Biol Grad Program, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
   Univ Massachusetts, Ctr Canc, Dept Cell Biol, Program Mol Med, Worcester, MA 01605 USA.
C3 Carnegie Institution for Science; Johns Hopkins University; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester
RP Fire, A (corresponding author), Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Embryol, 115 W Univ Pkwy, Baltimore, MD 21210 USA.
EM fire@mail1.ciwemb.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM037706] Funding Source: Medline
NR 27
TC 11814
Z9 16996
U1 56
U2 2719
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 19
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6669
BP 806
EP 811
DI 10.1038/35888
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YX884
UT WOS:000072089500057
PM 9486653
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Carr, MH
   Belton, MJS
   Chapman, CR
   Davies, AS
   Geissler, P
   Greenberg, R
   McEwen, AS
   Tufts, BR
   Greeley, R
   Sullivan, R
   Head, JW
   Pappalardo, RT
   Klaasen, KP
   Johnson, TV
   Kaufman, J
   Senske, D
   Moore, J
   Neukum, G
   Schubert, G
   Burns, JA
   Thomas, P
   Veverka, J
AF Carr, MH
   Belton, MJS
   Chapman, CR
   Davies, AS
   Geissler, P
   Greenberg, R
   McEwen, AS
   Tufts, BR
   Greeley, R
   Sullivan, R
   Head, JW
   Pappalardo, RT
   Klaasen, KP
   Johnson, TV
   Kaufman, J
   Senske, D
   Moore, J
   Neukum, G
   Schubert, G
   Burns, JA
   Thomas, P
   Veverka, J
TI Evidence for a subsurface ocean on Europa
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID galilean satellites; ice shell
AB Ground-based spectroscopy of Jupiter's moon Europa, combined with gravity data, suggests that the satellite has an icy crust roughly 150 km thick and a rocky interior(1-4). In addition, images obtained by the voyager spacecraft revealed that Europa's surface is crossed by numerous intersecting ridges and dark bands (called lineae) and is sparsely cratered, indicating that the terrain is probably significantly younger than that of Ganymede and Callisto(5). It has been suggested that Europa's thin outer ice shell might be separated from the moon's silicate interior by a liquid water layer, delayed or prevented from freezing by tidal heating(6-10); in this model, the lineae could be explained by repetitive tidal deformation of the outer ice shell(11-13). However, observational confirmation of a subsurface ocean was largely frustrated by the low resolution (>2 km per pixel) of the Voyager images(14). Here we present high-resolution (54 m per pixel) Galileo spacecraft images of Europa, in which we find evidence for mobile 'icebergs'. The detailed morphology of the terrain strongly supports the presence of liquid water at shallow depths below the surface, either today or at some time in the past. Moreover, lower-resolution observations of much larger regions suggest that the phenomena reported here are widespread.
C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA.
   Natl Opt Astron Observ, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA.
   SW Res Inst, Boulder, CO 80302 USA.
   Rand Corp, Santa Monica, CA 90406 USA.
   Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Brown Univ, Dept Geol, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
   Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91909 USA.
   NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA.
   DLR, Inst Planetenerkundung, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; National Optical Astronomy Observatory; RAND Corporation; University of Arizona; Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe; Cornell University; Brown University; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Ames Research Center; Helmholtz Association; German Aerospace Centre (DLR); University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Carr, MH (corresponding author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA.
EM carr@astmnl.wr.usgs.gov
NR 24
TC 461
Z9 535
U1 2
U2 177
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 22
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6665
BP 363
EP 365
DI 10.1038/34857
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YT444
UT WOS:000071604200045
PM 9450749
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bune, AV
   Fridkin, VM
   Ducharme, S
   Blinov, LM
   Palto, SP
   Sorokin, AV
   Yudin, SG
   Zlatkin, A
AF Bune, AV
   Fridkin, VM
   Ducharme, S
   Blinov, LM
   Palto, SP
   Sorokin, AV
   Yudin, SG
   Zlatkin, A
TI Two-dimensional ferroelectric films
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID langmuir-blodgett-films; phase-transition; thin-films; copolymers
AB Ultrathin crystalline films offer the possibility of exploring phase transitions in the crossover region between two and three dimensions. Second-order ferromagnetic phase transitions have been observed in monolayer magnetic films(1,2), where surface anisotropy energy stabilizes the two-dimensional ferromagnetic state at finite temperature(3). Similarly, a number of magnetic materials have magnetic surface layers that show a second-order ferromagnetic-paramagnetic phase transition with an increased Curie temperature(4). Ferroelectricity is in many ways analogous to ferromagnetism, and bulk-like ferroelectricity and finite-size modifications of it have been seen in nanocrystals as small as 250 Angstrom in diameter(5), in perovskite films 100 Angstrom thick(6) and in crystalline ferroelectric polymers as thin as 25 Angstrom (refs 7-10). But these results can be interpreted as bulk ferroelectricity suppressed by surface depolarization energies, and imply that the bulk transition has a minimum critical size(11-13). Here we report measurements of the ferroelectric transition in crystalline films of a random copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and trifluoroethylene just 10 Angstrom (two monolayers) thick. We see a first-order ferroelectric phase transition with a transition temperature nearly equal to the bulk value, even in these almost two-dimensional films. In addition, we see a second first-order transition at a lower temperature, which seems to be associated with the surface layers only. The near-absence of finite-size effects on the bulk transition implies that these films must be considered as two-dimensional ferroelectrics.
C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Phys & Astron, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA.
   Univ Nebraska, Ctr Mat Res & Anal, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA.
   Russian Acad Sci, Inst Crystallog, Moscow 117333, Russia.
C3 University of Nebraska System; University of Nebraska Lincoln; University of Nebraska System; University of Nebraska Lincoln; Russian Academy of Sciences; FSRC Crystallography & Photonics RAS
RP Ducharme, S (corresponding author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Phys & Astron, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA.
EM ducharme@unlinfo.unl.edu
NR 26
TC 785
Z9 873
U1 3
U2 450
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 26
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6670
BP 874
EP 877
DI 10.1038/36069
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YZ206
UT WOS:000072230900046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Takechi, H
   Eilers, J
   Konnerth, A
AF Takechi, H
   Eilers, J
   Konnerth, A
TI A new class of synaptic response involving calcium release in dendritic spines
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID metabotropic glutamate-receptor; cerebellar purkinje-cells; long-term depression; central-nervous-system; inositol trisphosphate; neurons; mglur1; rat; plasticity; currents
AB In the classical view, transmission of signals across synapses in the mammalian brain involves changes in the membrane potential of the postsynaptic cell. The use of high-resolution cellular imaging has revealed excitatory synapses at which postsynaptic, transient alterations in calcium ion concentration are tightly associated with electrical responses (reviewed in ref. 1). Here, by investigating the synapse between parallel glutamatergic fibres and Purkinje cells in the mouse cerebellum, we identify a class of postsynaptic responses that consist of transient increases in dendritic Ca2+ concentration but not changes in somatic membrane potential. Our results indicate that these synaptic Ca2+ transients are mediated by activation of metabotropic glutamate-responsive mGluR1-type receptors(2-4) and require inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate-mediated Ca2+ release(5,6) from to postsynaptic microdomains, which range, depending on the frequency of stimulation, from individual spines to small spinodendritic compartments. Thus, the synaptic Ca2+-release signal may be one of the critical cues that determine the input specificity of longterm depression, a well-established form of activity-dependent plasticity at these synapses(7-9).
C1 Univ Saarlandes, Inst Physiol 1, D-66421 Homburg, Germany.
C3 Saarland University
RP Konnerth, A (corresponding author), Univ Saarlandes, Inst Physiol 1, D-66421 Homburg, Germany.
NR 30
TC 347
Z9 381
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 31
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6713
BP 757
EP 760
DI 10.1038/25547
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 151WC
UT WOS:000077742800034
PM 9874373
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Parcy, F
   Nilsson, O
   Busch, MA
   Lee, I
   Weigel, D
AF Parcy, F
   Nilsson, O
   Busch, MA
   Lee, I
   Weigel, D
TI A genetic framework for floral patterning
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polycomb-group gene; homeotic gene; arabidopsis-thaliana; organ identity; inflorescence development; ectopic expression; flower development; meristem identity; leafy; transcription
AB The initial steps of newer development involve two classes of consecutively acting regulatory genes. Meristem-identity genes, which act early to control the initiation of flowers, are expressed throughout the incipient floral primordium. Homeotic genes, which act later to specify the identify of individual floral organs, are expressed in distinct domains within the flower. The link between the two classes of genes has remained unknown so far. Here we show that the meristem-identity gene LEAN has a role in controlling homeotic genes that is separable from its role in specifying floral fate. On the basis of our observation that LEAFY activates different homeotic genes through distinct mechanisms, we propose a genetic framework for the control of floral patterning.
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Salk Institute
RP Weigel, D (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM weigel@salk.edu
NR 49
TC 417
Z9 491
U1 0
U2 57
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 8
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6702
BP 561
EP 566
DI 10.1038/26903
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 127QW
UT WOS:000076362900037
PM 9783581
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ebinger, CJ
   Sleep, NH
AF Ebinger, CJ
   Sleep, NH
TI Cenozoic magmatism throughout east Africa resulting from impact of a single plume
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID isotopic variations; melt generation; lateral flow; rift; volcanism; evolution; kenya; basin; tectonics; surface
AB The geology of northern and central Africa is characterized by broad plateaux, narrower swells and volcanism occurring from similar to 45 Myr ago to the present. The greatest magma volumes occur on the >1,000-km-wide Ethiopian and east African plateaux, which are transected by the Red Sea, Gulf of Aden and east African rift systems, active since the late Oligocene epoch. Evidence for one or more mantle plumes having impinged beneath the plateaux comes from the dynamic compensation inferred from gravity studies, the generally small degrees of extension observed and the geochemistry of voluminous eruptive products(1-4). Here we present a model of a single large plume impinging beneath the Ethiopian plateau that takes into account lateral flow and ponding of plume material in pre-existing zones of lithospheric thinning(5), We show that this single plume can explain the distribution and timing of magmatism and uplift throughout east Africa. The thin lithosphere beneath the Mesozoic-Palaeogene rifts and passive margins of Africa and Arabia guides the lateral flow of plume material west to the Cameroon volcanic line and south to the Comoros Islands. Our results demonstrate the strong control that the lithosphere exerts on the spatial distribution of plume-related melting and magmatism.
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Univ Leeds, Dept Earth Sci, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
C3 Stanford University; University of Leeds
RP Ebinger, CJ (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Mitchell Bldg, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM cindy@earth.leeds.ac.uk
NR 36
TC 732
Z9 811
U1 2
U2 114
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 22
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6704
BP 788
EP 791
DI 10.1038/27417
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 132AL
UT WOS:000076607400053
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Musa, I
   Munindrasdasa, DAI
   Amaratunga, GAJ
   Eccleston, W
AF Musa, I
   Munindrasdasa, DAI
   Amaratunga, GAJ
   Eccleston, W
TI Ultra-low-threshold field emission from conjugated polymers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cathodes
AB Field-emission displays contain materials that emit electrons when charged to a low (negative) potential; the electrons excite light emission from phosphor screens. These devices have the potential to provide hat-panel visual displays with good picture quality at low power consumption and low cost(1). Field-emission devices at present use arrays of microfabricated tips as the emitting cathodes, but a potentially cheaper and simpler alternative is to use a thin-film cathode. This requires the identification of materials that will emit an appreciable electron current at low applied fields. Nitrogen-doped, chemical-vapour-deposited diamond films(2) and amorphous carbon films(3) have been explored for this purpose. The low electron affinity(4), wide bandgap and excellent transport properties(5) of some conducting organic polymers suggest that they might also provide good cathode materials. Here we demonstrate that this is so, reporting held emission from thin films of regioregular poly(3-octylthiophene) deposited on n-doped silicon, with indium tin oxide as the anode. The threshold fields that we measure for electron emission from these films are the lowest yet reported for any carbon-based material.
C1 Univ Liverpool, Dept Elect Engn & Elect, Liverpool L69 3BX, Merseyside, England.
C3 University of Liverpool
RP Amaratunga, GAJ (corresponding author), Univ Liverpool, Dept Elect Engn & Elect, Liverpool L69 3BX, Merseyside, England.
NR 11
TC 110
Z9 115
U1 0
U2 32
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 24
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6700
BP 362
EP 365
DI 10.1038/26444
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 122QW
UT WOS:000076083800047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Simonsen, A
   Lippé, R
   Christoforidis, S
   Gaullier, JM
   Brech, A
   Callaghan, J
   Toh, BH
   Murphy, C
   Zerial, M
   Stenmark, H
AF Simonsen, A
   Lippé, R
   Christoforidis, S
   Gaullier, JM
   Brech, A
   Callaghan, J
   Toh, BH
   Murphy, C
   Zerial, M
   Stenmark, H
TI EEA1 links PI(3)K function to Rab5 regulation of endosome fusion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID endocytic membrane-fusion; small gtpase rab5; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; pathway; localization; wortmannin
AB GTPases and lipid kinases regulate membrane traffic along the endocytic pathway by mechanisms that are not completely understood(1-4). Fusion between early endosomes requires phosphatidyl-inositol-3-OH kinase (PI(3)K) activity(5-7) as well as the small GTPase Rab5 (ref. 8). Excess Rab5-GTP complex restores endosome fusion when PI(3)K is inhibited(5,9), Here we identify the early-endosomal autoantigen EEA1 (refs 10-12) which binds the PI(3)K product phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate, as a new Rab5 effector that is required for endosome fusion. The association of EEA1 with the endosomal membrane requires Rab5-GTP and PI(3)K activity, and excess Rab5-GTP stabilizes the membrane association of EEA1 even when PI(3)K is inhibited. The identification of EEA1 as a direct Rab5 effector provides a molecular link between PI(3)K and Rab5, and its restricted distribution to early endosomes(10) indicates that EEA1 may confer directionality to Rab5-dependent endocytic transport.
C1 Norwegian Radium Hosp, Dept Biochem, N-0310 Oslo, Norway.
   European Mol Biol Lab, D-69012 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Inst Biol, EM Unit, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
   Monash Univ Sch Med, Dept Pathol & Immunol, Melbourne, Vic 3181, Australia.
   Max Planck Inst Mol Cell Biol & Genet, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
C3 University of Oslo; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); Monash University; Max Planck Society
RP Stenmark, H (corresponding author), Norwegian Radium Hosp, Dept Biochem, N-0310 Oslo, Norway.
EM stenmark@ulrik.uio.no
NR 26
TC 935
Z9 1127
U1 1
U2 58
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 30
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6692
BP 494
EP 498
DI 10.1038/28879
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 105NT
UT WOS:000075080400056
PM 9697774
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bado, A
   Levasseur, S
   Attoub, S
   Kermorgant, S
   Laigneau, JP
   Bortoluzzi, MN
   Moizo, L
   Lehy, T
   Guerre-Millo, M
   Le Marchand-Brustel, Y
   Lewin, MJM
AF Bado, A
   Levasseur, S
   Attoub, S
   Kermorgant, S
   Laigneau, JP
   Bortoluzzi, MN
   Moizo, L
   Lehy, T
   Guerre-Millo, M
   Le Marchand-Brustel, Y
   Lewin, MJM
TI The stomach is a source of leptin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID obese gene-product; adipose-tissue; food-intake; cholecystokinin; expression; rats; mice; inhibition; increase; adipocytes
AB The circulating peptide leptin, which is the product of the ob gene(1), provides feedback information on the size of fat stores to central Ob receptors(2,3) that control food intake and body-weight homeostasis(4-6). Leptin has so far been reported to be secreted only by adipocytes(1) and the placenta(7). Here we show that leptin messenger RNA and leptin protein are present in rat gastric epithelium, and that cells in the glands of the gastric fundic mucosa are immunoreactive for leptin, The physiological function of this previously unsuspected source of leptin is unknown. However, both feeding and administration of CCK-8 (the biologically active carboxy-terminal end of cholecystokinin) result in a rapid and large decrease in both leptin cell immunoreactivity and the leptin content of the fundic epithelium, with a concomitant increase in the concentration of leptin in the plasma. These results indicate that gastric leptin may be involved in early CCK-mediated effects activated by food intake, possibly including satiety.
C1 Univ Paris 07, INSERM, U10, IFR2 Cellules Epitheliales,Hop Bichat, F-75018 Paris, France.
   Fac Med Nice, INSERM, U145, F-06107 Nice, France.
   Inst Biomed Cordeliers, INSERM, U465, F-75006 Paris, France.
C3 Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Universite Paris Cite; Assistance Publique Hopitaux Paris (APHP); Hopital Universitaire Bichat-Claude Bernard - APHP; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Universite Cote d'Azur; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Sorbonne Universite; Universite Paris Cite
RP Lewin, MJM (corresponding author), Univ Paris 07, INSERM, U10, IFR2 Cellules Epitheliales,Hop Bichat, 170 Blvd Ney, F-75018 Paris, France.
EM mjmlewin@bichat.inserm.fr
NR 29
TC 961
Z9 1085
U1 0
U2 52
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 20
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6695
BP 790
EP 793
DI 10.1038/29547
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 112PR
UT WOS:000075503600048
PM 9723619
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU [Anonymous]
AF [Anonymous]
TI Biochemistry
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 15
PY 1998
VL 0
IS 
BP 12
EP 13
DI 
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZE486
UT WOS:000072797700004
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Estaban, M
AF Estaban, M
TI Coming back to Spain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Natl Biotechnol Ctr, Madrid, Spain.
RP Estaban, M (corresponding author), Natl Biotechnol Ctr, Madrid, Spain.
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 1998
VL 0
IS 
BP 6
EP 6
DI 
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZJ678
UT WOS:000073241100006
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Garkavtsev, I
   Grigorian, IA
   Ossovskaya, VS
   Chernov, MV
   Chumakov, PM
   Gudkov, AV
AF Garkavtsev, I
   Grigorian, IA
   Ossovskaya, VS
   Chernov, MV
   Chumakov, PM
   Gudkov, AV
TI The candidate tumour suppressor p33ING1 cooperates with p53 in cell growth control
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fibroblasts
AB The candidate tumour-suppressor gene ING1 has been identified by using the genetic suppressor element (GSE) methodology(1). ING1 encodes a nuclear protein, p33(ING1), overexpression of which inhibits growth of different cell lines. The properties of p33(ING1) suggest its involvement in the negative regulation of cell proliferation and in the control of cellular ageing, anchorage dependence and apoptosis(1-3). These cellular functions depend largely on the activity of p53, a tumour-suppressor gene that determines the cellular response to various types of stress(4). Here we report that the biological effects of ING1 and p53 are interrelated and require the activity of both genes: neither of the two genes can, on its own, cause growth inhibition when the other one is suppressed. Furthermore, activation of transcription from the P21/WAF1 promoter, a key mechanism of p53-mediated growth control, depends on the expression of ING1. A physical association between p33(ING1) and p53 proteins has been detected by immunoprecipitation. These results indicate that p33(ING1) is a component of the p53 signalling pathway that cooperates with p53 in the negative regulation of cell proliferation by modulating p53-dependent transcriptional activation.
C1 Univ Illinois, Coll Med, Dept Mol Genet, Chicago, IL 60607 USA.
   Univ Calgary, Dept Med Biochem, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
   Univ Calgary, So Alberta Canc Res Ctr, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
   VA Engelhardt Mol Biol Inst, Moscow 117984, Russia.
   Cleveland Clin Fdn, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA.
C3 University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Chicago; University of Illinois Chicago Hospital; University of Calgary; University of Calgary; Russian Academy of Sciences; Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, RAS; Cleveland Clinic Foundation
RP Gudkov, AV (corresponding author), Univ Illinois, Coll Med, Dept Mol Genet, Chicago, IL 60607 USA.
NR 18
TC 273
Z9 344
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 15
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6664
BP 295
EP 298
DI 10.1038/34675
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YR328
UT WOS:000071484400054
PM 9440695
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Luke, GM
   Fudamoto, Y
   Kojima, KM
   Larkin, MI
   Merrin, J
   Nachumi, B
   Uemura, YJ
   Maeno, Y
   Mao, ZQ
   Mori, Y
   Nakamura, H
   Sigrist, M
AF Luke, GM
   Fudamoto, Y
   Kojima, KM
   Larkin, MI
   Merrin, J
   Nachumi, B
   Uemura, YJ
   Maeno, Y
   Mao, ZQ
   Mori, Y
   Nakamura, H
   Sigrist, M
TI Time-reversal symmetry breaking superconductivity in Sr2RuO4
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID muon spin relaxation; layered perovskite
AB Although the properties of most superconducting materials are well described by the theory(1) of Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer (BCS), considerable effort has been devoted to the search for exotic superconducting systems in which BCS theory does not apply. The transition to the superconducting state in conventional BCS superconductors involves the breaking of gauge symmetry only, whereby the wavefunction describing the Cooper pairs-the paired electron states responsible for superconductivity-adopt a definite phase. In contrast, a signature of an unconventional superconducting state is the breaking of additional symmetries(2), which can lead to anisotropic pairing (such as the 'd-wave' symmetry observed in the copper oxide superconductors) and the presence of multiple superconducting phases (as seen in UPt3 and analogous behaviour in superfluid He-3; refs 3-5). Here we report muon spin-relaxation measurements on the superconductor Sr2RuO4 that reveal the spontaneous appearance of an internal magnetic field below the transition temperature: the appearance of such a field indicates that the superconducting state in this material is characterized by the breaking of time-reversal symmetry. These results, combined with other symmetry considerations, suggest that superconductivity in Sr2RuO4 is of 'p-wave' (odd-parity) type, analogous to superfluid He-3.
C1 Columbia Univ, Dept Phys, New York, NY 10027 USA.
   Kyoto Univ, Dept Phys, Kyoto 6068502, Japan.
   Kyoto Univ, Yukawa Inst Theoret Phys, Kyoto 6068502, Japan.
   Kyoto Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Kyoto 6068501, Japan.
C3 Columbia University; Kyoto University; Kyoto University; Kyoto University
RP Luke, GM (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Dept Phys, 538 W 120th St, New York, NY 10027 USA.
EM luke@phys.columbia.edu
NR 23
TC 1002
Z9 1068
U1 6
U2 210
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 6
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6693
BP 558
EP 561
DI 10.1038/29038
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 107YN
UT WOS:000075238700041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pearce, JM
   Roberts, ADL
   Good, M
AF Pearce, JM
   Roberts, ADL
   Good, M
TI Hippocampal lesions disrupt navigation based on cognitive maps but not heading vectors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Animals can find a hidden goal in several ways. They might use a cognitive map that encodes information about the geometric relationship between the goal and two or more landmarks(1), Alternatively, they might use a heading vector that specifies the direction and distance of the goal from a single landmark(2). Rats with damage to the hippocampus have difficulty in finding a hidden goal(3). Here we determine which of the above strategies is affected by such damage. Rats were required to swim in a water maze to a submerged platform, which was always at the same distance and direction from a landmark The platform and landmark remained in the same place for the four trials of each session, but they were moved to a new position at the start of a session(4). Rats with damage to the hippocampus found the platform more efficiently than did normal rats in the first trial of a session but, in contrast to normal rats, their performance did not improve during a session. Our results indicate that hippocampally damaged rats are able to navigate by means of heading vectors but not cognitive maps.
C1 Cardiff Univ, Sch Psychol, Cardiff CF1 3YG, S Glam, Wales.
C3 Cardiff University
RP Pearce, JM (corresponding author), Cardiff Univ, Sch Psychol, Cardiff CF1 3YG, S Glam, Wales.
NR 8
TC 195
Z9 225
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 5
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6706
BP 75
EP 77
DI 10.1038/23941
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 136HE
UT WOS:000076852700056
PM 9817202
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Saal, AE
   Rudnick, RL
   Ravizza, GE
   Hart, SR
AF Saal, AE
   Rudnick, RL
   Ravizza, GE
   Hart, SR
TI Re-Os isotope evidence for the composition, formation and age of the lower continental crust
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID island basalts; mantle; xenoliths; systematics; queensland; australia; evolution; nd
AB Knowledge of the composition of the lower continental crust is important for understanding the formation and evolution of the crust as a whole, and the petrogenesis of continental basalts. Here we present rhenium-osmium isotope data for two well characterized suites of lower-crustal xenoliths from North Queensland, Australia(1-7), which have average major- and trace-element compositions similar to estimates of the bulk lower continental crusts(8-9). Our data indicate that the lower crust has 1 to 2 times as much osmium, about half as much rhenium, and is less radiogenic than the upper continental crust(10), We interpret the rhenium-osmium isotope systematics to indicate that assimilation and fractional crystallization are important processes in the formation of the lower crust, and lead to dramatic changes in the osmium isotopic composition of basalts that pond and fractionate there, A consequence of this is that the rhenium-osmium isotopic system should not be relied on to yield accurate mantle extraction ages for continental rocks.
C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Geol & Geophys, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Harvard University
RP Saal, AE (corresponding author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Geol & Geophys, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
EM saal@whoi.edu
NR 23
TC 158
Z9 174
U1 2
U2 39
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 7
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6680
BP 58
EP 61
DI 10.1038/29966
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZM028
UT WOS:000073497500045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mahanty, NK
   Sah, P
AF Mahanty, NK
   Sah, P
TI Calcium-permeable AMPA receptors mediate long-term potentiation in interneurons in the amygdala
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rat basolateral amygdala; neocortical neurons; ca2+ permeability; b subunit; channels; localization; transmission; hippocampus; expression; recordings
AB Fear conditioning is a paradigm that has been used as a model for emotional learning in animals'. The cellular correlate of fear conditioning is thought to be associative N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-dependent synaptic plasticity within the amygdala(1-3). Here we show that glutamatergic synaptic transmission to inhibitory interneurons in the basolateral amygdala is mediated solely by alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors. In contrast to AMPA receptors at inputs to pyramidal neurons, these receptors have an inwardly rectifying current-voltage relationship, indicative of a high permeability to calcium(4 5), Tetanic stimulation of inputs to interneurons caused an immediate and sustained increase in the efficacy of these synapses. This potentiation required a rise in postsynaptic calcium, but was independent of NMDA receptor activation. The potentiation of excitatory inputs to interneurons was reflected as an increase in the amplitude of the GABAA-mediated inhibitory synaptic current in pyramidal neurons. These results demonstrate that excitatory synapses onto interneurons within a fear conditioning circuit show NMDA-receptor independent long-term potentiation. This plasticity might underlie the increased synchronization of activity between neurons in the basolateral amygdala after fear conditioning(6).
C1 Univ Newcastle, Fac Med & Hlth Sci, Neurosci Grp, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia.
   Univ Newcastle, Fac Med & Hlth Sci, Discipline Human Physiol, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia.
C3 University of Newcastle; University of Newcastle
RP Sah, P (corresponding author), Univ Newcastle, Fac Med & Hlth Sci, Neurosci Grp, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia.
NR 29
TC 322
Z9 369
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 13
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6694
BP 683
EP 687
DI 10.1038/29312
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 110MD
UT WOS:000075384200045
PM 9716132
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Arnqvist, G
AF Arnqvist, G
TI Comparative evidence for the evolution of genitalia by sexual selection
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mating-behavior; female-choice; lek paradox; insects; sperm; shape; frequency; removal
AB Rapid divergent evolution of male genitalia is one of the most general evolutionary trends in animals with internal fertilization; the shapes of genital traits often provide the only reliable characters for species identification(1). Yet the evolutionary processes responsible for this pattern remain obscure. The long-standing lock-and-key hypothesis, still popular among taxonomists, suggests that genitalia evolve by pre-insemination hybridization avoidance; that is, hybrid inferiority drives the evolution of male genitalia with a proper mechanical fit to female genitalia. The sexual selection hypothesis(2,3), in contrast, proposes that divergent evolution of genitalia is the result of sexual selection, brought about by variation in postinsemination paternity success among males. Here, by comparing pairs of related clades of insects that differ in mating system, I assess how the opportunity for postmating sexual selection affects the rate of divergent evolution of male genitalia Genital evolution is more than twice as divergent in groups in which females mate several times than in groups in which females mate only once. This pattern is not found for other morphological traits. These findings provide strong empirical evidence in favour of a postmating sexual selection mechanism of genital evolution.
C1 Umea Univ, Dept Anim Ecol, S-90187 Umea, Sweden.
C3 Umea University
RP Arnqvist, G (corresponding author), Umea Univ, Dept Anim Ecol, S-90187 Umea, Sweden.
EM Goran.Arnqvist@animecol.umu.se
NR 28
TC 450
Z9 490
U1 0
U2 112
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 25
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6687
BP 784
EP 786
DI 10.1038/31689
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZW652
UT WOS:000074433100048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Miki, H
   Sasaki, T
   Takai, Y
   Takenawa, T
AF Miki, H
   Sasaki, T
   Takai, Y
   Takenawa, T
TI Induction of filopodium formation by a WASP-related actin-depolymerizing protein N-WASP
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cdc42; kinase; rac; polymerization; gtpases; cofilin; brain
AB Cdc42 is a small GTPase of the Rho family which regulates the formation of actin filaments to generate filopodia(1,2). Although there are several proteins such as PAK(3), ACK(4) and WASP (Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein)(5) that bind Cdc42 directly, none of these can account for the filopodium formation induced by Cdc42. Here we demonstrate that before it can induce filopodium formation, Cdc42 must bind a WASP-related protein, N-WASP, that is richest in neural tissues(6) but is expressed ubiquitously. N-WASP induces extremely long actin microspikes only when coexpressed with active Cdc42, whereas WASP, which is expressed in haematopoietic cells, does not, despite the structural similarities between WASP and N-WASP. In a cell-free system, addition of active Cdc42 significantly stimulates the actin-depolymerizing activity of N-WASP, creating free barbed ends from which actin polymerization can then take place. This activation seems to be caused by exposure of N-WASP's actin-depolymerizing region induced by Cdc42 binding.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Inst Med Sci, Dept Biochem, Minato Ku, Tokyo 108, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Biol & Biochem, Osaka 565, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo; University of Osaka
RP Takenawa, T (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Inst Med Sci, Dept Biochem, Minato Ku, Shirokanedai 4-6-1, Tokyo 108, Japan.
NR 15
TC 573
Z9 657
U1 0
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 1
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6662
BP 93
EP 96
DI 10.1038/34208
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YP888
UT WOS:000071326100056
PM 9422512
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fiore, A
   Berger, V
   Rosencher, E
   Bravetti, P
   Nagle, J
AF Fiore, A
   Berger, V
   Rosencher, E
   Bravetti, P
   Nagle, J
TI Phase matching using an isotropic nonlinear optical material
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID harmonic-generation; conversion
AB Frequency conversion in nonlinear optical crystals(1,2) is an effective means of generating coherent light at frequencies where lasers perform poorly or are unavailable. For efficient conversion, it is necessary to compensate for optical dispersion, which results in different phase velocities for light of different frequencies. In anisotropic birefringent crystals such as LiNbO3 or KH2PO4 ('KDP'), phase matching can be achieved between electromagnetic waves having different polarizations. But this is not possible for optically isotropic materials, and as a result, cubic materials such as GaAs (which otherwise have attractive nonlinear optical properties) have been little exploited for frequency conversion applications. Quasi-phase-matching schemes(1,3), which have achieved considerable success in LiNbO3 (ref. 4), provide a route to circumventing this problem(5,6), but the difficulty of producing the required pattern of nonlinear properties in isotropic materials, particularly semiconductors, has limited the practical utility of such approaches. Here we demonstrate a different route to phase matching-based on a concept proposed by Van der Ziel 22 years ago(7)-which exploits the artificial birefringence of multilayer composites of GaAs and oxidised AlAs. As GaAs is the material of choice for semiconductor lasers, such optical sources could be integrated in the core of frequency converters based on these composite structures.
C1 Thomson CSF, Cent Rech Lab, F-91400 Orsay, France.
C3 Thales Group
RP Berger, V (corresponding author), Thomson CSF, Cent Rech Lab, Domaine Corbeville, F-91400 Orsay, France.
NR 15
TC 314
Z9 347
U1 0
U2 95
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 29
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6666
BP 463
EP 466
DI 10.1038/35091
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YU290
UT WOS:000071701800042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Li, FZ
   Ambrosini, G
   Chu, EY
   Plescia, J
   Tognin, S
   Marchisio, PC
   Altieri, DC
AF Li, FZ
   Ambrosini, G
   Chu, EY
   Plescia, J
   Tognin, S
   Marchisio, PC
   Altieri, DC
TI Control of apoptosis and mitotic spindle checkpoint by survivin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-cycle; proteins; microtubules; expression; family; death; bcl-2; genes; iap
AB Progression of the cell cycle and control of apoptosis (programmed cell death) are thought to be intimately linked processes(1), acting to preserve homeostasis and developmental morphogenesis(2). Although proteins that regulate apoptosis have been implicated in restraining cell-cycle entry(3) and controlling ploidy (chromosome number)(4), the effector molecules at the interface between cell proliferation and cell survival have remained elusive. Here we show that a new inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) protein(5,6), survivin(7), is expressed in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle in a cycle-regulated manner. At the beginning of mitosis, survivin associates with microtubules of the mitotic spindle in a specific and saturable reaction that is regulated by microtubule dynamics(8). Disruption of survivin-microtubule interactions results in loss of survivin's anti-apoptosis function and increased caspase-3 activity, a mechanism involved in cell death, during mitosis. These results indicate that survivin may counteract a default induction of apoptosis in G2/M phase. The overexpression of survivin in cancer(7) may overcome this apoptotic checkpoint and favour aberrant progression of transformed cells through mitosis.
C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, Boyer Ctr Mol Med, Dept Pathol, New Haven, CT 06536 USA.
   Ist Sci San Raffaele, DIBIT, I-20132 Milan, Italy.
   Univ Turin, Dept Biomed Sci & Human Oncol, I-10126 Turin, Italy.
C3 Yale University; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University; University of Turin
RP Altieri, DC (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Sch Med, Boyer Ctr Mol Med, Dept Pathol, 295 Congress Ave, New Haven, CT 06536 USA.
EM dario.altieri@yale.edu
FU Telethon [496] Funding Source: Medline
NR 24
TC 1666
Z9 2099
U1 1
U2 120
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 10
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6711
BP 580
EP 584
DI 10.1038/25141
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 147AY
UT WOS:000077466800059
PM 9859993
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhang, RH
   Rothstein, LM
   Busalacchi, AJ
AF Zhang, RH
   Rothstein, LM
   Busalacchi, AJ
TI Origin of upper-ocean warming and El Nino change on decadal scales in the tropical Pacific Ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID north pacific; climate variability; model; predictability; circulations; temperature; america
AB The cause of decadal-scale variability in the tropical Pacific Ocean-such as that marked by the 1976-77 shift in the El Nino/Southern Oscillation(1-7)-is poorly understood. Unravelling the mechanism of the recent decade-long warming in the tropical upper ocean is a particularly important challenge, given the link to El Nino variability, but establishing the hypothesized interannual/decadal oceanic connections between middle latitudes and tropics has proved elusive(8). Here we present observational evidence that Pacific upper-ocean warming and decadal changes in the Fl Nino/Southern Oscillation after 1976 may originate from decadal mid-latitude variability, In the middle 1970s the North Pacific Ocean is observed to have undergone a dear phase-transition; a 'see-saw' subsurface temperature anomaly pattern that rotates clockwise around the subtropical gyre. At middle latitudes a subsurface warm anomaly formed in the early 1970s from subducted surface-waters and penetrated through the subtropics and into the tropics, thus perturbing the tropical thermocline and driving the formation of a warm surface-water anomaly that may have influenced El Nino in the 1980s. The identification of this teleconnection of extratropical thermal anomalies to the tropics, through a subsurface ocean "bridge", may enable improved prediction of decadal-scale climate variability.
C1 Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA.
   NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Hydrospher Proc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
C3 University of Rhode Island; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
RP Zhang, RH (corresponding author), Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA.
NR 28
TC 242
Z9 279
U1 0
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 26
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6670
BP 879
EP 883
DI 10.1038/36081
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YZ206
UT WOS:000072230900048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Suzuki, Y
   Yasunaga, T
   Ohkura, R
   Wakabayashi, T
   Sutoh, K
AF Suzuki, Y
   Yasunaga, T
   Ohkura, R
   Wakabayashi, T
   Sutoh, K
TI Swing of the lever arm of a myosin motor at the isomerization and phosphate-release steps
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID green-fluorescent protein; resonance energy-transfer; x-ray structures; dictyostelium-discoideum; muscle-contraction; beryllium fluoride; aluminum fluoride; complexes; domain; subfragment-1
AB In muscle, the myosin head ('crossbridge') performs the 'working stroke: in which ATP is hydrolysed to generate the sliding of actin and myosin filaments.. The myosin head consists of a globular motor domain and a long lever-arm domain. The 'lever-arm hypothesis'(1-5) predicts that during the working stroke, the lever-arm domain tilts against the motor domain, which is bound to actin in a fixed orientation, To detect this working stroke in operation, we constructed fusion proteins by connecting Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein and blue fluorescent protein(6-8) to the amino and carboxyl termini of the motor domain of myosin II of Dictyostelium discoideum, a soil amoeba, and measured the fluorescence resonance energy transfer between the two fluorescent proteins, We show here that the carboxy-terminal fluorophore swings at the isomerization step of the ATP hydrolysis cycle, and then swings back at the subsequent step in which inorganic phosphate is released, thereby mimicking the suing of the lever arm, The swing at the phosphate-release step may correspond to the working stroke, and the swing at the isomerization step to the recovery stroke.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Sch Arts & Sci, Dept Life Sci, Tokyo 153, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Sch Sci, Dept Phys, Tokyo 113, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo; University of Tokyo
RP Sutoh, K (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Sch Arts & Sci, Dept Life Sci, Komaba 3-8-1, Tokyo 153, Japan.
EM cksutoh@komaba.ecc.u-tkyo.ac.jp
NR 26
TC 156
Z9 170
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 26
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6709
BP 380
EP 383
DI 10.1038/24640
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 142MJ
UT WOS:000077204000053
PM 9845076
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Magnaghi-Jaulin, L
   Groisman, R
   Naguibneva, I
   Robin, P
   Lorain, S
   Le Villain, JP
   Troalen, F
   Trouche, D
   Harel-Bellan, A
AF Magnaghi-Jaulin, L
   Groisman, R
   Naguibneva, I
   Robin, P
   Lorain, S
   Le Villain, JP
   Troalen, F
   Trouche, D
   Harel-Bellan, A
TI Retinoblastoma protein represses transcription by recruiting a histone deacetylase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene-product; e2f; interact; binding; motif; prb
AB The retinoblastoma tumour-suppressor protein Rb-1 inhibits cell proliferation by repressing a subset of genes that are controlled by the E2F family of transcription factors(2) and which are involved in progression from the G1 to the S phase of the cell cycle, Rb, which is recruited to target promoters by E2F1 (ref. 3), represses transcription by masking the E2F1 transactivation domain(4) and by inhibiting surrounding enhancer elements(5-8), an active repression that could be crucial for the proper control of progression through the cell cycle(9). Some transcriptional regulators act by acetylating or deacetylating the tails protruding from the core histones(10), thereby modulating the local structure of chromatin: for example, some transcriptional repressors function through the recruitment of histone deacetylases(11). We show here that the histone deacetylase HDAC1 physically interacts and cooperates with Rb, In HDAC1, the sequence involved is an LXCXE motif, similar to that used by viral transforming proteins to contact Rb, Our results strongly suggest that the Rb/HDAC1 complex is a key element in the control of cell proliferation and differentiation and that it is a likely target for transforming viruses.
C1 CNRS UPR 9079, Lab Oncogenese Differciat & Transduct Signal, IFC 1, F-94801 Villejuif, France.
   Inst Gustave Roussy, CNRS URA 1156, F-94805 Villejuif, France.
   Inst Gustave Roussy, Unite Marqueurs Biol & Mol, F-94805 Villejuif, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); UNICANCER; Gustave Roussy; UNICANCER; Gustave Roussy
RP Harel-Bellan, A (corresponding author), CNRS UPR 9079, Lab Oncogenese Differciat & Transduct Signal, IFC 1, F-94801 Villejuif, France.
EM ahbellan@vjf.cnrs.fr
NR 30
TC 785
Z9 905
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 5
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6667
BP 601
EP 605
DI 10.1038/35410
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YV594
UT WOS:000071842300056
PM 9468140
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Saccheri, I
   Kuussaari, M
   Kankare, M
   Vikman, P
   Fortelius, W
   Hanski, I
AF Saccheri, I
   Kuussaari, M
   Kankare, M
   Vikman, P
   Fortelius, W
   Hanski, I
TI Inbreeding and extinction in a butterfly metapopulation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID depression; conservation; persistence; population; genetics; dynamics; model
AB It has been proposed that inbreeding contributes to the decline and eventual extinction of small and isolated populations(1,2), There is ample evidence of fitness reduction due to inbreeding (inbreeding depression) in captivity(3-7) and from a few experimental(8,9) and observational field studies(10,11), but no field studies on natural populations have been conducted to test the proposed effect on extinction, It has been argued that in natural populations the impact of inbreeding depression on population survival will be insignificant in comparison to that of demographic and environmental stochasticity(12,13). We have now studied the effect of inbreeding on local extinction in a large metapopulation(14) of the Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia)(15). We found that extinction risk increased significantly with decreasing heterozygosity, an indication of inbreeding(6), even after accounting for the effects of the relevant ecological factors, Larval survival, adult longevity and egg-hatching rate were found to be adversely affected by inbreeding and appear to be the fitness components underlying the relationship between inbreeding and extinction. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of an effect of inbreeding on the extinction of natural populations. Our results are particularly relevant to the increasing number of species with small local populations due to habitat loss and fragmentation(16).
C1 Univ Helsinki, Dept Ecol & Systemat, Div Populat Biol, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
   Univ Helsinki, Tvarminne Zool Stn, Hanko 10900, Finland.
C3 University of Helsinki; University of Helsinki
RP Saccheri, I (corresponding author), Univ Helsinki, Dept Ecol & Systemat, Div Populat Biol, POB 17, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
NR 27
TC 1292
Z9 1513
U1 9
U2 577
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 2
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6675
BP 491
EP 494
DI 10.1038/33136
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZF215
UT WOS:000072875200057
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Russell, SA
   Lay, T
   Garnero, EJ
AF Russell, SA
   Lay, T
   Garnero, EJ
TI Seismic evidence for small-scale dynamics in the lowermost mantle at the root of the Hawaiian hotspot
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID boundary-layer; partial melt; anisotropy; beneath; pacific; earth; model; base; d''
AB The hot thermal boundary layer produced by heat transport from the Earth's core to the base of the mantle is thought to contain strong horizontal shear flows and to nucleate instabilities in which hot material rises into the convecting mantle as thermal plumes(1-3). A recent study(4,5) proposes that the Hawaiian plume is deflected by mantle convection and, in the lowermost mantle, is located to the southeast of its surface manifestation. Here we present seismic data that densely sample, with core-reflected shear waves, a region beneath the central Pacific Ocean which includes the predicted location of the deflected root of the Hawaiian hotspot. Our mapping of the structure in this region of the lowermost mantle reveals strong lateral gradients in shear-wave velocity and anisotropic shear-wave polarization direction over distances of only several hundred kilometres. We interpret these gradients as being indicative of small-scale dynamical structure in the thermal boundary layer, where vertical flow into the Hawaiian plume at its root is accompanied by horizontal flow towards the plume.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Seismol Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Russell, SA (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
EM sara@earthsci.ucsc.edu
NR 28
TC 87
Z9 96
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 19
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6708
BP 255
EP 258
DI 10.1038/24364
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 140VY
UT WOS:000077110400044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Horowitz, TS
   Wolfe, JM
AF Horowitz, TS
   Wolfe, JM
TI Visual search has no memory
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID attention
AB Humans spend a lot of time searching for things, such as roadside traffic signs(1), soccer balls(2) or tumours in mammograms(3). These tasks involve the deployment of attention from one item in the visual field to the next. Common sense suggests that rejected items should be noted in some fashion so that effort is not expended in re-examining items that have been attended to and rejected. However, common sense is wrong. Here we asked human observers to search for a letter 'T' among letters 'L'. This search demands visual attention and normally proceeds at a rate of 20-30 milliseconds per item(4). In the critical condition, we randomly relocated all letters every 111 milliseconds. This made it impossible for the subjects to keep track of the progress of the search. Nevertheless, the efficiency of the search was unchanged. Theories of visual search all assume that search relies on accumulating information about the identity of objects over time(5-7). Such theories predict that search efficiency will be drastically reduced if the scene is continually shuffled while the observer is trying to search through it. As we show that efficiency is not impaired, the standard theories must be revised.
C1 Brigham & Womens Hosp, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Ophthalm Res, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Horowitz, TS (corresponding author), Brigham & Womens Hosp, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
NR 12
TC 415
Z9 490
U1 0
U2 49
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 6
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6693
BP 575
EP 577
DI 10.1038/29068
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 107YN
UT WOS:000075238700047
PM 9707117
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hilke, M
   Shahar, D
   Song, SH
   Tsui, DC
   Xie, YH
   Monroe, D
AF Hilke, M
   Shahar, D
   Song, SH
   Tsui, DC
   Xie, YH
   Monroe, D
TI Experimental evidence for a two-dimensional quantized Hall insulator
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 2-dimensional electron-system; transition; liquid; coefficient; duality; phase; gas
AB The general theoretical definition of an insulator is a material in which the conductivity vanishes at the absolute zero of temperature. In classical insulators, such as materials with a band gap, vanishing conductivities lead to diverging resistivities. But other insulators can show more complex behaviour, particularly in the presence of a high magnetic field, where different components of the resistivity tensor can display different behaviours: the magnetoresistance diverges as the temperature approaches absolute zero, but the transverse (Hall) resistance remains finite. Such a system is known as a Hall insulator(1). Here we report experimental evidence for a quantized(2) Hall insulator in a two-dimensional electron system-confined in a semiconductor quantum well. The Hall resistance is quantized in the quantum unit of resistance h/e(2),, where h is Planck's constant and e the electronic charge. At low fields, the sample reverts to being a normal Hall insulator.
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Lucent Technol, Bell Labs, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
C3 Princeton University; AT&T; Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies
RP Hilke, M (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
NR 23
TC 84
Z9 90
U1 0
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 15
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6703
BP 675
EP 677
DI 10.1038/27160
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 129PR
UT WOS:000076472600045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Davis, GW
   Goodman, CS
AF Davis, GW
   Goodman, CS
TI Synapse-specific control of synaptic efficacy at the terminals of a single neuron
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID growth cone guidance; functional components; genetic dissection; plasticity; drosophila; expression; memory
AB The regulation of synaptic efficacy is essential for the proper functioning of neural circuits, If synaptic gain is set too high or too low cells are either activated inappropriately or remain silent. There is extra complexity because synapses are not static, but form, retract, expand, strengthen, and weaken throughout life, Homeostatic regulatory mechanisms that control synaptic efficacy presumably exist to ensure that neurons remain functional within a meaningful physiological range(1-5). One of the best defined systems for analysis of the mechanisms that regulate synaptic efficacy is the neuromuscular junction. It has been shown, in organisms ranging from insects to humans, that changes in synaptic efficacy are tightly coupled to changes in muscle size during development(1,6-8). It has been proposed that a signal from muscle to motor neuron maintains this coupling(9). Here we show, by genetically manipulating muscle innervation, that there are two independent mechanisms by which muscle regulates synaptic efficacy at the terminals of single motor neurons. Increased muscle innervation results in a compensatory, target-specific decrease in presynaptic transmitter release, implying a retrograde regulation of presynaptic release, Decreased muscle innervation results in a compensatory increase in quantal size.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Div Neurobiol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Davis, GW (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Div Neurobiol, LSA Room 519, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM gdavis@coreys.berkeley.edu
NR 19
TC 203
Z9 248
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 5
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6671
BP 82
EP 86
DI 10.1038/32176
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZA528
UT WOS:000072373000054
PM 9510251
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU van Dover, RB
   Schneemeyer, LD
   Fleming, RM
AF van Dover, RB
   Schneemeyer, LD
   Fleming, RM
TI Discovery of a useful thin-film dielectric using a composition-spread approach
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dc electrical degradation; perovskite-type titanates; ceramics
AB The continuing drive towards miniaturization of electronic devices(1) is motivating the search for new materials. Consider, for example, the case of the much-used dynamic random-access memory, The minimum capacitance per cell that can be tolerated is expected(2) to remain at 30-40 fF, but as the cell area decreases, the corresponding reduction in geometric capacitance has to be compensated for. So far, this has been achieved by resorting to complex non-planar structures and/or using much thinner films of the dielectric insulator, amorphous silicon dioxide (a-SiOx), although the latter approach is limited by the electric fields that can be supported by a-SiOx before its insulating properties break down. An alternative strategy is to develop thin-film insulators that have a dielectric constant significantly greater than that of a-SiOx, reducing the size of the fields required for device operation. Here we show that a composition-spread technique allows for the efficient evaluating of materials,vith both a high dielectric constant and a high breakdown field, We apply this approach to the Zr-Sn-Ti-O system, and we find that compositions close to Zr0.15Sn0.3Ti0.55O2-delta are better thin-film dielectrics than high-quality deposited a-SiOx, Although detailed tests of the performance of these materials have not yet been carried out, our initial results suggest that they are likely to be comparable to the best alternatives (such as (Ba, Sr)TiO3) currently being considered for integrated-circuit capacitors.
C1 AT&T Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
C3 Nokia Corporation; Nokia Bell Labs; Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies; AT&T
RP van Dover, RB (corresponding author), AT&T Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
NR 14
TC 332
Z9 410
U1 1
U2 87
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 12
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6672
BP 162
EP 164
DI 10.1038/32381
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZB349
UT WOS:000072462700056
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Masood, E
AF Masood, E
TI Old scores surface as African states face new opportunities
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 1
TC 6
Z9 6
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 9
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6676
BP 540
EP 540
DI 10.1038/33251
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZG300
UT WOS:000072987200018
PM 9560142
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lomelí, J
   Quevedo, J
   Linares, P
   Rudomin, P
AF Lomelí, J
   Quevedo, J
   Linares, P
   Rudomin, P
TI Local control of information flow in segmental and ascending collaterals of single afferents
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cat spinal-cord; i muscle afferents; presynaptic depolarization; clarke column; fibers; transmission; pathways; interneurons; motoneurons; inhibition
AB In the vertebrate spinal cord, the activation of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)-releasing interneurons that synapse with intraspinal terminals of sensory fibres leading into the central nervous system (afferent fibres) produces primary afferent depolarization and presynaptic inhibition(1-3). It is not known to what extent these presynaptic mechanisms allow a selective control of information transmitted through specific sets of intraspinal branches of individual afferents(4-7). Here we study the local nature of the presynaptic control by measuring primary afferent depolarization simultaneously in two intraspinal collaterals of the same muscle spindle afferent. One of these collaterals ends at the L6-L7 segmental level in the intermediate nucleus, and the other ascends to segment L3 within Clarke's column, the site of origin of spinocerebellar neurons(8). Our results indicate that there are central mechanisms that are able to affect independently the synaptic effectiveness of segmental and ascending collaterals of individual muscle spindle afferents. Focal control of presynaptic inhibition thus allows the intraspinal branches of afferent fibres to function as a dynamic assembly that can be fractionated to convey information to selected neuronal targets. This may be a mechanism by which different spinal postsynaptic targets that are coupled by sensory input from a common source could be uncoupled.
C1 Inst Politecn Nacl, Ctr Invest & Estudios Avanzados, Dept Physiol Biophys & Neurosci, Mexico City 07000, DF, Mexico.
C3 CINVESTAV - Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politecnico Nacional; Instituto Politecnico Nacional - Mexico
RP Rudomin, P (corresponding author), Inst Politecn Nacl, Ctr Invest & Estudios Avanzados, Dept Physiol Biophys & Neurosci, Apartado Postal 14-740, Mexico City 07000, DF, Mexico.
EM rudomin@fisio.cinvestav.mx
NR 30
TC 78
Z9 86
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 8
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6702
BP 600
EP 604
DI 10.1038/26975
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 127QW
UT WOS:000076362900048
PM 9783585
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bezzi, P
   Carmignoto, G
   Pasti, L
   Vesce, S
   Rossi, D
   Rizzini, BL
   Pozzan, T
   Volterra, A
AF Bezzi, P
   Carmignoto, G
   Pasti, L
   Vesce, S
   Rossi, D
   Rizzini, BL
   Pozzan, T
   Volterra, A
TI Prostaglandins stimulate calcium-dependent glutamate release in astrocytes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID arachidonic-acid; synaptic transmission; glial-cells; hippocampal; neurons; cultures; inhibition; receptors; responses; tetanus
AB Astrocytes in the brain form an intimately associated network with neurons. They respond to neuronal activity and synaptically released glutamate by raising intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+](i))(1,2), which could represent the start of back-signalling to neurons(3-5). Here we show that coactivation of the AMPA/kainate and metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) on astrocytes stimulates these cells to release glutamate through a Ca2+-dependent process mediated by prostaglandins. Pharmacological inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis prevents glutamate release, whereas application of prostaglandins (in particular PGE(2)) mimics and occludes the releasing action of GluR agonists. PGE(2) promotes Ca2+-dependent glutamate release from cultured astrocytes and also from acute brain slices under conditions that suppress neuronal exocytotic release. When applied to the CA1 hippocampal region, PGE(2) induces increases in [Ca2+](i) both in astrocytes and in neurons. The [Ca2+](i) increase in neurons is mediated by glutamate released from astrocytes, because it is abolished by GluR antagonists. Our results reveal a new pathway of regulated transmitter release from astrocytes and outline the existence of an integrated glutamatergic cross-talk between neurons and astrocytes in situ that may play critical roles in synaptic plasticity and in neurotoxicity.
C1 Univ Milan, Inst Pharmacol Sci, I-20133 Milan, Italy.
   Univ Padua, Dept Expt Biomed Sci, I-35121 Padua, Italy.
   Univ Padua, CNR, Ctr Study Biomembranes, I-35121 Padua, Italy.
C3 University of Milan; University of Padua; University of Padua; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)
RP Volterra, A (corresponding author), Univ Milan, Inst Pharmacol Sci, Via Balzaretti 9, I-20133 Milan, Italy.
FU Telethon [586, 845] Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 964
Z9 1090
U1 0
U2 44
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 15
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6664
BP 281
EP 285
DI 10.1038/34651
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YR328
UT WOS:000071484400050
PM 9440691
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kumar, S
   Hedges, SB
AF Kumar, S
   Hedges, SB
TI A molecular timescale for vertebrate evolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID clock; divergence; phylogeny; origins; mammals
AB A timescale is necessary for estimating rates of molecular and morphological change in organisms and for interpreting patterns of macroevolution and biogeography(1-9). Traditionally, these times have been obtained from the fossil record, where the earliest representatives of two lineages establish a minimum time of divergence of these lineages(10). The clock-like accumulation of sequence differences in some genes provides an alternative method(11) by which the mean divergence time can be estimated. Estimates from single genes may have large statistical errors, but multiple genes can be studied to obtain a more reliable estimate of divergence time(1,12-13). However, until recently, the number of genes available for estimation of divergence time has been limited. Here we present divergence-time estimates for mammalian orders and major lineages of vertebrates, from an analysis of 658 nuclear genes. The molecular times agree with most early (Palaeozoic) and late (Cenozoic) fossil-based times, but indicate major gaps in the Mesozoic fossil record. At least five lineages of placental mammals arose more than 100 million years ago, and most of the modern orders seem to have diversified before the Cretaceous/Tertiary extinction of the dinosaurs.
C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Biol, Mueller Lab 208, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Penn State Univ, Inst Mol Evolutionary Genet, Mueller Lab 208, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park
RP Hedges, SB (corresponding author), Penn State Univ, Dept Biol, Mueller Lab 208, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
NR 30
TC 1597
Z9 1781
U1 4
U2 404
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 30
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6679
BP 917
EP 920
DI 10.1038/31927
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZK759
UT WOS:000073359900047
PM 9582070
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Attfield, JP
   Bell, AMT
   Rodriguez-Martinez, LM
   Greneche, JM
   Cernik, RJ
   Clarke, JF
   Perkins, DA
AF Attfield, JP
   Bell, AMT
   Rodriguez-Martinez, LM
   Greneche, JM
   Cernik, RJ
   Clarke, JF
   Perkins, DA
TI Electrostatically driven charge-ordering in Fe2OBO3
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID verwey transition; superconductors; magnetite
AB Charge-ordering is an important phenomenon in conducting metal oxides: it leads to metal-insulator transitions(1) in manganite perovskites (which show 'colossal' magnetoresistances), and the Verwey(2) transition in magnetite tin which the material becomes insulating at low temperatures when the conduction electrons freeze into a regular array). Charge-ordered 'stripes' are found in some manganites(3,4) and copper oxide superconductors(5); in the latter case, dynamic fluctuations of the stripes have been proposed(6) as a mechanism of high-temperature superconductivity. But an important unresolved issue is whether the charge-ordering in oxides is driven by electrostatic repulsions between the charges (Wigner crystallization(7)), or by the strains arising from electron-lattice interactions (such as Jahn-Teller distortions) involving different localized electronic states. Here we report measurements on iron oxoborate, Fe2OBO3, that support the electrostatic repulsion charge-ordering mechanism: the system adopts a charge-ordered state below 317 K, in which Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions are equally distributed over structurally distinct Fe sites. In contrast, the isostructural manganese oxoborate, Mn2OBO3, has been previously shown(8) to undergo charge-ordering through Jahn-Teller distortions. We therefore conclude that both mechanisms occur within the same structural arrangement.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Chem, Cambridge CB2 1EW, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Interdisciplinary Res Ctr Superconduct, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England.
   Univ Maine, CNRS, UPRESA 6087, Lab Phys Etat Condense, F-72085 Le Mans, France.
   Daresbury Lab, CLRC, Synchrotron Radiat Source, Warrington WA4 4AD, Cheshire, England.
   Univ Oxford, Chem Crystallog Lab, Oxford OX1 3PD, England.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Le Mans Universite; STFC Daresbury Laboratory; University of Oxford
RP Attfield, JP (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Chem, Lensfield Rd, Cambridge CB2 1EW, England.
EM jpa14@cam.ac.uk
NR 19
TC 114
Z9 119
U1 0
U2 58
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 17
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6712
BP 655
EP 658
DI 10.1038/25309
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 150YT
UT WOS:000077694200047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Usrey, WM
   Reppas, JB
   Reid, RC
AF Usrey, WM
   Reppas, JB
   Reid, RC
TI Paired-spike interactions and synaptic efficacy of retinal inputs to the thalamus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lateral geniculate-nucleus; neocortical pyramidal neurons; primary visual-cortex; ganglion-cells; cat; plasticity
AB In many neural systems studied in vitro, the timing of afferent impulses affects the strength of postsynaptic potentials(1,2). The influence of afferent timing on postsynaptic firing in vivo has received less attention. Here we study the importance of afferent spike timing in vivo by recording simultaneously from ganglion cells in the retina and their targets in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus, When two spikes from a single ganglion-cell axon arrive within 30 milliseconds of each other, the second spike is much more likely than the first to produce a geniculate spike, an effect we call paired-spike enhancement. Furthermore, simultaneous recordings from a ganglion cell and two thalamic targets indicate that paired-spike enhancement increases the frequency of synchronous thalamic activity. We propose that information encoded in the high firing rate of an individual retinal ganglion cell becomes distributed among several geniculate neurons that fire synchronously. Because synchronous geniculate action potentials are highly effective in driving cortical neurons(3), it is likely that information encoded by this strategy is transmitted to the next level of processing.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Reid, RC (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, 220 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM clay_reid@hms.harvard.edu
NR 29
TC 182
Z9 212
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 24
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6700
BP 384
EP 387
DI 10.1038/26487
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 122QW
UT WOS:000076083800054
PM 9759728
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Friese, MEJ
   Nieminen, TA
   Heckenberg, NR
   Rubinsztein-Dunlop, H
AF Friese, MEJ
   Nieminen, TA
   Heckenberg, NR
   Rubinsztein-Dunlop, H
TI Optical alignment and spinning of laser-trapped microscopic particles
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID angular-momentum; beam
AB Light-induced rotation of absorbing microscopic particles by transfer of angular mometum from light ao the material raises the possibility of optically driven microsmachines. The phenomenon has been observed using elliptically polarized laser beams(1) or beams with helical phase structure(2,3). But it is difficult to develop high power in such experiments because of overheating and unwanted axial forces, limiting the achievable rotation rates to a few hertz. This problem can in principle be overcome by using transparent particles, transferring angular momentum by a mechanism first observed by Beth in 1936(4), when he reported a tiny torque developed in a quartz 'wave-plate' owing to the change in polarization of transmitted light. Here we show that an optical torque can be induced on microscopic birefringent particles of calcite held by optical tweezers(5). Depending on the polarization of the incident beam, the particles either become aligned with the plane of polarization (and thus can be rotated through specified angles) or spin with constant rotation frequency. Because these microscopic particles are transparent, they can be held, in three-dimensional optical traps at very high power without beating, leading to rotation rates of over 350 Hz.
C1 Univ Queensland, Dept Phys, Ctr Laser Sci, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.
C3 University of Queensland
RP Nieminen, TA (corresponding author), Univ Queensland, Dept Phys, Ctr Laser Sci, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.
NR 6
TC 942
Z9 1049
U1 3
U2 244
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 23
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6691
BP 348
EP 350
DI 10.1038/28566
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 103QF
UT WOS:000074968800044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lawton, JH
   Bignell, DE
   Bolton, B
   Bloemers, GF
   Eggleton, P
   Hammond, PM
   Hodda, M
   Holt, RD
   Larsen, TB
   Mawdsley, NA
   Stork, NE
   Srivastava, DS
   Watt, AD
AF Lawton, JH
   Bignell, DE
   Bolton, B
   Bloemers, GF
   Eggleton, P
   Hammond, PM
   Hodda, M
   Holt, RD
   Larsen, TB
   Mawdsley, NA
   Stork, NE
   Srivastava, DS
   Watt, AD
TI Biodiversity inventories, indicator taxa and effects of habitat modification in tropical forest
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID diversity; birds; butterfly; abundance; termites; guinea
AB Despite concern about the effects of tropical forest disturbance and clearance on biodiversity(1,2), data on impacts, particularly on invertebrates, remain scarce(3-8). Here we report a taxonomically diverse inventory on the impacts of tropical forest modification at one locality, We examined a gradient from near-primary, through old-growth secondary and plantation forests to complete clearance, for eight animal groups (birds, butterflies, flying beetles, canopy beetles, canopy ants, leaf-litter ants, termites and soil nematodes) in the Mbalmayo Forest Reserve, south-central Cameroon. Although species richness generally declined with increasing disturbance, no one group sen es as a good indicator taxon(9-12) for changes in the species richness of other groups. Species replacement from site to site (turnover) along the gradient also differs between taxonomic groups, The proportion of 'morphospecies' that cannot be assigned to named species and the number of 'scientist-hours' required to process samples both increase dramatically for smaller-bodied taxa, Data from these eight groups indicate the huge scale of the biological effort required to provide inventories of tropical diversity, and to measure the impacts of tropical forest modification and clearance.
C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, NERC, Ctr Populat Biol, Ascot SL5 7PY, Berks, England.
   Univ London Queen Mary & Westfield Coll, Sch Biol Sci, London E1 4NS, England.
   Nat Hist Museum, London SW7 2BD, England.
   Univ Kansas, Museum Nat Hist, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA.
   Inst Terr Ecol, Penicuik EH26 0QB, Midlothian, Scotland.
C3 Imperial College London; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC); University of London; Queen Mary University London; Natural History Museum London; University of Kansas; UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH)
RP Lawton, JH (corresponding author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, NERC, Ctr Populat Biol, Silwood Pk, Ascot SL5 7PY, Berks, England.
NR 30
TC 826
Z9 981
U1 3
U2 405
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 1
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6662
BP 72
EP 76
DI 10.1038/34166
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YP888
UT WOS:000071326100050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chamorro-Pérez, E
   Gillet, P
   Jambon, A
   Badro, J
   McMillan, P
AF Chamorro-Pérez, E
   Gillet, P
   Jambon, A
   Badro, J
   McMillan, P
TI Low argon solubility in silicate melts at high pressure
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID constraints; liquids; raman
AB The solubility of rare gases in silicate melts and minerals at high pressure is of importance for understanding the early history of the Earth and its present day degassing. Helium, neon, argon, krypton and xenon were originally incorporated into the Earth during its accretion, and have also been produced by radioactive decay(1). These elements have been used as tracers for deciphering mantle structure and constraining the number and size of geochemical reservoirs(1-3). In particular, it has been proposed that the budget of Ar-40 produced by the radioactive decay of K-40, provides the strongest argument for chemical layering within the mantle(1,4). The geochemical models used to arrive at this conclusion are, however, currently under re-examination(5), with a large source of uncertainty being the lack of data on argon partitioning during melting. It has previously been assumed, on the basis of low pressure data, that noble gases ape highly soluble in melts at all pressures. But here we present solubility data of argon in olivine melt at very high pressure that indicate that argon solubility is strongly dependent on pressure, especially in the rang of 4-5 gigapascals.
C1 Ecole Normale Super Lyon, Inst Univ France, Lab Sci Terre, CNRS,UMR 5570, F-69364 Lyon 07, France.
   Univ Paris 06, Lab MAGIE, CNRS, URA 1762, F-75252 Paris, France.
C3 Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon (ENS de LYON); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institut Universitaire de France; Sorbonne Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Gillet, P (corresponding author), Ecole Normale Super Lyon, Inst Univ France, Lab Sci Terre, CNRS,UMR 5570, 46 Allee Italie, F-69364 Lyon 07, France.
NR 17
TC 63
Z9 68
U1 0
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 28
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6683
BP 352
EP 355
DI 10.1038/30706
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZQ593
UT WOS:000073883600050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Adams, M
   Dogic, Z
   Keller, SL
   Fraden, S
AF Adams, M
   Dogic, Z
   Keller, SL
   Fraden, S
TI Entropically driven microphase transitions in mixtures of colloidal rods and spheres
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bacteriophage-fd; liquid-crystals; phase-behavior; system
AB Although the idea that entropy alone is sufficient to produce an ordered state is an old one in colloid science(1), the notion remains counter-intuitive and it is (often assumed that attractive interactions are necessary to generate phases with long-range order, The phase behaviour for both rods and spheres has been studied experimentally(1-7), theoretically(8,9) and by computer simulations(10). Here we describe the phase behaviour of mixtures of colloidal rodlike and sphere-like particles (respectively viruses and polystyrene latex or polyethylene oxide polymer) under conditions in which they act like hard' particles(2,3). We find a wealth of behaviour: bulk demixing into rod-rich and rod-poor phases and microphase separation into a variety of morphologies. One microphase consists of layers of rods alternating with layers of spheres(11); in another microphase of unanticipated complexity, the spheres reversibly assemble into columns, which in turn pack into a crystalline array. Our experiments, and previous theory and computer simulations(11), suggest that this phase behaviour is entropically driven by steric repulsion between particles. The phenomena are likely to be quite general, applying also for example to low-molecular-mass liquid crystals(12). This kind of microphase separation might also be relevant to systems of amphiphiles(13) and block copolymers(14), to bioseparation methods and DNA partitioning in prokaryotes(15), and to protein crystallization(16,17) and the manufacture of composite materials.
C1 Brandeis Univ, Martin Fisher Sch Phys, Complex Fluids Grp, Waltham, MA 02254 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Chem Engn, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
C3 Brandeis University; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP Fraden, S (corresponding author), Brandeis Univ, Martin Fisher Sch Phys, Complex Fluids Grp, Waltham, MA 02254 USA.
EM seth@smectic.elsie.brandeis.edu
NR 28
TC 437
Z9 494
U1 1
U2 246
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 28
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6683
BP 349
EP 352
DI 10.1038/30700
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZQ593
UT WOS:000073883600049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bennett, SRM
   Carbone, FR
   Karamalis, F
   Flavell, RA
   Miller, JFAP
   Heath, WR
AF Bennett, SRM
   Carbone, FR
   Karamalis, F
   Flavell, RA
   Miller, JFAP
   Heath, WR
TI Help for cytotoxic-T-cell responses is mediated by CD40 signalling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cd40-cd40 ligand interaction; antibody-responses; human monocytes; cd8(+) ctl; mice; activation; induction; invivo; lymphocytes; requirement
AB Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) which carry the CD8 antigen recognize antigens that are presented on target cells by the class I major histocompatibility complex. CTLs are responsible for the killing of antigen-bearing target cells, such as virus-infected cells. Although CTL effecters can act alone when killing target cells, their differentiation from naive CD8-positive T cells is often dependent on 'help' from CD4-positive helper T (T-H) cells(1-4).Furthermore, for effective CTL priming, this help must be provided in a cognate manner, such that both the T-H cell and the CTL recognize antigen on the same antigen-presenting cell(2,4). One explanation for this requirement is that T-H cells are needed to convert the antigen-presenting cell into a cell that is fully competent to prime CTL5. Here we show that signalling through CD40 on the antigen-presenting cells can replace the requirement for T-H cells, indicating that T-cell 'help', at least for generation of CTLs by cross-priming, is mediated by signalling through CD40 on the antigen-presenting cell.
C1 PO Royal Melbourne Hosp, Walter & Eliza Hall Inst Med Res, Div Immunol, Melbourne, Vic 3050, Australia.
   PO Royal Brisbane Hosp, Queensland Inst Med Res, Cooperat Res Ctr Vaccine Technol, Herston, Qld 4029, Australia.
   Monash Med Sch, Prahran, Vic 3181, Australia.
   Yale Univ, Immunol Sect, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Yale Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
C3 Melbourne Health; Royal Melbourne Hospital; Walter & Eliza Hall Institute; Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute; Monash University; Yale University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Yale University
RP Carbone, FR (corresponding author), PO Royal Melbourne Hosp, Walter & Eliza Hall Inst Med Res, Div Immunol, Melbourne, Vic 3050, Australia.
NR 30
TC 1788
Z9 2090
U1 0
U2 62
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 4
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6684
BP 478
EP 480
DI 10.1038/30996
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZR842
UT WOS:000074020000047
PM 9624004
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hackley, SA
   Valle-Inclán, F
AF Hackley, SA
   Valle-Inclán, F
TI Automatic alerting does not speed late motoric processes in a reaction-time task
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID reflex; activation
AB When an irrelevant 'accessory' stimulus is presented at about the same time as the imperative signal in a choice reaction time-task, the latency of the voluntary response is markedly reduced(1), The most prominent cognitive theories agree that this effect-is attributable to a brief surge in arousal ('automatic alerting'), but they disagree over whether the facilitation is localized to a late, low-level motoric process(2) or to an earlier stage, the process of orienting to and then perceptually categorizing the reaction stimulus(3,4). To lest these alternative hypotheses, we used the onset of the lateralized readiness potential (a movement-related brain potential) as a temporal landmark to partition mean reaction time into two time segments. The first segment included the time required to perceive the visual stimulus and decide which hand to react with; the second included only motoric processes. Presentation of an irrelevant acoustic stimulus shortened the first interval but had no effect on the second. We therefore rejected the motoric hypothesis.
C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Psychol, Columbia, MO 65211 USA.
   Univ A Coruna, Dept Psychol, La Coruna 15071, Spain.
C3 University of Missouri System; University of Missouri Columbia; Universidade da Coruna
RP Hackley, SA (corresponding author), Univ Missouri, Dept Psychol, 210 Mcalester Hall, Columbia, MO 65211 USA.
EM shackley@showme.missouri.edu
NR 16
TC 123
Z9 125
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 19
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6669
BP 786
EP 788
DI 10.1038/35849
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YX884
UT WOS:000072089500051
PM 9486647
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Murphy, DM
   Anderson, JR
   Quinn, PK
   McInnes, LM
   Brechtel, FJ
   Kreidenweis, SM
   Middlebrook, AM
   Pósfai, M
   Thomson, DS
   Buseck, PR
AF Murphy, DM
   Anderson, JR
   Quinn, PK
   McInnes, LM
   Brechtel, FJ
   Kreidenweis, SM
   Middlebrook, AM
   Pósfai, M
   Thomson, DS
   Buseck, PR
TI Influence of sea-salt on aerosol radiative properties in the Southern Ocean marine boundary layer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cloud condensation nuclei; gas-exchange; particles; sulfur; atlantic; climate; methanesulfonate; aircraft
AB There has been considerable debate about the relative importance of sea-salt and sulphate from non-sea-salt sources in determining aerosol radiative effects in the marine boundary layer In the marine boundary layer, the most numerous aerosols are volatile sulphate particles smaller than about 0.08 mu m (ref. 1) and most of the aerosol mass is in a few sea-salt particles larger than 1 mu m. Yet intermediate-size aerosols between about 0.08 and 1 mu m diameter are the most relevant to the radiative forcing of climate because they efficiently scatter solar radiation and also serve as cloud nuclei(2). Indeed, Charlson et al.(3) hypothesized that oceanic production of sulphate aerosols from the oxidation of dimethyl sulphide could be a powerful feedback in the climate system. It is generally assumed that marine aerosols smaller than about 1 mu m are non-sea-salt sulphate, but a recent review cites indirect evidence that many aerosols in the sub-micrometre range contain at least some sea-salt(4,5), Here we present direct observational evidence from a remote Southern Ocean region that almost all aerosols larger than 0.13 mu m in the marine boundary layer contained sea-salt. These sea-salt aerosols had important radiative effects: they were responsible for the majority of aerosol-scattered light, and comprised a significant fraction of the inferred cloud nuclei.
C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA.
   Arizona State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
   NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA.
   NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA.
   Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
C3 National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; Colorado State University System; Colorado State University Fort Collins; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe
RP Murphy, DM (corresponding author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA.
NR 30
TC 312
Z9 349
U1 4
U2 94
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 5
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6671
BP 62
EP 65
DI 10.1038/32138
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZA528
UT WOS:000072373000048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wheeler, GL
   Jones, MA
   Smirnoff, N
AF Wheeler, GL
   Jones, MA
   Smirnoff, N
TI The biosynthetic pathway of vitamin C in higher plants
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ascorbic-acid biosynthesis; l-sorbosone; l-fucose; dehydrogenase; metabolism; galactose; mannose; enzyme; roots; leaf
AB Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) has important antioxidant and metabolic functions in both plants and animals, but humans, and a few other animal species, have lost the capacity to synthesize it(1). Plant-derived ascorbate is thus the major source of vitamin C in the human diet. Although the biosynthetic pathway of L-ascorbic acid in animals is well understood(2), the plant pathway has remained unknown(3)-one of the few primary plant metabolic pathways for which this is the case. L-ascorbate is abundant in plants (found at concentrations of 1-5 mM in leaves and 25 mM in chloroplasts(3,4)) and may have roles in photosynthesis and transmembrane electron transport(3-5). We found that D-mannose and I.-galactose are efficient precursors for ascorbate synthesis and are interconverted by GDP-D-mannose-3,5-epimerase. We have identified an enzyme in pea and Arabidopsis thaliana, L-galactose dehydrogenase, that catalyses oxidation of L-galactose to L-galactono-1,4-lactone. We propose an ascorbate biosynthesis pathway involving GDP-D-mannose, GDP-L-galactose, L-galactose and L-galactono-1,4-lactone, and have synthesized ascorbate from GDP-D-mannose by way of these intermediates in vitro. The definition of this biosynthetic pathway should allow engineering of plants for increased ascorbate production, thus increasing their nutritional value and stress tolerance.
C1 Univ Exeter, Sch Biol Sci, Hatherly Labs, Exeter EX4 4PS, Devon, England.
C3 University of Exeter
RP Smirnoff, N (corresponding author), Univ Exeter, Sch Biol Sci, Hatherly Labs, Prince Wales Rd, Exeter EX4 4PS, Devon, England.
EM N.Smirnoff@exeter.ac.uk
NR 29
TC 909
Z9 1125
U1 10
U2 229
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 28
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6683
BP 365
EP 369
DI 10.1038/30728
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZQ593
UT WOS:000073883600054
PM 9620799
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kobayashi, T
   Stang, E
   Fang, KS
   de Moerloose, P
   Parton, RG
   Gruenberg, J
AF Kobayashi, T
   Stang, E
   Fang, KS
   de Moerloose, P
   Parton, RG
   Gruenberg, J
TI A lipid associated with the antiphospholipid syndrome regulates endosome structure and function
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID monoclonal-antibody; 6-phosphate receptor; fusion invitro; bhk-cells; binding; stereoconfiguration; recognition; transport; lysosm; growth
AB Little is known about the structure and function of membrane domains in the vacuolar apparatus of animal cells. A unique feature of late endosomes, which are part of the pathway that leads to lysosomes, is that they contain a complex system of poorly characterized internal membranes in their lumen. These endosomes are therefore known as multivesicular or multilamellar organelles(1,2). Some proteins distribute preferentially within these internal membranes, whereas others are exclusively localized to the organelle's limiting membrane(3). The composition and function of this membrane system are poorly understood. Here we show that these internal membranes contain large amounts of a unique lipid, and thus form specialized domains within endosomes, These specialized domains are involved in sorting the multifunctional receptor(4) for insulin-like growth factor 2 and ligands bearing mannose-6-phosphate, in particular lysosomal enzymes, We also show that this unique lipid is a specific antigen for human antibodies associated with the antiphospholipid syndrome(5,6). These antibodies may act intracellularly by altering the protein-sorting functions of endosomes.
C1 Univ Geneva, Dept Biochem, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
   Univ Queensland, Ctr Microscopy & Microanal, Dept Physiol & Pharmacol, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia.
   Univ Queensland, Ctr Mol & Cellular Biol, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia.
   Univ Hosp Geneva, Div Angiol & Haemostasis, CH-1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland.
C3 University of Geneva; University of Queensland; University of Queensland; University of Geneva
RP Gruenberg, J (corresponding author), Univ Geneva, Dept Biochem, 30 Quai E Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
EM jean.gruenberg@biochemunige.ch
NR 30
TC 677
Z9 769
U1 0
U2 36
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 12
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6672
BP 193
EP 197
DI 10.1038/32440
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZB349
UT WOS:000072462700066
PM 9515966
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rougier, GW
   Wible, JR
   Novacek, MJ
AF Rougier, GW
   Wible, JR
   Novacek, MJ
TI Implications of Deltatheridium specimens for early marsupial history
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mammals; america; origin
AB We describe here two new specimens of the mammal Deltatheridium pretrituberculare from the Late Cretaceous period of Mongolia. These specimens provide information on tooth replacement in basal therian mammals and on lower jaw and basicranial morphology. Deltatheroidans, known previously from isolated teeth, partial rostra and jaws from the late Cretaceous of Asia(1-4) and possibly North America(5,6), have been identified variously as eutherians(1,7,8), as basal metatherians (the stem-based dade formed by marsupials and their extinct relatives)(3,9-11) or as an outgroup to both eutherians and metatherians(2,12-15). Resolution of these conflicting hypotheses and understanding of the early evolution of the therian lineage have been hampered by a sparse fossil record for basal therians. The new evidence supports metatherian affinities for deltatheroidans and allows a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of basal metatherians and marsupials, The presence of specialized marsupial patterns of tooth replacement and cranial vascularization in Deltatheridium and the basal phylogenetic position of this taxon indicate that these features are characteristic of Metatheria as a whole. Other morphological transformations recognized here secure the previously elusive diagnosis of Metatheria(3,14,15). The new specimens of Deltatheridium illustrate the effectiveness of fairly complete fossil specimens in determining the nature of early evolutionary events.
C1 Univ Louisville, Sch Med, Dept Anat Sci & Neurobiol, Louisville, KY 40292 USA.
   Amer Museum Nat Hist, Dept Vertebrate Paleontol, New York, NY 10024 USA.
   Carnegie Museum Nat Hist, Sect Mammals, Pittsburgh, PA 15206 USA.
C3 University of Louisville; American Museum of Natural History (AMNH)
RP Rougier, GW (corresponding author), Univ Louisville, Sch Med, Dept Anat Sci & Neurobiol, Louisville, KY 40292 USA.
EM grougier@louisville.edu
NR 30
TC 221
Z9 248
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 3
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6710
BP 459
EP 463
DI 10.1038/24856
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 145KL
UT WOS:000077370100052
PM 9853752
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Syed, RS
   Reid, SW
   Li, CW
   Cheetham, JC
   Aoki, KH
   Liu, BS
   Zhan, HJ
   Osslund, TD
   Chirino, AJ
   Zhang, JD
   Finer-Moore, J
   Elliott, S
   Sitney, K
   Katz, BA
   Matthews, DJ
   Wendoloski, JJ
   Egrie, J
   Stroud, RM
AF Syed, RS
   Reid, SW
   Li, CW
   Cheetham, JC
   Aoki, KH
   Liu, BS
   Zhan, HJ
   Osslund, TD
   Chirino, AJ
   Zhang, JD
   Finer-Moore, J
   Elliott, S
   Sitney, K
   Katz, BA
   Matthews, DJ
   Wendoloski, JJ
   Egrie, J
   Stroud, RM
TI Efficiency of signalling through cytokine receptors depends critically on receptor orientation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human erythropoietin receptor; extracellular domain; diffraction data; protein hormone; growth-hormone; ligand-binding; epo receptor; mutagenesis; activation; motif
AB Human erythropoietin is a haematopoietic cytokine required for the differentiation and proliferation of precursor cells into red blood cells(1). It activates cells by binding and orientating two cell-surface erythropoietin receptors (EPORs) which trigger an intracellular phosphorylation cascade(2). The half-maximal response in a cellular proliferation assay is evoked at an erythropoietin concentration of 10 pM (ref. 3), 10(-2) of its K-d value for erythropoietin-EPOR binding site 1 (K-d approximate to 1 nM), and 10(-5) of the K-d for erythropoietin-EPOR binding site 2 (K-d approximate to 1 mu M)(4). Overall half-maximal binding (IC50) of cell-surface receptors is produced with similar to 0.18 nM erythropoietin, indicating that only similar to 6% of the receptors would be bound in the presence of 10 pM erythropoietin. Other effective erythropoietin-mimetic ligands that dimerize receptors can evoke the same cellular responses(5,6) but much less efficiently, requiring concentrations close to their K-d values (similar to 0.1 mu M). The crystal structure of erythropoietin complexed to the extracellular ligand-binding domains of the erythropoietin receptor, determined at 1.9 Angstrom from two crystal forms, shows that erythropoietin imposes a unique 120 degrees angular relationship and orientation that is responsible for optimal signalling through intracellular kinase pathways.
C1 Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320 USA.
   Axys Pharmaceut Inc, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem & Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Pharmaceut Chem, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 Amgen; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Syed, RS (corresponding author), Amgen Inc, 1 Amgen Ctr Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320 USA.
EM rsyed@amgen.com; stroud@msg.ucsf.edu
NR 29
TC 467
Z9 553
U1 0
U2 38
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 1
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6701
BP 511
EP 516
DI 10.1038/26773
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 124ZG
UT WOS:000076212200059
PM 9774108
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rossé, T
   Olivier, R
   Monney, L
   Rager, M
   Conus, S
   Fellay, I
   Jansen, B
   Borner, C
AF Rossé, T
   Olivier, R
   Monney, L
   Rager, M
   Conus, S
   Fellay, I
   Jansen, B
   Borner, C
TI Bcl-2 prolongs cell survival after Bax-induced release of cytochrome c
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID apoptosis; death; inhibition; domains; bh1
AB Following exposure of cells to stimuli that trigger programmed cell death (apoptosis), cytochrome c is rapidly released from mitochondria irate the cytoplasm where it activates proteolytic molecules known as caspases that specifically cleave the amino-acid sequence DEVD and are crucial for the execution of apoptosis(1-4). The protein Bcl-2 interferes with this activation of caspases by preventing the release of cytochrome c(2-4). Here we study these molecular interactions during apoptosis induced by the protein Bax, a pro-apoptotic homologue of Bcl-2 (refs 5, 6). We show that in cells transiently transfected with bax, Bax localizes to mitochondria and induces the release of cytochrome c, activation of caspase-3, membrane blebbing, nuclear fragmentation, and cell death. Caspase inibitors do not affect Bax-induced cytochrome c release but block caspase-3 activation and nuclear fragmentation. Unexpectedly, Bcl-2 also fails to prevent Bax-induced cytochrome c release, although it co-localizes with Bax to mitochondria. Cells overexpressing both Bcl-2 and Bax show no signs of caspase activation and survive with significant amounts of cytochrome c in the cytoplasm. These findings indicate that Bcl-2 can interfere with Bax killing downstream of and independently of cytochrome c release.
C1 Univ Fribourg, Inst Biochem, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
   Univ Vienna, Vienna Gen Hosp, Dept Clin Pharmacol, Sect Expt Oncol, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
   Univ Vienna, Vienna Gen Hosp, Dept Dermatol, Div Gen Dermatol, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
C3 University of Fribourg; University of Vienna; University of Vienna
RP Borner, C (corresponding author), Univ Fribourg, Inst Biochem, Rue Musee 5, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
NR 13
TC 799
Z9 945
U1 0
U2 34
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 29
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6666
BP 496
EP 499
DI 10.1038/35160
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YU290
UT WOS:000071701800053
PM 9461218
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Herbein, G
   Mahlknecht, U
   Batliwalla, F
   Gregersen, P
   Pappas, T
   Butler, J
   O'Brien, WA
   Verdin, E
AF Herbein, G
   Mahlknecht, U
   Batliwalla, F
   Gregersen, P
   Pappas, T
   Butler, J
   O'Brien, WA
   Verdin, E
TI Apoptosis of CD8+ T cells is mediated by macrophages through interaction of HIV gp120 with chemokine receptor CXCR4
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tumor-necrosis-factor; infection; progression; phenotype; entry; aids; disease; death; ccr5
AB CD8-positive T cells are thought to play an important role in the control of infection by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as a result of their cytotoxic activity and by releasing soluble factors(1,2) in AIDS patients, the absolute number bf CD8(+) T lymphocytes is decreased in peripheral blood(3,4) and their turnover rate Is increased, suggesting that there is more cell renewal and cell death occurring(5). Anti-retroviral therapy raises CD8(+) T-cell counts in HIV-infected patients(6-8). Here we report that the death rate of CD8(+) T cells by apoptosis increased markedly during HIV infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. Apoptosis is induced in a dose-dependent manner by recombinant envelope glycoprotein gp120 from HIV strain X4, or by stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF-1), the physiological ligand of the chemokine receptor CXCR4. Apoptosis is mediated by the interaction between tumour-necrosis factor-alpha bound to the membrane of macrophages (mbTNF) and a receptor on CD8(+) T cells (TNF-receptor II, or TNFRII). The expression of both of these cell surface proteins is upregulated by HIV infection or by treatment with recombinant gp120 or SDF-1. Apoptosis of CD8(+) T cells isolated from HIV-infected patients is also mediated by macrophages through the interaction between mbTNF and TNFRII. These results indicate that the increased turnover of CD8(+) T cells in HIV-infected subjects is mediated by the HIV envelope protein through the CXCR4 chemokine receptor.
C1 Picower Inst Med Res, Manhasset, NY 11010 USA.
   Univ Texas, Med Branch, Dept Med, Div Infect Dis, Galveston, TX 77555 USA.
   N Shore Univ Hosp, Cornell Univ Med Coll, Dept Med, Div Biol & Human Genet, Manhasset, NY 11030 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Gladstone Inst Virol & Immunol, San Francisco, CA 94141 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston; Northwell Health; North Shore University Hospital; Cornell University; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; The J David Gladstone Institutes
RP Verdin, E (corresponding author), Picower Inst Med Res, Manhasset, NY 11010 USA.
NR 26
TC 353
Z9 394
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 10
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6698
BP 189
EP 194
DI 10.1038/26026
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 118GK
UT WOS:000075829900046
PM 9744279
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Boss, AP
AF Boss, AP
TI Astrometric signatures of giant-planet formation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID disks; accretion; evolution
AB The discovery(1-6) of giant planets orbiting nearby solar-type stars raises anew the question of how they formed. Two very different mechanisms have been proposed. Gravitational instability(7,8) is the process by which planets form directly from the gas in the accrection disk around the young star. The other alternative is core accretion(9,10), where rocky cores of about 10 Earth masses form, followed by the hydrodynamical accretion of gas. Here I show that these processes have very different astrometric signatures, and that it is observationally possible to distinguish between them. Planets that form through gravitational instabilities do so rapidly, so that within just a few hundred years of the onset of the instability the nascent planet is making the young stellar object wobble in its orbit. This can be seen in the youngest stellar objects, with ages as little as 0.1 Myr. If planets form by core accretion, an observable wobble will not be visible for 10-20 Myr. Observations of a suitable ensemble of optically visible young stellar objects (such as those in the Taurus molecular cloud) over a period of several decades should be able to determine which of the two processes is responsible for giant-planet formation.
C1 Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Terr Magnetism, Washington, DC 20015 USA.
   Carnegie Inst Washington, DEC Alpha Workstn, Washington, DC 20005 USA.
C3 Carnegie Institution for Science; Carnegie Institution for Science
RP Boss, AP (corresponding author), Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Terr Magnetism, 5241 Broad Branch Rd NW, Washington, DC 20015 USA.
NR 23
TC 41
Z9 43
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 14
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6681
BP 141
EP 143
DI 10.1038/30177
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZN200
UT WOS:000073619900039
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Juárez, MT
   Tauxe, L
   Gee, JS
   Pick, T
AF Juárez, MT
   Tauxe, L
   Gee, JS
   Pick, T
TI The intensity of the Earth's magnetic field over the past 160 million years
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID submarine basaltic glass; east pacific rise; oceanic-crust; paleointensity; cyprus
AB In contrast to our detailed knowledge of the directional behaviour of the Earth's magnetic field during geological and historical times(1,2), data constraining the past intensity of the field remain relatively scarce. This is mainly due to the difficulty in obtaining reliable palaeointensity measurements, a problem that is intrinsic to the geological materials which record the Earth's magnetic field. Although the palaeointensity database has grown modestly over recent years(3-5), these data are restricted to a few geographical locations and more than one-third of the data record the field over only the past 5 Myr-the most recent database(5) covering the time interval from 5 to 160 Myr contains only about 100 palaeointensity measurements. Here we present 21 new data points from the interval 5-160 Myr obtained from submarine basalt glasses collected from locations throughout the world's oceans. Whereas previous estimates for the average dipole moment were comparable to that of the Earth's present field(6), the new data suggest an average dipole moment of (4.2 +/- 2.3) x 10(22) A m(2), or approximately half the present magnetic-field intensity. This lower average value should provide an important constraint for future efforts to model the convective processes in the Earth's core which have been responsible for generating the magnetic field.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Ft Hoofddijk Paleomagnet Lab, NL-3584 CD Utrecht, Netherlands.
   European Top Ctr Catalogue Data Source, D-30169 Hannover, Germany.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography
RP Tauxe, L (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
EM ltauxe@ucsd.edu
NR 36
TC 136
Z9 143
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 27
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6696
BP 878
EP 881
DI 10.1038/29746
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 114LW
UT WOS:000075611800044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Swain, A
   Narvaez, S
   Burgoyne, P
   Camerino, G
   Lovell-Badge, R
AF Swain, A
   Narvaez, S
   Burgoyne, P
   Camerino, G
   Lovell-Badge, R
TI Dax1 antagonizes Sry action in mammalian sex determination
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID adrenal hypoplasia congenita; hormone-receptor superfamily; determining gene; campomelic dysplasia; determining region; y-chromosome; hypogonadotropic hypogonadism; reversal; expression; mice
AB DAX1, which encodes an unusual member of the nuclear hormone-receptor superfamily, is a gene that may be responsible for a sex-reversal syndrome in humans, referred to as dosage-sensitive sex reversal, in which XY individuals carrying duplications of Xp21, part of the small arm of the X chromosome, develop as females, XY mice carrying extra copies of mouse Dax1 as a transgene show delayed testis development when the gene Is expressed at high levels, but do not normally show sex reversal. Complete sex reversal occurs, however, when the transgene is tested against weak alleles of the sex-determining Y-chromosome gene Sry, These results show that DAX1 is largely, if not solely, responsible for dosage-sensitive sex reversal and provide a model for early events in mammalian sex determination, when precise levels and timing of gene expression are critical.
C1 Natl Inst Med Res, MRC, Div Dev Genet, London NW7 1AA, England.
   Univ Autonoma Estad Morelos, Fac Ciencias, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico.
   Univ Pavia, I-27100 Pavia, Italy.
C3 MRC National Institute for Medical Research; Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Morelos; University of Pavia
RP Lovell-Badge, R (corresponding author), Natl Inst Med Res, MRC, Div Dev Genet, Ridgeway,Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, England.
FU Medical Research Council [MC_U117562207] Funding Source: researchfish; MRC [MC_U117562207] Funding Source: UKRI; Medical Research Council [MC_U117562207] Funding Source: Medline; Telethon [B.38] Funding Source: Medline
NR 50
TC 427
Z9 474
U1 2
U2 25
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 19
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6669
BP 761
EP 767
DI 10.1038/35799
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YX884
UT WOS:000072089500043
PM 9486644
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gray, DF
AF Gray, DF
TI A planetary companion for 51 Pegasi implied by absence of pulsations in the stellar spectra
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Systematic variations in the Doppler shifts of absorption lines in the spectrum of the star 51 Pegasi were interpreted as indicating the presence of a planet about half the mass of Jupiter, very close to the star(1,2). But that interpretation was called into question when variations in the line shapes that tracked the apparent orbital phase were reported(3,4); this suggested that a planet was an inadequate explanation of the radial-velocity data. Here I report results from recent monitoring of 51 Peg; the oscillations I previously published are not evident in the new data. When combined with two other high-precision observations of 51 Peg (refs 5-7), that also see no changes in line shape, a planet may indeed be the best explanation for the radial-velocity results.
C1 Univ Western Ontario, Dept Phys & Astron, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
C3 Western University (University of Western Ontario)
RP Gray, DF (corresponding author), Univ Western Ontario, Dept Phys & Astron, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
EM dfgray@uwo.ca
NR 10
TC 36
Z9 37
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 8
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6663
BP 153
EP 154
DI 10.1038/34365
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YQ378
UT WOS:000071380900042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Boyle, JS
   Brady, JL
   Lew, AM
AF Boyle, JS
   Brady, JL
   Lew, AM
TI Enhanced response to a DNA vaccine encoding a fusion antigen that is directed to sites of immune induction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein; mice; immunization; ctla4ig; invivo
AB Viral infection and vaccination with DNA both induce similar immune responses to encoded antigens that are produced by the host(1,2). The availability of antigens in lymphoid organs is important in generating an immune response to viral challenge(3). Antigen availability may also be important in the response to DNA vaccines, because immune responses are stronger when antigen is secreted from DNA-transfected cells(4,5). We directed antigen to lymphoid organs by vaccination,vith DNA encoding antigen-ligand fusion proteins, The two ligands examined bind to receptors that are present on high endothelial venule cells of lymph nodes or on antigen-presenting cells. Here we show that both the humoral and the cellular immune responses to a model DNA vaccine were enhanced using either antigen-targeting strategy. Moreover, directing antigen to antigen-presenting cells speeded up, and altered the form of, the immune response, Directing antigen to sites of immune-response induction may represent a generic means of tailoring a potent and effective immune response to a DNA vaccine.
C1 Queensland Inst Med Res, Cooperat Res Ctr Vaccine Technol, Brisbane, Qld 4029, Australia.
   Walter & Eliza Hall Inst Med Res, Autoimmun & Transplantat Div, Melbourne, Vic 3050, Australia.
C3 QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute; Walter & Eliza Hall Institute
RP Lew, AM (corresponding author), Queensland Inst Med Res, Cooperat Res Ctr Vaccine Technol, Brisbane, Qld 4029, Australia.
EM lew@wehi.edu.au
NR 19
TC 219
Z9 273
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 26
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6674
BP 408
EP 411
DI 10.1038/32932
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZD694
UT WOS:000072713600057
PM 9537327
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hilton, DR
   McMurtry, GM
   Goff, F
AF Hilton, DR
   McMurtry, GM
   Goff, F
TI Large variations in vent fluid CO2/3He ratios signal rapid changes in magma chemistry at Loihi seamount, Hawaii
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hydrothermal solutions; isotopic variations; mantle volatiles; carbon-dioxide; volcanic-rocks; helium; solubility; systematics; xenoliths; basalts
AB Loihi seamount, an active submarine volcano situated about 30 km south of the island of Hawaii, is the youngest manifestation of the hotspot responsible for the Emperor-Hawaiian seamount chain and Hawaiian islands. This seamount has been the focus of numerous studies characterizing the geophysical, geochemical and biological features of an active intraplate volcano(1-14). In July-August 1996, Loihi seamount experienced the most intense period of seismic activity yet recorded for any Hawaiian volcano(1). Within two months of the 'seismic crisis: summit and flank hydrothermal vent fluids were collected using a manned submersible. Here we report data from these samples that indicate large and systematic changes in the CO2/He-3 ratios of the vent fluids compared to pre-seismic-crisis values(2,3). These changes are consistent with an abrupt transition from alkalic to tholeiitic basaltic magma having supplied volatiles to the vents. This rapid change in magma Chemistry has been discernible only through CO2/He-3 monitoring, and suggests that the anticipated evolution of the Hawaiian plume to a phase of shield-building tholeiitic magmatism is highly episodic at Loihi and not yet complete.
C1 Scripps Inst Oceanog, Geosci Res Div, Isotope Lab, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Hawaii, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Earth & Environm Sci, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; University of Hawaii System; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory
RP Hilton, DR (corresponding author), Scripps Inst Oceanog, Geosci Res Div, Isotope Lab, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
EM drhilton@ucsd.edu
NR 29
TC 82
Z9 87
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 26
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6709
BP 359
EP 362
DI 10.1038/24603
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 142MJ
UT WOS:000077204000047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Philpotts, AR
   Shi, JY
   Brustman, C
AF Philpotts, AR
   Shi, JY
   Brustman, C
TI Role of plagioclase crystal chains in the differentiation of partly crystallized basaltic magma
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID origin; compaction; flow
AB Melting experiments on samples of basaltic rock from a thick lava now reveal that when this lava originally began to crystallize, feldspar crystals linked together to form a continuous three-dimensional network of chains when the lava was no more than 25% crystallized. Formation of this network has profound implications for the behaviour and differentiation of basaltic magma. Much of the compositional variation of igneous rocks results from the separation of liquid from crystals, a process that is dramatically affected according to whether crystals occur separately or are linked together in networks.
C1 Univ Connecticut, Dept Geol & Geophys, Storrs, CT 06269 USA.
C3 University of Connecticut
RP Philpotts, AR (corresponding author), Univ Connecticut, Dept Geol & Geophys, Storrs, CT 06269 USA.
NR 22
TC 135
Z9 145
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 24
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6700
BP 343
EP 346
DI 10.1038/26404
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 122QW
UT WOS:000076083800042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mori, S
   Chen, CH
   Cheong, SW
AF Mori, S
   Chen, CH
   Cheong, SW
TI Pairing of charge-ordered stripes in (La,Ca)MnO3
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phase-transition; magnetic-field; superconductors; commensurate
AB The propensity of systems of charge and spin to form, under certain conditions, 'stripe' phases has recently attracted much attention, as it has been suggested that dynamically fluctuating stripe phases may be of central importance for an understanding of the physics of high-temperature superconductors(1-5), A related phenomenon-static charge stripes-characterizes(6) the insulating antiferromagnetic ground state of the manganese oxides, a class of materials which (like the copper oxide superconductors) have a perovskite structure, and are notable for their extraordinary electronic and magnetic properties, such as colossal magnetoresistance and charge ordering(7,8). Here we report a different pattern of charge localization in the charge-ordered phase of the manganese oxide La1-xCaxMnO3 (x greater than or equal to 0.5). This pattern takes the form of extremely stable pairs of Mn3+O6 stripes, with associated large lattice contractions (due to the Jahn-Teller effect), separated periodically by stripes of non-distorted Mn4+O6 octahedra. These periodicities, which adopt integer values between 2 and 5 times the lattice parameter of the orthorhombic unit cell, correspond to the commensurate carrier concentrations (x = 1/2, 2/3, 3/4 and 4/5): for other values of x, the pattern of charge ordering is a mixture of the two adjacent commensurate configurations. These paired Jahn-Teller stripes appear therefore to be the fundamental building blocks of the charge-ordered state in the manganese oxides, and so may be expected to have profound implications for the magnetic and transport properties of these materials.
C1 AT&T Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
   Rutgers State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Piscataway, NJ 08855 USA.
C3 Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies; AT&T; Nokia Corporation; Nokia Bell Labs; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick
RP Chen, CH (corresponding author), AT&T Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, 600 Mt Ave, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
NR 21
TC 643
Z9 681
U1 1
U2 120
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 2
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6675
BP 473
EP 476
DI 10.1038/33105
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZF215
UT WOS:000072875200051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pitti, RM
   Marsters, SA
   Lawrence, DA
   Roy, M
   Kischkel, FC
   Dowd, P
   Huang, A
   Donahue, CJ
   Sherwood, SW
   Baldwin, DT
   Godowski, PJ
   Wood, WI
   Gurney, AL
   Hillan, KJ
   Cohen, RL
   Goddard, AD
   Botstein, D
   Ashkenazi, A
AF Pitti, RM
   Marsters, SA
   Lawrence, DA
   Roy, M
   Kischkel, FC
   Dowd, P
   Huang, A
   Donahue, CJ
   Sherwood, SW
   Baldwin, DT
   Godowski, PJ
   Wood, WI
   Gurney, AL
   Hillan, KJ
   Cohen, RL
   Goddard, AD
   Botstein, D
   Ashkenazi, A
TI Genomic amplification of a decoy receptor for Fas ligand in lung and colon cancer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tumor-necrosis-factor; cell-mediated cytotoxicity; tnf receptor; apo-2 ligand; apoptosis; family; expression; member; death; activation
AB Fas ligand (FasL) is produced by activated T cells and natural killer cells and it induces apoptosis (programmed cell death) in target cells through the death receptor Fas/Apo1/CD95 (ref. 1). One important role of Fast and Fas is to mediate immune-cytotoxic killing of cells that are potentially harmful to the organism, such as virus-infected or tumour cells(1). Here we report the discovery of a soluble decoy receptor, termed decoy receptor 3 (DcR3), that binds to Fast and inhibits Fast-induced apoptosis. The DcR3 gene was amplified in about half of 35 primary lung and colon tumours studied, and DcR3 messenger RNA was expressed in malignant tissue. Thus, certain tumours may escape FasL-dependent immune-cytotoxic attack by expressing a decoy receptor that blocks FasL.
C1 Genentech Inc, Dept Mol Oncol, S San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
   Genentech Inc, Dept Mol Biol, S San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
   Genentech Inc, Dept Immunol, S San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Genet, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Roche Holding; Genentech; Roche Holding USA; Roche Holding; Genentech; Roche Holding USA; Roche Holding; Genentech; Roche Holding USA; Stanford University
RP Ashkenazi, A (corresponding author), Genentech Inc, Dept Mol Oncol, 1 DNA Way, S San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
NR 24
TC 668
Z9 816
U1 0
U2 43
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 17
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6712
BP 699
EP 703
DI 10.1038/25387
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 150YT
UT WOS:000077694200059
PM 9872321
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ammann, M
   Kalberer, M
   Jost, DT
   Tobler, L
   Rössler, E
   Piguet, D
   Gäggeler, HW
   Baltensperger, U
AF Ammann, M
   Kalberer, M
   Jost, DT
   Tobler, L
   Rössler, E
   Piguet, D
   Gäggeler, HW
   Baltensperger, U
TI Heterogeneous production of nitrous acid on soot in polluted air masses
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID amorphous-carbon; aerosols; troposphere; no2; origin; sites; so2
AB Polluted air masses are characterized by high concentrations of oxidized nitrogen compounds which are involved in photochemical smog and ozone formation. The OH radical is a key species in these oxidation processes. The photolysis of nitrous acid (HNO2), in the morning, leads to the direct formation of the OH radical and may therefore contribute significantly to the initiation of the daytime photochemistry in the polluted planetary boundary layer. But the formation of nitrous acid remains poorly understood: experimental studies imply that a suggested heterogeneous formation process involving NO2 is not efficient enough to explain the observed night-time build-up of HNO2 in polluted air masses(1). Here we describe kinetic investigations which indicate that the heterogeneous production of HNO2 from NO2 on suspended soot particles proceeds 10(5) to 10(7) times faster than on previously studied surfaces. We therefore propose that the interaction between NO2 and soot particles may account for the high concentrations of HNO2 in air masses where combustion sources contribute to air pollution by soot and NO2 emissions. We believe that the observed HNO2 formation results from the reduction of NO2 in the presence of water by C-O and C-H groups in the soot. Although prolonged exposure to oxidizing agents in the atmosphere is likely to affect the chemical activity of these groups, our observations nevertheless suggest that fresh soot may have a considerable effect on the chemical reactions occurring in polluted air.
C1 Paul Scherrer Inst, Lab Radio & Environm Chem, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
   Univ Bern, Dept Chem & Biochem, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; Paul Scherrer Institute; University of Bern
RP Ammann, M (corresponding author), Paul Scherrer Inst, Lab Radio & Environm Chem, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
NR 28
TC 346
Z9 388
U1 1
U2 258
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 10
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6698
BP 157
EP 160
DI 10.1038/25965
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 118GK
UT WOS:000075829900037
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Karato, S
   Dupas-Bruzek, C
   Rubie, DC
AF Karato, S
   Dupas-Bruzek, C
   Rubie, DC
TI Plastic deformation of silicate spinel under the transition-zone conditions of the Earth's mantle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phase-transitions; high-pressures; convection; olivine; lithosphere; viscosity; rheology; creep; model; transformation
AB The dynamics of the Earth's deep interior are controlled to a large extent by rheological properties(1,2). Until recently, however, experimental studies on the rheological properties of materials thought to be present in the Earth's deep interior have been limited to relatively low pressures. Most previous estimates of rheology have therefore been based on either large extrapolations of low-pressure experimental data(3,4) or inferences from geodynamical observations(5-7). Such studies have provided only weak constraints on the complicated rheological structure expected in the transition zone of the Earth's mantle (between 410 and 660 km depth) where a series of phase transformations occur in silicate minerals(8). Here we report the results of a direct experimental study of deformation, under transition-zone conditions, of the spinel phase of (Mg,Fe)(2)SiO4 (ringwoodite; thought to be present in the Earth's transition zone). Relatively coarse-grained samples show evidence of dislocation creep with dislocation structures similar to those observed in oxide and germanate spinels(9,10), which have significantly higher creep strengths than olivine(10,11). In contrast, a fine-grained sample shows evidence for grain-size-sensitive creep. These observations suggest that a ringwoodite-rich layer of the transition zone is likely to have a higher viscosity than the olivine-rich upper mantle(3), whereas a subducting slab in the deep transition zone may lose its strength if significant grain-size reduction occurs(12-14).
C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Geol & Geophys, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
   Univ Bayreuth, Bayer Geoinst, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
C3 University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; University of Bayreuth
RP Karato, S (corresponding author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Geol & Geophys, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
NR 29
TC 51
Z9 61
U1 1
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 17
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6699
BP 266
EP 269
DI 10.1038/26206
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 120TZ
UT WOS:000075974600047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yang, PD
   Zhao, DY
   Margolese, DI
   Chmelka, BF
   Stucky, GD
AF Yang, PD
   Zhao, DY
   Margolese, DI
   Chmelka, BF
   Stucky, GD
TI Generalized syntheses of large-pore mesoporous metal oxides with semicrystalline frameworks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular-sieves; mesostructures; phases
AB Surfactants have been shown to organize silica into a variety of mesoporous forms, through the mediation of electrostatic, hydrogen-bonding, covalent and van der Waals interactions(1-8). This approach to mesostructured materials has been extended, with sporadic success, to non-silica oxides(5-17), which might promise applications involving electron transfer or magnetic interactions. Here we report a simple and versatile procedure for the synthesis of thermally stable, ordered, large-pore (up to 140 Angstrom) mesoporous metal oxides, including TiO2, ZrO2, Al2O3, Nb2O5, Ta2O5, WO3, HfO2, SnO2, and mixed oxides SiAlO3.5, SiTiO4, ZrTiO4, Al2TiO5 and ZrW2O8. We used amphiphilic poly(alkylene oxide) block copolymers as structure-directing agents in non-aqueous solutions for organizing the network-forming metal-oxide species, for which inorganic salts serve as precursors. Whereas the pore walls of surfactant-templated mesoporous silica(1) are amorphous, our mesoporous oxides contain nanocrystalline domains within relatively thick amorphous walls. We believe that these materials are formed through a mechanism that combines block copolymer self-assembly with complexation of the inorganic species.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Chem, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Mat, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Mat Res Lab, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Chem Engn, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP Stucky, GD (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Chem, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
NR 26
TC 2425
Z9 2725
U1 13
U2 1771
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 12
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6707
BP 152
EP 155
DI 
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 139DU
UT WOS:000077013300047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rainer, G
   Asaad, WF
   Miller, EK
AF Rainer, G
   Asaad, WF
   Miller, EK
TI Selective representation of relevant information by neurons in the primate prefrontal cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neural mechanisms; visual-attention; memory
AB The severe limitation of the capacity of working memory, the ability to store temporarily and manipulate information(1), necessitates mechanisms that restrict access to it. Here we report tests to discover whether the activity of neurons in the prefrontal (PF) cortex, the putative neural correlate of working memory(2-8), might reflect these mechanisms and preferentially represent behaviourally relevant information. Monkeys performed a 'delayed-matching-to-sample' task with an array of three objects. Only one of the objects in the array was relevant for task performance and the monkeys needed to find that object (the target) and remember its location. For many PF neurons, activity to physically identical arrays varied with the target location; the location of the non-target objects had little or no influence on activity. Information about the target location was present in activity as early as 140 ms after array onset. Also, information about which object was the target was reflected in the sustained activity of many PF neurons. These results suggest that the prefrontal cortex is involved in selecting and maintaining behaviourally relevant information.
C1 MIT, Dept Brain & Cognit Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Ctr Learning & Memory, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Miller, EK (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Brain & Cognit Sci, E25-618, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM ekm@ai.mit.edu
NR 19
TC 465
Z9 546
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 11
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6685
BP 577
EP 579
DI 10.1038/31235
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZT988
UT WOS:000074150100052
PM 9634233
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Governato, F
   Baugh, CM
   Frenk, CS
   Cole, S
   Lacey, CG
   Quinn, T
   Stadel, J
AF Governato, F
   Baugh, CM
   Frenk, CS
   Cole, S
   Lacey, CG
   Quinn, T
   Stadel, J
TI The seeds of rich galaxy clusters in the Universe
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-redshift galaxy; dark-matter; evolution
AB The discovery(1) of a population of young galaxies at a redshift when the Universe was about a tenth of its current age has shed new light on the question of when and how galaxies formed. Within the context of popular models(2), this is the population of primeval galaxies that built themselves up to the size of present-day galaxies through the process of repeated mergers called hierarchical clustering. But the recent detection(3) of a large concentration of these primeval galaxies appears to be incompatible with hierarchical clustering models, which generally predict that clusters of this size are fully formed later in time, Here we use a combination of theoretical techniques-semi-analytic modelling and n-body simulations-to show that such large concentrations should be quite common in a universe dominated by cold dark matter and that they are the progenitors of the rich galaxy clusters seen today. We predict the clustering properties of primeval galaxies which should, when compared with data that will be collected in the near future, test our current understanding of galaxy formation within the framework of a universe dominated by cold dark matter.
C1 Univ Durham, Dept Phys, Durham DH1 3LE, England.
   Theoret Astrophys Ctr, Copenhagen, Denmark.
   Univ Washington, Dept Astron, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 Durham University; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Frenk, CS (corresponding author), Univ Durham, Dept Phys, South Rd, Durham DH1 3LE, England.
EM c.s.frenk@durham.ac.uk
NR 22
TC 129
Z9 131
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 26
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6674
BP 359
EP 361
DI 10.1038/32837
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZD694
UT WOS:000072713600042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Clack, JA
AF Clack, JA
TI A new Early Carboniferous tetrapod with a melange of crown-group characters
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID amphibia
AB Living (that is, crown-group) tetrapods represent the phylogenetic end-points of two lineages which diverged from each other during the mid/late Palaeozoic era. These two groups of tetrapods are the Amphibia (frogs, salamanders and caefilians), with their roots among temnospondyls(1,2), and the Amniota (mammals, turtles, crocodiles, birds, lizards and snakes), with their roots among anthracosaurs(3,4). The earliest representatives of both lineages, including a stem amniote, are known from the Visean of East Kirkton, Scotland(5). Here I describe a new taxon from this locality that not only combines characters of each lineage, but also represents the basal member of a third Palaeozoic group, the baphetids. The baphetids lie within the base of the crown clade of tetrapods and the morphology of the new taxon, their most primitive member, is a new benchmark for studying the polarity and evolution of crown tetrapod characters.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Museum Zool, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP Clack, JA (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Museum Zool, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
EM jac18@hermes.cam.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 43
Z9 47
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 2
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6688
BP 66
EP 69
DI 10.1038/27895
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZY030
UT WOS:000074579600048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kong, J
   Soh, HT
   Cassell, AM
   Quate, CF
   Dai, HJ
AF Kong, J
   Soh, HT
   Cassell, AM
   Quate, CF
   Dai, HJ
TI Synthesis of individual single-walled carbon nanotubes on patterned silicon wafers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID growth; filaments; fibers; ropes
AB Recent progress(1-3) in the synthesis of high-quality single-walled carbon nanotubes(4) (SWNTs) has enabled the measurement of their physical and materials properties(5-8). The idea that nanotubes might be integrated with conventional microstructures to obtain new types of nanoscale devices, however, requires an ability to synthesize, isolate, manipulate and connect individual nanotubes. Here we describe a strategy for making high-quality individual SWNTs on silicon wafers patterned with micrometre-scale islands of catalytic material. We synthesize SWNTs by chemical vapour deposition of methane on the patterned substrates. Many of the synthesized nanotubes are perfect, individual SWNTs with diameters of 1-3 nm and lengths of up to tens of micrometres. The nanotubes are rooted in the islands, and are easily located, characterized and manipulated with the scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscope. Some of the : SWNTs bridge two metallic islands, offering the prospect of using this approach to develop ultrafine electrical interconnects and other devices.
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Chem, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University
RP Dai, HJ (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Chem, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM hdai@chem.stanford.edu
NR 21
TC 1208
Z9 1574
U1 2
U2 480
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 29
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6705
BP 878
EP 881
DI 10.1038/27632
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 133XT
UT WOS:000076713400050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU DeAngelis, GC
   Cumming, BG
   Newsome, WT
AF DeAngelis, GC
   Cumming, BG
   Newsome, WT
TI Cortical area MT and the perception of stereoscopic depth
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID visual area; macaque monkey; rhesus-monkey; cortex; performance; sensitivity; disparity; neurons; microstimulation; mechanisms
AB Stereopsis is the perception of depth based on small positional differences between images formed on the two retinae (known as binocular disparity). Neurons that respond selectively to binocular disparity were first described three decades ago(1,2), and have since been observed in many visual areas of the primate brain, including V1, V2, V3, MT and MST3-8. Although disparity-selective neurons are thought to form the neural substrate for stereopsis, the mere existence of disparity-selective neurons does not guarantee that they contribute to stereoscopic depth perception. Some disparity-selective neurons may play other roles, such as guiding vergence eye movementsg(9,10). Thus, the roles of different visual areas in stereopsis remain poorly defined. Here we show that visual area MT is important in stereoscopic vision: electrical stimulation of clusters of disparity-selective MT neurons can bias perceptual judgements of depth, and the bias is predictable from the disparity preference of neurons at the stimulation site. These results show that behaviourally relevant signals concerning stereoscopic depth are present in MT.
C1 Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Univ Oxford, Physiol Lab, Oxford OX1 3PT, England.
C3 Stanford University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Stanford University; University of Oxford
RP Newsome, WT (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
NR 23
TC 317
Z9 364
U1 1
U2 36
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 13
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6694
BP 677
EP 680
DI 10.1038/29299
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 110MD
UT WOS:000075384200043
PM 9716130
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sassone-Corsi, P
AF Sassone-Corsi, P
TI Molecular clocks: Mastering time by gene regulation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID circadian clock; period; transcription; mutation; protein; light; crem
AB Self-sustaining clocks that regulate daily and seasonal rhythms are found In many biological systems, from fungi to humans. The structure and function of the molecular gears that control these clocks through the finely tuned regulation of gene expression are now being unravelled.
C1 Univ Strasbourg 1, CNRS, INSERM, Inst Genet & Biol Mol & Cellulaire, F-67404 Strasbourg, France.
C3 Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm)
RP Sassone-Corsi, P (corresponding author), Univ Strasbourg 1, CNRS, INSERM, Inst Genet & Biol Mol & Cellulaire, BP 163, F-67404 Strasbourg, France.
EM paolosc@igbmc.u-strasbg.fr
NR 35
TC 75
Z9 84
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 30
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6679
BP 871
EP +
DI 10.1038/31821
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZK759
UT WOS:000073359900026
PM 9582067
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dudash, MR
   Carr, DE
AF Dudash, MR
   Carr, DE
TI Genetics underlying inbreeding depression in Mimulus with contrasting mating systems
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID self-fertilization; scrophulariaceae; evolution; guttatus; populations; dominance; fitness; plants; rates; lines
AB The importance of inbreeding depression in theoretical considerations of mating-system evolution(1-5) and its potential impact on the persistence of small populations(6) has renewed interest in the genetic basis of this phenomenon. Inbreeding increases homozygosity. This can produce inbreeding depression for two different reasons: first, deleterious recessive or partially recessive alleles that are masked at heterozygous loci by dominant alleles become fully expressed in homozygotes; and second, alleles may interact in an overdominant manner, such that the fitness of either type of homozygote is lower than that of heterozygotes. These two mechanisms produce different long-term effects in populations experiencing increased levels of inbreeding. Inbreeding depression resulting from deleterious alleles can be removed by selection, but inbreeding: depression produced by overdominance cannot be removed without lowering the mean fitness of the population(1-5). Using a North Carolina 3 breeding progamme(7), the most powerful quantitative genetics technique available(8-10), we show here that deleterious recessive alleles are mainly responsible for inbreeding depression in two closely related annual plants, the primarily selfing Mimulus micranthus and the mixed-mating M.guttatus. Estimates indicate that deleterious alleles in dir micranthus are more nearly additive than they are in M. guttatus.
C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Biol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
   Univ Virginia, Blandy Expt Farm, Boyce, VA 22602 USA.
C3 University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; University of Virginia
RP Dudash, MR (corresponding author), Univ Maryland, Dept Biol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
EM md59@umail.umd.edu
NR 30
TC 93
Z9 107
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 18
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6686
BP 682
EP 684
DI 10.1038/31468
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZV288
UT WOS:000074289600052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dutkiewicz, A
   Rasmussen, B
   Buick, R
AF Dutkiewicz, A
   Rasmussen, B
   Buick, R
TI Oil preserved in fluid inclusions in Archaean sandstones
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID petroleum source rocks; hydrocarbons; australia; stability; basin
AB Oil is generally thought to be geologically young, as it is thermodynamically unstable when subjected to elevated temperatures over long periods in open systems(1,2). Indeed, almost all petroleum production comes from rocks younger than 400 million years (ref. 3). Although the oldest known oil. occurs in rocks 1,650 Myr old(4), suitable source rocks were abundant in older geological successions(5) and circumstantial evidence suggests that some of these generated hydrocarbons early in their history(6). Here, we report the discovery of oil preserved in fluid inclusions in sandstones dating back similar to 3,000 Myr. Most inclusions lie within healed microfractures confined to individual detrital quartz grains, indicating that their oil was emplaced before Archaean or Palaeoproterozoic metamorphism sealed all voids and thus came from older (in some cases Archaean) sources. The fluid inclusions apparently acted as inert pressure vessels that protected the oil from subsequent degradation by circulating fluids and mineral catalysts. Because of its great age, this oil can potentially yield valuable information about the size and diversity of the early biosphere, particularly if it contains molecular fossils (biomarkers) of the primordial organisms from which it was derived.
C1 Univ Western Australia, Dept Geol & Geophys, Ctr Strateg Mineral Deposits, Nedlands, WA 6907, Australia.
   Univ Sydney, Sch Geosci, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
   CSIRO, Div Petr Resources, N Ryde, NSW 1670, Australia.
C3 University of Western Australia; University of Sydney; Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)
RP Buick, R (corresponding author), Univ Western Australia, Dept Geol & Geophys, Ctr Strateg Mineral Deposits, Nedlands, WA 6907, Australia.
EM buick@es.su.oz.au
NR 32
TC 86
Z9 98
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 29
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6705
BP 885
EP 888
DI 10.1038/27644
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 133XT
UT WOS:000076713400052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hilton, GC
   Martinis, JM
   Wollman, DA
   Irwin, KD
   Dulcie, LL
   Gerber, D
   Gillevet, PM
   Twerenbold, D
AF Hilton, GC
   Martinis, JM
   Wollman, DA
   Irwin, KD
   Dulcie, LL
   Gerber, D
   Gillevet, PM
   Twerenbold, D
TI Impact energy measurement in time-of-flight mass spectrometry with cryogenic microcalorimeters
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID superconducting tunnel junction; hot-electron-microcalorimeters; detectors
AB Time-of-flight mass spectrometry-most notably matrix-assisted laser-desorption-ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) spectrometry(1)-is an important class of techniques for the study of proteins and other biomolecules(2). Although these techniques provide excellent performance for masses up to about 20,000 daltons, there has been Limited success in achieving good mass resolution at higher masses, This is because the sensitivity of the microchannel plate (MCP) detectors used in most systems decreases rapidly with increasing particle mass, limiting the utility of MCP detectors for very large masses, It has recently been proposed that cryogenic particle detectors may provide a solution to these difficulties(3). Cryogenic detectors measure the thermal energy deposited by the particle impact, and thus have a sensitivity that is largely independent of particle mass, Recent experiments(4-6) have demonstrated the sensitivity of cryogenic particle detectors to single biomolecules, a quantum efficiency several orders of magnitude larger than the MCP detectors, and sensitivity to masses as large as 750,000 daltons, Here we present results demonstrating an order of magnitude better energy resolution than previous measurements, allowing direct determination of particle charge state during acceleration(7). Although application of these detectors to practical mass spectrometry will require further development of the detectors and cryogenics, these detectors can be used to elucidate the performance-limiting processes that occur in such systems.
C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA.
   Univ Neuchatel, Inst Phys, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland.
   GenSpec SA, CH-2017 Boudry, Switzerland.
   George Mason Univ, Inst Biosci Bioinformat & Biotechnol, Manassas, VA 22210 USA.
C3 National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) - USA; University of Neuchatel; George Mason University
RP Hilton, GC (corresponding author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA.
EM hilton@boulder.nist.gov
NR 18
TC 110
Z9 125
U1 2
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 12
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6668
BP 672
EP 675
DI 10.1038/35582
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YW872
UT WOS:000071982500045
PM 9490410
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Valegård, K
   van Scheltinga, ACT
   Lloyd, MD
   Hara, T
   Ramaswamy, S
   Perrakis, A
   Thompson, A
   Lee, HJ
   Baldwin, JE
   Schofield, CJ
   Hajdu, J
   Andersson, I
AF Valegård, K
   van Scheltinga, ACT
   Lloyd, MD
   Hara, T
   Ramaswamy, S
   Perrakis, A
   Thompson, A
   Lee, HJ
   Baldwin, JE
   Schofield, CJ
   Hajdu, J
   Andersson, I
TI Structure of a cephalosporin synthase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID deacetoxycephalosporin-c synthase; streptomyces-clavuligerus; escherichia-coli; refinement
AB Penicillins and cephalosporins are among the most widely used therapeutic agents. These antibiotics are produced from fermentation-derived materials as their chemical synthesis is not commercially viable. Unconventional steps in their biosynthesis are catalysed by Fe(II)-dependent oxidases/oxygenases; isopenicillin N synthase (IPNS)(1,2) creates in one step the bicyclic nucleus of penicillins, and deacetoxycephalosporin C synthase (DAOCS) catalyses the expansion of the penicillin nucleus into the nucleus of cephalosporins. Both enzymes use dioxygen-derived ferryl intermediates in catalysis but, in contrast to IPNS, the ferryl form of DAOCS is produced by the oxidative splitting of a cosubstrate, 2-oxoglutarate (alpha-ketoglutarate). This route of controlled ferryl formation and reaction is common to many mononuclear ferrous enzymes(3), which participate in a broader range of reactions than their well-characterized counterparts, the haem enzymes, Here we report the first crystal structure of a 2-oxoacid-dependent oxygenase, High-resolution structures for apo-DAOCS, the enzyme complexed with Fe(II), and with Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate, were obtained from merohedrally twinned crystals. Using a model based on these structures, we propose a mechanism for ferryl formation.
C1 Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Mol Biol, S-75124 Uppsala, Sweden.
   Uppsala Univ, Dept Biochem, S-75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
   Univ Oxford, Dyson Perrins Lab, Oxford Ctr Mol Sci, Oxford OX1 3QY, England.
   European Mol Biol Lab, ILL, F-38042 Grenoble 9, France.
C3 Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Uppsala University; University of Oxford; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL)
RP Andersson, I (corresponding author), Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Mol Biol, Box 590, S-75124 Uppsala, Sweden.
EM christopher.schofield@chemistry.oxford.ac.uk; inger@xray.bmc.uu.se
NR 30
TC 311
Z9 343
U1 2
U2 58
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 20
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6695
BP 805
EP 809
DI 10.1038/29575
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 112PR
UT WOS:000075503600052
PM 9723623
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Buks, E
   Schuster, R
   Heiblum, M
   Mahalu, D
   Umansky, V
AF Buks, E
   Schuster, R
   Heiblum, M
   Mahalu, D
   Umansky, V
TI Dephasing in electron interference by a 'which-path' detector
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phase
AB Wave-particle duality, as manifest in the two-slit experiment, provides perhaps the most vivid illustration of Bohr's complementarity principle: wave-like behaviour (interference) occurs only when the different possible paths a particle can take are indistinguishable, even in principle(1). The introduction of a which path (welcher Weg) detector for determining the actual path taken by the particle inevitably involved coupling the particle to a measuring environment, which in turn results in dephasing (suppression of interference). In other words, simultaneous observations of wave and particle behaviour is prohibited. Such a manifestation of the complementarity principle was demonstrated recently using a pair of correlated photons, with measurement of one photon being used to determine the path taken by the other and so prevent single-photon interference(2). Here we report the dephasing effects of a which-path detector on electrons traversing a double-path interferometer. We find that by varying the sensitivity of the detector we can affect the visibility of the oscillatory interference signal, thereby verifying the complementarity principle for fermions.
C1 Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Condensed Matter Phys, Braun Ctr Submicron Res, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
C3 Weizmann Institute of Science
RP Heiblum, M (corresponding author), Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Condensed Matter Phys, Braun Ctr Submicron Res, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
EM heiblum@wis.weizmann.ac.il
NR 17
TC 448
Z9 486
U1 1
U2 49
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 26
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6670
BP 871
EP 874
DI 10.1038/36057
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YZ206
UT WOS:000072230900045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sigmarsson, O
   Martin, H
   Knowles, J
AF Sigmarsson, O
   Martin, H
   Knowles, J
TI Melting of a subducting oceanic crust from U-Th disequilibria in austral Andean lavas
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID southern chile; arc magmas; continental-crust; spreading-ridge; basalts; mantle; uranium; tectonics; genesis; isotope
AB Understanding crustal genesis at convergent plate boundaries is important for determining mass transfer between different geochemical reservoirs in the Earth's mantle, and for deciphering the long-term growth of the continental crust. Most are magmas are thought to be generated from fluid-induced melting of the mantle wedge above slabs of subducting oceanic crust(1). Such magmas frequently display U-238 enrichments or radioactive equilibrium(2,3) between U-238 and its radiogenic product Th-230. But where a young and hot oceanic crust is being subducted it may itself partially melt and produce calc-alkaline andesites and dacites, termed adakites(4). Here we report a uniform excess of Th-230 over U-238, but variable Th isotope ratios, in young adakites from the Andean austral volcanic zone south of the triple junction where the Chile ridge subducts beneath South America. We show that these results are compatible with the adakites having been formed by approximately 20% equilibrium melting due to amphibole decomposition in a heterogeneous(5) oceanic crust. Moreover, both the degree of melting of the oceanic crust and its thermal structure appear to be uniform under most of the Andean austral volcanic zone. Such partial melting of subducted oceanic slabs may have occurred throughout the Earth's history where young oceanic plates were subducted.
C1 CNRS, F-63038 Clermont Ferrand, France.
   Univ Blaise Pascal, F-63038 Clermont Ferrand, France.
   Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
C3 Universite Clermont Auvergne (UCA); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Clermont Auvergne (UCA); University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz
RP Sigmarsson, O (corresponding author), CNRS, 5 Rue Kessler, F-63038 Clermont Ferrand, France.
NR 29
TC 78
Z9 90
U1 1
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 6
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6693
BP 566
EP 569
DI 10.1038/29052
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 107YN
UT WOS:000075238700044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jang, J
   Oh, JY
   Kim, SK
   Choi, YJ
   Yoon, SY
   Kim, CO
AF Jang, J
   Oh, JY
   Kim, SK
   Choi, YJ
   Yoon, SY
   Kim, CO
TI Electric-field-enhanced crystallization of amorphous silicon
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thin-films
AB Thin films of polycrystalline silicon are of great importance for large-area electronic applications, providing, for example, the switching electronics in many flat-panel displays. Polycrystalline silicon is typically produced by annealing films of amorphous silicon(1) that have been deposited from the vapour phase, and much research is focused on lowering the crystallization temperature. It is known that the solid-phase crystallization temperature of amorphous silicon can be reduced by the addition of certain metals(2), such as nickel(3). Here we show that the rate at which this metal-induced crystallization takes place is markedly enhanced in the presence of an electric field. For example, the crystallization time at 500 degrees C decreases from 25 hours to 10 minutes on application of a modest (80 V cm(-1)) electric field. No residual amorphous phase can be detected in the films. A thin-film transistor fabricated from such a film exhibits a field-effect mobility of 58 cm(2)V(-1)s(-1), thereby demonstrating the practical utility of these materials.
C1 Kyung Hee Univ, Dept Phys, Seoul 130701, South Korea.
   Hanyang Univ, Dept Phys, Seoul 133791, South Korea.
C3 Kyung Hee University; Hanyang University
RP Jang, J (corresponding author), Kyung Hee Univ, Dept Phys, Dongdaemoon Ku, Seoul 130701, South Korea.
EM jjang@nms.kyunghee.ac.kr
NR 9
TC 206
Z9 225
U1 0
U2 61
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 1
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6701
BP 481
EP 483
DI 10.1038/26711
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 124ZG
UT WOS:000076212200049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zeng, Y
   Forbes, KC
   Wu, ZQ
   Moreno, S
   Piwnica-Worms, H
   Enoch, T
AF Zeng, Y
   Forbes, KC
   Wu, ZQ
   Moreno, S
   Piwnica-Worms, H
   Enoch, T
TI Replication checkpoint requires phosphorylation of the phosphatase Cdc25 by Cds1 or Chk1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna-damage checkpoint; fission yeast; mitotic inducer; protein-kinase; s-phase; mitosis; serine-216; thiamine; pathway; gene
AB Checkpoints maintain the order and fidelity of events of the cell cycle by blocking mitosis in response to unreplicated or damaged DNA(1). In most species this is accomplished by preventing activation of the cell-division kinase Cdc2, which regulates entry into mitosis(2-5). The Chk1 kinase, an effector of the DNA-damage checkpoint, phosphorylates Cdc25, an activator of Cdc2 (refs 6-11), Phosphorylation of Cdc25 promotes its binding, to 14-3-3 proteins, preventing it from activating: Cdc2 (ref. 8). Here we propose that a similar pathway is required for mitotic arrest in the presence of unreplicated DNA (that is, in the replication checkpoint) in fission yeast. We show by mutagenesis that Chk1 functions redundantly with the kinase Cds1 at the replication checkpoint and that both kinases phosphorylate Cdc25 on the same sites, which include serine residues at positions 99, 192 and 359, Mutation of these residues reduces binding of 14-3-3 proteins to Cdc25 in vitro and disrupts the replication checkpoint in vivo. We conclude that both Cds1 and Chk1 regulate the binding of Cdc25 to 14-3-3 proteins as part of the checkpoint response to unreplicated DNA.
C1 Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol & Physiol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Univ Salamanca, CSIC, Dept Genet & Microbiol, Inst Microbiol Bioquim, Salamanca, Spain.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL); Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Washington University (WUSTL); Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; University of Salamanca; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC-USAL - Instituto de Biologia Funcional y Genomica (IBFG)
RP Piwnica-Worms, H (corresponding author), Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol & Physiol, Box 8228,660 S Euclid Ave, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
EM hpiwnica@cellbio.wustl.edu
NR 30
TC 312
Z9 365
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 1
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6701
BP 507
EP 510
DI 10.1038/26766
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 124ZG
UT WOS:000076212200058
PM 9774107
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mathur, ND
   Grosche, FM
   Julian, SR
   Walker, IR
   Freye, DM
   Haselwimmer, RKW
   Lonzarich, GG
AF Mathur, ND
   Grosche, FM
   Julian, SR
   Walker, IR
   Freye, DM
   Haselwimmer, RKW
   Lonzarich, GG
TI Magnetically mediated superconductivity in heavy fermion compounds
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-temperature superconductivity; kondo-lattice systems; spin fluctuations; electron-systems; metals; models; instability; excitations; scattering; equation
AB In a conventional superconductor, the binding of electrons into the paired states that collectively carry the supercurrent is mediated by phonons-vibrations of the crystal lattice. Here we argue that, in the case of the heavy fermion superconductors CePd2Si2 and Celn(3), the charge carriers are bound together in pairs by magnetic spin-spin interactions. The existence of magnetically mediated superconductivity in these compounds could help shed light on the question of whether magnetic interactions are relevant for describing the superconducting and normal-state properties of other strongly correlated electron systems, perhaps including the high-temperature copper oxide superconductors.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Interdisciplinary Res Ctr Superconduct, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge
RP Lonzarich, GG (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England.
NR 69
TC 1563
Z9 1691
U1 8
U2 331
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 2
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6688
BP 39
EP 43
DI 10.1038/27838
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZY030
UT WOS:000074579600040
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Perrett, DI
   Lee, KJ
   Penton-Voak, I
   Rowland, D
   Yoshikawa, S
   Burt, DM
   Henzi, SP
   Castles, DL
   Akamatsu, S
AF Perrett, DI
   Lee, KJ
   Penton-Voak, I
   Rowland, D
   Yoshikawa, S
   Burt, DM
   Henzi, SP
   Castles, DL
   Akamatsu, S
TI Effects of sexual dimorphism on facial attractiveness
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID physical attractiveness; evolutionary psychology; perception; selection; beauty; shape
AB Testosterone-dependent secondary sexual characteristics in males may signal immunological competence(1) and are sexually selected for in several species(2,3). In humans, oestrogen-dependent characteristics of the female body correlate with health and reproductive fitness and are found attractive(4-6). Enhancing the sexual dimorphism of human faces should raise am-activeness by enhancing sex-hormone-related cues to youth and fertility in females(5,7-11), and to dominance and immunocompetence in males(5,12,13). Here we report the results of asking subjects to choose the most attractive faces from continua that enhanced or diminished differences between the average shape of female and male faces. As predicted, subjects preferred feminized ta, average shapes of a female face. This preference applied across UK and Japanese populations but was stronger for within-population judgements, which indicates that attractiveness cues are learned. Subjects preferred feminized to average or masculinized shapes of a male face. Enhancing masculine facial characteristics increased both perceived dominance and negative attributions (for example, coldness or dishonesty) relevant to relationships and paternal investment. These results indicate a selection pressure that limits sexual dimorphism and encourages neoteny in humans.
C1 Univ St Andrews, Sch Psychol, St Andrews KY16 9JU, Fife, Scotland.
   Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Educ, Dept Cognit Psychol Educ, Kyoto 6068501, Japan.
   ATR, Human Informat Proc Res Labs, Kyoto 61902, Japan.
   Univ Natal, Dept Psychol, ZA-4001 Durban, South Africa.
C3 University of St Andrews; Kyoto University; University of Kwazulu Natal
RP Perrett, DI (corresponding author), Univ St Andrews, Sch Psychol, St Andrews KY16 9JU, Fife, Scotland.
EM dp@st-andrews.ac.uk
NR 24
TC 972
Z9 1095
U1 5
U2 422
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 27
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6696
BP 884
EP 887
DI 10.1038/29772
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 114LW
UT WOS:000075611800046
PM 9732869
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Roelfsema, PR
   Lamme, VAF
   Spekreijse, H
AF Roelfsema, PR
   Lamme, VAF
   Spekreijse, H
TI Object-based attention in the primary visual cortex of the macaque monkey
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID selective attention; striate cortex; focal attention; areas v1; organization; modulation; responses; alert; v2; v4
AB Typical natural visual scenes contain many objects, which need to be segregated from each other and from the background. Present theories subdivide the processes responsible for this segregation into a pre-attentive and attentive system(1,2). The pre-attentive system segregates image regions that 'pop out' rapidly and in parallel across the visual field. In the primary visual cortex, responses to pre-attentively selected image regions are enhanced(3-5). When objects do not segregate automatically from the rest of the image, the time-consuming attentive system is recruited. Here we investigate whether attentive selection is also associated with a modulation of firing rates in area V1 of the brain in monkeys trained to perform a curve-tracing task(6,7). Neuronal responses to the various segments of a target curve were simultaneously enhanced relative to responses evoked by a distracter curve, even if the two curves crossed each other. This indicates that object-based attention is associated with a response enhancement at the earliest level of the visual cortical processing hierarchy.
C1 Grad Sch Neurosci Amsterdam, Lab Med Phys, NL-1100 AC Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Netherlands Ophthalm Res Inst, Dept Visual Syst Anal, Acad Med Ctr, NL-1100 AC Amsterdam, Netherlands.
C3 University of Amsterdam; Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts & Sciences; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN-KNAW); University of Amsterdam; Academic Medical Center Amsterdam
RP Roelfsema, PR (corresponding author), Grad Sch Neurosci Amsterdam, Lab Med Phys, POB 12141, NL-1100 AC Amsterdam, Netherlands.
EM p.roelfsema@ioi.knaw.nl
NR 30
TC 638
Z9 715
U1 0
U2 52
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 24
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6700
BP 376
EP 381
DI 10.1038/26475
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 122QW
UT WOS:000076083800052
PM 9759726
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dobbie, I
   Linari, M
   Piazzesi, G
   Reconditi, M
   Koubassova, N
   Ferenczi, MA
   Lombardi, V
   Irving, M
AF Dobbie, I
   Linari, M
   Piazzesi, G
   Reconditi, M
   Koubassova, N
   Ferenczi, MA
   Lombardi, V
   Irving, M
TI Elastic bending and active tilting of myosin heads during muscle contraction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray-diffraction; rabbit skeletal-muscle; muscular-contraction; force generation; striated-muscle; thin-filaments; fibers; extensibility; stiffness; kinetics
AB Muscle contraction is driven by a change in shape of the myosin head reg;ion that links the actin and myosin filaments(1,2). Tilting of the light-chain domain of the head with respect to its actin-bound catalytic domain is thought to be coupled to the ATPase cycle(3-6). Here, using X-ray diffraction and mechanical data from isolated muscle fibres, we characterize an elastic bending of the heads that is independent of the presence of ATP. Together, the tilting and bending motions can explain force generation in isometric muscle, when filament sliding is prevented. The elastic strain in the head is 2.0-2.7 nm under these conditions, contributing 40-50% of the compliance of the muscle sarcomere. We present an atomic model for changes in head conformation that accurately reproduces the changes in the X-ray diffraction pattern seen when rapid length changes are applied to muscle fibres both in active contraction and in the absence of ATP. The model predictions are relatively independent of which parts of the head are assumed to bend or tilt, but depend critically on the measured values of filament sliding and elastic strain.
C1 Univ London Kings Coll, Randall Inst, London WC2B 5RL, England.
   Univ Florence, Dipartimento Sci Fisiol, I-50134 Florence, Italy.
   Natl Inst Med Res, London NW7 1AA, England.
   Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Inst Mech, Moscow 119899, Russia.
C3 University of London; King's College London; University of Florence; MRC National Institute for Medical Research; Lomonosov Moscow State University
RP Irving, M (corresponding author), Univ London Kings Coll, Randall Inst, London WC2B 5RL, England.
NR 30
TC 130
Z9 140
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 26
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6709
BP 383
EP 387
DI 10.1038/24647
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 142MJ
UT WOS:000077204000054
PM 9845077
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lin, SY
   Fleming, JG
   Hetherington, DL
   Smith, BK
   Biswas, R
   Ho, KM
   Sigalas, MM
   Zubrzycki, W
   Kurtz, SR
   Bur, J
AF Lin, SY
   Fleming, JG
   Hetherington, DL
   Smith, BK
   Biswas, R
   Ho, KM
   Sigalas, MM
   Zubrzycki, W
   Kurtz, SR
   Bur, J
TI A three-dimensional photonic crystal operating at infrared wavelengths
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID band-gap
AB The ability to confine and control light in three dimensions would have important implications for quantum optics and quantum-optical devices: the modification of black-body radiation, the localization of light to a fraction of a cubic wavelength, and thus the realization of single-mode light-emitting diodes, are but a few examples(1-3). Photonic crystals-the optical analogues of electronic crystal-provide a means for achieving these goals. Combinations of metallic and dielectric materials can be used to obtain the required three-dimensional periodic variations in dielectric constant, but dissipation due to free carrier absorption will limit application of such structures at the technologically useful infrared wavelengths(4), On the other hand, three-dimensional photonic crystals fabricated in low-loss gallium arsenide show only a weak 'stop band' (that is, range of frequencies at which propagation of light is forbidden) at the wavelengths of interest(5), Here we report the construction of a three-dimensional infrared photonic crystal on a silicon wafer using relatively standard microelectronics fabrication technology, Our crystal shows a large stop band (10-14.5 mu m), strong attenuation of light within this band (similar to 12 dB per unit cell) and a spectral response uniform to better than 1 per cent over the area of the 6-inch wafer.
C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA.
   Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Ames Lab, Dept Phys & Astron, Ames, IA 50011 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Sandia National Laboratories; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Ames National Laboratory; Iowa State University
RP Lin, SY (corresponding author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA.
EM SLIN@sandia.gov
NR 17
TC 1028
Z9 1225
U1 2
U2 270
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 16
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6690
BP 251
EP 253
DI 10.1038/28343
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 101CK
UT WOS:000074851900039
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vargas, M
   Kashefi, K
   Blunt-Harris, EL
   Lovley, DR
AF Vargas, M
   Kashefi, K
   Blunt-Harris, EL
   Lovley, DR
TI Microbiological evidence for Fe(III) reduction on early Earth
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sp-nov; fe(iii)-reducing bacteria; gen-nov; iron; life; subsurface; origin; deep; environments; biosphere
AB It is generally considered(1) that sulphur reduction was one of the earliest forms of microbial respiration, because the known microorganisms that are most closely related to the last common ancestor of modern life are primarily anaerobic, sulphur-reducing hyperthermophiles(2-4). However, geochemical evidence indicates that Fe(III) is more likely than sulphur to have been the first external electron acceptor of global significance in microbial metabolism(5-7) Here we show that Archaea and Bacteria that are most closely related to the last common ancestor can reduce Fe(III) to Fe(II) and conserve energy to support growth from this respiration. Surprisingly, even Thermotoga maritima, previously considered to have only a fermentative metabolism, could grow as a respiratory organism when Fe(III) was provided as an electron acceptor. These results provide microbiological evidence that Fe(III) reduction could have been an important process on early Earth and suggest that microorganisms might contribute to Fe(III) reduction in modern hot biospheres. Furthermore, our discovery that hyperthermophiles that had previously been thought to require sulphur for cultivation can instead be grown without the production of toxic and corrosive sulphide, should aid biochemical investigations of these poorly understood organisms.
C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Microbiol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA.
C3 University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Amherst
RP Lovley, DR (corresponding author), Univ Massachusetts, Dept Microbiol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA.
EM dlovley@microbio.u.mass.edu
NR 27
TC 410
Z9 513
U1 1
U2 207
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 3
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6697
BP 65
EP 67
DI 10.1038/25720
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 116JY
UT WOS:000075722200046
PM 9738498
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brooke, NM
   Garcia-Fernàndez, J
   Holland, PWH
AF Brooke, NM
   Garcia-Fernàndez, J
   Holland, PWH
TI The ParaHox gene cluster is an evolutionary sister of the Hox gene cluster
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID homeobox genes; mouse chromosome-5; drosophila; expression; insights; zootype; embryos; ipf1
AB Genes of the Hox cluster are restricted to the animal kingdom and play a central role in axial patterning in divergent animal phyla(1). Despite its evolutionary and developmental significance, the origin of the Hox gene cluster is obscure. The consensus is that a primordial Hox cluster arose by tandem gene duplication close to animal origins(2-5). Several homeobox genes with high sequence identity to Hox genes are found outside the Hox cluster and are known as 'dispersed' Hox-like genes; these genes may have been transposed away from an expanding clusters. Here we show that three of these dispersed homeobox genes form a novel gene cluster in the cephalochordate amphioxus, We argue that this 'ParaHox' gene cluster is an ancient paralogue (evolutionary sister) of the Hox gene cluster; the two gene clusters arose by duplication of a ProtoHox gene cluster. Furthermore, we show that amphioxus ParaHox genes have co-linear developmental expression patterns in anterior, middle and posterior tissues. We propose that the origin of distinct Hox and ParaHox genes by gene-duster duplication facilitated an increase in body complexity during the Cambrian explosion.
C1 Univ Reading, Sch Anim & Microbial Sci, Reading RG6 6AJ, Berks, England.
   Univ Barcelona, Fac Biol, Dept Genet, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
C3 University of Reading; University of Barcelona
RP Holland, PWH (corresponding author), Univ Reading, Sch Anim & Microbial Sci, POB 228, Reading RG6 6AJ, Berks, England.
NR 30
TC 358
Z9 403
U1 0
U2 40
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 30
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6679
BP 920
EP 922
DI 10.1038/31933
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZK759
UT WOS:000073359900048
PM 9582071
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Witkowski, FX
   Leon, LJ
   Penkoske, PA
   Giles, WR
   Spano, ML
   Ditto, WL
   Winfree, AT
AF Witkowski, FX
   Leon, LJ
   Penkoske, PA
   Giles, WR
   Spano, ML
   Ditto, WL
   Winfree, AT
TI Spatiotemporal evolution of ventricular fibrillation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mechanisms; muscle
AB Sudden cardiac death is the leading cause of death in the industrialized world, with the majority of such tragedies being due to ventricular fibrillation(1). Ventricular fibrillation is a frenzied and irregular disturbance of the heart rhythm that quickly renders the heart incapable of sustaining life. Rotors, electrophysiological structures that emit rotating spiral waves, occur in several systems that all share with the heart the functional properties of excitability and refractoriness, These re-entrant waves, seen in numerical solutions of simplified models of cardiac tissue(2), may occur during ventricular tachycardias(3,4). It has been difficult to detect such forms of re-entry in fibrillating mammalian ventricles(5-8). Here we show that, in isolated perfused dog hearts, high spatial and temporal resolution mapping of optical transmembrane potentials can easily detect transiently erupting rotors during the early phase of ventricular fibrillation, This activity is characterized by a relatively high spatiotemporal cross-correlation. During this early fibrillatory interval, frequent wavefront collisions and wavebreak generation(9) are also dominant features. Interestingly, this spatiotemporal pattern undergoes an evolution to a less highly spatially correlated mechanism that lacks the epicardial manifestations of rotors despite continued myocardial perfusion.
C1 Univ Alberta, Dept Med, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R7, Canada.
   Univ Alberta, Dept Surg, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R7, Canada.
   Ecole Polytech, Montreal, PQ H3C 3J7, Canada.
   Univ Calgary, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
   USN, Ctr Surface Warfare, Bethesda, MD 20817 USA.
   Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Phys, Appl Chaos Lab, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA.
   Univ Arizona, Dept Ecol & Evolut Biol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
C3 University of Alberta; University of Alberta; Universite de Montreal; Polytechnique Montreal; University of Calgary; United States Department of Defense; United States Navy; University System of Georgia; Georgia Institute of Technology; University of Arizona
RP Witkowski, FX (corresponding author), Univ Alberta, Dept Med, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R7, Canada.
EM fwitkows@gpu.srv.ualberta.ca
NR 15
TC 425
Z9 475
U1 0
U2 37
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 5
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6671
BP 78
EP 82
DI 10.1038/32170
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZA528
UT WOS:000072373000053
PM 9510250
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kyte, FT
AF Kyte, FT
TI A meteorite from the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carbonaceous chondrites; chicxulub impact; ordovician chondrite; central sweden; cosmic dust; sediments; brunflo; ocean
AB Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary sediments are now widely recognized to contain the record of a large asteroid or comet impact event(1), probably at the site of the Chicxulub crater on the Yucatan peninsula(2). After nearly two decades of intensive research, however, much remains unknown about the specific nature of the projectile and of the impact event itself. Here we describe a 2.5-mm fossil meteorite found in sediments retrieved from the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary in the North Pacific Ocean that we infer may be a piece of the projectile responsible for the Chicxulub crater. Geochemical and petrographic analyses of this meteorite indicate that it probably came from a typical metal- and sulphide-rich carbonacous chondrite rather than the porous aggregate type of interplanetary dust considered typical of cometary materials(3). The fact that meteorite survival should be enhanced by impacts at low (asteroidal) velocities(4) also implies that this meteorite had an asteroidal rather than a cometary origin.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Kyte, FT (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
NR 31
TC 143
Z9 158
U1 2
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 19
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6708
BP 237
EP 239
DI 10.1038/24322
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 140VY
UT WOS:000077110400038
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hubert, H
   Devouard, B
   Garvie, LAJ
   O'Keeffe, M
   Buseck, PR
   Petuskey, WT
   McMillan, PF
AF Hubert, H
   Devouard, B
   Garvie, LAJ
   O'Keeffe, M
   Buseck, PR
   Petuskey, WT
   McMillan, PF
TI Icosahedral packing of B12 icosahedra in boron suboxide (B6O)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID solidification morphology; diamond
AB Objects with icosahedral symmetry (I-h) bear a special fascination; natural examples are rare, but include radiolaria(1) and virus particles (virions)(2). The discovery(3) of C-60, a molecule in the shape of a truncated icosahedron with a symmetry, has aroused widespread interest. In 1962, Mackay(4) described a radiating packing of spheres in I-h symmetry, in which the centres of successive shells of spheres lie on the surfaces of icosahedra. There has been extensive investigation of the conditions under which such packing might be realized in assemblies of atoms or of molecules such as C-60 (ref. 5). Here we report the preparation, at high temperatures and pressures, of boron suboxide (B6O) in which the preferred form of the material is as macroscopic, near-perfect, regular icosahedra, similar to the multiply-twinned particles observed in some cubic materials. A major difference is that B6O has a rhombohedral structure that nearly exactly fits the geometrical requirements needed to obtain icosahedral twins. These icosahedral particles have a structure that can be described as a Mackay packing of icosahedral B-12 units, and thus has long-ranged order without translational symmetry.
C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, MRSEC, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
   Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
C3 Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe; Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe
RP Hubert, H (corresponding author), Arizona State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, MRSEC, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
NR 32
TC 234
Z9 252
U1 0
U2 72
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 22
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6665
BP 376
EP 378
DI 10.1038/34885
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YT444
UT WOS:000071604200050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nomura, M
   Li, E
AF Nomura, M
   Li, E
TI Smad2 role in mesoderm formation, left-right patterning and craniofacial development
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID signaling pathways; nodal expression; gene; mouse; gastrulation; proteins; mutation; activin
AB Signalling by the transforming growth factor-p (TGF-P) superfamily of proteins depends on the phosphorylation and activation of SMAD proteins by heteromeric complexes of ligand-specific type I and type II receptors with serine/threonine-kinase activity(1). The vertebrate SMAD family includes at least nine members, of which Smad2 has been shown to mediate signalling by activin and TGF-beta(2-5). In Xenopus, Smad2 can induce dorsal mesoderm, mimicking Vg-1, activin and nodal(2,4), Here we investigate the function of Smad2 in mammalian development by generating two independent Smad2 mutant alleles in mice by gene targeting, We show that homozygous mutant embryos fail to form an organized egg cylinder and lack mesoderm, like mutant mice lacking nodal(6,7) or ActRIB the gene encoding the activin type-I receptor(8). About 20 per cent of Smad2 heterozygous embryos have severe gastrulation defects and lack mandibles or eyes, indicating that the gene dosage of Smad2 is critical for signalling. Mice trans-heterozygous for both Smad2 and nodal mutations display a range of phenotypes, including gastrulation defects, complex craniofacial abnormalities such as cyclopia, and defects in left-right patterning, indicating that Smad2 may mediate nodal signalling in these developmental processes. Our results show that Smad2 function is essential for early development and for several patterning processes in mice.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Massachusetts Gen Hosp E,Cardiovasc Res Ctr, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA.
C3 Harvard University
RP Li, E (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Massachusetts Gen Hosp E,Cardiovasc Res Ctr, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA.
NR 29
TC 516
Z9 605
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 25
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6687
BP 786
EP 790
DI 10.1038/31693
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZW652
UT WOS:000074433100049
PM 9655392
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Quéméneur, E
   Moutiez, M
   Charbonnier, JB
   Mènez, A
AF Quéméneur, E
   Moutiez, M
   Charbonnier, JB
   Mènez, A
TI Engineering cyclophilin into a proline-specific endopeptidase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cis-trans-isomerase; escherichia-coli; enzyme; isomerization; hydrolysis; mechanism; program
AB Designing an enzyme requires, among a number of parameters, the appropriate positioning of catalytic machinery within a substrate-binding cleft. Using the structures of cyclophilin-peptide complexes(1-4), we have engineered a new catalytic activity into an Escherichia coli cyclophilin by mutating three amino acids, close to the peptide binding deft, to form a catalytic triad similar to that found in serine proteases. In conjunction with cyclophilin's specificity for proline-bearing peptides, this creates a unique endopeptidase, cyproase 1, which cleaves peptides on the amino-side of proline residues. When acting on an Ala-Pro dipeptide, cyproase 1 has an efficiency (k(cat)/K-m) of 0.7 x 10(4) M-1 s(-1) and enhances the rate of reaction (k(cat)/k(uncat)) 8 x 10(8)-fold. This activity depends upon a deprotonated histidine and is inhibited by nucleophile-specific reagents, as occurs in natural serine proteases. Cyproase 1 can hydrolyse a protein substrate with a proline-specific endoprotease activity.
C1 CEA Saclay, Dept Ingn & Etud Prot, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
C3 Universite Paris Saclay; CEA
RP Quéméneur, E (corresponding author), CEA Saclay, Dept Ingn & Etud Prot, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
NR 25
TC 55
Z9 65
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 15
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6664
BP 301
EP 304
DI 10.1038/34687
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YR328
UT WOS:000071484400056
PM 9440697
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bevan, M
   Bancroft, I
   Bent, E
   Love, K
   Goodman, H
   Dean, C
   Bergkamp, R
   Dirkse, W
   Van Staveren, M
   Stiekema, W
   Drost, L
   Ridley, P
   Hudson, SA
   Patel, K
   Murphy, G
   Piffanelli, P
   Wedler, H
   Wedler, E
   Wambutt, R
   Weitzenegger, T
   Pohl, TM
   Terryn, N
   Gielen, J
   Villarroel, R
   De Clerck, R
   Van Montagu, M
   Lecharny, A
   Auborg, S
   Gy, I
   Kreis, M
   Lao, N
   Kavanagh, T
   Hempel, S
   Kotter, P
   Entian, KD
   Rieger, M
   Schaeffer, M
   Funk, B
   Mueller-Auer, S
   Silvey, M
   James, R
   Montfort, A
   Pons, A
   Puigdomenech, P
   Douka, A
   Voukelatou, E
   Milioni, D
   Hatzopoulos, P
   Piravandi, E
   Obermaier, B
   Hilbert, H
   Dusterhoft, A
   Moores, T
   Jones, JDG
   Eneva, T
   Palme, K
   Benes, V
   Rechman, S
   Ansorge, W
   Cooke, R
   Berger, C
   Delseny, M
   Voet, M
   Volckaert, G
   Mewes, HW
   Klosterman, S
   Schueller, C
   Chalwatzis, N
AF Bevan, M
   Bancroft, I
   Bent, E
   Love, K
   Goodman, H
   Dean, C
   Bergkamp, R
   Dirkse, W
   Van Staveren, M
   Stiekema, W
   Drost, L
   Ridley, P
   Hudson, SA
   Patel, K
   Murphy, G
   Piffanelli, P
   Wedler, H
   Wedler, E
   Wambutt, R
   Weitzenegger, T
   Pohl, TM
   Terryn, N
   Gielen, J
   Villarroel, R
   De Clerck, R
   Van Montagu, M
   Lecharny, A
   Auborg, S
   Gy, I
   Kreis, M
   Lao, N
   Kavanagh, T
   Hempel, S
   Kotter, P
   Entian, KD
   Rieger, M
   Schaeffer, M
   Funk, B
   Mueller-Auer, S
   Silvey, M
   James, R
   Montfort, A
   Pons, A
   Puigdomenech, P
   Douka, A
   Voukelatou, E
   Milioni, D
   Hatzopoulos, P
   Piravandi, E
   Obermaier, B
   Hilbert, H
   Dusterhoft, A
   Moores, T
   Jones, JDG
   Eneva, T
   Palme, K
   Benes, V
   Rechman, S
   Ansorge, W
   Cooke, R
   Berger, C
   Delseny, M
   Voet, M
   Volckaert, G
   Mewes, HW
   Klosterman, S
   Schueller, C
   Chalwatzis, N
TI Analysis of 1.9 Mb of contiguous sequence from chromosome 4 of Arabidopsis thaliana
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID physical map; retrotransposons; association; expression; evolution; regions; protein; genome; genes
AB The plant Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) has become an important model species for the study of many aspects of plant biology(1). The relatively small size of the nuclear genome and the availability of extensive physical maps of the five chromosomes(2-4) provide a feasible basis for initiating sequencing of the five chromosomes. The YAC (yeast artificial chromosome)-based physical map of chromosome 4 was used to construct a sequence-ready map of cosmid and BAC (bacterial artificial chromosome) clones covering a 1,9-megabase (Mb) contiguous region(5), and the sequence of this region is reported here. Analysis of the sequence revealed an average gene density of one gene every 4.8 kilobases (kb), and 54% of the predicted genes had significant similarity to known genes. Other interesting features were found, such as the sequence of a disease-resistance gene locus, the distribution of retroelements, the frequent occurrence of clustered gene families, and the sequence of several classes of genes not previously encountered in plants.
C1 John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Dept Mol Genet, Norwich NR4 7UJ, Norfolk, England.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02144 USA.
   DLO, Ctr Plant Breeding & Reprod Res, Dept Mol Biol, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands.
   AGOWA GmbH, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
   GATC GmbH, D-78467 Constance, Germany.
   Vlaams Interuniv Inst Biotechnol, Dept Genet, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
   Univ Paris 11, Inst Biotechnol Plantes, CNRS, ERS 569, F-91405 Orsay, France.
   Univ Dublin Trinity Coll, Dept Genet, Dublin 2, Ireland.
   SRD GmbH, D-61440 Oberursel, Germany.
   Genotype GmbH, D-69259 Wilhelmsfeld, Germany.
   Univ E Anglia, Sch Biol Sci, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England.
   CSIC, CID, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
   Agr Univ Athens, GR-11855 Athens, Greece.
   Medigene AG, D-82152 Planegg Martinsried, Germany.
   QIAGEN GmbH, D-4072 Hilden, Germany.
   John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Sainsbury Lab, Norwich NR4 7UJ, Norfolk, England.
   Max Planck Gesell, Max Delbruck Lab, D-50829 Cologne, Germany.
   European Mol Biol Lab, D-69012 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Univ Perpignan, CNRS, UMR 5545, F-66860 Perpignan, France.
   Katholieke Univ Leuven, Lab Gene Technol, B-3001 Louvain, Belgium.
   Max Planck Inst Biochem, Martinsrieder Inst Prot Sequenzen, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); John Innes Centre; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Universite Paris Saclay; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Trinity College Dublin; University of East Anglia; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Centro de Investigacion y Desarrollo Pascual Vila (CID-CSIC); Agricultural University of Athens; QIAGEN GmbH; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); John Innes Centre; Max Planck Society; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); Universite Perpignan Via Domitia; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); KU Leuven; Max Planck Society
RP Bevan, M (corresponding author), John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Dept Mol Genet, Norwich NR4 7UJ, Norfolk, England.
EM bevan@bbsrc.ac.uk
NR 29
TC 476
Z9 924
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 29
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6666
BP 485
EP 488
DI 10.1038/35140
PG 10
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YU290
UT WOS:000071701800050
PM 9461215
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kaffman, A
   Rank, NM
   O'Neill, EM
   Huang, LS
   O'Shea, EK
AF Kaffman, A
   Rank, NM
   O'Neill, EM
   Huang, LS
   O'Shea, EK
TI The receptor Msn5 exports the phosphorylated transcription factor Pho4 out of the nucleus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cyclin-cdk complex; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; binding-proteins; rna transport; signals; pho80-pho85; inhibitor; pathway; kinase; crm1
AB The movement of many transcription factors, kinases and replication factors between the nucleus and cytoplasm is important in regulating their activity(1). In some cases, phosphorylation of a protein regulates its entry into the nucleus(2); in others, it causes the protein to be exported to the cytoplasm(3-6). The mechanism by which phosphorylation promotes protein export from the nucleus is poorly understood. Here we investigate how the export of the yeast transcription factor Pho4 is regulated in response to changes in phosphate availability. We show that phosphorylation of Pho4 by a nuclear complex of a cyclin with a cyclin-dependent kinase, Pho80-Pho85, triggers its export from the nucleus. We also find that the shuttling receptor used by Pho4 for nuclear export is the importin-beta-family member Msn5 (refs 7, 8), which is required for nuclear export of Pho4 in vivo and binds only to phosphorylated Pho4 in the presence of the GTP-bound form of yeast Ran in vitro. Our results reveal a simple mechanism by which phosphorylation can control the nuclear export of a protein.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Sch Med, Dept Biochem & Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP O'Shea, EK (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Sch Med, Dept Biochem & Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [F32 GM017494] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 285
Z9 331
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 3
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6710
BP 482
EP 486
DI 10.1038/24898
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 145KL
UT WOS:000077370100058
PM 9853758
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kwong, PD
   Wyatt, R
   Robinson, J
   Sweet, RW
   Sodroski, J
   Hendrickson, WA
AF Kwong, PD
   Wyatt, R
   Robinson, J
   Sweet, RW
   Sodroski, J
   Hendrickson, WA
TI Structure of an HIV gp120 envelope glycoprotein in complex with the CD4 receptor and a neutralizing human antibody
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immunodeficiency-virus type-1; crystal-structure; transmembrane glycoprotein; variable regions; atomic-structure; binding; resolution; fragment; aids; hemagglutinin
AB The entry of human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) into cells requires the sequential interaction of the viral exterior envelope glycoprotein, gp120, with the CD4 glycoprotein and a chemokine receptor on the cell surface. These interactions initiate a fusion of the viral and cellular membranes. Although gp120 can elicit virus-neutralizing antibodies, HIV eludes the Immune system. We have solved the X-ray crystal structure at 2.5 Angstrom resolution of an HIV-1 gp120 core complexed with a two-domain fragment of human con and an antigen-binding fragment of a neutralizing antibody that blocks chemokine-receptor binding. The structure reveals a cavity-laden CD4-gp120 interface, a conserved binding site for the chemokine receptor, evidence for a conformational change upon CD4 binding, the nature of a CD4-induced antibody epitope, and specific mechanisms for immune evasion. Our results provide a framework for understanding the complex biology of HIV entry into cells and should guide efforts to Intervene.
C1 Columbia Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biophys, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Canc Immunol & AIDS, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Immunol & Infect Dis, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Tulane Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA.
   SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceut, Dept Immunol, King Of Prussia, PA 19406 USA.
C3 Columbia University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Columbia University; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Tulane University; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline USA
RP Hendrickson, WA (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biophys, 630 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032 USA.
EM wayne@convex.hhmi.columbia.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM034102] Funding Source: Medline
NR 50
TC 2506
Z9 3206
U1 5
U2 350
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 18
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6686
BP 648
EP 659
DI 10.1038/31405
PG 12
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZV288
UT WOS:000074289600043
PM 9641677
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lamme, VAF
   Spekreijse, H
AF Lamme, VAF
   Spekreijse, H
TI Neuronal synchrony does not represent texture segregation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cat visual-cortex; monkey striate cortex; functional architecture; intrinsic connections; macaque monkey; responses; oscillations; integration
AB The visual environment is perceived as an organized whole of objects and their surroundings. In many visual cortical areas, however, neurons are typically activated when a stimulus is presented over a very limited portion of the visual field, the receptive field of that neuron(1-4). To bridge the gap between this piecewise neuronal analysis and our global visual percepts, it has been postulated that neurons representing elements of the same object fire in synchrony to represent the perceptual organization of a scene(5-10). Experiments with stimuli such as moving bars or gratings have provided evidence for this hypothesis(11-16). We have further tested this by presenting monkeys with various textured scenes consisting of a figure on a background, and recorded neuronal activity in the primary visual cortex (area V1). Our results show no systematic relationship between the synchrony of firing of pairs of neurons and the perceptual organization of the scene. Instead, pairs of recording sites representing elements of the same figure most commonly showed equal amounts of synchrony between them as did pairs of which one site represented the figure and the other the background. We conclude that synchrony in V1 does not reflect the binding of features that leads to texture segregation.
C1 Univ Amsterdam, AMC, Dept Phys Med, Grad Sch Neurosci, NL-1100 AC Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Netherlands Ophthalm Res Inst, NL-1100 AC Amsterdam, Netherlands.
C3 University of Amsterdam; Academic Medical Center Amsterdam; Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts & Sciences; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN-KNAW)
RP Lamme, VAF (corresponding author), Univ Amsterdam, AMC, Dept Phys Med, Grad Sch Neurosci, POB 12141, NL-1100 AC Amsterdam, Netherlands.
EM v.lamme@amc.uva.nl
NR 29
TC 105
Z9 118
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 26
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6709
BP 362
EP 366
DI 10.1038/24608
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 142MJ
UT WOS:000077204000048
PM 9845071
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ridge, JP
   Di Rosa, F
   Matzinger, P
AF Ridge, JP
   Di Rosa, F
   Matzinger, P
TI A conditioned dendritic cell can be a temporal bridge between a CD4+ T-helper and a T-killer cell
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID antigen-presenting cells; invivo; tolerance; induction; responses; absence; requirements; generation; activation; mechanism
AB To generate an immune response, antigen-specific T-helper and T-killer cells must find each other and, because they cannot detect each other's presence, they are brought together by an antigen-loaded dendritic cell that displays antigens to both(1-3). This three-cell interaction, however, seems nearly impossible because all three cell types are rare and migratory. Here we provide a potential solution to this conundrum, We found that the three cells need not meet simultaneously but that the helper cell can first engage and 'condition' the dendritic cell, which then becomes empowered to stimulate a killer cell. The first step (help) can be bypassed by modulation of the surface molecule CD40, or by viral infection of dendritic cells. These results may explain the longstanding paradoxical observation that responses to some viruses are helper-independent, and they evoke the possibility that dendritic cells may take on different functions in response to different conditioning signals.
C1 NIAID, Ghost Lab, Sect T Cell Tolerance & Memory, Lab Cellular & Mol Immunol,NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
RP Ridge, JP (corresponding author), NIAID, Ghost Lab, Sect T Cell Tolerance & Memory, Lab Cellular & Mol Immunol,NIH, Bldg 4 Room 111,9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM jridge@atlas.niaid.nih.gov
NR 30
TC 2014
Z9 2386
U1 2
U2 42
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 4
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6684
BP 474
EP 478
DI 10.1038/30989
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZR842
UT WOS:000074020000046
PM 9624003
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Majumdar, P
   Littlewood, PB
AF Majumdar, P
   Littlewood, PB
TI Dependence of magnetoresistivity on charge-carrier density in metallic ferromagnets and doped magnetic semiconductors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID colossal-magnetoresistance; giant magnetoresistance; double-exchange; la1-xsrxmno3; tl2mn2o7; localization; manganites; model
AB Magnetoresistance-the field-dependent change in the electrical resistance of a ferromagnetic material-finds applications in technologies such as magnetic recording. Near and above the Curie point, T-c, corresponding to the onset of magnetic order, scattering of charge carriers by magnetic fluctuations can substantially increase the electrical resistance(1,2). These fluctuations can be suppressed(3) by a magnetic field, leading to a negative magnetoresistance. Magnetic scattering might also have a role in the 'colossal' magnetoresistance observed in some perovskite manganese oxides(4-6), but is it not yet clear how to reconcile this behaviour with that of the conventional ferromagnetic materials. Here we show that, in generic models of magnetic scattering, the bulk low-field magnetoresistance (near and above T-c) is determined by a single parameter: the charge-carrier density. In agreement with experiment(3,7,8), the low-field magnetoresistance scales with the square of the ratio of the held-induced magnetization to the saturation magnetization. The scaling factor is C approximate to x(-2/3), where x is the number of charge carriers per magnetic unit cell. Data from very different ferromagnetic metals and doped semiconductors are in broad quantitative agreement with this relationship, with the notable exception of the perovskite manganese oxides (in which dynamic lattice distortions complicate and enhance(4,9-12) the effects of pure magnetic scattering). Our results might facilitate searches for new materials with large bulk magnetoresistive properties.
C1 Lucent Technol, Bell Labs, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
   Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England.
C3 AT&T; Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies; University of Cambridge
RP Littlewood, PB (corresponding author), Lucent Technol, Bell Labs, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
NR 25
TC 137
Z9 148
U1 0
U2 49
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 1
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6701
BP 479
EP 481
DI 10.1038/26703
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 124ZG
UT WOS:000076212200048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU de Wijs, GA
   Kresse, G
   Vocadlo, L
   Dobson, D
   Alfè, D
   Gillan, MJ
   Price, GD
AF de Wijs, GA
   Kresse, G
   Vocadlo, L
   Dobson, D
   Alfè, D
   Gillan, MJ
   Price, GD
TI The viscosity of liquid iron at the physical conditions of the Earth's core
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID generalized-gradient approximation; initio molecular-dynamics; simulation; pseudopotentials; transition; formalism; metals; field; gpa
AB It is thought that the Earth's outer core consists mainly of liquid iron and that the convection of this metallic liquid gives rise to the Earth's magnetic field. A full understanding of this convection is hampered, however, by uncertainty regarding the viscosity of the outer core. Viscosity estimates from various sources span no less than 12 orders of magnitude(1,2), and it seems unlikely that this uncertainty will be substantially reduced by experimental measurements in the near future. Here we present dynamical first-principles simulations of liquid iron which indicate that the viscosity of iron at core temperatures and pressures is at the low end of the range of previous estimates - roughly 10 times that of typical liquid metals at ambient pressure. This estimate supports the promotion commonly made in magnetohydrodynamic models that the outer core is an inviscid fluid(3-5) undergoing small-scale circulation and turbulent convection(6), rather than large-scale global circulation.
C1 Univ Keele, Dept Phys, Keele ST5 5BG, Staffs, England.
   Vienna Univ Technol, Inst Theoret Phys, A-1040 Vienna, Austria.
   Univ London Birkbeck Coll, Res Sch Geol & Geophys Sci, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   UCL, London WC1E 6BT, England.
C3 Keele University; Technische Universitat Wien; University of London; Birkbeck University London; University of London; University College London
RP Gillan, MJ (corresponding author), Univ Keele, Dept Phys, Keele ST5 5BG, Staffs, England.
EM pha71@keele.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 229
Z9 240
U1 0
U2 62
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 23
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6678
BP 805
EP 807
DI 10.1038/33905
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZJ679
UT WOS:000073241200050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Howard, PC
   Viskanic, P
   Davenport, TRB
   Kigenyi, FW
   Baltzer, M
   Dickinson, CJ
   Lwanga, JS
   Matthews, RA
   Balmford, A
AF Howard, PC
   Viskanic, P
   Davenport, TRB
   Kigenyi, FW
   Baltzer, M
   Dickinson, CJ
   Lwanga, JS
   Matthews, RA
   Balmford, A
TI Complementarity and the use of indicator groups for reserve selection in Uganda
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID conservation; biodiversity; diversity; hotspots; efficiency; taxon; birds
AB A major obstacle to conserving tropical biodiversity is the lack of information as to where efforts should be concentrated, One potential solution is to focus on readily assessed indicator groups, whose distribution predicts the overall importance of the biodiversity of candidate areas(1,2). Here we test this idea, using the most extensive data set on patterns of diversity assembled so far for any part of the tropics. As in studies of temperate regions(2-8) we found little spatial congruence in the species richness bf woody plants, large moths, butterflies, birds and small mammals across 50 Ugandan forests. Despite this lack of congruence, sets of priority forests selected using data on single taxa only often captured species richness in other groups with the same efficiency as using information on all taxa at once. This is because efficient conservation networks incorporate not only species-rich sites, but also those whose biotas best complement those of other areasg(9-11). In Uganda, different taxa exhibit similar biogeography, so priority forests for one taxon collectively represent the important forest types for other taxa as well. Our results highlight the need, when evaluating potential indicators for reserve selection, to consider cross-taxon congruence in complementarity as well as species richness.
C1 Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
   Forest Dept, Kampala, Uganda.
C3 University of Sheffield
RP Balmford, A (corresponding author), Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
EM a.balmford@sheffield.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 360
Z9 388
U1 0
U2 78
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 30
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6692
BP 472
EP 475
DI 10.1038/28843
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 105NT
UT WOS:000075080400050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ynduráin, F
AF Ynduráin, F
TI A revolution in Spain's Energy Research Centre
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain.
C3 Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas, Medioambientales Tecnologicas
RP Ynduráin, F (corresponding author), CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain.
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 1998
VL 0
IS 
BP 7
EP 7
DI 
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZJ678
UT WOS:000073241100007
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Barbour, LJ
   Orr, GW
   Atwood, JL
AF Barbour, LJ
   Orr, GW
   Atwood, JL
TI An intermolecular (H2O)10 cluster in a solid-state supramolecular complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID water-molecules; resolution; protein
AB Chemical self-assembly is the process by which 'programmed' molecular subunits spontaneously form complex supramolecular frameworks(1,2). This approach has been applied to many model systems, in which hydrogen bonds(3,4), metal-ligand coordination(5) or other non-covalent interactions(6) typically control the self-assembly process. In biology, self-assembly is generally dynamic and depends on the cooperation of many such non-covalent interactions. Water can play an important role in these biological self-assembly processes, for example by stabilizing the native conformation of biopolymers(7-9). Hydrogen-bonded (H2O)(n) clusters(10,11) can play an important role in stabilizing some supramolecular species, both natural and synthetic, in aqueous solution. Here we report the preparation and crystal structure of a self-assembled, three-dimensional supramolecular complex that is stabilized by an intricate array of non-covalent interactions involving contributions from solvent water clusters, most notably a water decamer ((H2O)(10)) with an ice-like molecular arrangement. These findings show that the degree of structuring that can be imposed on water by its surroundings, and vice versa, can be profound.
C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Chem, Columbia, MO 65211 USA.
C3 University of Missouri System; University of Missouri Columbia
RP Atwood, JL (corresponding author), Univ Missouri, Dept Chem, Columbia, MO 65211 USA.
EM chemja@mizzoul.missouri.edu
NR 23
TC 512
Z9 549
U1 5
U2 80
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 18
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6686
BP 671
EP 673
DI 10.1038/31441
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZV288
UT WOS:000074289600048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sinai, MJ
   Ooi, TL
   He, ZJ
AF Sinai, MJ
   Ooi, TL
   He, ZJ
TI Terrain influences the accurate judgement of distance
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID visual-perception; locomotion; location; guidance
AB Mathematically, three-dimensional space can be represented differently by the cartesian, polar, and other coordinate systems. However, in physical sciences, the choice of representation system is restricted by the need to simplify a machine's computation while enhancing its efficiency(1). Does the brain, for the same reasons, 'select' the most cost-efficient way to represent the three-dimensional location of objects? As we frequently interact with objects on the common ground surface, it might be beneficial for the visual system to code an object's location using a ground-surface-based reference frame(2). More precisely, the brain could use a quasi-two-dimensional coordinate system (x(s), y(s)) with respect, to the ground surface (s), rather than a strictly three-dimensional coordinate system (x, y, z), thus reducing coding redundancy and simplifying computations(2-5). Here we provide support for this view by studying human psychophysical performance in perceiving absolute distance and in visually directed action tasks(6-11). For example, when an object was seen on a continuous, homogeneous texture ground surface, the observer judged the distance to the object accurately. However, when similar surface information was unavailable, for example, when the object was seen across a gap in the ground, or across distinct texture regions, distance judgement was impaired.
C1 Univ Louisville, Dept Psychol, Louisville, KY 40292 USA.
   So Coll Optometry, Dept Biomed Sci, Memphis, TN 38104 USA.
C3 University of Louisville
RP He, ZJ (corresponding author), Univ Louisville, Dept Psychol, Louisville, KY 40292 USA.
EM zOhe0002@ulkyvm.louisville.edu
NR 18
TC 186
Z9 211
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 1
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6701
BP 497
EP 500
DI 10.1038/26747
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 124ZG
UT WOS:000076212200055
PM 9774104
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Meldrum, A
   Zinkle, SJ
   Boatner, LA
   Ewing, RC
AF Meldrum, A
   Zinkle, SJ
   Boatner, LA
   Ewing, RC
TI A transient liquid-like phase in the displacement cascades of zircon, hafnon and thorite
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID radiation-damage; ion microprobe; amorphization; irradiation; behavior; metals; energy
AB The study of radiation effects in solids is important for the development of 'radiation-resistant' materials for fission-reactor applications'. The effects of heavy-ion irradiation in the isostructural orthosilicates zircon (ZrSiO4), hafnon (HfSiO4) and thorite (ThSiO4) are particularly important because these minerals are under active investigation for use as a waste form for plutonium-239 resulting from the dismantling of nuclear weapons(2-4). During ion irradiation, localized 'cascades' of displaced atoms can form as a result of ballistic collisions in the target material, and the temperature inside these regions may for a short time exceed the bulk melting temperature. Whether these cascades do indeed generate a localized liquid state(5-8) has, however, remained unclear. Here we investigate the irradiation-induced decomposition of zircon and hafnon, and find evidence for formation of a liquidlike state in the displacement cascades. Our results explain the frequent occurrence of ZrO2 in natural amorphous zircong(9-12) Moreover, we conclude that zircon-based nuclear waste forms should be maintained within strict temperature Limits, to avoid potentially detrimental irradiation-induced amorphization or phase decomposition of the zircon.
C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Solid State, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA.
   Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Met & Ceram, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Dept Nucl Engn & Radiol Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Oak Ridge National Laboratory; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Oak Ridge National Laboratory; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
RP Meldrum, A (corresponding author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Solid State, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA.
EM al-m@worldnet.att.net
NR 30
TC 128
Z9 140
U1 0
U2 42
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 3
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6697
BP 56
EP 58
DI 10.1038/25698
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 116JY
UT WOS:000075722200043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jensen, S
   Gehling, JG
   Droser, ML
AF Jensen, S
   Gehling, JG
   Droser, ML
TI Ediacara-type fossils in Cambrian sediments
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID early animal evolution; south-australia; climate; record; strata
AB Fossil assemblages that preserve soft-bodied organisms are essential for our understanding of the composition and diversity of past life. The worldwide terminal Proterozoic Ediacara-type fossils (from similar to 600-544 Myr BP) are unique in consisting of soft-bodied animals, which are typically preserved as impressions in coarse-grained sediments(1-4). These Lagerstatten are also special because they pre-date the major burst of skeletonization, which occurred near the start Of the Cambrian period(3). Most Ediacara-type fossils are interpreted to be cnidarians, but higher metazoans such as annelids and molluscs may also be represented(1-4). However, the unique style of preservation and difficulties in finding convincing morphological homologies with definite animals have led some specialists to prefer non-metazoan interpretations, such as Vendobionta(5). In addition, the rarity of Ediacara-type fossils in younger sediments has led to suggestions of a terminal Proterozoic mass extinction(6). Here we report typical Ediarcara-type frond-shaped fossils that occur together with an assemblage of Cambrian-type trace fossils in unequivocally Cambrian-aged sediments of the Uratanna Formation, South Australia. This occurrence bridges the apparent divide between the terminal Proterozoic and Cambrian fossil assemblages, and also suggests that closure of a taphonomic window (an interval of time with unique preservational conditions) was as important as extinction in the disappearance of Ediacara-type organisms.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Earth Sci, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, England.
   Univ S Australia, The Levels, SA 5095, Australia.
   Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Earth Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA.
C3 University of Cambridge; Adelaide University; University of South Australia; University of California System; University of California Riverside
RP Droser, ML (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Earth Sci, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, England.
EM sj10019@esc.cam.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 152
Z9 168
U1 0
U2 27
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 11
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6685
BP 567
EP 569
DI 10.1038/31215
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZT988
UT WOS:000074150100049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wörgötter, F
   Suder, K
   Zhao, YQ
   Kerscher, N
   Eysel, UT
   Funke, K
AF Wörgötter, F
   Suder, K
   Zhao, YQ
   Kerscher, N
   Eysel, UT
   Funke, K
TI State-dependent receptive-field restructuring in the visual cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lateral geniculate-nucleus; relay cells; cats; modulation; organization; mechanisms; responses; dynamics; neurons
AB To extract important information from the environment on a useful timescale, the visual system must be able to adapt rapidly to constantly changing scenes. This requires dynamic control of visual resolution possibly at the level of the responses of single neurons. Individual cells in the visual cortex respond to Light stimuli on particular locations (receptive fields) on the retina, and the structure of these receptive fields can change in different contexts(1-4). Here we show experimentally that the shape of receptive fields in the primary visual cortex of anaesthetized cats undergoes significant modifications, which are correlated with the general state of the brain as assessed by electroencephalography: receptive fields are wider during synchronized states and smaller during non-synchronized states. We also show that cortical receptive fields shrink over time when stimulated with hashing light spots. Finally, by using a network model we account for the changing size of the cortical receptive fields by dynamically rescaling the levels of excitation and inhibition in the visual thalamus and cortex. The observed dynamic changes in the sizes of the cortical receptive field could be a reflection of a process that adapts the spatial resolution within the primary visual pathway to different states of excitability.
C1 Ruhr Univ Bochum, Inst Physiol, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
C3 Ruhr University Bochum
RP Wörgötter, F (corresponding author), Ruhr Univ Bochum, Inst Physiol, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
NR 23
TC 140
Z9 161
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 12
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6707
BP 165
EP 168
DI 10.1038/24157
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 139DU
UT WOS:000077013300051
PM 9823895
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Edgecombe, GD
AF Edgecombe, GD
TI Devonian terrestrial arthropods from Gondwana
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID western-australia; phylogeny; myriapods; fossils; record; land
AB The origin of the most diverse terrestrial animal group, Atelocerata (myriapods and hexapods), is obscured by an incomplete fossil record(1). Early (Silurian and Devonian) body fossils of terrestrial arthropods have been found only in Laurussia, with key sites in Britain and eastern North America(2-5). Although trace fossil assemblages indicate the presence of various arthropods on land in Australia in the Silurian Period(6), definite terrestrial arthropods have not been discovered in mid-Palaeozoic stages of the southern continents. Here I describe the first atelocerates from the Devonian stages of Gondwana; these are perhaps the earliest known remains of Australian land animals. The fossils comprise two closely related myriapod species of the genus Maldybulakia, first identified from Kazakhstan(7,8). They add substantially to our knowledge of the anatomy of this problematic arthropod, and illustrate the widespread distribution of parts of the Devonian terrestrial fauna. A dade including Maldybulakia is distinct within the Myriapoda at a high taxonomic level. The existence of Maldybulakia and the extinct classes Arthropleuridea and Kampecarida(9), with centipedes and millipedes, indicates the high class-level diversity of myriapods in the Devonian.
C1 Australian Museum, Ctr Evolutionary Res, Sydney S, NSW 2000, Australia.
C3 Australian Museum
RP Edgecombe, GD (corresponding author), Australian Museum, Ctr Evolutionary Res, 6 Coll St, Sydney S, NSW 2000, Australia.
EM greged@amsg.austmus.gov.au
NR 26
TC 23
Z9 26
U1 3
U2 49
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 9
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6689
BP 172
EP 175
DI 10.1038/28156
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZZ203
UT WOS:000074705900051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hutton, M
   Lendon, CL
   Rizzu, P
   Baker, M
   Froelich, S
   Houlden, H
   Pickering-Brown, S
   Chakraverty, S
   Isaacs, A
   Grover, A
   Hackett, J
   Adamson, J
   Lincoln, S
   Dickson, D
   Davies, P
   Petersen, RC
   Stevens, M
   de Graaff, E
   Wauters, E
   van Baren, J
   Hillebrand, M
   Joosse, M
   Kwon, JM
   Nowotny, P
   Che, LK
   Norton, J
   Morris, JC
   Reed, LA
   Trojanowski, J
   Basun, H
   Lannfelt, L
   Neystat, M
   Fahn, S
   Dark, F
   Tannenberg, T
   Dodd, PR
   Hayward, N
   Kwok, JBJ
   Schofield, PR
   Andreadis, A
   Snowden, J
   Craufurd, D
   Neary, D
   Owen, F
   Oostra, BA
   Hardy, J
   Goate, A
   van Swieten, J
   Mann, D
   Lynch, T
   Heutink, P
AF Hutton, M
   Lendon, CL
   Rizzu, P
   Baker, M
   Froelich, S
   Houlden, H
   Pickering-Brown, S
   Chakraverty, S
   Isaacs, A
   Grover, A
   Hackett, J
   Adamson, J
   Lincoln, S
   Dickson, D
   Davies, P
   Petersen, RC
   Stevens, M
   de Graaff, E
   Wauters, E
   van Baren, J
   Hillebrand, M
   Joosse, M
   Kwon, JM
   Nowotny, P
   Che, LK
   Norton, J
   Morris, JC
   Reed, LA
   Trojanowski, J
   Basun, H
   Lannfelt, L
   Neystat, M
   Fahn, S
   Dark, F
   Tannenberg, T
   Dodd, PR
   Hayward, N
   Kwok, JBJ
   Schofield, PR
   Andreadis, A
   Snowden, J
   Craufurd, D
   Neary, D
   Owen, F
   Oostra, BA
   Hardy, J
   Goate, A
   van Swieten, J
   Mann, D
   Lynch, T
   Heutink, P
TI Association of missense and 5′-splice-site mutations in tau with the inherited dementia FTDP-17
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein-tau; alzheimers-disease; localization; parkinsonism; complex; gene; rna
AB Thirteen families have been described with an autosomal dominantly inherited dementia named frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17)(1-9), historically termed Pick's disease(10). Most FTDP-17 cases show neuronal and/or glial inclusions that stain positively with antibodies raised against the microtubule-associated protein Tau, although the Tau pathology varies considerably in both its quantity (or severity) and characteristics(1-8,12). Previous studies have mapped the FTDP-17 locus to a 2-centimorgan region on chromosome 17q21.11; the tau gene also lies within this region. We have now sequenced tau in FTDP-17 families and identified three missense mutations (G272V, P301L and R406W) and three mutations in the 5' splice site of exon in. The splice-site mutations all destabilize a potential stem-loop structure which is probably involved in regulating the alternative splicing of exon10 (ref. 13). This causes more frequent usage of the 5' splice site and an increased proportion of tan transcripts that include exon 10. The increase in exon 10(+) messenger RNA will increase the proportion of Tau containing four microtubule-binding repeats, which is consistent with the neuropathology described in several families with FTDP-17 (refs 12, 14).
C1 Mayo Clin Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Erasmus Univ, Dept Clin Genet, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
   Erasmus Univ, Dept Neurol, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
   Karolinska Inst, Inst Clin Neurophysiol & Family Med, Geriatr Med Sect, S-14186 Huddinge, Sweden.
   Univ Manchester, Sch Biol Sci, Div Neurosci, Manchester M13 9PT, Lancs, England.
   Yeshiva Univ Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Pathol, Bronx, NY 10461 USA.
   Mayo Clin, Rochester, MN 56007 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Univ Penn, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Dept Neurol, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Princess Alexandra Hosp, Dept Psychiat, Woolloongabba, Qld 4102, Australia.
   Mater Misericordiae Hosp, Dept Anat Pathol, Brisbane, Qld 4101, Australia.
   Univ Queensland, Dept Biochem, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.
   Queensland Inst Med Res, Human Genet Lab, Herston, Qld 4029, Australia.
   Garvan Inst Med Res, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
   Eunice Kennedy Shriver Ctr Mental Retardat Inc, Dept Biomed Sci, Waltham, MA 02154 USA.
   Manchester Royal Infirm, Dept Neurol, Manchester M13 9WL, Lancs, England.
   St Marys Hosp, Dept Clin Genet, Manchester M13 0GH, Lancs, England.
   Univ Manchester, Dept Pathol Sci, Manchester M13 9PT, Lancs, England.
C3 Mayo Clinic; Washington University (WUSTL); Erasmus University Rotterdam - Excl Erasmus MC; Erasmus University Rotterdam; Erasmus University Rotterdam; Erasmus University Rotterdam - Excl Erasmus MC; Karolinska Institutet; University of Manchester; Yeshiva University; Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Mayo Clinic; Washington University (WUSTL); University of Pennsylvania; Columbia University; Princess Alexandra Hospital; University of Queensland; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute; Garvan Institute of Medical Research; Eunice Kennedy Shriver Center; University of Manchester; University of Manchester; University of Manchester
RP Hutton, M (corresponding author), Mayo Clin Jacksonville, 4500 San Pablo Rd, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA.
EM hutton.michael@mayo.edu; heutink@kgen.fgg.eut.nl
NR 28
TC 2947
Z9 3402
U1 1
U2 155
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 18
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6686
BP 702
EP 705
DI 10.1038/31508
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZV288
UT WOS:000074289600058
PM 9641683
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fuchs, DT
   Zeldov, E
   Rappaport, M
   Tamegai, T
   Ooi, S
   Shtrikman, H
AF Fuchs, DT
   Zeldov, E
   Rappaport, M
   Tamegai, T
   Ooi, S
   Shtrikman, H
TI Transport properties governed by surface barriers in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-temperature superconductors; lattice-melting transition; single-crystals; vortex-motion; films; irreversibility; yba2cu3o7-delta; magnetization; dissipation; currents
AB One of the most common investigation techniques of type-II superconductors is the transport measurement, in which an electrical current is applied to a sample and the corresponding resistance is measured as a function of temperature and magnetic field, At temperatures well below the critical temperature, T-c, the resistance of a superconductor is usually immeasurably low, But at elevated temperatures and fields, in the so-called vortex liquid phase, a substantial linear resistance is observed(1). In this dissipative state, which in anisotropic high-temperature superconductors like Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 may occupy most of the mixed-state phase diagram, the transport current is usually assumed to flow uniformly across the sample as in a normal metal. To test this assumption, we have devised a measurement approach which allows determination of the flow pattern of the transport current across the sample. The surprising result is that, in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 crystals, most of the current flows at the edges of the sample rather than in the bulk, even in the highly resistive state, due to the presence of strong surface barriers, This finding has significant implications for the interpretation of existing resistivity data and may be of importance for the development of high-temperature superconducting wires and tapes.
C1 Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Condensed Matter Phys, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
   Weizmann Inst Sci, Serv Phys, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
   Univ Tokyo, Dept Appl Phys, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 113, Japan.
C3 Weizmann Institute of Science; Weizmann Institute of Science; University of Tokyo
RP Fuchs, DT (corresponding author), Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Condensed Matter Phys, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
EM fndandan@wis.weizmann.ac.il
NR 27
TC 123
Z9 127
U1 3
U2 26
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 22
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6665
BP 373
EP 376
DI 10.1038/34879
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YT444
UT WOS:000071604200049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jiang, Y
   Ma, W
   Wan, Y
   Kozasa, T
   Hattori, S
   Huang, XY
AF Jiang, Y
   Ma, W
   Wan, Y
   Kozasa, T
   Hattori, S
   Huang, XY
TI The G protein Gα12 stimulates Bruton's tyrosine kinase and a rasGAP through a conserved PH/BM domain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gtpase-activating protein; beta-gamma-subunits; rat-brain; receptor; purification; cascade; family; cells
AB Heterotrimeric guanine-nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are signal transducers that relay messages from many receptors on the cell surface to modulate various cellular processes(1-4). The direct downstream effecters of G proteins consist of the signalling molecules that are activated by their physical interactions with a G alpha or G beta gamma subunit. Effecters that interact directly with G alpha 12 G, proteins have yet to be identified(5,6). Here we show that G alpha 12 binds directly to, and stimulates the activity of, Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) and a Res GTPase-activating protein, Gap1(m), in vitro and in; vivo. G alpha 12 interacts with a conserved domain, composed of the pleckstrin-homology domain and the adjacent Btk motif, that is present in both Btk and Gap1(m). Our results are, to our knowledge, the first to identify direct effecters for G alpha 12 and to show that there is a direct link between heterotrimeric and monomeric G proteins.
C1 Cornell Univ, Coll Med, Dept Physiol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Pharmacol, Dallas, TX 75235 USA.
   Natl Inst Neurosci, Div Biochem & Cellular Biol, Tokyo 187, Japan.
C3 Cornell University; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; National Center for Neurology & Psychiatry - Japan
RP Huang, XY (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Coll Med, Dept Physiol, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
NR 26
TC 156
Z9 180
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 22
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6704
BP 808
EP 813
DI 10.1038/27454
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 132AL
UT WOS:000076607400059
PM 9796816
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ding, JM
   Buchanan, GF
   Tischkau, SA
   Chen, D
   Kuriashkina, L
   Faiman, LE
   Alster, JM
   McPherson, PS
   Campbell, KP
   Gillette, MU
AF Ding, JM
   Buchanan, GF
   Tischkau, SA
   Chen, D
   Kuriashkina, L
   Faiman, LE
   Alster, JM
   McPherson, PS
   Campbell, KP
   Gillette, MU
TI A neuronal ryanodine receptor mediates light-induced phase delays of the circadian clock
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID calcium-release channel; ca2+ release; caffeine; protein; shifts; thapsigargin; rapamycin; reticulum; muscle; ribose
AB Circadian clocks are complex biochemical systems that cycle with a period of approximately 24 hours. They integrate temporal information regarding phasing of the solar cycle, and adjust their phase so as to synchronize an organism's internal state to the local environmental day and night(1,2). Nocturnal light is the dominant regulator of this entrainment. In mammals, information about nocturnal light is transmitted by glutamate released om retinal projections to the circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus. Clock resetting requires the activation of ionotropic glutamate receptors, which mediate Ca2+ influx(3). The response induced by such activation depends on the clock's temporal state: during early night it delays the clock phase, whereas in late night the clock phase is advanced. To investigate this differential response, we sought signalling elements that contribute solely to phase delay. We analysed intracellular calcium-channel ryanodine receptors, which mediate coupled Ca2+ signalling, Depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores during early night blocked the effects of glutamate. Activators of ryanodine receptors induced phase resetting only in early night; inhibitors selectively blocked delays induced by light and glutamate. These findings implicate the release of intracellular Ca2+ through ryanodine receptors in the light-induced phase delay of the circadian clock restricted to the early night.
C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Cell & Struct Biol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
   Univ Illinois, Dept Mol & Integrat Physiol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
   Univ Illinois, Neurosci Program, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
   Univ Illinois, Comp & Commun Serv Off, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
   McGill Univ, Montreal Neurol Inst, Dept Neurol & Neurosurg, Montreal, PQ H3A 2B4, Canada.
   Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
   Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Dept Physiol, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
C3 University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; McGill University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Iowa; University of Iowa
RP Gillette, MU (corresponding author), Univ Illinois, Dept Cell & Struct Biol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
NR 27
TC 192
Z9 227
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 23
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6691
BP 381
EP 384
DI 10.1038/28639
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 103QF
UT WOS:000074968800054
PM 9690474
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hupé, JM
   James, AC
   Payne, BR
   Lomber, SG
   Girard, P
   Bullier, J
AF Hupé, JM
   James, AC
   Payne, BR
   Lomber, SG
   Girard, P
   Bullier, J
TI Cortical feedback improves discrimination between figure and background by V1, V2 and V3 neurons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID macaque monkey; visual-cortex; corticocortical connections; afferent connectivity; receptive-field; areas v1; striate; cat; organization; system
AB A single visual stimulus activates neurons in many different cortical areas. A major challenge in cortical physiology is to understand how the neural activity in these numerous active zones leads to a unified percept of the visual sct ne. The anatomical basis for these interactions is the dense network of connections that link the visual areas. Within this network, feedforward connections transmit signals from lower-order areas such as V1 or V2 to higher-order areas. In addition, there is a dense web of feedback connections which, despite their anatomical prominence(1,4), remain functionally mysterious(5-8). Here we show, using reversible inactivation of a higher-order area (monkey area V5/MT), that feedback connections serve to amplify and focus activity of neurons in lower-order areas, and that they are important in the differentiation of figure from ground, particularly in the case of stimuli of low visibility. More specifically, we show that feedback connections facilitate responses to objects moving within the classical receptive field; enhance suppression evoked by background stimuli in the surrounding region; and have the strongest effects for stimuli of low salience.
C1 INSERM, F-69675 Bron, France.
C3 Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm)
RP Bullier, J (corresponding author), INSERM, 18 Ave Doyen Lepine, F-69675 Bron, France.
EM bullier@lyon151.inserm.fr
NR 27
TC 672
Z9 758
U1 0
U2 38
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 20
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6695
BP 784
EP 787
DI 10.1038/29537
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 112PR
UT WOS:000075503600046
PM 9723617
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kramer, RH
   Karpen, JW
AF Kramer, RH
   Karpen, JW
TI Spanning binding sites on allosteric proteins with polymer-linked ligand dimers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nucleotide-gated channels; cyclic-gmp; rod photoreceptor; functional expression; diverse functions; cation channel; cgmp analogs; subunit; kinase; camp
AB One approach to drug design involves determination of the structure of binding sites on target proteins to provide templates for ligand construction. Alternatively, random combinations of chemical groups can be used to generate diverse molecules for screening in the search for effective compounds'. Here we report a strategy for developing potent ligands for proteins with multiple binding sites, which combines elements of both approaches: 'polymer-linked ligand dimers: in which two ligands are joined by a polymer chain of variable length. We find that polymer-linked ligand dimers containing two cyclic GMP moieties are up to a thousand times more potent than cyclic GMP in activating cyclic-nucleotide-gated channels and cGMP-dependent protein kinase. Each target protein responds optimally to a polymer-linked ligand dimer with a different average polymer length, even though their cyclic-nucleotide-binding sites are conserved. The tuning of polymer-linked ligand dimers indicates that each protein has a unique spacing of binding sites and provides an estimate of the distance between these sires. As optimal ligands are selected empirically, the: polymer-linked Ligand dimer strategy enables potent and selective agents to be identified without requiring previous structural information about the target proteins.
C1 Univ Miami, Sch Med, Dept Mol & Cellular Pharmacol, Miami, FL 33101 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Sch Med, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Denver, CO 80262 USA.
C3 University of Miami; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Denver; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
RP Kramer, RH (corresponding author), Univ Miami, Sch Med, Dept Mol & Cellular Pharmacol, Miami, FL 33101 USA.
NR 28
TC 230
Z9 280
U1 0
U2 39
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 15
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6703
BP 710
EP 713
DI 10.1038/27227
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 129PR
UT WOS:000076472600055
PM 9790193
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Feldman, B
   Gates, MA
   Egan, ES
   Dougan, ST
   Rennebeck, G
   Sirotkin, HI
   Schier, AF
   Talbot, WS
AF Feldman, B
   Gates, MA
   Egan, ES
   Dougan, ST
   Rennebeck, G
   Sirotkin, HI
   Schier, AF
   Talbot, WS
TI Zebrafish organizer development and germ-layer formation require nodal-related signals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID goosecoid expression; spemann organizer; mutant embryos; no tail; gene; mesoderm; mouse; specification; gastrulation; nuclei
AB The vertebrate body plan is established during gastrulation, when cells move inwards to form the mesodermal and endodermal germ layers. Signals from a region of dorsal mesoderm, which is termed the organizer, pattern the body axis by specifying the fates of neighbouring cells(1,2). The organizer is itself induced by earlier signals(1). Although members of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and Wnt families have been implicated in the formation of the organizer, no endogenous signalling molecule is known to be required for this process(1). Here we report that the zebrafish squint (sqt)(3) and cyclops (cyc)(4) genes have essential, although partly redundant, functions in organizer development and also in the formation of mesoderm and endoderm. We show that the sqt gene encodes a member of the TGF-beta superfamily that is related to mouse nodal. cyc encodes another nodal-related protein(5,6), which is consistent with our genetic evidence that sqt and cyc have overlapping functions. The sqt gene is expressed in a dorsal region of the blastula that includes the extraembryonic yolk syncytial layer (YSL). The YSL has been implicated as a source of signals that induce organizer development and mesendoderm formation(2,7). Misexpression of sqt RNA within the embryo or specifically in the YSL induces expanded or ectopic dorsal mesoderm, These results establish an essential role for nodal-related signals in organizer development and mesendoderm formation.
C1 NYU Med Ctr, Skirball Inst Biomol Med, Dev Genet Program, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   NYU Med Ctr, Dept Cell Biol, New York, NY 10016 USA.
C3 New York University; New York University
RP Talbot, WS (corresponding author), NYU Med Ctr, Skirball Inst Biomol Med, Dev Genet Program, 540 1st Ave, New York, NY 10016 USA.
NR 29
TC 577
Z9 697
U1 0
U2 43
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 10
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6698
BP 181
EP 185
DI 10.1038/26013
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 118GK
UT WOS:000075829900044
PM 9744277
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kemp, M
AF Kemp, M
TI Visible viruses
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Hist Art, Oxford OX1 2PG, England.
C3 University of Oxford
RP Kemp, M (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Hist Art, 35 Beaumont St, Oxford OX1 2PG, England.
NR 1
TC 3
Z9 3
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 12
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6707
BP 123
EP 123
DI 10.1038/24062
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 139DU
UT WOS:000077013300031
PM 9823890
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hoffert, MI
   Caldeira, K
   Jain, AK
   Haites, EF
   Harvey, LDD
   Potter, SD
   Schlesinger, ME
   Schneider, SH
   Watts, RG
   Wigley, TML
   Wuebbles, DJ
AF Hoffert, MI
   Caldeira, K
   Jain, AK
   Haites, EF
   Harvey, LDD
   Potter, SD
   Schlesinger, ME
   Schneider, SH
   Watts, RG
   Wigley, TML
   Wuebbles, DJ
TI Energy implications of future stabilization of atmospheric CO2 content
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carbon
AB The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(1) calls for "stabilization of greenhouse-gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system...". A standard base-line scenario(2,3) that assumes no policy intervention to limit greenhouse-gas emissions has 10TW (10 x 10(12) watts) of carbon-emission-free power being produced by the year 2050, equivalent to the power provided by all today's energy sources combined. Here we employ a carbon-cycle/energy model to estimate the carbon-emission-free power needed for various atmospheric CO2 stabilization scenarios. We find that CO2 stabilization with continued economic growth will require innovative, cost-effective and carbon-emission-free technologies that can provide additional tens of terawatts of primary power in the coming decades, and certainty by the middle of the twenty-first century, even with sustained improvement in the economic productivity of primary energy. At progressively lower atmospheric CO2-stabilization targets in the 750-350 p.p.m.v, range, implementing stabilization will become even more challenging because of the increasing demand for carbon-emission-free power. The magnitude of the implied infrastructure transition suggests the need for massive investments in innovative energy research.
C1 NYU, Dept Phys, New York, NY 10003 USA.
   Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA.
   Univ Illinois, Dept Atmospher Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
   Margaree Consultants, Toronto, ON M5H 2X6, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Geog, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Tulane Univ, Dept Mech Engn, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA.
   Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA.
C3 New York University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; University of California System; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; University of Toronto; Stanford University; Tulane University; National Center Atmospheric Research (NCAR) - USA
RP Hoffert, MI (corresponding author), NYU, Dept Phys, 4 Washington Pl, New York, NY 10003 USA.
NR 30
TC 482
Z9 666
U1 2
U2 148
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 29
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6705
BP 881
EP 884
DI 10.1038/27638
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 133XT
UT WOS:000076713400051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nimmo, ER
   Pidoux, AL
   Perry, PE
   Allshire, RC
AF Nimmo, ER
   Pidoux, AL
   Perry, PE
   Allshire, RC
TI Defective meiosis in telomere-silencing mutants of Schizosaccharomyces pombe
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID position-effect variegation; fission yeast centromeres; chromosome movement; meiotic prophase; expression; mutations; disrupt; genome; gene
AB During meiotic prophase, chromosomes frequently adopt a bouquet-like arrangement, with their telomeres clustered close to the nuclear periphery(1-3). A dramatic example of this occurs in the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, where all telomeres aggregate adjacent to the spindle pole body (SPB)(4-7). Nuclei then undergo rapid traverses of the cell, known as 'horsetail' movement, which is led by the SPB dragging telomeres and chromosomes behind(4,6,7). This process may initiate or facilitate chromosome pairing before recombination and meiosis. With the aim of identifying components involved in telomere structure and function, we report here the isolation of S. pombe mutants defective in the ability to impose transcriptional silencing on genes placed near telomeres(8). Two of these mutants, lot2-s17 and lot3-uv3, also display a dramatic lengthening of telomeric repeats. lot3-uv3 carries a mutation in Tazl (ref. 9), a telomere-binding protein containing a Myb-like moth similar to two human telomere-binding proteins(10,11). Meiosis is aberrant in these mutant yeast strains, and our analysis demonstrates a decreased association of telomeres with the SPB in meiotic prophase, This results in defective 'horsetail' movement, a significant reduction in recombination, low spore viability and chromosome missegregation through meiosis.
C1 Univ Edinburgh, Western Gen Hosp, MRC, Human Genet Unit, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Univ Edinburgh, Western Gen Hosp, Canc Res Campaign Project, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, Midlothian, Scotland.
C3 University of Edinburgh; University of Edinburgh
RP Allshire, RC (corresponding author), Univ Edinburgh, Western Gen Hosp, MRC, Human Genet Unit, Crewe Rd, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, Midlothian, Scotland.
EM robin.allshire@hgu.mrc.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 222
Z9 247
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 23
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6678
BP 825
EP 828
DI 10.1038/33941
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZJ679
UT WOS:000073241200056
PM 9572142
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hertz, R
   Magenheim, J
   Berman, I
   Bar-Tana, J
AF Hertz, R
   Magenheim, J
   Berman, I
   Bar-Tana, J
TI Fatty acyl-CoA thioesters are ligands of hepatic nuclear factor-4α
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transcriptional activation; escherichia-coli; acid; proliferators; proteins; promoter; binding; lipids; gene
AB Dietary fatty acids specifically modulate the onset and progression of various diseases, including cancer(1,2), atherogenesis(3), hyperlipidaemia(4), insulin resistance(5) and hypertension(6), as well as blood coagulability and fibrinolytic defects(7); their effects depend on their chain length and degree of saturation. Hepatocyte nuclear factor-4 alpha (ref. 8) (HNF-4 alpha) is an orphan transcription factor of the superfamily of nuclear receptors and controls the expression of genes (reviewed in ref. 9) that govern the pathogenesis and course of some of these diseases. Here we show that long-chain fatty acids directly modulate the transcriptional activity of HNF-4 alpha by binding as their acyl-CoA thioesters to the ligand-binding domain of HNF-4 alpha, This binding may shift the oligomeric-dimeric equilibrium of HNF-4 alpha or may modulate the affinity of HNF-4 alpha for its cognate promoter element, resulting in either activation or inhibition of HNF-4 alpha transcriptional activity as a function of chain length and the degree of saturation of the fatty acyl-CoA ligands, In addition to their roles as substrates to yield energy, as an energy store, or as constituents of membrane phospholipids, dietary fatty acids may affect the course of a disease by modulating the expression of HNF-4 alpha-controlled genes.
C1 Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Fac Med, Dept Human Nutr & Metab, IL-91010 Jerusalem, Israel.
C3 Hebrew University of Jerusalem
RP Bar-Tana, J (corresponding author), Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Fac Med, Dept Human Nutr & Metab, POB 12272, IL-91010 Jerusalem, Israel.
NR 29
TC 448
Z9 518
U1 0
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 2
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6675
BP 512
EP 516
DI 10.1038/33185
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZF215
UT WOS:000072875200063
PM 9548258
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Davis, WB
   Svec, WA
   Ratner, MA
   Wasielewski, MR
AF Davis, WB
   Svec, WA
   Ratner, MA
   Wasielewski, MR
TI Molecular-wire behaviour in p-phenylenevinylene oligomers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electron-transfer; distance dependence; complexes; polyenes; systems; spacers; length; rates
AB Electron transfer from electron-donor to electron-acceptor molecules via a molecular 'bridge' is a feature of many biological and chemical systems. The electronic structure of the bridge component in donor-bridge-acceptor (DBA) systems is known to play a critical role in determining the ease of electron transfer(1,2). In most DBA systems, the rate at which electron transfer occurs scales exponentially with the donor-acceptor distance-effectively the length of the bridge molecule. But theory predicts that regimes exist wherein the distance dependence may be very weak, the bridge molecules essentially acting as incoherent molecular wires(3-6). Here we show how these regimes can be accessed by molecular design. We have synthesized a series of structurally well-defined DBA molecules that incorporate tetracene as the donor and pyromellitimide as the acceptor, linked by p-phenylenevinylene oligomers of various lengths. Photoinduced electron transfer in this series exhibits very weak distance dependence for donor-acceptor separations as large as 40 Angstrom, with rate constants of the order of 10(11) s(-1). These findings demonstrate the importance of energy matching between the donor and bridge components for achieving molecular-wire behaviour.
C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Chem, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
   Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem, Argonne, IL 60439 USA.
C3 Northwestern University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Argonne National Laboratory
RP Wasielewski, MR (corresponding author), Northwestern Univ, Dept Chem, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
EM wasielew@chem.nwu.edu
NR 31
TC 713
Z9 826
U1 0
U2 132
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 5
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6706
BP 60
EP 63
DI 10.1038/23912
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 136HE
UT WOS:000076852700051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ricote, M
   Li, AC
   Willson, TM
   Kelly, CJ
   Glass, CK
AF Ricote, M
   Li, AC
   Willson, TM
   Kelly, CJ
   Glass, CK
TI The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ is a negative regulator of macrophage activation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID interferon-gamma; expression; gene; cells; metalloproteinases; lipopolysaccharide; collagenase; ligand; j(2); ap-1
AB The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-dependent transcription factors that is predominantly expressed in adipose tissue, adrenal gland and spleen(1-3). PPAR-gamma has been demonstrated to regulate adipocyte differentiation and glucose homeostasis in response to several structurally distinct compounds, including thiazolidinediones and fibrates(3-6). Naturally occurring compounds such as fatty acids and the prostaglandin D-2 metabolite 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14) prostaglandin J(2) (15d-PGJ(2)) bind to PPAR-gamma and stimulate transcription of target genes(7-10). Prostaglandin D-2 metabolites have not yet been identified in adipose tissue, but are major products of arachidonic-acid metabolism in macrophages(11), raising the possibility that they might serve as endogenous PPAR-gamma ligands in this cell type, Here we show that PPAR-gamma is markedly upregulated in activated macrophages and inhibits the expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase, gelatinase B and scavenger receptor A genes in response to 15d-PGJ(2) and synthetic PPAR-gamma ligands, PPAR-gamma inhibits gene expression in part by antagonizing the activities of the transcription factors AP-1, STAT and NF-kappa B, These observations suggest that PPAR-gamma and locally produced prostaglandin D-2 metabolites are involved in the regulation of inflammatory responses, and raise the possibility that synthetic PPAR-gamma ligands may be of therapeutic value in human diseases such as atherosclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis in which activated macrophages exert pathogenic effects.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Med, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Glaxo Wellcome Inc, Res & Dev, Dept Med Chem, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA.
   San Diego Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Div Cellular & Mol Med, La Jolla, CA 92161 USA.
   San Diego Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Div Endocrinol & Metab, La Jolla, CA 92161 USA.
   San Diego Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Div Cardiol, La Jolla, CA 92161 USA.
   San Diego Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Div Nephrol, La Jolla, CA 92161 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline USA
RP Glass, CK (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Med, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
NR 27
TC 3199
Z9 3577
U1 2
U2 193
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 1
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6662
BP 79
EP 82
DI 10.1038/34178
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YP888
UT WOS:000071326100052
PM 9422508
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wales, DJ
   Miller, MA
   Walsh, TR
AF Wales, DJ
   Miller, MA
   Walsh, TR
TI Archetypal energy landscapes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carbon clusters; molecular-dynamics; c-60; fullerenes; liquids; surfaces; model; fragmentation; simulations; relaxation
AB Energy landscapes hold the key to understanding a wide range of molecular phenomena. The problem of how a denatured protein re-folds to its active state (Levinthal's paradox(1)) has been addressed in terms of the underlying energy landscape(2-7), as has the widely used 'strong' and 'fragile' classification of liquids(8-9) Here we show how three archetypal energy landscapes for clusters of atoms or molecules can be characterized in terms of the disconnectivity graphs(10) of their energy minima-that is, in terms of the pathways that connect minima at different threshold energies. First we consider a cluster of 38 Lennard-Jones particles, whose energy landscape is a 'double funnel' on which relaxation to the global minimum is diverted into a set of competing structures. Then we characterize the energy landscape associated with the annealing of C-60 cages to buckministerfullerene, and show that it provides experimentally accessible clues to the relaxation pathway. Finally we show a very different landscape morphology, that of a model water cluster (H2O)(20), and show how it exhibits features expected for a 'strong' liquid. These three examples do not exhaust the possibilities, and might constitute substructures of still more complex landscapes.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Chem Labs, Cambridge CB2 1EW, England.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP Wales, DJ (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Chem Labs, Lensfield Rd, Cambridge CB2 1EW, England.
NR 40
TC 510
Z9 530
U1 2
U2 86
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 20
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6695
BP 758
EP 760
DI 10.1038/29487
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 112PR
UT WOS:000075503600038
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Huang, CL
   Feng, SY
   Hilgemann, DW
AF Huang, CL
   Feng, SY
   Hilgemann, DW
TI Direct activation of inward rectifier potassium channels by PIP2 and its stabilization by Gβγ
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pleckstrin homology domain; rectifying k+ channels; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate; functional expression; molecular-property; i-kach; proteins; subunits; binding; g(beta-gamma)
AB Inward rectifier K+ channels, which modulate electrical activity in many cell types, are regulated by protein kinases(1,2), guanine-nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins)(3-6) and probably actin cytoskeleton(7), Generation of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) by ATP-dependent lipid kinases is known to activate inward rectifier Ki(+) channels in cardiac membrane patches(8), Here we report that several cloned inward rectifier K+ channels directly bind PIP2, and that this binding correlates with channel activity. Application of ATP or PIP2 liposomes activates the cloned channels, Stabilized by lipid phosphatase inhibitors, PIP2 antibodies(9) potently inhibit each channel with a unique rate (GIRK1/4 (refs 3-5) approximate to GIRK2 (ref, 6) much greater than IRK1 (ref, 10) approximate to ROMK (ref. 11)). Consistent with the faster dissociation of PIP, from the GIRK channels, the carboxy terminus of GIRK1 binds H-3-PIP2 liposomes more weakly than does that of IRK1 or ROMK1. Mutation of a conserved arginine to glutamine at position 188 reduces the ability of ROMK1 to bind PIP2 and increases its sensitivity to inhibition by PIP2 antibodies. Interactions between GIRK channels and PIP2 are modulated by the beta gamma subunits of the G protein (G beta gamma). When GIRK1/4 channels are allowed to run down completely, they are not activated by addition of G beta gamma alone, but application of PIP2 activates them in minutes without G beta gamma and in just seconds with G beta gamma, Finally, coexpression of G beta gamma with GIRK channels slows the inhibition of K+ currents by PIP2 antibodies by more than 10-fold, Thus G beta gamma activates GIRK channels by stabilizing interactions between PIP2 and the K+ channel.
C1 Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Med, Div Nephrol, Dallas, TX 75235 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Physiol, Dallas, TX 75235 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
RP Huang, CL (corresponding author), Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Med, Div Nephrol, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75235 USA.
EM chuanl@mednet.swmed.edu
NR 29
TC 788
Z9 884
U1 0
U2 34
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 19
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6669
BP 803
EP 806
DI 10.1038/35882
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YX884
UT WOS:000072089500056
PM 9486652
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ishii, N
   Fujii, M
   Hartman, PS
   Tsuda, M
   Yasuda, K
   Senoo-Matsuda, N
   Yanase, S
   Ayusawa, D
   Suzuki, K
AF Ishii, N
   Fujii, M
   Hartman, PS
   Tsuda, M
   Yasuda, K
   Senoo-Matsuda, N
   Yanase, S
   Ayusawa, D
   Suzuki, K
TI A mutation in succinate dehydrogenase cytochrome b causes oxidative stress and ageing in nematodes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mitochondrial respiratory-chain; caenorhabditis-elegans; ubiquinone oxidoreductase; sensitive mutant; complex-ii; damage; deficiency
AB Much attention has focused on the aetiology of oxidative damage in cellular and organismal ageing(1-4). Especially toxic are the reactive oxygen byproducts of respiration and other biological processes(5). A mev-1(kn1) mutant of Caenorhabditis elegans has been found to be hypersensitive to raised oxygen concentrations(6,7), Unlike the wild type, its lifespan decreases dramatically as oxygen concentrations are increased from 1 tee 60% (ref. 7). Strains bearing this mutation accumulate markers of ageing (such as fluorescent materials and protein carbonyls) faster than the wild type(8,9). We show here that mev-1 encodes a subunit of the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase cytochrome b, which is a component of complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. We found that the ability of complex II to catalyse electron transport from succinate to ubiquinone is compromised in mev-l animals. This may cause an indirect increase in superoxide levels, which in turn leads to oxygen hypersensitivity and premature ageing. Our results indicate that mev-1 governs the rate of ageing by modulating the cellular response to oxidative stress.
C1 Tokai Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Life Sci, Kanagawa 2591193, Japan.
   Yokohama City Univ, Kihara Inst Biol Res, Dept Biochem, Kanagawa 2440813, Japan.
   Texas Christian Univ, Dept Biol, Ft Worth, TX 76129 USA.
   Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co Ltd, Tokyo Res Lab, Tokyo 1948533, Japan.
C3 Tokai University; Yokohama City University; Texas Christian University; Kyowa Kirin Ltd
RP Ishii, N (corresponding author), Tokai Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Life Sci, Kanagawa 2591193, Japan.
NR 25
TC 565
Z9 639
U1 0
U2 68
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 13
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6694
BP 694
EP 697
DI 10.1038/29331
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 110MD
UT WOS:000075384200048
PM 9716135
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wolters-Arts, M
   Lush, WM
   Mariani, C
AF Wolters-Arts, M
   Lush, WM
   Mariani, C
TI Lipids are required for directional pollen-tube growth
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dry stigmas; arabidopsis; pollination; plants; components; nicotiana; responses; gradients; brassica; fields
AB Successful pollination and fertilization are absolute requirements for sexual reproduction in higher plants. Pollen hydration, germination and penetration of the stigma by pollen tubes are influenced by the exudate on wet stigmas(1) and by the pollen coat in species with dry stigmas(2-5). The exudate allows pollen tubes to grow directly into the stigma, whereas the pollen coat establishes the contact with the stigma. Pollen tubes then grow into the papillae, which are covered by a cuticle. The components of the exudate or pollen coat that are responsible for pollen tube penetration are not known. To discover the role of the exudate, we tested selected compounds for their ability to act as functional substitutes for exudate in the initial stages of pollen-tube growth on transgenic stigmaless tobacco plants' that did not produce exudate. Here we show that lipids are the essential factor needed for pollen tubes to penetrate the stigma, and that, in the presence of these lipids, pollen tubes will also penetrate leaves. We propose that lipids direct pollen-tube growth by controlling the flow of water to pollen in species with dry and wet stigmas.
C1 Catholic Univ Nijmegen, Dept Expt Bot, Grad Sch Expt Plant Sci, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands.
   Univ Melbourne, Sch Bot, Plant Cell Biol Res Ctr, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia.
C3 Radboud University Nijmegen; University of Melbourne
RP Wolters-Arts, M (corresponding author), Catholic Univ Nijmegen, Dept Expt Bot, Grad Sch Expt Plant Sci, Toernooiveld 1, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands.
EM mwolters@sci.kun.nl
NR 30
TC 305
Z9 342
U1 1
U2 61
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 23
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6678
BP 818
EP 821
DI 10.1038/33929
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZJ679
UT WOS:000073241200054
PM 9572141
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Palmer, MR
   Ernst, GGJ
AF Palmer, MR
   Ernst, GGJ
TI Generation of hydrothermal megaplumes by cooling of pillow basalts at mid-ocean ridges
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID de-fuca ridge; floor eruption site; recent lava flows; cleft segment; juan; sea; plumes; systems; event; water
AB Hydrothermal megaplumes are huge volumes of anomalously warm water that are located up to 1,000 metres above the sea floor and appear to be generated at mid-ocean ridges. Since their discovery in 1986, there has been considerable debate concerning their origin, A theoretical model is used to argue that the cooling of pillow basalts, which are erupted at similar to 1,200 degrees C into sea water and are the most common form of submarine volcanic activity, is responsible for the megaplume formation.
C1 Univ Bristol, Dept Earth Sci, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England.
C3 University of Bristol
RP Palmer, MR (corresponding author), Univ Bristol, Dept Earth Sci, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England.
EM m.r.palmer@bris.ac.uk
NR 44
TC 41
Z9 44
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 18
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6686
BP 643
EP 647
DI 10.1038/31397
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZV288
UT WOS:000074289600042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Packer, C
   Tatar, M
   Collins, A
AF Packer, C
   Tatar, M
   Collins, A
TI Reproductive cessation in female mammals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID menopause; lions; costs
AB In female mammals, fertility declines abruptly at an advanced age. The human menopause is one example, but reproductive cessation has also been documented in non-human primates, rodents, whales, dogs, rabbits, elephants and domestic livestock(1-3). The human menopause has been considered an evolutionary adaptation(4-7), assuming that elderly women avoid the increasing complications of continued childbirth to better nurture their current children and grandchildren. But an abrupt reproductive decline might be only a non-adaptive by-product of life-history patterns. Because so many individuals die from starvation, disease and predation, detrimental genetic traits can persist (or even be favoured) as long as their deleterious effects are delayed until an advanced age is reached, and, for a given pattern of mortality, there should be an age by which selection would be too weak to prevent the onset of reproductive senescence(4,5,8). We provide a systematic test of these alternatives using field data from two species in which grandmothers frequently engage in kin-directed behaviour. Both species show abrupt age-specific changes in reproductive performance that are characteristic of menopause. But elderly females do not suffer increased mortality costs of reproduction, nor do post-reproductive females enhance the fitness of grandchildren or older children. Instead, reproductive cessation appears to result from senescence.
C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA.
   Brown Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolut Biol, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
   Gombe Stream Res Ctr, Kigoma, Tanzania.
C3 University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; Brown University
RP Packer, C (corresponding author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108 USA.
EM packer@biosci.umn.edu
NR 25
TC 245
Z9 272
U1 2
U2 129
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 23
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6678
BP 807
EP 811
DI 10.1038/33910
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZJ679
UT WOS:000073241200051
PM 9572138
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Irifune, T
   Isshiki, M
AF Irifune, T
   Isshiki, M
TI Iron partitioning in a pyrolite mantle and the nature of the 410-km seismic discontinuity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transition zone; system mg2sio4-fe2sio4; modified spinel; olivine; phase; reflections; beta-mg2sio4; elasticity; dependence; velocity
AB Pyrolite(1) is a hypothetical mixture of distinct minerals which is widely believed to represent the composition of the Earth's mantle. The main pressure-induced phase transformations of the olivine component of pyrolite occur at about 13.5 GPa (alpha to beta) and 24 GPa (gamma to MgSiO3-rich perovskite + magnesiowustite)(2,3), which are thought to be responsible for the seismic discontinuities at 410 and 660 km depths in the mantle. Recent seismological studies, however, have demonstrated that the 410-km seismic discontinuity is sharper in some areas than that expected from the alpha to beta transformation in mantle olivine with a fixed composition(4-7). Moreover, some mineral. physics studies suggest that the seismic velocity jump at the 410-km discontinuity is inconsistent with that associated with the alpha to beta transformation in olivine(8,9). Here we present a phase equilibria study of a material having pyrolite composition at pressures of 6-16 GPa. We found that the iron content in olivine changes significantly with increasing pressure, as a result of the formation of a relatively iron-rich majorite phase at these pressures. This variation in iron content can overcome, or at least reduce, both of the above difficulties encountered with the pyrolite model of mantle composition, by showing that the component mineral systems cannot be treated as separate.
C1 Ehime Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Matsuyama, Ehime 790, Japan.
C3 Ehime University
RP Irifune, T (corresponding author), Ehime Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Matsuyama, Ehime 790, Japan.
EM irifune@dpc.ehime-u.ac.jp
NR 29
TC 115
Z9 135
U1 0
U2 48
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 16
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6677
BP 702
EP 705
DI 10.1038/33663
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZH612
UT WOS:000073129000054
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nowak, MA
   Sigmund, K
AF Nowak, MA
   Sigmund, K
TI Evolution of indirect reciprocity by image scoring
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tit-for-tat; prisoners-dilemma; cooperation
AB Darwinian evolution has to provide an explanation for cooperative behaviour. Theories of cooperation are based on kin selection (dependent on genetic relatedness)(1,2), group selection(3-5) and reciprocal altruism(6-9). The idea of reciprocal altruism usually involves direct reciprocity: repeated encounters between the same individuals allow for the return of an altruistic act by the recipient(10-16). Here we present a new theoretical framework, which is based on indirect reciprocity(17) and does not require the same two individuals ever to meet again, individual selection can nevertheless favour cooperative strategies directed towards recipients that have helped others in the past. Cooperation pays because it confers the image of a valuable community member to the cooperating individual. We present computer simulations and analytic models that specify the conditions required for evolutionary stability(18) of indirect reciprocity. We show that the probability of knowing the 'image' of the recipient must exceed the cost-to-benefit ratio of the altruistic act. We propose that the emergence of indirect reciprocity was a decisive step for the evolution of human societies.
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
   Univ Vienna, Inst Math, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
C3 University of Oxford; University of Vienna
RP Nowak, MA (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
EM martin.nowak@zoo.ox.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 1831
Z9 2061
U1 10
U2 346
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 11
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6685
BP 573
EP 577
DI 10.1038/31225
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZT988
UT WOS:000074150100051
PM 9634232
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hutchins, DA
   Bruland, KW
AF Hutchins, DA
   Bruland, KW
TI Iron-limited diatom growth and Si:N uptake ratios in a coastal upwelling regime
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phytoplankton growth; southern-ocean; marine diatoms; pacific-ocean; limitation; productivity; variability; nitrogen; silicate; waters
AB There is compelling evidence that phytoplankton growth is limited by iron availability in the subarctic pacific(1), and equatorial Pacific(2) and Southern oceans(3). A lack of iron prevents the complete biological utilization of the ambient nitrate and influences phytoplankton species composition in these open-ocean 'high-nitrate, low-chlorophyll' (HNLC) regimes(4). But the effects of iron availability on coastal primary productivity and nutrient biogeochemistry are unknown. Here we present the results of shipboard seawater incubation experiments which demonstrate that phytoplankton are iron-limited in parts of the California coastal upwelling region. As in offshore HNLC regimes, the addition of iron to these nearshore HNLC waters promotes blooms of large chain-forming diatoms. The silicic acid:nitrate (Si:N) uptake ratios in control incubations are two to three times higher than those in iron incubations. Diatoms stressed by a lack of iron should therefore deplete surface waters of silicic acid before nitrate, leading to a secondary silicic acid limitation of the phytoplankton community. Higher Si:cell, Si:C and Si:pigment ratios in diatoms in the control incubations suggest that iron limitation leads to more silicified, faster-sinking diatom biomass. These results raise fundamental questions about the nature of nutrient-limitation interactions in marine ecosystems, palaeoproductivity estimates based on the sedimentary accumulation of biogenic opal, and the controls on carbon export from some of the world's most productive surface waters.
C1 Univ Delaware, Coll Marine Studies, Lewes, DE 19958 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
C3 University of Delaware; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz
RP Hutchins, DA (corresponding author), Univ Delaware, Coll Marine Studies, Lewes, DE 19958 USA.
EM dahutch@udel.edu
NR 24
TC 836
Z9 956
U1 0
U2 268
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 11
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6685
BP 561
EP 564
DI 10.1038/31203
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZT988
UT WOS:000074150100047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhang, ZL
   Huang, LS
   Shulmeister, VM
   Chi, YI
   Kim, KK
   Hung, LW
   Crofts, AR
   Berry, EA
   Kim, SH
AF Zhang, ZL
   Huang, LS
   Shulmeister, VM
   Chi, YI
   Kim, KK
   Hung, LW
   Crofts, AR
   Berry, EA
   Kim, SH
TI Electron transfer by domain movement in cytochrome bc1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cytochrome-c oxidoreductase; iron-sulfur protein; heart ubiquinol; complex; site; crystallization; mitochondria; resolution; reductase; subunit
AB The cytochrome bc(1) is one of the three major respiratory enzyme complexes residing in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Cytochrome bc(1) transfers electrons from ubiquinol to cytochrome c and uses the energy thus released to form an electrochemical gradient across the inner membrane. Our X-ray crystal structures of the complex from chicken, cow and rabbit In both the presence and absence of inhibitors of quinone oxidation, reveal two different locations for the extrinsic domain of one component of the enzyme, an Iron-sulphur protein. One location Is close enough to the supposed quinol oxidation site to allow reduction of the Fe-S protein by ubiquinol. The other site is close enough to cytochrome cl to allow oxidation of the Fe-S protein by the cytochrome. As neither location will allow both reactions to proceed at a suitable rate, the reaction mechanism must involve movement of the extrinsic domain of the Fe-S component In order to shuttle electrons from ubiquinol to cytochrome c(1). Such a mechanism has not previously been observed in redox protein complexes.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, EO Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Grad Grp Biophys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Illinois, Ctr Biophys & Comptat Biol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
RP Berry, EA (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, EO Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
NR 42
TC 977
Z9 1100
U1 0
U2 33
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 16
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6677
BP 677
EP 684
DI 10.1038/33612
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZH612
UT WOS:000073129000047
PM 9565029
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hansen, BMS
AF Hansen, BMS
TI Old and blue white-dwarf stars as a detectable source of microlensing events
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID large-magellanic-cloud; hubble deep field; galactic disk; halo; age
AB The analysis(1) of gravitational microlensing events of stars(2,3) in the Large Magellanic Cloud places the masses of the lensing objects in the range 0.3-0.8 solar masses, suggesting that they might be old white-dwarf stars, Such objects represent the last stage of stellar evolution: they are the cooling cores of stars that have Lost their atmospheres after nuclear fusion has ceased in their centres. If white dwarfs exist in abundance in the halo of our Galaxy, this would have profound implications for our understanding of the early generations of stars in the Universe(4-6). Previous attempts to constrain theoretically(6-8) the contribution of white dwarfs to microlensing indicate that they can account for only a small fraction of the events. But these estimates relied on models of white-dwarf cooling that are inadequate for describing the properties of the oldest such objects. Here I present cooling models appropriate for very old white I dwarfs. I find, using these models, that the widely held notion that old white dwarfs are red applies only to those with a helium atmosphere; old white dwarfs with hydrogen atmospheres, which could be a considerable fraction of the total population, will appear rather blue, with colours similar to those of the faint blue sources in the Hubble Deep Field. Observational searches for the population of microlensing objects should therefore look for faint blue objects, rather than faint red ones.
C1 Univ Toronto, Canadian Inst Theoret Astrophys, Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada.
C3 University of Toronto
RP Hansen, BMS (corresponding author), Univ Toronto, Canadian Inst Theoret Astrophys, Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada.
NR 28
TC 140
Z9 142
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 27
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6696
BP 860
EP 862
DI 10.1038/29710
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 114LW
UT WOS:000075611800038
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Eskildsen, MR
   Harada, K
   Gammel, PL
   Abrahamsen, AB
   Andersen, NH
   Ernst, G
   Ramirez, AP
   Bishop, DJ
   Mortensen, K
   Naugle, DG
   Rathnayaka, KDD
   Canfield, PC
AF Eskildsen, MR
   Harada, K
   Gammel, PL
   Abrahamsen, AB
   Andersen, NH
   Ernst, G
   Ramirez, AP
   Bishop, DJ
   Mortensen, K
   Naugle, DG
   Rathnayaka, KDD
   Canfield, PC
TI Intertwined symmetry of the magnetic modulation and the flux-line lattice in the superconducting state of TmNi2B2C
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID single-crystal; erni2b2c
AB Materials that can in principle exhibit both superconductivity and ferromagnetism are caught in a dilemma: both states represent long-range order, but are in general mutually exclusive. When the material favours a ground state with a large magnetic moment, as is the case for Er4Rh4B (ref. 1), superconductivity is destroyed. For superconductivity to persist, the magnetic structure would need to adopt an antiferromagnetic modulation of short enough wavelength to ensure a small net moment on the length scale of the superconducting coherence length. The intermetallic-borocarbide superconductors(2-4) RNi2B2C (where R is a rare-earth element) have shed new light on this balance between magnetism and superconductivity. The response of these materials in the superconducting state to a magnetic field is dominated by the formation of a flux-line lattice-a regular array of quantized magnetic vortices whose symmetry and degree of order are easily modified and thus can be expected to interact with an underlying magnetic modulation. In TmNi2B2C, superconductivity and antiferromagnetic modulated ordering coexist below 1.5 K (refs 5-7). Here we present the results of a small-angle neutron-scattering study of this compound which show that the structure of the magnetic modulation and the symmetry of the flux-line lattice are intimately coupled, resulting in a complex phase diagram.
C1 Riso Natl Lab, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
   Hitachi Ltd, Adv Res Lab, Hatoyama, Saitama 35003, Japan.
   Lucent Technol, Bell Labs, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
   Texas A&M Univ, Dept Phys, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.
   Iowa State Univ, Ames Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA.
   Iowa State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Ames, IA 50011 USA.
C3 Technical University of Denmark; Hitachi Limited; Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies; AT&T; Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station; Iowa State University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Ames National Laboratory; Iowa State University
RP Eskildsen, MR (corresponding author), Riso Natl Lab, POB 49, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
NR 19
TC 69
Z9 71
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 21
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6682
BP 242
EP 245
DI 10.1038/30447
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZP513
UT WOS:000073761000045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yanson, AI
   Bollinger, GR
   van den Brom, HE
   Agraït, N
   van Ruitenbeek, JM
AF Yanson, AI
   Bollinger, GR
   van den Brom, HE
   Agraït, N
   van Ruitenbeek, JM
TI Formation and manipulation of a metallic wire of single gold atoms
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID size contacts; conductance
AB The continuing miniaturization of microelectronics raises the prospect of nanometre-scale devices with mechanical and electrical properties that are qualitatively different from those at larger dimensions. The investigation of these properties, and particularly the increasing influence of quantum effects on electron transport, has therefore attracted much interest. Quantum properties of the conductance can be observed when 'breaking' a metallic contact: as two metal electrodes in contact with each other are slowly retracted, the contact area undergoes structural rearrangements until it consists in its final stages of only a few bridging atoms(1-3). Just before the abrupt transition to tunnelling occurs, the electrical conductance through a monovalent metal contact is always dose to a value of 2e(2)/h (approximate to 12.9 k Omega(-1)), where e is the charge on an electron and h is Planck's constant(4-6). This value corresponds to one quantum unit of conductance, thus indicating that the 'neck' of the contact consists of a single atom(7). In contrast to previous observations of only single-atom necks, here we describe the breaking of atomic-scale gold contacts, which leads to the formation of gold chains one atom thick and at least four atoms long. Once we start to pull out a chain, the conductance never exceeds 2e(2)/h, confirming that it acts as a one-dimensional quantized nanowire. Given their high stability and the ability to support ballistic electron transport, these structures seem well suited for the investigation of atomic-scale electronics.
C1 Leiden Univ, Kamerlingh Onnes Lab, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.
   Univ Autonoma Madrid, Inst Univ Ciencia Mat Nicolas Cabrera, Dept Fis Mat Condensada C III, Lab Bajas Temp, E-28049 Madrid, Spain.
C3 Leiden University - Excl LUMC; Leiden University; Autonomous University of Madrid
RP van Ruitenbeek, JM (corresponding author), Leiden Univ, Kamerlingh Onnes Lab, POB 9504, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.
NR 20
TC 972
Z9 1056
U1 6
U2 246
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 22
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6704
BP 783
EP 785
DI 10.1038/27405
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 132AL
UT WOS:000076607400051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pereira, PJB
   Bergner, A
   Macedo-Ribeiro, S
   Huber, R
   Matschiner, G
   Fritz, H
   Sommerhoff, CP
   Bode, W
AF Pereira, PJB
   Bergner, A
   Macedo-Ribeiro, S
   Huber, R
   Matschiner, G
   Fritz, H
   Sommerhoff, CP
   Bode, W
TI Human β-tryptase is a ring-like tetramer with active sites facing a central pore
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mast-cell tryptase; crystal-structure; benzamidine derivatives; inhibitors; trypsin; inactivation; resolution; binding
AB Human tryptase, a mast-cell-specific serine proteinase that may be involved in causing asthma and other allergic and inflammatory disorders(1-3), is unique in two respects: it is enzymatically active only as a heparin-stabilized tetramer, and it is resistant to all known endogenous proteinase inhibitors. The 3-Angstrom crystal structure of human beta-tryptase in a complex with 4-amidinophenyl pyruvic acid shows four quasi-equivalent monomers arranged in a square flat ring of pseudo 222 symmetry, Each monomer contacts its neighbours at two different interfaces through six loop segments. These loops are located around the active site of beta-tryptase and differ considerably in length and conformation from loops of other trypsin-like proteinases. The four active centres of the tetramer are directed towards an oval central Fore, restricting access for macromolecular substrates and enzyme inhibitors. Heparin chains might stabilize the complex by binding to an elongated patch of positively charged residues spanning two adjacent monomers. The nature of this unique tetrameric architecture explains many of tryptase's biochemical properties and provides a basis for the rational design of monofunctional and bifunctional tryptase inhibitors.
C1 Max Planck Inst Biochem, Abt Stukturforsch, D-85152 Martinsried, Germany.
   Univ Munich, Klinikum Innenstadt, Chirurg Klin & Poliklin, Klin Chem & Klin Biochem Abt, D-80336 Munich, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; University of Munich
RP Bode, W (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Biochem, Abt Stukturforsch, Klopferspitz 18A, D-85152 Martinsried, Germany.
EM bode@biochem.mpg.de
NR 30
TC 280
Z9 306
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 19
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6673
BP 306
EP 311
DI 10.1038/32703
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZC739
UT WOS:000072612300054
PM 9521329
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bitter, W
   Gerrits, H
   Kieft, R
   Borst, P
AF Bitter, W
   Gerrits, H
   Kieft, R
   Borst, P
TI The role of transferrin-receptor variation in the host range of Trypanosoma brucei
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene-expression site; surface glycoprotein genes; binding protein complex; antigenic variation; african trypanosm; cells; identification; invitro; family; growth
AB Trypanosoma brucei(1) is a unicellular parasite transmitted between African mammals by tsetse flies. T. brucei multiplies freely in the bloodstream of many different mammals, and survives by antigenic variation of the main component of its surface coat, variant surface glycoprotein (VSG)(2,3). Trypanosomes take up transferrin through a heterodimeric transferrin receptor(4-9), the genes for which are expressed in telomeric expression sites along with the VSG gene. There are up to 20 of these expression sites per trypanosome nucleus(3,10-15), but usually only one is active at a time. Different expression sites encode transferrin receptors that are similar but not identical(16). Here we show that these small differences between transferrin receptors can have profound effects on the binding affinity for transferrins from different mammals, and an the ability of trypanosomes to grow in the sera of these mammals. Our results suggest that the ability ro switch between different transferrin-receptor genes allows T. brucei to cope with the large sequence diversity in the transferrins of its hosts(17).
C1 Netherlands Canc Inst, Div Mol Biol, NL-1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
C3 Netherlands Cancer Institute
RP Borst, P (corresponding author), Netherlands Canc Inst, Div Mol Biol, Plesmanlaan 121, NL-1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
NR 30
TC 126
Z9 135
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 29
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6666
BP 499
EP 502
DI 10.1038/35166
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YU290
UT WOS:000071701800054
PM 9461219
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lim, J
   Carilli, CL
   White, SM
   Beasley, AJ
   Marson, RG
AF Lim, J
   Carilli, CL
   White, SM
   Beasley, AJ
   Marson, RG
TI Large convection cells as the source of Betelgeuse's extended atmosphere
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alpha-orionis; stellar atmospheres; mass-loss; chromosphere; emission; winds; waves; giant
AB Supergiant stars such as Betelgeuse have very extended atmospheres, the properties of which are poorly understood, Alfven waves(1-4), acoustic waves(1,2,5-7) and radial pulsations(8) have all been suggested as likely mechanisms for elevating these atmospheres and driving the massive outflows of gas seen in these stars: such mechanisms would heat the atmosphere from below and there are indeed observations showing that Betelgeuse's extended atmosphere is hotter than the underlying photosphere(9,10). Here we report radio observations of Betelgeuse that reveal the temperature structure of the extended atmosphere from two to seven times the photospheric radius. Close to the star, we find that the atmosphere has an irregular structure, and a temperature (3,450 +/- 850 K) consistent with the photospheric temperature but much lower than that of gas in the same region probed by optical and ultraviolet observations(10). This cooler gas decreases steadily in temperature with radius, reaching 1,370 +/- 330 K by seven stellar radii. The cool gas coexists with the hot chromospheric gas, but must be much more abundant as it dominates the radio emission, Our results suggest that a few inhomogeneously distributed large convective cells (which are widely believed(11-16) to be present in such stars) are responsible for lifting the cooler photospheric gas into the atmosphere; radiation pressure on dust grains that condense from this gas may then drive Betelgeuse's outflow.
C1 Acad Sinica, Inst Astron & Astrophys, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
   Natl Radio Astron Observ, Socorro, NM 87801 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
C3 Academia Sinica - Taiwan; National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO); University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park
RP Lim, J (corresponding author), Acad Sinica, Inst Astron & Astrophys, POB 1-87, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
NR 24
TC 100
Z9 104
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 9
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6676
BP 575
EP 577
DI 10.1038/33352
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZG300
UT WOS:000072987200050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pockley, P
AF Pockley, P
TI New Zealand puts its science to profit
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 2
Z9 2
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 29
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6666
BP 426
EP 427
DI 10.1038/34997
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YU290
UT WOS:000071701800014
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Odom, TW
   Huang, JL
   Kim, P
   Lieber, CM
AF Odom, TW
   Huang, JL
   Kim, P
   Lieber, CM
TI Atomic structure and electronic properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID graphene tubules
AB Carbon nanotubes(1) are predicted to be metallic or semiconducting depending on their diameter and the helicity of the arrangement of graphitic rings in their walls(2-5). Scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) offers the potential to probe this prediction, as it can resolve simultaneously both atomic structure and the electronic density of states. Previous STM studies of multi-walled nanotubes(6-9) and single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs)(10) have provided indications of differing structures and diameter-dependent electronic properties, but have not revealed any explicit relationship between structure and electronic properties, Here we report STM measurements of the atomic structure and electronic properties of SWNTs. We are able to resolve the hexagonal-ring structure of the walls, and show that the electronic properties do indeed depend on diameter and helicity. We find that the SWNT samples exhibit many different structures, with no one species dominating.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Chem Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University
RP Lieber, CM (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Chem Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
NR 17
TC 2295
Z9 2647
U1 7
U2 755
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 1
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6662
BP 62
EP 64
DI 10.1038/34145
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YP888
UT WOS:000071326100047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Deutsch, A
   Greshake, A
   Pesonan, LJ
   Pihlaja, P
AF Deutsch, A
   Greshake, A
   Pesonan, LJ
   Pihlaja, P
TI RETRACTED: Unaltered cosmic spherules in a 1.4-Gyr-old sandstone from Finland (Retracted Article. See vol 429, pg 322, 2004)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article; Retracted Publication
ID micrometeorites; greenland; collection; sediments; dust; ice
AB Micrometeorites-submillimetre-sized particles derived from asteroids and comets(1-5)-occur in significant quantities in deep sea sediments(1,2,4), and the ice sheets of Greenland(6,7) and Antarctica(8,9). The most abundant micrometeorites are cosmic spherules(3), which contain nickel-rich spinels(10) that were crystallized and oxidized during atmospheric entry, therefore recording the oxygen content in the uppermost atmosphere(10-12). But the use of micrometeorites for detecting past changes in the flux of incoming extraterrestrial matter, and as probes of the evolution of the atmosphere, has been hampered by the fact that most objects with depositional ages higher than 0.5 Mpr show severe chemical alteration(2). Here we report the discovery of unaltered cosmic spherules in a 1.4-Gyr-old(13-15) sandstone(16,17) (red bed) from Finland. From this we infer that red beds, a common lithology in the Earth's history, map contain substantial unbiased populations of fossil micrometeorites, The study of such populations would allow systematic research on variations in the micrometeorite flux from the early Proterozoic era to recent times(9) (a time span of about 2.5 Gyr), and could help to better constrain the time when the atmospheric oxygen content was raised to its present level(18-20)
C1 Univ Munster, Inst Planetol, D-48149 Munster, Germany.
   Geol Survey Finland, FIN-02151 Espoo, Finland.
C3 University of Munster; Geological Survey of Finland (GTK)
RP Deutsch, A (corresponding author), Univ Munster, Inst Planetol, Wilhelm Klemm Str 10, D-48149 Munster, Germany.
EM deutsca@uni-muenster.de
NR 29
TC 17
Z9 18
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 10
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6698
BP 146
EP 148
DI 10.1038/25943
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 118GK
UT WOS:000075829900033
PM 9744272
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yaron, A
   Hatzubai, A
   Davis, M
   Lavon, I
   Amit, S
   Manning, AM
   Andersen, JS
   Mann, M
   Mercurio, F
   Ben-Neriah, Y
AF Yaron, A
   Hatzubai, A
   Davis, M
   Lavon, I
   Amit, S
   Manning, AM
   Andersen, JS
   Mann, M
   Mercurio, F
   Ben-Neriah, Y
TI Identification of the receptor component of the IκBα-ubiquitin ligase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID proteasome pathway; phosphorylation; complex; kinase; degradation; proteins; activation; inhibitor; beta
AB NF-kappa B, a ubiquitous, inducible transcription factor involved in immune, inflammatory, stress and developmental processes, is retained in a latent form in the cytoplasm of non-stimulated cells by inhibitory molecules, I kappa Bs(1-3). It, activation is a paradigm for a signal-transduction cascade that integrates an inducible kinase and the ubiquitin-proteasome system to eliminate inhibitory regulators. Here we isolate the pI kappa B alpha-ubiquitin ligase (pI kappa B alpha-E3) that attaches ubiquitin, a small protein which marks other proteins for degradation by the proteasome system, to the phosphorylated NF-kappa B inhibitor pI kappa B alpha. Taking advantage of its high affinity to pI kappa B alpha, we isolate this ligase from HeLa cells by single-step immunoaffinity purification. Using nanoelectrospray mass spectrometry, we identify the specific component of the ligase that recognizes the pI kappa B alpha degradation motif as an F-box/WD-domain protein belonging to a recently distinguished family of beta-TrCP/Slimb proteins. This component, which we denote E3RS(I kappa B) (pI kappa B alpha-E3 receptor subunit), binds specifically to pI kappa B alpha and promotes its in vitro ubiquitination in the presence of two other ubiquitin-system enzymes, El and UBC5C, one of many known E2 enzymes. An F-box-deletion mutant of E3RS(I kappa B), which tightly binds pI kappa B alpha but does not support its ubiquitination, acts in vivo as a dominant-negative molecule, inhibiting the degradation of pI kappa B alpha and consequently NF-kappa B activation. E3RS(I kappa B) represents a family of receptor proteins that are core components of a class of ubiquitin ligases. When these receptor components recognize their specific ligand, which is a conserved, phosphorylation-based sequence motif, they target regulatory proteins containing this motif for proteasomal degradation.
C1 Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Hadassah Med Sch, Lautenberg Ctr Immunol, IL-91120 Jerusalem, Israel.
   Signal Pharmaceut Inc, San Diego, CA 92121 USA.
   Protana AS, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.
C3 Hebrew University of Jerusalem
RP Ben-Neriah, Y (corresponding author), Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Hadassah Med Sch, Lautenberg Ctr Immunol, IL-91120 Jerusalem, Israel.
EM yinon@cc.huji.ac.il
NR 26
TC 575
Z9 689
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 10
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6711
BP 590
EP 594
DI 10.1038/25159
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 147AY
UT WOS:000077466800062
PM 9859996
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fisahn, A
   Pike, FG
   Buhl, EH
   Paulsen, O
AF Fisahn, A
   Pike, FG
   Buhl, EH
   Paulsen, O
TI Cholinergic induction of network oscillations at 40 Hz in the hippocampus in vitro
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gabaergic interneurons; pyramidal cells; neurons; rat; cortex; slice; synchronization; excitation; rhythms; model
AB Acetylcholine is vital for cognitive functions of the brain. Although its actions in the individual cell are known in some detail(1), its effects at the network level are poorly understood(2). The hippocampus, which receives a major cholinergic input from the medial septum/diagonal band(3), is important in memory(4,5) and exhibits network activity at 40 Hz during relevant behaviours(6). Here we show that cholinergic activation is sufficient to induce 40-Hz network oscillations(7) in the hippocampus in vitro. Oscillatory activity is generated spontaneously in the CA3 subfield and can persist for hours. During the oscillatory state, principal neurons fire action potentials that are phase-related to the extracellular oscillation, but each neuron fires in only a small proportion of the cycles. Both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic events participate during the network oscillation in a precise temporal pattern. These results indicate that subcortical cholinergic input can control hippocampal memory processing by inducing fast network oscillations.
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Pharmacol, MRC, Anat Neuropharmacol Unit, Oxford OX1 3TH, England.
C3 University of Oxford
RP Fisahn, A (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Pharmacol, MRC, Anat Neuropharmacol Unit, Mansfield Rd, Oxford OX1 3TH, England.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 708
Z9 788
U1 0
U2 32
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 9
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6689
BP 186
EP 189
DI 10.1038/28179
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZZ203
UT WOS:000074705900055
PM 9671302
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Miesenböck, G
   De Angelis, DA
   Rothman, JE
AF Miesenböck, G
   De Angelis, DA
   Rothman, JE
TI Visualizing secretion and synaptic transmission with pH-sensitive green fluorescent proteins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID simplex virus vectors; fusion events; mast-cells; mutations; signal
AB In neural systems, information is often carried by ensembles of cells rather than by individual units. Optical indicators(1) provide a powerful means to reveal such distributed activity, particularly when protein-based and encodable in DNA(2-4): encodable probes can be introduced into cells, tissues, or transgenic organisms by genetic manipulation, selectively expressed in anatomically or functionally defined groups of cells, and, ideally, recorded in situ, without a requirement for exogenous cofactors, Here we describe sensors for secretion and neurotransmission that fulfill these criteria We have developed pH-sensitive mutants of green fluorescent protein ('pHluorins') by structure-directed combinatorial mutagenesis, with the aim of exploiting the acidic pH inside secretory vesicles(5,6) to monitor vesicle exocytosis and recycling. When linked to a vesicle membrane protein, pHluorins were sorted to secretory and synaptic vesicles and reported transmission at individual synaptic boutons, as well as secretion and fusion pore 'flicker' of single secretory granules.
C1 Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Cellular Biochem & Biophys Program, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
RP Rothman, JE (corresponding author), Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Cellular Biochem & Biophys Program, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
NR 27
TC 2059
Z9 2436
U1 2
U2 355
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 9
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6689
BP 192
EP 195
DI 10.1038/28190
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZZ203
UT WOS:000074705900057
PM 9671304
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gow, AJ
   Stamler, JS
AF Gow, AJ
   Stamler, JS
TI Reactions between nitric oxide and haemoglobin under physiological conditions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hemoglobin; no; blood; nitrosylation; binding; cells
AB The tenet of high-affinity nitric oxide (NO) binding to a haemoglobin (Hb) has shaped our view of haem proteins and of small diffusible signaling molecules. Specifically, NO binds rapidly to haem iron in Hb (k approximate to 10(7) M-1 s(-1)) (refs 1, 2) and once bound, the NO activity is largely irretrievable (K-d approximate to 10(-5) s(-1)) (refs 3-10); the binding is purportedly so tight as to be unaffected by O-2 or CO. However, these general principles do not consider the allosteric state of Hb or the nature of the allosteric effector,and they mostly derive from the functional behaviour of fully nitrosylated Hb, whereas Hb is only partially nitrosylated in vivo(11-16). Here we show that oxygen drives the conversion of nitrosylhaemoglobin in the 'tense' T (or partially nitrosylated, deoxy) structure to S-nitrosohaemoglobin in the 'relaxed' R (or ligand-bound, oxy) structure. In the absence of oxygen, nitroxyl anion(NO-) is liberated in a reaction producing methaemoglobin. The yields of both S-nitrosohaemoglobin and methaemoeglobin are dependent on the NO/Hb ratio. These newly discovered reactions elucidate mechanisms underlying NO function in the respiratory cycle, and provide insight into the aetiology of S-nitrosothiols, methaemoglobin and its related valency hybrids. Mechanistic re-examination of NO interactions with other haem proteins containing allosteric-site thiols may be warranted.
C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Cell Biol, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Univ Penn, Inst Environm Med, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Duke University; Duke University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Pennsylvania
RP Stamler, JS (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
NR 30
TC 501
Z9 563
U1 0
U2 40
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 8
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6663
BP 169
EP 173
DI 10.1038/34402
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YQ378
UT WOS:000071380900049
PM 9428761
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bryan-Brown, GP
   Brown, CV
   Sage, IC
   Hui, VC
AF Bryan-Brown, GP
   Brown, CV
   Sage, IC
   Hui, VC
TI Voltage-dependent anchoring of a nematic liquid crystal on a grating surface
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alignment
AB The switching properties of most liquid-crystal electro-optic devices rely mainly on the reorientation of the average molecular direction (director) within the bulk of the liquid-crystal layer(1). Reorientation of the director at or near the surfaces of the layer usually has an insignificant effect on device performance. Here we describe a different configuration in which a nematic liquid crystal is placed between a flat surface treated to induce a parallel anchoring of the director and a grating surface treated to give a perpendicular anchoring. We show that this configuration leads to an effective azimuthal anchoring at the grating surface that depends on the applied voltage when the nematic phase has negative dielectric anisotropy (that is, the director has a tendency to align perpendicular to the applied field). This leads to a voltage-controlled twist effect in the liquid-crystal cell that is highly sensitive to the grating profile. Furthermore, this twist effect possesses an electro-optic response which is far less dependent on viewing angle compared to many other liquid-crystal display configurations. We therefore suggest that this technology might find application in the next generation of liquid-crystal displays.
C1 Def Evaluat & Res Agcy, Malvern WR14 3PS, Worcs, England.
RP Bryan-Brown, GP (corresponding author), Def Evaluat & Res Agcy, St Andrews Rd, Malvern WR14 3PS, Worcs, England.
NR 6
TC 89
Z9 92
U1 0
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 26
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6674
BP 365
EP 367
DI 10.1038/32849
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZD694
UT WOS:000072713600044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Neale, PJ
   Davis, RF
   Cullen, JJ
AF Neale, PJ
   Davis, RF
   Cullen, JJ
TI Interactive effects of ozone depletion and vertical mixing on photosynthesis of Antarctic phytoplankton
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID biological weighting function; ultraviolet-radiation; marine-phytoplankton; southern-ocean; inhibition; waters; impact; growth; rates; model
AB Photosynthesis of Antarctic phytoplankton is inhibited by ambient ultraviolet (UV) radiation during incubations(1-4), and the inhibition is worse in regions beneath the Antarctic ozone 'hole'(4). But to evaluate such effects, experimental results on, and existing models of, photosynthesis(5-7) cannot be extrapolated directly to the conditions of the open waters of the Antarctic because vertical mixing of phytoplankton alters UV exposure and has significant effects on the integrated inhibition through the water column(2,8,9). Here we present a model of UV-influenced photosynthesis in the presence of vertical mixing, which we constrain with comprehensive measurements from the Weddell-Scotia Confluence during the austral spring of 1993. Our calculations of photosynthesis integrated through the water column (denoted PT) show that photosynthesis is strongly inhibited by near-surface UV radiation, This inhibition can be either enhanced or decreased by vertical mixing, depending on the depth of the mixed layer, Predicted inhibition is most severe when mixing is rapid, extending to the lower part of the photic zone. Our analysis reveals that an abrupt 50% reduction in stratospheric ozone could, in the worst case, lower P-T by as much as 8.5%, However, stronger influences on inhibition can come from realistic changes in vertical mixing (maximum effect on P-T of about +/-37%), measured differences in the sensitivity of phytoplankton to UV radiation (+/-46%) and cloudiness (+/-15%).
C1 Dalhousie Univ, Dept Oceanog, Ctr Environm Observat Technol & Res, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada.
   Smithsonian Environm Res Ctr, Edgewater, MD 21037 USA.
C3 Dalhousie University; Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian Environmental Research Center
RP Cullen, JJ (corresponding author), Dalhousie Univ, Dept Oceanog, Ctr Environm Observat Technol & Res, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada.
NR 30
TC 224
Z9 237
U1 0
U2 40
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 9
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6676
BP 585
EP 589
DI 10.1038/33374
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZG300
UT WOS:000072987200054
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hu, ZB
   Chen, YY
   Wang, CJ
   Zheng, YD
   Li, Y
AF Hu, ZB
   Chen, YY
   Wang, CJ
   Zheng, YD
   Li, Y
TI Polymer gels with engineered environmentally responsive surface patterns
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spinodal decomposition; isopropylacrylamide
AB The polymer gels called hydrogels may be induced to swell or shrink (taking up or expelling water between the crosslinked polymer chains) in response to a variety of environmental stimuli, such as changes in pH or temperature, or the presence of a specific chemical substrate(1). These gels are being explored for several technological applications, particularly as biomedical materials(2). When hydrogels swell or shrink, complex patterns may be generated on their surfaces(3-7). Here we report the synthesis and controlled modulation of engineered surface patterns on environmentally responsive hydrogels. We modify the character of a gel surface by selectively depositing another material using a mask. For example, we use sputter deposition to imprint the surface of an N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPA) gel with a square array of gold thin films. The periodicity of the array can be continuously varied as a function of temperature or electric field (which alter the gel's volume), and so such an array might serve as an optical grating for sensor applications. We also deposit small areas of an NIPA gel on the surface of an acrylamide gel; the patterned area can be rendered invisible reversibly by switching the temperature above or below the lower critical solution temperature of the NIPA gel. We anticipate that these surface patterning techniques may find applications in display and sensor technology.
C1 Univ N Texas, Dept Phys, Denton, TX 76203 USA.
   Kimberly Clark Corp, Neenal, WI 54956 USA.
C3 University of North Texas System; University of North Texas Denton; Kimberly-Clark
RP Hu, ZB (corresponding author), Univ N Texas, Dept Phys, Denton, TX 76203 USA.
NR 16
TC 274
Z9 305
U1 1
U2 136
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 14
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6681
BP 149
EP 152
DI 10.1038/30205
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZN200
UT WOS:000073619900042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Carmeliet, P
   Dor, Y
   Herbert, JM
   Fukumura, D
   Brusselmans, K
   Dewerchin, M
   Neeman, M
   Bono, F
   Abramovitch, R
   Maxwell, P
   Koch, CJ
   Ratcliffe, P
   Moons, L
   Jain, RK
   Collen, D
   Keshet, E
AF Carmeliet, P
   Dor, Y
   Herbert, JM
   Fukumura, D
   Brusselmans, K
   Dewerchin, M
   Neeman, M
   Bono, F
   Abramovitch, R
   Maxwell, P
   Koch, CJ
   Ratcliffe, P
   Moons, L
   Jain, RK
   Collen, D
   Keshet, E
TI Role of HIF-1α or in hypoxia-mediated apoptosis, cell proliferation and tumour angiogenesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID glucose-regulated proteins; inducible factor-1; arrest; p21
AB As a result of deprivation of oxygen (hypoxia) and nutrients, the growth and viability of cells is reduced(1). Hypoxia-inducible factor (KIF)-1 alpha helps to restore oxygen homeostasis by inducing glycolysis, erythropoiesis and angiogenesis(2-4). Here we show that hypoxia and hypoglycaemia reduce proliferation and increase apoptosis in wild-type (HIF-1 alpha(+/+)) embryonic stem (ES) cells, but not in ES cells with inactivated HIF-1 alpha. genes (HIF-1 alpha(-/-)); however, a deficiency of HIF-1 alpha does not affect apoptosis induced by cytokines. We find that hypoxia/hypoglycaemia-regulated genes involved in controlling the cell cycle are either HIF-1 alpha-dependent (those encoding the proteins p53, p21, Bcl-2) or HLF-1 alpha-independent (p27, GADD153), suggesting that there are at least two different adaptive responses to being deprived of oxygen and nutrients, Loss of HIF-1 alpha. reduces hypoxia-induced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, prevents formation of large vessels in ES-derived tumours, and impairs vascular function, resulting in hypoxic microenvironments within the tumour mass, However, growth of HIF-1 alpha. tumours was not retarded but was accelerated, owing to decreased hypoxia-induced apoptosis and increased stress-induced proliferation. As hypoxic stress contributes to many (patho)biological disorders(1,5), this new role for HIF-1 alpha in hypoxic control of cell growth and death may be of general pathophysiological importance.
C1 Catholic Univ Louvain VIB, Ctr Transgene Technol & Gene Therapy, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium.
   Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Hadassah Med Sch, Dept Mol Biol, IL-91120 Jerusalem, Israel.
   Sanofi Rech, Haemobiol Res Dept, F-31036 Toulouse, France.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Radiat Oncol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Regulat Biol, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
   John Radcliffe Hosp, Welcome Trust Ctr Human Genet, Inst Mol Med, Oxford OX3 7BN, England.
   Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Radiat Oncol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB); Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Sanofi-Aventis; Sanofi France; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Weizmann Institute of Science; University of Oxford; Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics; University of Pennsylvania
RP Carmeliet, P (corresponding author), Catholic Univ Louvain VIB, Ctr Transgene Technol & Gene Therapy, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium.
EM Peter.Carmeliet@med.kuleuven.ac.be
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 2219
Z9 2566
U1 1
U2 342
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 30
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6692
BP 485
EP 490
DI 10.1038/28867
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 105NT
UT WOS:000075080400054
PM 9697772
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Morris, JS
   Öhman, A
   Dolan, RJ
AF Morris, JS
   Öhman, A
   Dolan, RJ
TI Conscious and unconscious emotional learning in the human amygdala
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID blood-flow; discrimination; recognition; mechanisms; activation; expression; responses; images; faces
AB If subjects are shown an angry face as a target visual stimulus for less than forty milliseconds and are then immediately shown an expressionless mask, these subjects report seeing the mask but not the target. However, an aversively conditioned masked target can elicit an emotional response from subjects without being consciously perceived(1,2). Here we study the mechanism of this unconsciously mediated emotional learning. We measured neural activity in volunteer subjects who were presented with two angry faces, one of which, through previous classical conditioning, was associated with a burst of white noise. In half of the trials, the subjects' awareness of the angry faces was prevented by backward masking with a neutral face. A significant neural response was elicited in the right, but not left, amygdala to masked presentations of the conditioned angry face. Unmasked presentations of the same face produced enhanced neural activity in the left, but not right, amygdala. Our results indicate that, first, the human amygdala can discriminate between stimuli solely on the basis of their acquired behavioural significance, and second, this response is lateralized according to the subjects' level of awareness of the stimuli.
C1 Wellcome Dept Cognit Neurol, London WC1N 3BG, England.
   Karolinska Hosp, Dept Clin Neurosci, Psychiat & Psychol Sect, S-17176 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Royal Free Hosp, London NW3 2DF, England.
   UCL Hosp, Sch Med, London NW3 2DF, England.
C3 University of London; University College London; Karolinska Institutet; Karolinska University Hospital; University of London; University College London; UCL Medical School; Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust; University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; University of London; University College London; UCL Medical School
RP Dolan, RJ (corresponding author), Wellcome Dept Cognit Neurol, Queen Sq, London WC1N 3BG, England.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 1310
Z9 1522
U1 1
U2 168
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 4
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6684
BP 467
EP 470
DI 10.1038/30976
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZR842
UT WOS:000074020000044
PM 9624001
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bach, U
   Lupo, D
   Comte, P
   Moser, JE
   Weissörtel, F
   Salbeck, J
   Spreitzer, H
   Grätzel, M
AF Bach, U
   Lupo, D
   Comte, P
   Moser, JE
   Weissörtel, F
   Salbeck, J
   Spreitzer, H
   Grätzel, M
TI Solid-state dye-sensitized mesoporous TiO2 solar cells with high photon-to-electron conversion efficiencies
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID films
AB Solar cells based on dye-sensitized mesoporous films of TiO2 are low-cost alternatives to conventional solid-state devices' Impressive solar-to-electrical energy conversion efficiencies have been achieved with such films when used in conjunction with liquid electrolytes(2), Practical advantages may be gained by the replacement of the liquid electrolyte with a solid charge-transport material. Inorganic p-type semiconductors(3,4) and organic materials(5-9) have been tested in this regard, but in all cases the incident monochromatic photon-to-electron conversion efficiency remained low. Here we describe a dye-sensitized heterojunction of TiO2 with the amorphous organic hole-transport material 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenyl-amine)9,9'-spirobifluorene (OMeTAD; refs, 10 and 11). Photoinduced charge-carrier generation at the heterojunction is very efficient, A solar cell based on OMeTAD converts photons to electric current with a high yield of 33%.
C1 Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Inst Photon & Interfaces, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
   Hoechst Res & Technol Deutschland GmbH & Co KG, D-65926 Frankfurt, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Polymer Res, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne; Sanofi-Aventis; Sanofi Germany; Max Planck Society
RP Grätzel, M (corresponding author), Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Inst Photon & Interfaces, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
EM michael.graetzel@epfl.ch
NR 18
TC 3385
Z9 3805
U1 3
U2 1776
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 8
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6702
BP 583
EP 585
DI 10.1038/26936
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 127QW
UT WOS:000076362900042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bates, NR
   Knap, AH
   Michaels, AF
AF Bates, NR
   Knap, AH
   Michaels, AF
TI Contribution of hurricanes to local and global estimates of air-sea exchange of CO2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID eastern equatorial pacific; dissociation-constants; carbon-dioxide; sargasso-sea; variability; seawater; atlantic; system; oceans; acid
AB The effect of hurricanes on the thermal and physical structure of the upper ocean has been described(1) but their influence on the ocean carbon cycle and the exchange of carbon between ocean and atmosphere is not well understood. Here we present observations from the Sargasso Sea, before and after hurricane Felix in summer 1995, that show a short-lived (2-3 weeks) surface seawater cooling of about 4 degrees C, and a decrease in seawater partial pressure of CO2 by about 60 mu atm. Despite the localized decrease in seawater partial pressure of CO2, strong winds during the passage of hurricane Felix increased the efflux of CO2 from ocean to atmosphere. We estimate that hurricane Felix and two other hurricanes increased the summertime efflux of CO2 into the atmosphere over this part of the Sargasso Sea by nearly 55%. We estimate that hurricanes contribute to the global ocean-to-atmosphere flux of CO2 by between +0.04 to +0.51 Pg C (10(15) g C) per year. Such hurricane-forced effluxes are quantitatively significant compared to regional (14 degrees to 50 degrees N zone)(2) and global effluxes(2,3). Hurricanes therefore exert an important influence on ocean-atmosphere CO2 exchange and the inferred(4) year-to-year variability of CO2 fluxes over the subtropical oceans.
C1 Bermuda Biol Stn Res Inc, Ferry Reach GEO1, Bermuda.
   Univ So Calif, Wrigley Inst Environm Studies, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA.
C3 University of Southern California
RP Bates, NR (corresponding author), Bermuda Biol Stn Res Inc, Ferry Reach GEO1, Bermuda.
EM nick@bbsr.edu
NR 29
TC 99
Z9 107
U1 1
U2 20
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 3
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6697
BP 58
EP 61
DI 10.1038/25703
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 116JY
UT WOS:000075722200044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brewster, R
   Lee, J
   Altaba, ARI
AF Brewster, R
   Lee, J
   Altaba, ARI
TI Gli/Zic factors pattern the neural plate by defining domains of cell differentiation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neurogenesis; xenopus; induction; ectoderm; embryos; protein; crest; tube
AB Three cell types differentiate in the early frog neural plate: neural crest at the lateral edges, floorplate at the midline and primary neurons in three bilateral stripes. Floorplate cells and ventral neurons are induced by Sonic hedgehog(1,2) (Shh) and neural crest and dorsal. neurons are induced by epidermal factors such as bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)(3). Neurogenesis in a subset of cells within the stripes involves lateral inhibition(4). However, the process by which pools of precursors are defined in stereotypic domains in response to inductive signals is unknown. Here we show that frog Zic2 encodes a zinc-finger transcription factor of the Gli superfamily which is expressed in stripes that alternate with those in which primary neurons differentiate and overlap the domains of floorplate and neural crest progenitors. Zic2 inhibits neurogenesis and induces neural crest differentiation. Conversely, Gli proteins are widely expressed, induce neurogenesis and inhibit neural crest differentiation. Zic2 is therefore a vertebrate pre-pattern gene, encoding anti-neurogenic and crest-inducing functions that counteract the neurogenic but not the floorplate-inducing activity of Gli proteins. We propose that the combined function of Gli/Zic genes responds to inductive signals and induces patterned neural cell differentiation.
C1 NYU, Med Ctr, Dept Cell Biol, Skirball Inst,Dev Genet Program, New York, NY 10016 USA.
C3 New York University
RP Altaba, ARI (corresponding author), NYU, Med Ctr, Dept Cell Biol, Skirball Inst,Dev Genet Program, 540 1st Ave, New York, NY 10016 USA.
EM ria@saturn.med.nyu.edu
NR 23
TC 199
Z9 221
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 11
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6685
BP 579
EP 583
DI 10.1038/31242
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZT988
UT WOS:000074150100053
PM 9634234
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wagner, T
   Platt, U
AF Wagner, T
   Platt, U
TI Satellite mapping of enhanced BrO concentrations in the troposphere
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID boundary-layer; polar sunrise; ozone destruction; bromine; mechanism; release
AB Reactive bromine species contribute significantly to the destruction of ozone in the polar stratosphere(1). Reactive halogen compounds can have a strong effect not only on the chemistry of the stratosphere but also on that of the underlying troposphere. For example, severe ozone depletion events that are less persistent than those in the stratosphere occur in the Arctic(2) and Antarctic(3) boundary layer during springtime and are also associated with enhanced BrO abundances(2,4-10). Observations(5-8) of BrO (and ClO, which is less important) at ground level during these ozone depletion events have revealed halogen oxide mixing ratios of up to 30 parts per trillion-sufficient to destroy within one to two days the 30-40 parts per billion of ozone typically present in the boundary layer. The catalytic mechanism leading to so-called 'tropospheric ozone holes' is well established(2,11), but the origin of the increased BrO concentrations and the spatial and temporal extent of these events remains poorly understood. Here we present satellite observations showing that tropospheric air masses enriched in BrO are always situated close to sea ice and typically extend over areas of about 300-2,000 km. The BrO abundances remain enhanced for periods of 1 to 3 days. These observations support the suggestion(7,9,10) that autocatalytic release of bromine from sea salt gives rise to significant BrO formation which, in turn, initiates ozone depletion in the polar troposphere.
C1 Univ Heidelberg, Inst Umweltphys, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
C3 Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg
RP Wagner, T (corresponding author), Univ Heidelberg, Inst Umweltphys, INF 366, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
NR 20
TC 206
Z9 222
U1 1
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 1
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6701
BP 486
EP 490
DI 10.1038/26723
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 124ZG
UT WOS:000076212200051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hartnett, HE
   Keil, RG
   Hedges, JI
   Devol, AH
AF Hartnett, HE
   Keil, RG
   Hedges, JI
   Devol, AH
TI Influence of oxygen exposure time on organic carbon preservation in continental margin sediments
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID marine-sediments; enhanced preservation; early diagenesis; matter; fluxes; mineralization; california; reduction; progress; minimum
AB Today, over 90% of all organic carbon burial in the ocean occurs in continental margin sediments(1). This burial is intrinsically linked to the cycling of biogeochemically important elements (such as N, P, S, Fe and Mn) and, on geological timescales, largely controls the oxygen content of the atmosphere(2-4). Currently there is a volatile debate over which processes govern sedimentary organic carbon preservation(5-8). In spite of numerous studies demonstrating empirical relationships between organic carbon burial and such factors as primary productivity(9), the flux of organic carbon through the water column(10), sedimentation rate(11,12), organic carbon degradation rate(13), and bottom-water oxygen concentration(8,14), the mechanisms directly controlling sedimentary organic carbon preservation remain unclear. Furthermore, as organic carbon burial is the process that, along with pyrite burial(15), balances O-2 concentrations in the atmosphere, it is desirable that any mechanism proposed to control organic carbon preservation include a feedback buffering atmospheric oxygen concentrations over geological time. Here we compare analyses of sediments underlying two regions of the eastern North Pacific Ocean, one which has oxygen-depleted bottom waters and one with typical oxygen distributions. Organic carbon burial efficiency is strongly correlated with the length of time accumulating particles are exposed to molecular oxygen in sediment pore waters. Oxygen exposure time effectively incorporates other proposed environmental variables(8-14), and may exert a direct control on sedimentary organic carbon preservation and atmospheric oxygen concentrations.
C1 Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Hartnett, HE (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Box 357940, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
NR 27
TC 676
Z9 779
U1 8
U2 204
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 5
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6667
BP 572
EP 574
DI 10.1038/35351
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YV594
UT WOS:000071842300047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Neri, P
   Morrone, MC
   Burr, DC
AF Neri, P
   Morrone, MC
   Burr, DC
TI Seeing biological motion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID point-light displays; perception; summation; patterns; noise
AB One of the more stunning examples of the resoucefulness of human vision is the ability to see 'biological motion', which was first shown(1) with an adaptation of earlier cinematic work(2): illumination of only the joints of a walking person is enough to convey a vivid, compelling impression of human animation, although the percept collapses to a jumble of meaningless lights when the walker stands still. The information is sufficient to discriminate the sex and other details of the walker(3,4), and can be interpreted by young infants(5). Here we measure the ability of the visual system to integrate this type of motion information over space and time, and compare this capacity with that for viewing simple translational motion. Sensitivity to biological motion increases rapidly with the number of illuminated joints, far more rapidly than for simple motion. Furthermore, this information is summed over extended temporal intervals of up to 3 seconds (eight times longer than for simple motion). The steepness of the summation curves indicates that the mechanisms that analyse biological motion do not integrate linearly over space and time with constant efficiency, as may occur for other forms of complex motion(6), but instead adapt to the nature of the stimulus.
C1 CNR, Ist Neurofisiol, I-56127 Pisa, Italy.
   Univ Florence, Dept Psychol, I-50125 Florence, Italy.
   Univ Oxford, Physiol Lab, Oxford OX1 3PT, England.
C3 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); University of Florence; University of Oxford
RP Burr, DC (corresponding author), CNR, Ist Neurofisiol, Via S Zeno 51, I-56127 Pisa, Italy.
EM daye@in.pi.cnr.it
NR 20
TC 257
Z9 291
U1 1
U2 23
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 29
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6705
BP 894
EP 896
DI 10.1038/27661
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 133XT
UT WOS:000076713400055
PM 9804421
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kemp, M
AF Kemp, M
TI Onwin's holistics
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Hist Art, Oxford OX1 2PG, England.
C3 University of Oxford
RP Kemp, M (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Hist Art, 35 Beaumont St, Oxford OX1 2PG, England.
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 5
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6667
BP 543
EP 543
DI 10.1038/35282
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YV594
UT WOS:000071842300030
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Russo, AA
   Tong, L
   Lee, JO
   Jeffrey, PD
   Pavletich, NP
AF Russo, AA
   Tong, L
   Lee, JO
   Jeffrey, PD
   Pavletich, NP
TI Structural basis for inhibition of the cyclin-dependent kinase Cdk6 by the tumour suppressor p16INK4a
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID familial melanoma; crystal-structure; protein-kinase; cellular-transformation; retinoblastoma-protein; gene-product; tgf-beta; p16; mutations; binding
AB The cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (Cdk4/6) that control the G1 phase of the cell cycle and their inhibitor, the p16(INK4a) tumour suppressor, have a central role in cell proliferation and in tumorigenesis. The structures of Cdk6 bound to p16(INK4a) and to the related p19(INK4d) reveal that the INK4 inhibitors bind next to the ATP-binding site of the catalytic cleft, opposite where the activating cyclin subunit binds. They prevent cyclin binding indirectly by causing structural changes that propagate to the cyclin-binding site. The INK4 inhibitors also distort the kinase catalytic cleft and interfere with ATP binding, which explains how they can inhibit the preassembled Cdk4/6-cyclin D complexes as well. Ttrmour-derived mutations in INK4a and Cdk4 map to interface contacts, solidifying the role of CDK binding and inhibition in the tumour suppressor activity of p16(INK4a).
C1 Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Cellular Biochem & Biophys Program, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
RP Pavletich, NP (corresponding author), Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM Nikola@xray2.mskcc.org
NR 51
TC 424
Z9 496
U1 1
U2 25
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 17
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6699
BP 237
EP 243
DI 10.1038/26155
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 120TZ
UT WOS:000075974600040
PM 9751050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yang, RB
   Mark, MR
   Gray, A
   Huang, A
   Xie, MH
   Zhang, M
   Goddard, A
   Wood, WI
   Gurney, AL
   Godowski, PJ
AF Yang, RB
   Mark, MR
   Gray, A
   Huang, A
   Xie, MH
   Zhang, M
   Goddard, A
   Wood, WI
   Gurney, AL
   Godowski, PJ
TI Toll-like receptor-2 mediates lipopolysaccharide-induced cellular signalling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nf-kappa-b; drosophila toll; tyrosine kinase; il-1 receptor; up-regulation; activation; protein; dorsal; endotoxin; immunity
AB Vertebrates and invertebrates initiate a series of defence mechanisms following infection by Gram-negative bacteria by sensing the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a major component of the cell wall of the invading pathogen(1), In humans, monocytes and macrophages respond to LPS by inducing the expression of cytokines, cell-adhesion proteins, and enzymes involved in the production of small proinflammatory mediators. Under pathophysiological conditions, LPS exposure can lead to an often fatal syndrome known as septic shock(2). Sensitive responses of myeloid cells to LPS require a plasma protein called LPS-binding protein and the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored membrane protein CD14. However, the mechanism by which the LPS signal is transduced across the plasma membrane remains unknown(3). Here we show that Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) is a signalling receptor that is activated by LPS in a response that depends on LPS-binding protein and is enhanced by CD14. A region in the intracellular domain of TLR2. with homology to a portion of the interleukin (IL)-1 receptor that is implicated in the activation of the IL-1-receptor-associated kinase is required for this response. Our results indicate that TLR2 is a direct mediator of signalling by LPS.
C1 Genentech Inc, Dept Mol Biol, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
C3 Roche Holding; Roche Holding USA; Genentech
RP Godowski, PJ (corresponding author), Genentech Inc, Dept Mol Biol, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
EM ski@gene.com
NR 26
TC 1105
Z9 1260
U1 1
U2 62
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 17
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6699
BP 284
EP 288
DI 10.1038/26239
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 120TZ
UT WOS:000075974600053
PM 9751057
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ohnishi, H
   Kondo, Y
   Takayanagi, K
AF Ohnishi, H
   Kondo, Y
   Takayanagi, K
TI Quantized conductance through individual rows of suspended gold atoms
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID metallic contacts; room-temperature; transport; nanowires
AB As the scale of microelectronic engineering continues to shrink, interest has focused on the nature of electron transport through essentially one-dimensional nanometre-scale channels such as quantum wires(1) and carbon nanotubes(2,3). Quantum point contacts (QPCs) are structures (generally metallic) in which a 'neck' of atoms just a few atomic diameters wide (that is, comparable to the conduction electrons' Fermi wavelength) bridges two electrical contacts. They can be prepared by contacting a metal surface with a scanning tunnelling microscope (STM)(4-7) and by other methods(8-12) and typically display a conductance quantized in steps of 2e(2)/h(similar to 13 k Omega(-1))(13,14), where e is the electron charge and h is Planck's constant. Here we report conductance measurements on metal QPCs prepared with an STM that we can simultaneously image using an ultrahigh-vacuum electron microscope, which allows direct observation of the relation between electron transport and structure, We observe strands of gold atoms that are about one nanometre long and one single chain of gold atoms suspended between the electrodes. We can thus verify that the conductance of a single strand of atoms is 2e(2)/h and that the conductance of a double strand is twice as large, showing that equipartition holds for electron transport in these quantum systems.
C1 Japan Sci & Technol Corp, ERATO, Takayanagi Particle Surface Project, Tokyo 196, Japan.
   Tokyo Inst Technol, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Midori Ku, Kanagawa 226, Japan.
C3 Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Institute of Science Tokyo; Tokyo Institute of Technology
RP Ohnishi, H (corresponding author), Japan Sci & Technol Corp, ERATO, Takayanagi Particle Surface Project, 3-1-2 Musashino, Tokyo 196, Japan.
EM ohnishi@tapro.jst.go.jp
NR 23
TC 1243
Z9 1341
U1 1
U2 250
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 22
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6704
BP 780
EP 783
DI 10.1038/27399
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 132AL
UT WOS:000076607400050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Baldo, MA
   O'Brien, DF
   You, Y
   Shoustikov, A
   Sibley, S
   Thompson, ME
   Forrest, SR
AF Baldo, MA
   O'Brien, DF
   You, Y
   Shoustikov, A
   Sibley, S
   Thompson, ME
   Forrest, SR
TI Highly efficient phosphorescent emission from organic electroluminescent devices
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID excited-states; thin-films; oxygen; sensors; diodes
AB The efficiency of electroluminescent organic light-emitting devices(1,2) can be improved by the introduction(3) of a fluorescent dye. Energy transfer from the host to the dye occurs via excitons, but only the singlet spin states induce fluorescent emission; these represent a small fraction (about 25%) of the total excited-state population (the remainder are triplet states). Phosphorescent dyes, however, offer a means of achieving improved light-emission efficiencies, as emission may result from both singlet and triplet states. Here we report high-efficiency (greater than or similar to 90%) energy transfer from both singlet and triplet states, in a host material doped with the phosphorescent dye 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethyl-21H,23H-porphine platinum(II) (PtOEP). Our doped electroluminescent devices generate saturated red emission with peak external and internal quantum efficiencies of 4% and 23%, respectively. The luminescent efficiencies attainable with phosphorescent dyes may lead to new applications for organic materials. Moreover, our work establishes the utility of PtOEP as a probe of triplet behaviour and energy transfer in organic solid-state systems.
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Ctr Photon & Optoelect Mat, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Princeton Mat Inst, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Univ So Calif, Dept Chem, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA.
   Goucher Coll, Dept Chem, Baltimore, MD 21204 USA.
C3 Princeton University; Princeton University; University of Southern California
RP Forrest, SR (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Ctr Photon & Optoelect Mat, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
EM forrest@ee.princeton.edu
NR 20
TC 6776
Z9 9043
U1 36
U2 2325
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 10
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6698
BP 151
EP 154
DI 10.1038/25954
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 118GK
UT WOS:000075829900035
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mehlen, P
   Rabizadeh, S
   Snipas, SJ
   Assa-Munt, N
   Salvesen, GS
   Bredesen, DE
AF Mehlen, P
   Rabizadeh, S
   Snipas, SJ
   Assa-Munt, N
   Salvesen, GS
   Bredesen, DE
TI The DCC gene product induces apoptosis by a mechanism requiring receptor proteolysis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID colorectal-carcinoma; drosophila hsp27; expression; cells; phenotype; guidance; system
AB The development of colonic carcinoma is associated with the mutation of a specific set of genes(1). One of these, DCC (deleted in colorectal cancer)(2-5), is a candidate tumour-suppressor gene, and encodes a receptor for netrin-1, a molecule involved in axon guidance(6-8). Loss of DCC expression in tumours is not restricted to colon carcinoma(2), and, although there is no increase in the frequency of tumour formation in DCC hemizygous mice(5), reestablishment of DCC expression suppresses tumorigenicity(3,4). However, the mechanism of action of DCC is unknown. Here we show that DCC induces apoptosis in the absence of ligand binding, but blocks apoptosis when engaged by netrin-1. Furthermore, DCC is a caspase substrate, and mutation of the site at which caspase-3 cleaves DCC suppresses the pro-apoptotic effect of DCC completely. These results indicate that DCC may function as a tumour-suppressor protein by inducing apoptosis in settings in which Ligand is unavailable (for example, during metastasis or tumour growth beyond local blood supply) through functional caspase cascades by a mechanism that requires cleavage of DCC at Asp 1,290.
C1 Burnham Inst, Program Aging, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Neurosci, San Diego, CA 92093 USA.
C3 Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute; University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Bredesen, DE (corresponding author), Burnham Inst, Program Aging, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
NR 29
TC 352
Z9 389
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 22
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6704
BP 801
EP 804
DI 10.1038/27441
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 132AL
UT WOS:000076607400057
PM 9796814
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Genzel, R
   Lutz, D
   Tacconi, L
AF Genzel, R
   Lutz, D
   Tacconi, L
TI Star formation triggered by galaxy collisions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID luminous infrared galaxy; interacting galaxy; merging galaxy; gasdynamics; starbursts; arp-220
AB It is becoming increasingly clear that collisions between galaxies play an important role in galaxy evolution. The ultraluminous infrared galaxies are predominantly powered by enormous star-formation events that are triggered in the last phases of such collisions. These bursts occur Just before the galaxies merge to form single elliptical galaxies.
C1 Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, D-85740 Garching, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Genzel, R (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, D-85740 Garching, Germany.
NR 25
TC 24
Z9 27
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 29
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6705
BP 859
EP 862
DI 10.1038/27597
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 133XT
UT WOS:000076713400045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kemp, M
AF Kemp, M
TI Attractive attractors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Hist Art, Oxford OX1 2PG, England.
C3 University of Oxford
RP Kemp, M (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Hist Art, 35 Beaumont St, Oxford OX1 2PG, England.
NR 0
TC 3
Z9 3
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 13
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6694
BP 627
EP 627
DI 10.1038/29195
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 110MD
UT WOS:000075384200022
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Park, JH
   Vescovo, E
   Kim, HJ
   Kwon, C
   Ramesh, R
   Venkatesan, T
AF Park, JH
   Vescovo, E
   Kim, HJ
   Kwon, C
   Ramesh, R
   Venkatesan, T
TI Direct evidence for a half-metallic ferromagnet
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID colossal magnetoresistance; electronic-structure; la1-xsrxmno3; photoemission; films; nimnsb; system
AB Half-metallic materials are characterized by the coexistence of metallic behaviour for one electron spin and insulating behaviour for the other. Thus, the electronic density of states is completely spin polarized at the Fermi level, and the conductivity is dominated by these metallic single-spin charge carriers. This exotic physical property could have a significant effect on technological applications related to magnetism and spin electronics. Some ferromagnetic systems, such as Heusler compounds(1) and chromium dioxide(2), have been predicted theoretically to be half-metallic. However, a half-metallic system has not been demonstrated directly and the predictions are still in doubt(3,4). Here we report spin-resolved photoemission measurements of a ferromagnetic manganese perovskite, La0.7Sr0.3MnO3, which directly manifest the half-metallic nature well below the Curie temperature. For the majority spin, the photoemission spectrum clearly shows a metallic Fermi cut-off, whereas for the minority spin, it shows an insulating gap with disappearance of spectral weight at similar to 0.6 eV binding energy.
C1 NSLS Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, Ctr Superconduct Res, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Brookhaven National Laboratory; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park
RP Park, JH (corresponding author), NSLS Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA.
EM jhpark@bnllsl.nsls.bnl.gov
NR 24
TC 1301
Z9 1390
U1 2
U2 326
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 23
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6678
BP 794
EP 796
DI 10.1038/33883
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZJ679
UT WOS:000073241200046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Babushkina, NA
   Belova, LM
   Gorbenko, OY
   Kaul, AR
   Bosak, AA
   Ozhogin, VI
   Kugel, KI
AF Babushkina, NA
   Belova, LM
   Gorbenko, OY
   Kaul, AR
   Bosak, AA
   Ozhogin, VI
   Kugel, KI
TI Metal-insulator transition induced by oxygen isotope exchange in the magnetoresistive perovskite manganites
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pr1-xcaxmno3; charge
AB Perovskite manganites derived from LaMnO3 have recently become the subject of intensive study following the discovery of 'colossal' magnetoresistance (a magnetically induced change in electrical resistance of up to several orders of magnitude) in several members of this family of compounds(1). The manganites exhibit a broad range of electronic and magnetic phases, ranging from low-resistance ferromagnetic metals to high-resistance insulators, which are extremely sensitive to variation of composition(2), temperature and pressure(3). A recent study showed that such sensitivity also extends to oxygen isotope exchange(4): replacing O-16 with O-18 in La0.8Ca0.2MnO3 produces an unusually large change in the magnetic properties (a ZI-kelvin decrease in the Curie temperature). The magnitude of this isotope shift is evidence for the essential role played by electron-phonon coupling(5) in determining the transport properties of these materials, Here we show that this sensitivity to oxygen isotope exchange can be even more extreme. In its normal state, the compound La0.175Pr0.525Ca0.3MnO3 undergoes an insulator-to-metal transition as it is cooled below similar to 95 K, But we find that, after substituting O-18 for O-16, the compound remains an insulator down to 4.2 K, so providing a vivid demonstration of the importance of lattice vibrations in these materials.
C1 Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Dept Chem, Moscow 119899, Russia.
   RRC Kurchatov Inst, Moscow 123182, Russia.
   Sci Ctr Appl Problems Electrodynam, Moscow 127412, Russia.
C3 Lomonosov Moscow State University; National Research Centre - Kurchatov Institute
RP Gorbenko, OY (corresponding author), Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Dept Chem, Moscow 119899, Russia.
NR 13
TC 169
Z9 171
U1 0
U2 57
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 8
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6663
BP 159
EP 161
DI 10.1038/34380
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YQ378
UT WOS:000071380900045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hughes, DH
   Serjeant, S
   Dunlop, J
   Rowan-Robinson, M
   Blain, A
   Mann, RG
   Ivison, R
   Peacock, J
   Efstathiou, A
   Gear, W
   Oliver, S
   Lawrence, A
   Longair, M
   Goldschmidt, P
   Jenness, T
AF Hughes, DH
   Serjeant, S
   Dunlop, J
   Rowan-Robinson, M
   Blain, A
   Mann, RG
   Ivison, R
   Peacock, J
   Efstathiou, A
   Gear, W
   Oliver, S
   Lawrence, A
   Longair, M
   Goldschmidt, P
   Jenness, T
TI High-redshift star formation in the Hubble Deep Field revealed by a submillimetre-wavelength survey
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spectral energy-distributions; far-infrared luminosity; background-radiation; iras f10214+4724; galaxy; dust; evolution; continuum; quasars; counts
AB In the local Universe, most galaxies are dominated by stars, with less than ten per cent of their visible mass in the form of gas. Determining when most of these stars formed is one of the central issues of observational cosmology. Optical and ultraviolet observations of high-redshift galaxies (particularly those in the Hubble Deep Field) have been interpreted as indicating that the peak of star formation occurred between redshifts of 1 and 1.5. But it is known that star formation takes place In dense clouds, and is often hidden at optical wavelengths because of extinction by dust in the clouds. Here we report a deep submillimetre-wavelength survey of the Hubble Deep Field; these wavelengths trace directly the emission from dust that has been warmed by massive star-formation activity. The combined radiation of the five mast significant detections accounts for 30-50 per cent of the previously unresolved background emission in this area. Four of these sources appear to be galaxies in the redshift range 2 < z < 4, which, assuming these objects have properties comparable to local dust-enshrouded starburst galaxies, implies a star-formation rate during that period about a factor of five higher than that inferred from the optical and ultraviolet observations.
C1 Univ Edinburgh, Royal Observ, Inst Astron, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Blackett Lab, Astrophys Grp, London SW7 2BZ, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Cavendish Astrophys Grp, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England.
   UCL, Mullard Space Sci Lab, Holmbury RH5 6NT, Surrey, England.
   Joint Astron Ctr, Hilo, HI 96720 USA.
C3 University of Edinburgh; Imperial College London; University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge; University of London; University College London
RP Hughes, DH (corresponding author), Univ Edinburgh, Royal Observ, Inst Astron, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, Midlothian, Scotland.
EM D.Hughes@roe.ac.uk
NR 64
TC 1317
Z9 1382
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 16
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6690
BP 241
EP 247
DI 10.1038/28328
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 101CK
UT WOS:000074851900037
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Putman, ME
   Gibson, BK
   Staveley-Smith, L
   Banks, G
   Barnes, DG
   Bhatal, R
   Disney, MJ
   Ekers, RD
   Freeman, KC
   Haynes, RF
   Henning, P
   Jerjen, H
   Kilborn, V
   Koribalski, B
   Knezek, P
   Malin, DF
   Mould, JR
   Oosterloo, T
   Price, RM
   Ryder, SD
   Sadler, EM
   Stewart, I
   Stootman, F
   Vaile, RA
   Webster, RL
   Wright, AE
AF Putman, ME
   Gibson, BK
   Staveley-Smith, L
   Banks, G
   Barnes, DG
   Bhatal, R
   Disney, MJ
   Ekers, RD
   Freeman, KC
   Haynes, RF
   Henning, P
   Jerjen, H
   Kilborn, V
   Koribalski, B
   Knezek, P
   Malin, DF
   Mould, JR
   Oosterloo, T
   Price, RM
   Ryder, SD
   Sadler, EM
   Stewart, I
   Stootman, F
   Vaile, RA
   Webster, RL
   Wright, AE
TI Tidal disruption of the Magellanic Clouds by the Milky Way
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stream; origin; galaxy; hi; simulations; region; system; gas
AB Interactions between galaxies are common, and influence physical properties such as the global morphology and star-formation rate(1) (Hubble type). Galaxies can interact in many different ways: they can merge together; they can pass through each other, with gas being stripped from the smaller of the two and compressed in the larger; and they can interact gravitationally(2) (including, for example, tides in clusters). The relative importance of these mechanisms is often not clear, as the strength of each depends on poorly known parameters such as the density, extent and nature of the dark-matter haloes that surround galaxies(3). A nearby example of a galaxy interaction where the mechanism is controversial is that between our Galaxy and two of its neighbours, the Magellanic Clouds. Here we present the results of an atomic-hydrogen survey that help to elucidate this mechanism. Our data reveal a new stream of gas that lies in the opposite direction to the trailing Magellanic Stream and leads the motion of the Clouds. The existence of both leading and trailing streams supports a gravitational interaction whereby the streams are torn from the bodies of the Magellanic Clouds by tidal forces.
C1 Australian Natl Univ, Mt Stromlo & Siding Spring Observ, Weston, ACT 2611, Australia.
   CSIRO, Australia Telescope Natl Facil, Epping, NSW 2121, Australia.
   Cardiff Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Cardiff CF2 3YB, S Glam, Wales.
   Univ Melbourne, Sch Phys, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia.
   Univ Western Sydney Macarthur, Dept Phys, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia.
   Univ New Mexico, Dept Phys & Astron, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
   Anglo Australian Observ, Epping, NSW 2121, Australia.
   Ist Fis Cosmica, I-20133 Milan, Italy.
   Joint Astron Ctr, Hilo, HI 96720 USA.
   Univ Sydney, Sch Phys, Dept Astrophys, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
C3 Australian National University; Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO); Australia Telescope National Facility; Cardiff University; University of Melbourne; Western Sydney University; University of New Mexico; Johns Hopkins University; University of Sydney
RP Putman, ME (corresponding author), Australian Natl Univ, Mt Stromlo & Siding Spring Observ, Weston Creek PO, Weston, ACT 2611, Australia.
EM putnam@msao.bnu.edu.au
NR 29
TC 268
Z9 289
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 20
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6695
BP 752
EP 754
DI 10.1038/29466
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 112PR
UT WOS:000075503600036
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Masood, E
AF Masood, E
TI A formula for indigenous involvement
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 1
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 9
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6676
BP 539
EP 539
DI 10.1038/33249
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZG300
UT WOS:000072987200017
PM 9560141
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Diener, MD
   Alford, JM
AF Diener, MD
   Alford, JM
TI Isolation and properties of small-bandgap fullerenes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electronic-structure; c-60; c-76; c-84
AB The diversity of molecular structures exhibited by fullerenes(1) suggests a wide range of interesting and useful properties. Several fullerenes are now considered to be well characterized, but only minor variations in their chemical and physical properties have been observed(2). Here we show that there are in fact two distinct classes of fullerenes, with some very different chemical properties. Members of the first class, typified by C-60 and C-70, have large energy gaps between the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (HOMO and LUMO), and are soluble in many organic solvents: The second, previously unrecognized class is represented by C-74 and selected isomers of the higher fullerenes, such as that of C-80 with icosahedral symmetry: these are either free radicals or have small HOMO-LUMO gaps. Like radical metallofullerenes, they are kinetically unstable and react readily to form insoluble, polymerized solids. These intermolecular bonds can be broken by electrochemical reduction. After reducing them to soluble anions, we have been able to isolate and characterize these new fullerenes.
C1 TDA Res Inc, Wheat Ridge, CO 80033 USA.
C3 TDA Research, Inc.
RP Alford, JM (corresponding author), TDA Res Inc, 12345 W 52nd Ave, Wheat Ridge, CO 80033 USA.
NR 31
TC 297
Z9 317
U1 2
U2 58
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 18
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6686
BP 668
EP 671
DI 10.1038/31435
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZV288
UT WOS:000074289600047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kobayashi, N
   Nishida, K
AF Kobayashi, N
   Nishida, K
TI Continuous excitation of planetary free oscillations by atmospheric disturbances
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Seismology provides a powerful tool for probing planetary interiors(1,2), but it has been considered inapplicable to tectonically inactive planets where earthquakes are absent. Here, however, we show that the atmospheres of solid planets are capable of exerting dynamic pressure on their surfaces, thereby exciting free oscillations with amplitudes large enough to be detected by modern broad-band seismographs. Order-of-magnitude estimates of these forces give similar amplitudes of a few nanogals for the Earth, Venus and Mars despite widely varying atmospheric and ambient conditions. The amplitudes are also predicted to have a weak frequency dependence. Our analysis of seismograms, recorded continuously from 1992 to 1993 at 13 globally distributed stations, shows strong evidence for continuously excited fundamental-mode free oscillations on the Earth. This result, together with other recent studies(3-5), is consistent with our estimate of atmospheric forcing and we therefore propose that it may be possible to detect atmospheric excitation of free oscillations on Venus and Mars as well.
C1 Tokyo Inst Technol, Tokyo 152, Japan.
C3 Institute of Science Tokyo; Tokyo Institute of Technology
RP Nishida, K (corresponding author), Tokyo Inst Technol, Tokyo 152, Japan.
EM shibata@geo.titech.ac.jp
NR 21
TC 150
Z9 156
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 24
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6700
BP 357
EP 360
DI 10.1038/26427
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 122QW
UT WOS:000076083800045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lutz, C
   Ledermann, B
   Kosco-Vilbois, MH
   Ochsenbein, AF
   Zinkernagel, RM
   Köhler, G
   Brombacher, F
AF Lutz, C
   Ledermann, B
   Kosco-Vilbois, MH
   Ochsenbein, AF
   Zinkernagel, RM
   Köhler, G
   Brombacher, F
TI IgD can largely substitute for loss of IgM function in B cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immunoglobulin mu-chain; deficient mice; gene; antigen; termination; lymphocytes; expression; disruption; differentiation; recombination
AB The mu and delta heavy chains of IgM and IgD, the first antibody isotypes expressed during bone-marrow B-cell development, are encoded by a common transcription unit. Expression of the mu chain on the surface of late pre-B cells allows their further development to immature B cells. Coexpression of the delta chain and emigration of the immature B cells to the periphery eventually leads to the development of naive mature IgM/IgD double-positive cells. Although IgM is important in driving B-cell development(1), the contribution of IgD is not clear. Here we investigate the function of IgD. We generated mice deficient in IgM (IgM(-/-) mice) by deleting the mu. region in embryonic stem cells. IgM-/- mice showed normal B-cell development and maturation, with IgD replacing membrane-bound and secretory IgM. Moreover, specific B-cell responses and isotype class switches occurred during immunization or infection. In contrast to mice deficient in B cells, IgM(-/-) mice survived infection with vesicular stomatitis virus by developing neutralizing immunoglobulins, but they were more susceptible than wild-type controls with delayed specific immunoglobulin responses. These data lead us to conclude that IgD is largely able to substitute for IgM functions.
C1 Max Planck Inst Immunobiol, D-7800 Freiburg, Germany.
   Novartis Pharma Inc Res, Basel, Switzerland.
   Glaxo Wellcome Res & Dev Ltd, Geneva Biomed Res Inst, Plan Les Ouates, Switzerland.
   Univ Zurich, Inst Expt Immunol, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Univ Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hosp, Dept Immunol, ZA-7925 Cape Town, South Africa.
C3 Max Planck Society; Novartis; GlaxoSmithKline; GlaxoSmithKline Switzerland; University of Zurich; University of Cape Town
RP Brombacher, F (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Immunobiol, Stubeweg 51, D-7800 Freiburg, Germany.
EM fbrombac@uctgshl.uct.ac.za
NR 30
TC 121
Z9 145
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 25
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6687
BP 797
EP 801
DI 10.1038/31716
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZW652
UT WOS:000074433100052
PM 9655395
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Draguhn, A
   Traub, RD
   Schmitz, D
   Jefferys, JGR
AF Draguhn, A
   Traub, RD
   Schmitz, D
   Jefferys, JGR
TI Electrical coupling underlies high-frequency oscillations in the hippocampus in vitro
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID field burst activity; rat hippocampal; pyramidal neurons; slices; cells; mechanisms; potentials; networks; model; ph
AB Coherent oscillations, in which ensembles of neurons fire in a repeated and synchronous manner, are thought to be important in higher brain functions. In the hippocampus, these discharges are categorized according to their frequency as theta (4-10 Hz)(1), gamma (20-80 Hz)(2) and high-frequency (similar to 200 Hz)(3-5) discharges, and they occur in relation to different behavioural states. The synaptic bases of theta and gamma rhythms have been extensively studied(6,7) but the cellular bases for high-frequency oscillations are not understood. Here we report that high-frequency network oscillations are present in rat brain slices in vitro, occurring as a brief series of repetitive population spikes at 150-200 Hz in all hippocampal principal cell layers. Moreover, this synchronous activity is not mediated through the more commonly studied modes of chemical synaptic transmission, but is in fact a result of direct electrotonic coupling of neurons, most Likely through gap-junctional connections. Thus high-frequency oscillations synchronize the activity of electrically coupled subsets of principal neurons within the well-documented synaptic network of the hippocampus.
C1 Univ Birmingham, Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England.
   Humboldt Univ, Inst Physiol Charite, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
C3 University of Birmingham; Free University of Berlin; Humboldt University of Berlin; Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin
RP Draguhn, A (corresponding author), Univ Birmingham, Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 553
Z9 607
U1 1
U2 27
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 9
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6689
BP 189
EP 192
DI 10.1038/28184
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZZ203
UT WOS:000074705900056
PM 9671303
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kiyono, T
   Foster, SA
   Koop, JI
   McDougall, JK
   Galloway, DA
   Klingelhutz, AJ
AF Kiyono, T
   Foster, SA
   Koop, JI
   McDougall, JK
   Galloway, DA
   Klingelhutz, AJ
TI Both Rb/p16INK4a inactivation and telomerase activity are required to immortalize human epithelial cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human papillomavirus type-16; human fibroblasts; e6; keratinocytes; p53; e7; oncoproteins; degradation; senescence; induction
AB Normal human cells undergo a limited number of divisions in; culture and enter a non-dividing state called replicative senescence(1). Senescence is accompanied by several changes, including an increase in inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases(2,3) and telomere shortening(4). The mechanisms by which viral oncogenes reverse these processes are not fully understood, although a general requirement for oncoproteins such as human papillomavirus E6 and E7 has suggested that the p53 and Rb pathways are targeted. Expression of the catalytic component of telomerase, hTERT, alone significantly extends the lifespan of human fibroblasts(5). Here we show that telomerase activity is not sufficient for immortalization of human keratinocyte or mammary epithelial cells: we find that neither addition of hTERT nor induction of telomerase activity by E6, both of which are active in maintaining telomere length, results in immortalization. Inactivation of the Rb/p16 pathway by E7 or downregulation of p16 expression, in combination with telomerase activity, however, is able to immortalize epithelial cells efficiently. Elimination of p53 and of the DNA-damage-induced G1 checkpoint is not necessary for immortalization, neither is elimination of p19ARF.
C1 Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Canc Biol Program, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
C3 Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center
RP Galloway, DA (corresponding author), Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Canc Biol Program, 1100 Fairview Ave N,Cl-015,POB 19024, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
NR 30
TC 1036
Z9 1192
U1 0
U2 48
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 5
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6706
BP 84
EP 88
DI 10.1038/23962
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 136HE
UT WOS:000076852700059
PM 9817205
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Li, P
   Zhuo, M
AF Li, P
   Zhuo, M
TI Silent glutamatergic synapses and nociception in mammalian spinal cord
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-term potentiation; nuclei reticularis-gigantocellularis; substantia gelatinosa neurons; superficial dorsal horn; descending facilitation; pars-alpha; rat; inflammation; plasticity; transmission
AB Neurons in the superficial dorsal horn of the spinal cord are important for conveying sensory information from the periphery to the central nervous system(1,2). Some synapses between primary afferent fibres and spinal dorsal horn neurons may be inefficient or silent(3). Ineffective sensory transmission could result from a small postsynaptic current that fails to depolarize the cell to threshold for an action potential or from a cell with a normal postsynaptic current but an increased threshold for action potentials. Here we show that some cells in the superficial dorsal horn of the lumbar spinal cord have silent synapses: they do not respond unless the holding potential is moved from -70 mV to +40 mV. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), an important neurotransmitter of the raphe-spinal projecting pathway, transforms silent glutamatergic synapses into functional ones. Therefore, transformation of silent glutamatergic synapses may serve as a cellular mechanism for central plasticity in the spinal cord.
C1 Washington Univ, Dept Anesthesiol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Washington Univ, Dept Anat & Neurobiol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL)
RP Zhuo, M (corresponding author), Washington Univ, Dept Anesthesiol, Campus Box 8054, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
NR 29
TC 221
Z9 242
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 18
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6686
BP 695
EP 698
DI 10.1038/31496
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZV288
UT WOS:000074289600056
PM 9641681
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kobayashi, K
   Nakahori, Y
   Miyake, M
   Matsumura, K
   Kondo-Iida, E
   Nomura, Y
   Segawa, M
   Yoshioka, M
   Saito, K
   Osawa, K
   Hamano, K
   Sakakihara, Y
   Nonaka, I
   Nakagome, Y
   Kanazawa, I
   Nakamura, Y
   Tokunaga, K
   Toda, T
AF Kobayashi, K
   Nakahori, Y
   Miyake, M
   Matsumura, K
   Kondo-Iida, E
   Nomura, Y
   Segawa, M
   Yoshioka, M
   Saito, K
   Osawa, K
   Hamano, K
   Sakakihara, Y
   Nonaka, I
   Nakagome, Y
   Kanazawa, I
   Nakamura, Y
   Tokunaga, K
   Toda, T
TI An ancient retrotransposal insertion causes Fukuyama-type congenital muscular dystrophy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID linkage-disequilibrium; glycoprotein complex; localization; gene; proteins; fcmd
AB Fukuyama-type congenital muscular dystrophy (FCMD), one of the most common autosomal recessive disorders in Japan (incidence is 0.7-1.2 per 10,000 births), is characterized by congenital muscular dystrophy associated with brain malformation (micropolygria) due to a defect in the migration of neurons(1). We previously mapped the FCMD gene to a region of less than 100 kilobases which included the marker locus D9S2107 on chromosome 9q31 (refs 2-4). We have also described a haplotype that is shared by more than 80% of FCMD chromosomes, indicating that most chromosomes bearing the FCMD mutation could be derived hom a single ancestor(5). Here we report that there is a retrotransposal insertion of tandemly repeated sequences within this candidate-gene interval in all FCMD chromosomes carrying the founder haplotype (87%). The inserted sequence is about 3 kilobases long and is located in the 3' untranslated region of a gene encoding a new 461-amino-acid protein. This gene is expressed in various tissues in normal individuals, but not in FCMD patients who carry the insertion. Two independent point mutations confirm that mutation of this gene is responsible for FCMD. The predicted protein, which we term fukutin, contains an amino-terminal signal sequence, which together with results from transfection experiments suggests that fukutin is a secreted protein. To our knowledge, FCMD is the first human disease to be caused by an ancient retrotransposal integration.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Inst Med Sci, Ctr Human Genome, Lab Genome Med,Minato Ku, Tokyo 1088639, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Inst Med Sci, Ctr Human Genome, Mol Med Lab,Minato Ku, Tokyo 1088639, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Med, Dept Human Genet, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Univ Tokushima, Sch Med, Dept Publ Hlth, Tokushima 7708503, Japan.
   Teikyo Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Tokyo 1738605, Japan.
   Tokyo Womens Med Coll, Dept Pediat, Tokyo 1628666, Japan.
   Segawa Neurol Clin Children, Tokyo 1010062, Japan.
   Kobe Gen Hosp, Dept Pediat, Kobe, Hyogo 6500046, Japan.
   Univ Tsukuba, Inst Clin Med, Dept Pediat, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058576, Japan.
   Natl Inst Neurosci, NCNP, Dept Ultrastruct Res, Tokyo 1878502, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo; University of Tokyo; University of Tokyo; University of Tokyo; University of Tokyo; Tokushima University; Teikyo University; Tokyo Women's Medical University; Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital; University of Tsukuba; National Center for Neurology & Psychiatry - Japan
RP Toda, T (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Inst Med Sci, Ctr Human Genome, Lab Genome Med,Minato Ku, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Tokyo 1088639, Japan.
EM toda@ims.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 22
TC 653
Z9 700
U1 0
U2 37
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 23
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6691
BP 388
EP 392
DI 10.1038/28653
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 103QF
UT WOS:000074968800056
PM 9690476
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chen, PJ
   Dong, ZM
   Zhen, SN
AF Chen, PJ
   Dong, ZM
   Zhen, SN
TI An exceptionally well-preserved Theropod dinosaur from the Yixian Formation of China
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID republic-of-china; birds; feathers; bearing
AB Two spectacular fossilized dinosaur skeletons were recently discovered in Liaoning in northeastern China. Here we describe the two nearly complete skeletons of a small theropod that represent a species closely related to Compsognathus. Sinosauropteryx has the longest tail of any known theropod, and a three-fingered hand dominated by the first finger, which is longer and thicker than either of the bones of the forearm. Both specimens have interesting integumentary structures that could provide information about the origin of feathers. The larger individual also has stomach contents, and a pair of eggs in the abdomen.
C1 Acad Sinica, Nanjing Inst Geol & Palaeontol, Nanjing 210008, Peoples R China.
   Acad Sinica, Inst Vertebrate Paleontol & Paleoanthropol, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China.
   Beijing Nat Hist Museum, Beijing 100050, Peoples R China.
C3 Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology & Paleoanthropology, CAS
RP Chen, PJ (corresponding author), Acad Sinica, Nanjing Inst Geol & Palaeontol, 39 E Beijing Rd, Nanjing 210008, Peoples R China.
EM lpsnigp@nanjing.jspta.chinamail.sprint.com
NR 41
TC 353
Z9 443
U1 5
U2 132
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 8
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6663
BP 147
EP 152
DI 10.1038/34356
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YQ378
UT WOS:000071380900041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kelso, JAS
   Fuchs, A
   Lancaster, R
   Holroyd, T
   Cheyne, D
   Weinberg, H
AF Kelso, JAS
   Fuchs, A
   Lancaster, R
   Holroyd, T
   Cheyne, D
   Weinberg, H
TI Dynamic cortical activity in the human brain reveals motor equivalence
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell discharge; arm movements; cortex; direction; fields
AB That animals and humans can accomplish the same goal using different effecters and different goals using the same effecters attests to the remarkable flexibility of the central nervous system. This phenomenon has been termed 'motor equivalence'(1,2), an example being the writing of a name with a pencil held between the toes or teeth. The idea of motor equivalence has reappeared because single-cell studies in monkeys have shown that parameters of voluntary movement (such as direction) may be specified in the brain, relegating muscle activation to spinal interneuronal systems(3,4). Using a novel experimental paradigm(5) and a full-head SQUID (for superconducting quantum interference device) array to record magnetic fields corresponding to ongoing brain activity, we demonstrate: (1), a robust relationship between time-dependent activity in sensorimotor cortex and movement velocity, independent of explicit task requirements; and (2) neural activations that are specific to task demands alone. It appears, therefore, that signatures of motor equivalence in humans may be found in dynamic patterns of cortical activity.
C1 Florida Atlantic Univ, Ctr Complex Syst, Program Complex Syst & Brain Sci, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA.
   Simon Fraser Univ, Brain Behav Lab, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
C3 State University System of Florida; Florida Atlantic University; Simon Fraser University
RP Kelso, JAS (corresponding author), Florida Atlantic Univ, Ctr Complex Syst, Program Complex Syst & Brain Sci, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA.
NR 18
TC 142
Z9 156
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 23
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6678
BP 814
EP 818
DI 10.1038/33922
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZJ679
UT WOS:000073241200053
PM 9572140
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kivelson, SA
   Fradkin, E
   Emery, VJ
AF Kivelson, SA
   Fradkin, E
   Emery, VJ
TI Electronic liquid-crystal phases of a doped Mott insulator
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID superconducting la1.85sr0.15cuo4
AB The character of the ground state of an antiferromagnetic insulator is fundamentally altered following addition of even a small amount of charge(1). The added charge is concentrated into domain walls across which a pi phase shift in the spin correlations of the host material is induced. In two dimensions, these domain walls are 'stripes' which can be insulating(2,3) or conducting(4-6)-that is, metallic 'rivers' with their own low-energy degrees of freedom. However, in arrays of one-dimensional metals, which occur in materials such as organic conductors(7), interactions between stripes typically drive a transition to an insulating ordered charge-density-wave (CDW) state at low temperatures. Here it is shown that such a transition is eliminated if the zero-point energy of transverse stripe fluctuations is sufficiently large compared to the CDW coupling between stripes. As a consequence, there should exist electronic quantum liquid-crystal phases, which constitute new states of matter, and which can be either high-temperature superconductors or two-dimensional anisotropic 'metallic' non-Fermi liquids. Neutron scattering and other experiments in the copper oxide superconductor La1.6-xNd0.4SrxCuO4 already provide evidence for the existence of these phases in at least one class of materials.
C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Brookhaven National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
RP Emery, VJ (corresponding author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA.
NR 20
TC 1043
Z9 1159
U1 2
U2 249
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 11
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6685
BP 550
EP 553
DI 10.1038/31177
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZT988
UT WOS:000074150100044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tollefson, AE
   Hermiston, TW
   Lichtenstein, DL
   Colle, CF
   Tripp, RA
   Dimitrov, T
   Toth, K
   Wells, CE
   Doherty, PC
   Wold, WSM
AF Tollefson, AE
   Hermiston, TW
   Lichtenstein, DL
   Colle, CF
   Tripp, RA
   Dimitrov, T
   Toth, K
   Wells, CE
   Doherty, PC
   Wold, WSM
TI Forced degradation of Fas inhibits apoptosis in adenovirus-infected cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tumor-necrosis-factor; growth-factor receptor; region e3; mediated cytotoxicity; plasma-membrane; mw protein; cytolysis; activation; transformation; 10,400-dalton
AB DNA viruses have evolved elaborate mechanisms To overcome host antiviral defences. In adenovirus-infected cells, programmed cell death (apoptosis) induced by the cytokine tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is inhibited by several adenovirus-encoded proteins(1-3). Occupation of the cell-surface receptor Fas, a member of the TNF-receptor superfamily that is expressed on most cell types, triggers apoptosis of that cell(4-6). Here we show that the adenovirus RID (for receptor internalization and degradation) protein complex, which is an inhibitor of TNF-induced apoptosis(2), mediates internalization of cell-surface Fas and its destruction inside lysosomes within the cell. Fas has not previously been shown to be internalized and then degraded. RID also mediates internalization of the receptor for epidermal growth factor(7,8), but it does not affect the transferrin receptor or class I antigens of the major histocompatibility complex. Removal of Fas from the surface of adenovirus-infected cells expressing RID may allow infected cells to resist Fas-mediated cell death and thus promote their survival.
C1 St Louis Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Microbiol & Immunol, St Louis, MO 63104 USA.
   St Jude Childrens Res Hosp, Dept Immunol, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
C3 Saint Louis University; St Jude Children's Research Hospital
RP Wold, WSM (corresponding author), St Louis Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Microbiol & Immunol, 1402 S Grand Blvd, St Louis, MO 63104 USA.
EM woldws@slu.edu
NR 30
TC 176
Z9 196
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 16
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6677
BP 726
EP 730
DI 10.1038/33712
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZH612
UT WOS:000073129000062
PM 9565035
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hemesath, TJ
   Price, ER
   Takemoto, C
   Badalian, T
   Fisher, DE
AF Hemesath, TJ
   Price, ER
   Takemoto, C
   Badalian, T
   Fisher, DE
TI MAP kinase links the transcription factor Microphthalmia to c-Kit signalling in melanocytes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID receptor tyrosine kinase; cultured mast-cells; gene-expression; mi/mi genotype; melanoma-cells; in-vivo; mouse; activation; mutations; protein
AB Germline mutations at loci encoding the transcription factor Microphthalmia (Mi), the cytokine receptor c-Kit, or its ligand Steel factor (Sl) result in strikingly similar defects in mast cell and melanocyte development(1-3). Here we describe a biochemical link between Kit signalling and the activity of Mi. Stimulation of melanoma cells with Sl results in activation of MAP kinase, which in turn phosphorylates Mi at a consensus target serine. This phosphorylation upregulates Mi transactivation of the tyrosinase pigmentation gene promoter. In addition to modulating pigment production, such signalling may regulate the expression of genes essential for melanocyte survival and development. The pathway represents a new application of the general MAP kinase machinery in transducing a signal between a tissue-specific receptor at the cell surface and a tissue-specific transcription factor in the nucleus.
C1 Childrens Hosp, Div Pediat Hematol Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
RP Fisher, DE (corresponding author), Childrens Hosp, Div Pediat Hematol Oncol, 44 Binney St, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM david_fisher@dfci.harvard.edu
NR 27
TC 558
Z9 620
U1 2
U2 25
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 15
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6664
BP 298
EP 301
DI 10.1038/34681
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YR328
UT WOS:000071484400055
PM 9440696
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Eyer, J
   Cleveland, DW
   Wong, PC
   Peterson, AC
AF Eyer, J
   Cleveland, DW
   Wong, PC
   Peterson, AC
TI Pathogenesis of two axonopathies does not require axonal neurofilaments
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis; motor-neuron disease; dystonia-musculorum; mouse model; degeneration; mice; gene; subunit; pathology; transgene
AB Neurofilaments are a major component of the axonal cytoskeleton and their abnormal accumulation is a prominent feature of the cytopathology encountered in several neurodegenerative diseases(1-8). Thus, an attractive and widely held model of pathogenesis involves the participation of disrupted neurofilaments as a common toxic intermediate(9-13). Here, in direct contrast to this hypothesis, we show that two neurodegenerative disease models in the mouse, dystonia musculorum (dt)(14,15) and a superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1)-mediated form of human motor neuron disease (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, ALS)(16,17), progress with little or no abatement on a transgenic background in which neurofilaments are withheld from the axonal compartment(18). By specifically excluding a necessary role for axonal neurofilaments, our observations redefine the components of the pathogenic pathway leading to axon disruption in these two degenerative diseases.
C1 McGill Univ, Royal Victoria Hosp, Mol Oncol Grp, Dev Biol Lab, Montreal, PQ H3A 1A1, Canada.
   INSERM, CJF 97 08, F-49033 Angers, France.
   Univ Angers, CHU, F-49033 Angers, France.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Ludwig Inst Canc Res, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Med, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Neurosci, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Div Neuropathol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
C3 McGill University; Royal Victoria Hospital; Universite d'Angers; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Universite d'Angers; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; Johns Hopkins University
RP Peterson, AC (corresponding author), McGill Univ, Royal Victoria Hosp, Mol Oncol Grp, Dev Biol Lab, H-5,687 Pine Ave W, Montreal, PQ H3A 1A1, Canada.
EM Alan@devbiol2.molonc.mcgill.ca
NR 30
TC 89
Z9 100
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 5
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6667
BP 584
EP 587
DI 10.1038/35378
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YV594
UT WOS:000071842300051
PM 9468135
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Irvine, WM
   Bergin, DA
   Dickens, JE
   Jewitt, D
   Lovell, AJ
   Matthews, HE
   Schloerb, FP
   Senay, M
AF Irvine, WM
   Bergin, DA
   Dickens, JE
   Jewitt, D
   Lovell, AJ
   Matthews, HE
   Schloerb, FP
   Senay, M
TI Chemical processing in the coma as the source of cometary HNC
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID abundance ratio; hcn
AB The discovery of hydrogen isocyanide (HNC) in comet Hyakutake with an abundance (relative to hydrogen cyanide, KCN) similar to that seen in dense interstellar clouds raised the possibility that these molecules might be surviving interstellar material(1). The preservation of material from the Sun's parent molecular cloud would provide important constraints on the processes that took place in the protostellar nebula. But another possibility is that HNC is produced by photochemical processes in the coma, which means that its abundance could not be used as a direct constraint on conditions in the early Solar System. Here we show that the HNC/HCN ratio determined for comet Hale-Bopp varied with heliocentric distance in a way that matches the predictions of models of gas-phase chemical production of HNC in the coma, but cannot be explained if the HNC molecules were coming from the comet's nucleus. We conclude that HNC forms mainly by chemical reactions in the coma, and that such reactions need to be considered when attempting to deduce the composition of the nucleus from observations of the coma.
C1 Univ Massachusetts, Five Coll Radio Astron Observ, Amherst, MA 01003 USA.
   Smithsonian Astrophys Observ, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Univ Hawaii, Inst Astron, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   Natl Res Council Canada, Herzberg Inst Astrophys, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
   Joint Astron Ctr, Hilo, HI 96720 USA.
C3 University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Amherst; Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; Harvard University; Smithsonian Institution; University of Hawaii System; National Research Council Canada
RP Irvine, WM (corresponding author), Univ Massachusetts, Five Coll Radio Astron Observ, 619 LGRC, Amherst, MA 01003 USA.
NR 26
TC 67
Z9 68
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 11
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6685
BP 547
EP 550
DI 10.1038/31171
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZT988
UT WOS:000074150100043
PM 9634231
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cleland, AN
   Roukes, ML
AF Cleland, AN
   Roukes, ML
TI A nanometre-scale mechanical electrometer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID force microscope; amplifier-noise; surfaces; charge
AB The mechanical detection of charge has a long history, dating back more than 200 years to Coulomb's torsion-balance electrometer(1), The modern analogues of such instruments are semiconductor-based field-effect devices, the most sensitive of which are cryogenically cooled single-electron transistors(2). But although these latter devices have extremely high charge sensitivity, they suffer from limited bandwidth and must be operated at millikelvin temperatures in order to reduce thermal noise. Here we report the fabrication and characterization of a working nanometrescale mechanical electrometer, We achieve a charge sensitivity of 0.1 e Hz(-0.5), competitive with conventional semiconductor field-effect transistors; moreover, thermal noise analysis indicates that the nanometre-scale electrometer should ultimately reach sensitivities of the order of 10(-6) e Hz(-0.5), comparable with charge-detection capabilities of cryogenic single-electron transistors, The nanometre-scale electrometer has the additional advantages of high temperature (greater than or equal to 4.2 K) operation and response over a larger bandwidth, from which a diversity of applications may result.
C1 CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology
RP Roukes, ML (corresponding author), CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
NR 13
TC 473
Z9 530
U1 2
U2 79
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 12
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6672
BP 160
EP 162
DI 10.1038/32373
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZB349
UT WOS:000072462700055
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Helmberger, DV
   Wen, L
   Ding, X
AF Helmberger, DV
   Wen, L
   Ding, X
TI Seismic evidence that the source of the Iceland hotspot lies at the core-mantle boundary
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID partial melt; velocity; layer; base; beneath; pacific; earth; plume
AB Although Morgan(1) proposed in 1971 that hotspots such as Iceland were the result of hot, rising mantle plumes, it is still debated whether plumes originate from a thermal boundary just above the core-mantle boundary or at the base of the upper mantle(2). Although seismic evidence of plumes in the upper mantle is accumulating(3), narrow plume conduits in the deep mantle have yet to be detected. Details of plume formation in the lower mantle have therefore remained largely unconstrained(4). Here, however, we present seismic evidence for the presence of a localized patch of material with ultra-low seismic wave speed, located at the coremantle boundary beneath the Iceland hotspot, and propose that this zone represents the hot, partially molten source region of the Iceland mantle plume. Through the modelling of seismic waveforms, we constrain the seismic velocity structure at this patch of the core-mantle boundary using a numerical-analytical interfacing code(5) designed to reproduce the complex interference of shear-wave phases transmitted through, and refracted at, the boundary(6). Although this structure is difficult to constrain precisely, our preferred model consists of a dome which is 250 km wide, 40 km high and contains P- and S-wave velocity (wave-speed) reductions of 10% and 30%, respectively.
C1 CALTECH, Seismol Lab 252 21, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology
RP Helmberger, DV (corresponding author), CALTECH, Seismol Lab 252 21, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM helm@gps.caltech.edu
NR 26
TC 133
Z9 149
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 19
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6708
BP 251
EP 255
DI 10.1038/24357
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 140VY
UT WOS:000077110400043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Coles, P
AF Coles, P
TI The end of the old model Universe
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inflationary universe
AB The 'Big Bang' model includes a few unknown numbers that determine the size, shape and future of the Universe. In the past few years our measurements of these tree parameters have begun to rule out the old picture of a Universe dominated by cold dark matter. What will take its place?
C1 Univ London Queen Mary & Westfield Coll, Astron Unit, London E1 4NS, England.
C3 University of London; Queen Mary University London
RP Coles, P (corresponding author), Univ London Queen Mary & Westfield Coll, Astron Unit, London E1 4NS, England.
NR 15
TC 11
Z9 11
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 25
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6687
BP 741
EP 744
DI 10.1038/31604
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZW652
UT WOS:000074433100031
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Backhaus, S
   Pereverzev, S
   Simmonds, RW
   Loshak, A
   Davis, JC
   Packard, RE
AF Backhaus, S
   Pereverzev, S
   Simmonds, RW
   Loshak, A
   Davis, JC
   Packard, RE
TI Discovery of a metastable π-state in a superfluid 3He weak link
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pairing symmetry; superconductors; yba2cu3o7-delta
AB Under certain circumstances(1,2), a superconducting Josephson junction can maintain a quantum phase difference of rr between the two samples that are weakly connected to form the junction. Such systems are called 'pi-junctions' and have formed the basis of several experiments designed to investigate the much-debated symmetry of the order parameter of high-temperature superconductors(3-8) More recently, the possibility that similar phenomena might occur in another macroscopic quantum system - a pair of weakly coupled Bose-Einstein condensates - has also been suggested(9). Here we report the discovery of a metastable superfluid state, in which a quantum phase difference of pi is maintained across a weak link separating two reservoirs of superfluid He-3. The existence of this state, which is the superfluid analogue of a superconducting pi-junction, is likely to reflect the underlying 'p-wave' symmetry of the order parameter of superfluid He-3, but a precise microscopic explanation is at present unknown.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Davis, JC (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM jcdavis@pphysics.berkeley.edu
NR 19
TC 67
Z9 70
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 16
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6677
BP 687
EP 690
DI 10.1038/33629
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZH612
UT WOS:000073129000049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kiselyov, K
   Xu, X
   Mozhayeva, G
   Kuo, T
   Pessah, I
   Mignery, G
   Zhu, X
   Birnbaumer, L
   Muallem, S
AF Kiselyov, K
   Xu, X
   Mozhayeva, G
   Kuo, T
   Pessah, I
   Mignery, G
   Zhu, X
   Birnbaumer, L
   Muallem, S
TI Functional interaction between InsP3 receptors and store-operated Htrp3 channels
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID intracellular ca2+ stores; calcium-entry; inositol phosphate; plasma-membrane; cells; depletion; expression; release; influx
AB Calcium ions are released from intracellular stores in response to agonist-stimulated production of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP(3)), a second messenger generated at the cell membrane. Depletion of Ca2+ from internal stores triggers a capacitative influx of extracellular Ca2+ across the plasma membrane(1,2). The influx of Ca2+ can be recorded as store-operated channels (SOC) in the plasma membrane or as a current known as the Ca2+-release-activated current (I-crac)(3-5). A critical question in cell signalling is how SOC and I-crac sense and respond to Ca2+-store depletion: in one model, a messenger molecule is generated that activates Ca2+ entry in response to store depletion(1,6); in an alternative model(7), InsP(3) receptors in the stores are coupled to SOC and I-crac. The mammalian Htrp3 protein(8) forms a well defined store-operated channel(8,9) and so provides a suitable system for studying the effect of Ca2+-store depletion on SOC and I-crac. We show here that Htrp3 channels stably expressed in HEK293 cells are in a tight functional interaction with the InsP(3) receptors. Htrp3 channels present in the same plasma membrane patch can be activated by Ca2+ mobilization in intact cells and by InsP(3) in excised patches. This activation of Htrp3 by InsP(3) is lost on extensive washing of excised patches but is restored by addition of native or recombinant InsP(3)-bound InsP(3) receptors. Our results provide evidence for the coupling hypothesis(7), in which InsP(3) receptors activated by InsP(3) interact with SOC and regulate I-crac.
C1 Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Physiol, Dallas, TX 75235 USA.
   Russian Acad Sci, Inst Cytol, St Petersburg 194064, Russia.
   Wayne State Univ, Detroit, MI 48201 USA.
   Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Dept Mol Biosci, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   Loyola Univ, Stritch Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Maywood, IL 60153 USA.
   Ohio State Univ, Dept Pharmacol, Columbus, OH 43216 USA.
   Ohio State Univ, Neurobiotechnol Ctr, Columbus, OH 43216 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Mol Cell & Dev Biol, Los Angeles, CA 90049 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Russian Academy of Sciences; St. Petersburg Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Institute of Cytology RAS; Wayne State University; University of California System; University of California Davis; Loyola University Chicago; University System of Ohio; Ohio State University; University System of Ohio; Ohio State University; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Muallem, S (corresponding author), Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Physiol, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75235 USA.
EM smuall@mednet.swmed.edu
NR 25
TC 545
Z9 597
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 3
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6710
BP 478
EP 482
DI 10.1038/24890
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 145KL
UT WOS:000077370100057
PM 9853757
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Westin, S
   Kurokawa, R
   Nolte, RT
   Wisely, GB
   McInerney, EM
   Rose, DW
   Milburn, MV
   Rosenfeld, MG
   Glass, CK
AF Westin, S
   Kurokawa, R
   Nolte, RT
   Wisely, GB
   McInerney, EM
   Rose, DW
   Milburn, MV
   Rosenfeld, MG
   Glass, CK
TI Interactions controlling the assembly of nuclear-receptor heterodimers and co-activators
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thyroid-hormone receptor; ligand-binding domain; 9-cis retinoic acid; transcriptional activation; crystal-structure; coactivator; superfamily; pathways; complex; p300
AB Retinoic-acid receptor-alpha (RAR-alpha) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) are members of the nuclear-receptor superfamily that bind to DNA as heterodimers with retinoid-X receptors (RXRs)(1,2). PPAR-RXR heterodimers can be activated by PPAR or RXR ligands(3), whereas RAR-RXR heterodimers are selectively activated by RAR ligands only, because of allosteric inhibition of the binding of ligands to RXR by RAR(4,5). However, RXR ligands can potentiate the transcriptional effects of RAR ligands in cells(6), Transcriptional activation by nuclear receptors requires a carboxy-terminal helical region, termed activation function-2 (AF-2) (refs 7-9), that forms part of the ligand-binding pocket and undergoes a conformational change required for the recruitment of co-activator proteins, including NCoA-1/SRC-1 (refs 10-17), Here we show that allosteric inhibition of RXR results from a rotation of the RXR AF-2 helix that places it in contact with the RAR coactivator-binding site. Recruitment of an LXXLL motif of SRC-1 to RAR in response to ligand displaces the RXR AF-2 domain, allowing RXR ligands to bind and promote the binding of a second LXXLL motif from the same SRC-1 molecule, These results may partly explain the different responses of nuclear-receptor heterodimers to RXR-specific ligands.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Med, Div Cellular & Mol Med, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Med, Div Endocrinol & Metab, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Glaxo Wellcome Inc, Dept Struct Chem, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Diego; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline USA
RP Glass, CK (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Med, Div Cellular & Mol Med, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
NR 28
TC 300
Z9 346
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 10
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6698
BP 199
EP 202
DI 10.1038/26040
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 118GK
UT WOS:000075829900048
PM 9744281
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tsvetkov, AA
   van der Marel, D
   Moler, KA
   Kirtley, JR
   de Boer, JL
   Meetsma, A
   Ren, ZF
   Koleshnikov, N
   Dulic, D
   Damascelli, A
   Grüninger, M
   Schützmann, J
   van der Eb, JW
   Somal, HS
   Wang, JH
AF Tsvetkov, AA
   van der Marel, D
   Moler, KA
   Kirtley, JR
   de Boer, JL
   Meetsma, A
   Ren, ZF
   Koleshnikov, N
   Dulic, D
   Damascelli, A
   Grüninger, M
   Schützmann, J
   van der Eb, JW
   Somal, HS
   Wang, JH
TI Global and local measures of the intrinsic Josephson coupling in Tl2Ba2CuO6 as a test of the interlayer tunnelling model
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID t-c superconductivity
AB One leading candidate theory of high-temperature superconductivity in the copper oxide systems is the interlayer tunnelling (ILT) mechanism(1). In this model, superconductivity is created by tunnelling of electron pairs between the copper oxide planes-contrasting with other models in which superconductivity first arises by electron pairing within each plane. The ILT model predicts that the superconducting condensation energy is approximately equal to the gain in kinetic energy of the electron pairs due to tunnelling. Both these energies can be determined independently(2-4), providing a quantitative test of the model. The gain in kinetic energy of the electron pairs is related to the interlayer plasma frequency, omega(J), of electron pair oscillations, which can be measured using infrared spectroscopy. Direct imaging of magnetic flux vortices also provides a test(5), which is performed here on the same samples. In the high-temperature superconductor Tl2Ba2CuO6, both the sample-averaging optical probe and the local vortex imaging give a consistent value of omega(J) approximate to 28 cm(-1) which, when combined with the condensation energy produces a discrepancy of at least an order of magnitude with deductions based on the ILT model.
C1 Univ Groningen, Ctr Mat Sci, NL-9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands.
   PN Lebedev Phys Inst, Moscow 117924, Russia.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   IBM Corp, Thomas J Watson Res Ctr, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598 USA.
   SUNY Buffalo, Dept Chem, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA.
   Russian Acad Sci, Inst Solid State Phys, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia.
C3 University of Groningen; Russian Academy of Sciences; Russian Academy of Science Lebedev Physical Institute; Princeton University; International Business Machines (IBM); IBM USA; State University of New York (SUNY) System; University at Buffalo, SUNY; Russian Academy of Sciences; Osipyan Institute of Solid State Physics RAS
RP van der Marel, D (corresponding author), Univ Groningen, Ctr Mat Sci, NL-9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands.
NR 11
TC 107
Z9 110
U1 0
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 24
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6700
BP 360
EP 362
DI 10.1038/26439
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 122QW
UT WOS:000076083800046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Villemant, B
   Boudon, G
AF Villemant, B
   Boudon, G
TI Transition from dome-forming to plinian eruptive styles controlled by H2O and Cl degassing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID silicic volcanism; magmas; history; dacite; melts
AB The transition from a plinian (pumice) to an effusive (dome-forming) eruptive style is frequently observed in volcanic systems and is generally attributed to the progressive loss of volatiles from magma stored in a superficial reservoir. This explosive-effusive transition has been explained by the evolution from a dosed to an open system of degassing(1-4). But in this context, an eruption at Mt Pelee (Martinique, French West Indies) dated at 650 years ago, which exhibited a rarely observed(5,6) succession from dome-forming to plinian activity in a short interval of time(7), is at odds with such an explanation. In this eruption, near-surface explosions of the dome produced two peleean turbulent pyroclastic flows, whose deposits are similar to those of the effusive 1902 eruption, and then plinian activity produced pumice fallouts and flows. The reconstruction of the degassing paths of both eruptive regimes using the densities and the H2O and Cl contents of the clasts shows that the interaction of rising magma with hydrothermal fluids at shallow depth may play a critical role in determining eruptive style.
C1 Univ Paris 06, CNRS, URA 1758, LGCS, F-75252 Paris 05, France.
   Inst Phys Globe, Dept Volcanol, F-75252 Paris, France.
   Inst Phys Globe, CNRS, URA 734, Lab Geomat, F-75252 Paris 05, France.
   Inst Phys Globe, Observ Volcanol, F-75252 Paris 05, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Sorbonne Universite; Universite Paris Cite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Cite; Universite Paris Cite
RP Villemant, B (corresponding author), Univ Paris 06, CNRS, URA 1758, LGCS, Boite 109,4 Pl Jussieu, F-75252 Paris 05, France.
NR 25
TC 68
Z9 72
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 5
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6671
BP 65
EP 69
DI 10.1038/32144
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZA528
UT WOS:000072373000049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zirker, JB
   Engvold, O
   Martin, SF
AF Zirker, JB
   Engvold, O
   Martin, SF
TI Counter-streaming gas flows in solar prominences as evidence for vertical magnetic fields
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quiescent
AB Solar prominences are sheets of relatively cool and dense gas embedded in the surrounding hotter corona. An erupting prominence can inject a mass of up to 10(15) g into the solar wind(1) as part of a coronal mass ejection. These eruptions must depend critically on the topology of the prominence's magnetic field. In all present models(2,3), the prominence hangs on horizontal or helical field lines, while an overlying magnetic arcade temporarily restrains the prominence from erupting. Such models are inconsistent, however, with the slow upward vertical gas flows that are seen in prominences-(4,14). Here we report counter-streaming flows along closely spaced vertical regions of a prominence, between its top and the lower solar atmosphere. As the flows must be aligned with the magnetic field, this observation implies that a field connects the prominence directly to the photosphere, contrary to all existing models. These magnetic 'tethers' might help prevent a prominence from erupting.
C1 Natl Solar Observ, Sunspot, NM 88349 USA.
   Univ Oslo, Inst Theoret Astrophys, N-0315 Oslo, Norway.
   Helio Res, La Crescenta, CA 91214 USA.
C3 National Solar Observatory; University of Oslo
RP Zirker, JB (corresponding author), Natl Solar Observ, Sunspot, NM 88349 USA.
EM jzirker@noao.edu
NR 18
TC 261
Z9 268
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 3
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6710
BP 440
EP 441
DI 10.1038/24798
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 145KL
UT WOS:000077370100045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Harris, CM
   Wolpert, DM
AF Harris, CM
   Wolpert, DM
TI Signal-dependent noise determines motor planning
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccadic eye-movements; drawing movements; arm movements; model; coordination
AB When we make saccadic eye movements or goal-directed arm movements, there is an infinite number of possible trajectories that the eye or arm could take to reach the target(1,2). However, humans show highly stereotyped trajectories in which velocity profiles of both the eye and hand are smooth and symmetric for brief movements(3,4). Here we present a unifying theory of eye and arm movements based on the single physiological assumption that the neural control signals are corrupted by noise whose variance increases with the size of the control signal. We propose that in the presence of such signal-dependent noise, the shape of a trajectory is selected to minimize the variance of the final eye or arm position. This minimum-variance theory accurately predicts the trajectories of both saccades and arm movements and the speed-accuracy trade-off described by Fitt's law(5). These profiles are robust to changes in the dynamics of the eye or arm, as found empirically(6,7) 7. Moreover, the relation between path curvature and hand velocity during drawing movements reproduces the empirical 'two-thirds power law'(8,9). This theory provides a simple and powerful unifying perspective for both eye and arm movement control.
C1 Great Ormond St Hosp Sick Children, Dept Ophthalmol, London WC1N 3JH, England.
   Great Ormond St Hosp Sick Children, Visual Sci Unit, London WC1N 3JH, England.
   UCL, Inst Child Hlth, London WC1N 3JH, England.
   UCL, Inst Neurol, Sobell Dept Neurophysiol, London WC1N 3BG, England.
C3 University of London; University College London; Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; University of London; University College London; Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; University of London; University College London; University of London; University College London
RP Harris, CM (corresponding author), Great Ormond St Hosp Sick Children, Dept Ophthalmol, Great Ormond St, London WC1N 3JH, England.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 1876
Z9 2167
U1 5
U2 164
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 20
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6695
BP 780
EP 784
DI 10.1038/29528
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 112PR
UT WOS:000075503600045
PM 9723616
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pardo, F
   de la Cruz, F
   Gammel, PL
   Bucher, E
   Bishop, DJ
AF Pardo, F
   de la Cruz, F
   Gammel, PL
   Bucher, E
   Bishop, DJ
TI Observation of smectic and moving-Bragg-glass phases in flowing vortex lattices
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID flux-line-lattice; diffraction; disorder; 2h-nbse2; order
AB The defining characteristic of the superconducting state is its ability to carry electrical currents without loss, The process by which it does this has been extensively studied for decades but there are still many unresolved issues; In particular, the critical current, which is the maximum electrical current that a superconductor can carry without loss, remains a poorly understood concept at the microscopic level. In a type II superconductor, a flux-Line lattice (FLL) forms if a magnetic field between H-cl and H-c2, the lower and upper critical fields, is applied: flowing electrical currents will exert a force on this PLL. If the FLL remains pinned, the current flows without loss of energy and the effective resistance remains zero. However, if the lattice moves in response to the current, energy is dissipated and the zero-resistance state is lost. Because of its relevance to the critical cru rent, the types of structures that these moving lattices can form have attracted much recent theoretical attention(1-4). Here we report magnetic decoration studies of flowing vortex lattices which show evidence for a transition, as a function of increasing flux density, from a layered (or smectic) FLL2 to a more well-ordered moving Bragg glass(1).
C1 AT&T Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
   Comis Nacl Energia Atom, Ctr Atom Bariloche, RA-8400 Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina.
   Comis Nacl Energia Atom, Inst Balseiro, RA-8400 Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina.
C3 Nokia Corporation; Nokia Bell Labs; Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies; AT&T; Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica (CNEA); Centro Atomico Bariloche; Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica (CNEA); University Nacional Cuyo Mendoza; Instituto Balseiro
RP Bishop, DJ (corresponding author), AT&T Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, 600 Mt Ave, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
EM djb@lucent.com
NR 16
TC 178
Z9 183
U1 0
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 26
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6709
BP 348
EP 350
DI 10.1038/24581
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 142MJ
UT WOS:000077204000043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Anderson, A
AF Anderson, A
TI Bone resorption markers: a comparison of three immunoassays
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Straightforward, laboratory-based biochemical tests that measure markers of bone resorption in urine have substantially increased the information available for the management of patients at risk of bone loss, These tests can help to identify patients most suitable for intervention with anti-resorptive therapy to halt bone loss, and the subsequent monitoring of therapeutic efficacy. A number of urinary bone resorption markers are available; each measures different substances and can vary in tissue specificity, metabolic process specificity and susceptibility to metabolic influences. Total variability of an assay derives both from the analytical characteristics of the assay and the biological variability of the measured analyte. This paper summarizes research on the components of analytical and biological variability for three bone resorption markers.
C1 Metra Biosyst, Great Haseley OX44 7PG, Oxon, England.
RP Anderson, A (corresponding author), Metra Biosyst, Forestry House,Hasel Trading Estate,Stadhampton R, Great Haseley OX44 7PG, Oxon, England.
NR 2
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 15
PY 1998
VL 0
IS 
BP 8
EP 8
DI 
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZE486
UT WOS:000072797700002
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Peck, JR
   Yearsley, JM
   Waxman, D
AF Peck, JR
   Yearsley, JM
   Waxman, D
TI Explaining the geographic distributions of sexual and asexual population
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID deleterious mutations; parthenogenesis; evolution; reproduction; advantage
AB Examination of the geographic distributions of sexual organisms and their asexual, or parthenogenetic, competitors reveals certain consistent patterns. These patterns are called geographic parthenogenesis(1-8). For example, if we compare sexual organisms with closely related asexuals, we find that, in the Northern Hemisphere, there is a strong tendency for the asexuals to occur further to the north. One researcher to document this pattern is Bierzychudek, who examined 43 cases (drawn from 10 genera) where the geographic distributions of a sexual plant and a closely related asexual are known(4). In 76% of these cases, the asexual plant's range was more northerly than the range of the sexual. Some of the remaining cases probably fit with this pattern, but more data must be obtained before this suggestion can be confirmed Asexuals also tend to occur at high altitudes, and in marginal, resource-poor environments(1-8). We have constructed a mathematical model of a habitat that stretches from south to north in the Northern Hemisphere. Our computer simulations based on this model support the idea that a single basic process may account for much of what is known about geographic parthenogenesis. This process involves the movement of individuals from areas in which they are well adapted to areas where they are poorly adapted.
C1 Univ Sussex, Ctr Study Evolut, Brighton BN1 9QG, E Sussex, England.
C3 University of Sussex
RP Peck, JR (corresponding author), Univ Sussex, Sch Biol Sci, Brighton BN1 9QG, E Sussex, England.
NR 25
TC 191
Z9 205
U1 0
U2 54
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 26
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6670
BP 889
EP 892
DI 10.1038/36099
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YZ206
UT WOS:000072230900051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Armstrong, N
   Sun, Y
   Chen, GQ
   Gouaux, E
AF Armstrong, N
   Sun, Y
   Chen, GQ
   Gouaux, E
TI Structure of a glutamate-receptor ligand-binding core in complex with kainate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ampa receptor; site; identification; determinants; domain; diffraction; modulation; subunit; region
AB Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) mediate excitatory synaptic transmission in vertebrates and invertebrates through ligand-induced opening of transmembrane ion channels. iGluRs are segregated into three subtypes according to their sensitivity to the agonists AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid), kainate (a structural analogue of glutamate) or NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) (Fig.1). iGluRs are important in the development and function of the nervous system, are essential in memory and learning, and are either implicated in or have causal roles in dysfunctions ranging from Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases, schizophrenia, epilepsy and Rasmussen's encephalitis to stroke(1,2). Development of iGluR agonists and antagonists has been hampered by a lack of high-resolution structural information. Here we describe the crystal structure of an iGluR ligand-binding region in a complex with the neurotoxin (agonist) kainate. The bilobed structure shows the determinants of receptor-agonist interactions and how ligand-binding specificity and affinity are altered by remote residues and the redox state of the conserved disulphide bond, The structure indicates mechanisms for allosteric effector action and for ligand-induced channel gating. The information provided by this structure will be essential in designing new ligands.
C1 Columbia Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biophys, New York, NY 10032 USA.
C3 Columbia University
RP Gouaux, E (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biophys, 630 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032 USA.
EM jeg52@columbia.edu
NR 28
TC 576
Z9 666
U1 0
U2 63
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 29
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6705
BP 913
EP 917
DI 10.1038/27692
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 133XT
UT WOS:000076713400060
PM 9804426
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Scheer, E
   Agrait, N
   Cuevas, JC
   Yeyati, AL
   Ludoph, B
   Martin-Rodero, A
   Bollinger, GR
   van Ruitenbeek, JM
   Urbina, C
AF Scheer, E
   Agrait, N
   Cuevas, JC
   Yeyati, AL
   Ludoph, B
   Martin-Rodero, A
   Bollinger, GR
   van Ruitenbeek, JM
   Urbina, C
TI The signature of chemical valence in the electrical conduction through a single-atom contact
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transport-property; quantum transport; superconductor; resistance
AB Fabrication of structures at the atomic scale is now possible using state-of-the-art techniques for manipulating individual atoms(1), and it may become possible to design electrical circuits atom by atom. A prerequisite for successful design is a knowledge of the relationship between the macroscopic electrical characteristics of such circuits and the quantum properties of the individual atoms used as building blocks. As a first step, we show here that the chemical valence determines the conduction properties of the simplest imaginable circuit - a one-atom contact between two metallic banks. The extended quantum states that carry the current from one bank to the other necessarily proceed through the valence orbitals of the constriction atom. It thus seems reasonable to conjecture that the number of current-carrying modes (or 'channels') of a one-atom contact is determined by the number of available valence orbitals, and so should strongly differ for metallic elements in different series of the periodic table. We have tested this conjecture using scanning tunnelling microscopy and mechanically controllable break-junction techniques(2,3) to obtain atomic-size constrictions for four different metallic elements (Pb, Al, Nb and An), covering a broad range of valences and orbital structures. Our results demonstrate unambiguously a direct link between valence orbitals and the number of conduction channels in one-atom contacts.
C1 CEA Saclay, Serv Phys Etat Condense, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   Univ Autonoma Madrid, Inst Univ Ciencia Mat Nicolas Cabrera, Dept Fis Mat Condensada C3, Lab Bajas Temp, E-28049 Madrid, Spain.
   Univ Autonoma Madrid, Dept Fis Teor Mat Condensada C5, E-28049 Madrid, Spain.
   Leiden Univ, Kamerlingh Onnes Lab, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.
   Univ Karlsruhe, Inst Phys, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany.
C3 Universite Paris Saclay; CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Autonomous University of Madrid; Autonomous University of Madrid; Leiden University - Excl LUMC; Leiden University; Helmholtz Association; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
RP Scheer, E (corresponding author), CEA Saclay, Serv Phys Etat Condense, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
EM Elke.Scheer@phys.uni-karlsruhe.de
NR 21
TC 586
Z9 618
U1 0
U2 128
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 9
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6689
BP 154
EP 157
DI 10.1038/28112
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZZ203
UT WOS:000074705900045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ding, JX
   Yang, L
   Yan, YT
   Chen, A
   Desai, N
   Wynshaw-Boris, A
   Shen, MM
AF Ding, JX
   Yang, L
   Yan, YT
   Chen, A
   Desai, N
   Wynshaw-Boris, A
   Shen, MM
TI Cripto is required for correct orientation of the anterior-posterior axis in the mouse embryo
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neural plate; primitive endoderm; gene; expression; mesoderm; gastrulation; family; growth; brain; cells
AB The anterior-posterior axis of the mouse embryo is established by two distinct organizing centres in the anterior visceral endoderm and the distal primitive streak(1-7). These organizers induce and pattern the head and trunk respectively, and have been proposed to be localized through coordinate cell movements that rotate a pre-existing pre-existing proximal-distal axis(6,8). Here we show that correct localization of both head- and trunk-organizing centres requires Cripto(9,10), a putative signalling molecule that is a member of the EGF-CFC gene family(11,12), Before gastrulation, Cripto is asymmetrically expressed in a proximal-distal gradient in the epiblast, and subsequently is expressed in the primitive streak and newly formed embryonic mesoderm. A Cripto null mutation generated by targeted gene disruption results in homozygous Cripto(-/-) embryos that mostly consist of anterior neuroectoderm and lack posterior structures, thus resembling a head without a trunk, Notably, markers of the head organizer are located at the distal end of the embryo, whereas markers of the primitive streak are absent or localized to the proximal side. Our results indicate that Cripto signalling is essential for the conversion of a pro;proximal-distal asymmetry into an orthogonal anterior-posterior axis.
C1 Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Ctr Adv Biotechnol & Med, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
   Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Dept Pediat, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
   Natl Human Genome Res Inst, Lab Genet Dis Res, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Rutgers University Biomedical & Health Sciences; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Rutgers University Biomedical & Health Sciences; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)
RP Shen, MM (corresponding author), Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Ctr Adv Biotechnol & Med, 679 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
EM mshen@cabm.rutgers.edu
NR 30
TC 400
Z9 459
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 15
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6703
BP 702
EP 707
DI 10.1038/27215
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 129PR
UT WOS:000076472600053
PM 9790191
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kemp, M
AF Kemp, M
TI Kemp's conclusions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Hist Art, Oxford OX1 2PG, England.
C3 University of Oxford
RP Kemp, M (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Hist Art, 35 Beaumont St, Oxford OX1 2PG, England.
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 30
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6679
BP 875
EP 876
DI 10.1038/31829
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZK759
UT WOS:000073359900028
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shinohara, A
   Ogawa, T
AF Shinohara, A
   Ogawa, T
TI Stimulation by Rad52 of yeast Rad51-mediated recombination
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; strand-exchange; protein; reca; mutations; filament; repair; gene
AB In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the RAD51 and RAD52 genes are involved in recombination and in repair of damaged DNA(1-3). The RAD51 gene is a structural and functional homologue of the recA gene(4,5) and the gene product participates in strand exchange and single-stranded-DNA-dependent ATP hydrolysis by means of nucleoprotein filament formation(6-11). The RAD52 gene(12) is important in RAD51-mediated recombination(1-3). Binding of this protein to Rad51 (refs 4, 13) suggests that they cooperate In recombination. Homologues of both Rad51 and Rad52 are conserved from yeast to humans(14-16), suggesting that the mechanisms used for pairing homologous DNA molecules during recombination may be universal in eukaryotes. Here we show that Rad52 protein stimulates Rad51 reactions and that binding to Rad51 is necessary for this stimulatory effect. We conclude that this binding is crucial in recombination and that it facilitates the formation of Rad51 nucleoprotein filaments.
C1 Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Biol, Osaka 5600043, Japan.
   Natl Inst Genet, Shizuoka 4110801, Japan.
C3 University of Osaka; Research Organization of Information & Systems (ROIS); National Institute of Genetics (NIG) - Japan
RP Shinohara, A (corresponding author), Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Biol, Osaka 5600043, Japan.
EM ashino@bio.sci.osaka-u.ac.jp; tomogawa@lab.nig.jp
NR 29
TC 392
Z9 469
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 22
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6665
BP 404
EP 407
DI 10.1038/34943
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YT444
UT WOS:000071604200059
PM 9450759
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kanopka, A
   Mühlemann, O
   Petersen-Mahrt, S
   Estmer, C
   Öhrmalm, C
   Akusjärvi, G
AF Kanopka, A
   Mühlemann, O
   Petersen-Mahrt, S
   Estmer, C
   Öhrmalm, C
   Akusjärvi, G
TI Regulation of adenovirus alternative RNA splicing by dephosphorylation of SR proteins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pre-messenger-rna; phosphorylation; transcription; infection; sites; level
AB SR proteins are a family of essential splicing factors required for early recognition of splice sites during spliceosome assembly(1,2). They also function as alternative RNA splicing factors when overexpressed in vivo or added in excess to extracts in vitro(1,2). SR proteins are highly phosphorylated in vivo, a modification that is required for their function in spliceosome assembly(3,4) and splicing catalysis(5,6). Here we show that SR proteins purified from late adenovirus-infected cells are inactivated as splicing enhancer or splicing repressor proteins by virus-induced dephosphorylation. We further show that the virus-encoded protein E4-ORF4 activates dephosphorylation by protein phosphatase 2A of HeLa SR proteins and converts their splicing properties into that of SR proteins purified from late adenovirus-infected cells. Taken together, our results suggest that E4-ORF4 is an important factor controlling the temporal shift in adenovirus alternative RNA splicing,We conclude that alternative pre-mRNA splicing, like many other biological processes, is regulated by reversible protein phosphorylation.
C1 Univ Uppsala, BMC, Dept Med Biochem & Microbiol, S-75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
C3 Uppsala University
RP Akusjärvi, G (corresponding author), Univ Uppsala, BMC, Dept Med Biochem & Microbiol, Box 582, S-75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
NR 19
TC 171
Z9 207
U1 2
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 14
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6681
BP 185
EP 187
DI 10.1038/30277
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZN200
UT WOS:000073619900053
PM 9603524
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cottaris, NP
   De Valois, RL
AF Cottaris, NP
   De Valois, RL
TI Temporal dynamics of chromatic tuning in macaque primary visual cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID striate cortex; simple cells; mechanisms; retina; pathway; neurons; monkey
AB The ability to distinguish colour from intensity variations is a difficult computational problem for the visual system because each of the three cone photoreceptor types absorb all wavelengths of light, although their peak sensitivities are at relatively short (S cones), medium (M cones), or long (L cones) wavelengths. The first stage in colour processing is the comparison of the outputs of different cone types by spectrally opponent neurons in the retina and upstream in the lateral geniculate nucleus(1-3). Some neurons receive opponent inputs from L and M cones, whereas others receive input from S cones opposed by combined signals from L and M cones. Here we report how the outputs of the L/M- and S-opponent geniculate cell types are combined in time at the next stage of colour processing, in the macaque primary visual cortex (V1). Some V1 neurons respond to a single chromatic region, with either a short (68-95 ms) or a longer (96-135 ms) latency, whereas others respond to two chromatic regions with a difference in latency of 20-30 ms. Across all types, short latency responses are mostly evoked by L/M-opponent inputs whereas longer latency responses are evoked mostly by S-opponent inputs. Furthermore, neurons with late S-cone inputs exhibit dynamic changes in the sharpness of their chromatic tuning over time. We propose that the sparse, S-opponent signal in the lateral geniculate nucleus is amplified in area V1, possibly through recurrent excitatory networks. This results in a delayed, sluggish cortical S-cone signal which is then integrated with L/M-opponent signals to rotate the lateral geniculate nucleus chromatic axes(4-5).
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Program Vis Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Psychol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Cottaris, NP (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Program Vis Sci, 3210 Tolman Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM nicolas@valois.berkeley.edu
NR 27
TC 158
Z9 183
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 29
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6705
BP 896
EP 900
DI 10.1038/27666
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 133XT
UT WOS:000076713400056
PM 9804422
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Manoury, B
   Hewitt, EW
   Morrice, N
   Dando, PM
   Barrett, AJ
   Watts, C
AF Manoury, B
   Hewitt, EW
   Morrice, N
   Dando, PM
   Barrett, AJ
   Watts, C
TI An asparaginyl endopeptidase processes a microbial antigen for class II MHC presentation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID innate immunity; purification; recognition; complexes
AB Foreign protein antigens must be broken down within endosomes or lysosomes to generate suitable peptides that will form complexes with class II major histocompatibility complex molecules for presentation to T cells. However, it is not known which proteases are required for antigen processing. To investigate this, we exposed a domain of the microbial tetanus toxin antigen (TTCF) to disrupted lysosomes that had been purified from a human B-cell line. Here we show that the dominant processing activity is not one of the known lysosomal cathepsins, which are generally believed to be the principal enzymes involved in antigen processing, but is instead an asparagine-specific cysteine endopeptidase. This enzyme seems similar or identical to a mammalian homologue(1) of the legumain/haemoglobinase asparaginyl endopeptidases found originally in plants' and parasites(3). We designed competitive peptide inhibitors of B-cell asparaginyl endopeptidase (AEP) that specifically block its proteolytic activity and inhibit processing of TTCF in vitro. In vivo, these inhibitors slow TTCF presentation to T cells, whereas preprocessing of TTCF with AEP accelerates its presentation, indicating that this enzyme performs a key step in TTCF processing. We also show that N-glycosylation of asparagine residues blocks AEP action in vitro. This indicates that N-glycosylation could eliminate sites of processing by AEP in mammalian proteins, allowing preferential processing of microbial antigens.
C1 Univ Dundee, Dept Biochem, MRC, Prot Phosphorylat Unit, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland.
   Babraham Inst, Dept Immunol, MRC, Peptidase Lab, Cambridge CB2 4AT, England.
C3 University of Dundee; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); Babraham Institute
RP Watts, C (corresponding author), Univ Dundee, Dept Biochem, MRC, Prot Phosphorylat Unit, Wellcome Sci Bldg, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 21
TC 326
Z9 360
U1 0
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 17
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6712
BP 695
EP 699
DI 10.1038/25379
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 150YT
UT WOS:000077694200058
PM 9872320
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dürr, S
   Nonn, T
   Rempe, G
AF Dürr, S
   Nonn, T
   Rempe, G
TI Origin of quantum-mechanical complementarity probed by a 'which-way' experiment in an atom interferometer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID slow atoms; uncertainty; spectroscopy; wave
AB The principle of complementarity refers to the ability of quantum-mechanical entities to behave as particles or waves under different experimental conditions. For example, in the famous double-slit experiment, a single electron can apparently pass through both apertures simultaneously, forming an interference pattern, gut if a 'which-way' detector is employed to determine the particle's path, the interference pattern is destroyed. This is usually explained in terms of Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, in which the acquisition of spatial Information increases the uncertainty in the particle's momentum, thus destroying the interference, Here we report a which-way experiment in an atom interferometer in which the 'back action' of path detection on the atom's momentum is too small to explain the disappearance of the interference pattern. We attribute it instead to correlations between the which-way detector and the atomic motion, rather than to the uncertainty principle.
C1 Univ Konstanz, Fak Phys, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany.
C3 University of Konstanz
RP Rempe, G (corresponding author), Univ Konstanz, Fak Phys, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany.
NR 16
TC 325
Z9 339
U1 1
U2 59
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 3
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6697
BP 33
EP 37
DI 10.1038/25653
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 116JY
UT WOS:000075722200037
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Iwamoto, K
   Mazzali, PA
   Nomoto, K
   Umeda, H
   Nakamura, T
   Patat, F
   Danziger, IJ
   Young, TR
   Suzuki, T
   Shigeyama, T
   Augusteijn, T
   Doublier, V
   Gonzalez, JF
   Boehnhardt, H
   Brewer, J
   Hainaut, OR
   Lidman, C
   Leibundgut, B
   Cappellaro, E
   Turatto, M
   Galama, TJ
   Vreeswijk, PN
   Kouveliotou, C
   van Paradijs, J
   Pian, E
   Palazzi, E
   Frontera, F
AF Iwamoto, K
   Mazzali, PA
   Nomoto, K
   Umeda, H
   Nakamura, T
   Patat, F
   Danziger, IJ
   Young, TR
   Suzuki, T
   Shigeyama, T
   Augusteijn, T
   Doublier, V
   Gonzalez, JF
   Boehnhardt, H
   Brewer, J
   Hainaut, OR
   Lidman, C
   Leibundgut, B
   Cappellaro, E
   Turatto, M
   Galama, TJ
   Vreeswijk, PN
   Kouveliotou, C
   van Paradijs, J
   Pian, E
   Palazzi, E
   Frontera, F
TI A hypernova model for the supernova associated with the γ-ray burst of 25 April 1998
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID progenitor; spectra
AB The discovery of the unusual supernova SN1998bw, and its possible association with the gamma-ray burst GRB980425(1-3), provide new insights into the explosion mechanism of very massive stars and the origin of some classes of gamma-ray bursts. Optical spectra indicate that SN1998bw is a type Ic supernova(3,4), but its peak luminosity is unusually high compared with typical type Ic supemovae(3). Here we report our findings that the optical spectra and the light curve of SN1998bw can be well reproduced by an extremely energetic explosion of a massive star composed mainly of carbon and oxygen (having lost its hydrogen and helium envelopes). The kinetic energy of the ejecta is as large as (2-5) x 10(52) erg; more than ten times that of previously observed supernovae, This type of supernova could therefore be termed 'hypernova'. The extremely large energy suggests the existence of a new mechanism of massive star explosion that can also produce the relativistic shocks necessary to generate the observed gamma-rays.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Sch Sci, Dept Astron, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Sch Sci, Res Ctr Early Universe, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Osservatorio Astron Trieste, I-34131 Trieste, Italy.
   European So Observ, Santiago 19, Chile.
   European So Observ, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
   Osservatorio Astron Padova, I-35122 Padua, Italy.
   Univ Amsterdam, Astron Inst Anton Pannekoek, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Ctr High Energy Astrophys, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA.
   CNR, Ist Tecnol & Studio Rasiaz Extraterr, Bologna, Italy.
   Univ Alabama, Dept Phys, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA.
C3 University of Tokyo; University of Tokyo; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); European Southern Observatory; European Southern Observatory; University of Padua; University of Amsterdam; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Marshall Space Flight Center; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Huntsville
RP Nomoto, K (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Sch Sci, Dept Astron, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
NR 19
TC 669
Z9 694
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 15
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6703
BP 672
EP 674
DI 10.1038/27155
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 129PR
UT WOS:000076472600044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Genick, UK
   Soltis, SM
   Kuhn, P
   Canestrelli, IL
   Getzoff, ED
AF Genick, UK
   Soltis, SM
   Kuhn, P
   Canestrelli, IL
   Getzoff, ED
TI Structure at 0.85 Å resolution of an early protein photocycle intermediate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID photoactive yellow protein; linked 4-hydroxycinnamyl chromophore; ectothiorhodospira-halophila; phototrophic bacterium; crystallography; spectroscopy; temperature; crystals
AB Protein photosensors from all kingdoms of life(1,2) use bound organic molecules, known as chromophores, to detect light, A specific double bond within each chromophore is isomerized by light, triggering slower changes in the protein as a whole, The initial movements of the chromophore, which can occur in femtoseconds, are tightly constrained by the surrounding protein, making it difficult to see how isomerization can occur, be recognized, and be appropriately converted into a protein-wide structural change and biological signal, Here we report how this dilemma is resolved in the photoactive yellow protein (PYP). We trapped a key early intermediate in the light cycle of PYP at temperatures below -100 degrees C, and determined its structure at better than 1 Angstrom resolution, The 4-hydroxycinnamoyl chromophore(3,4) isomerizes by flipping its thioester linkage with the protein, thus avoiding collisions resulting from large-scale movement of its aromatic ring during the initial light reaction, A protein-to-chromophore hydrogen bond that is present in both the preceding dark state(5) and the subsequent signalling state(6) of the photosensor breaks, forcing one of the hydrogen-bonding partners into a hydrophobic pocket. The isomerized bond is distorted into a conformation resembling that in the transition state. The resultant stored energy is used to drive the PYP light cycle. These results suggest a model for phototransduction, with implications for bacteriorhodopsin(7,8), photoactive proteins(1,2), PAS domains(9), and signalling proteins.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, Dept Mol Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, Skaggs Inst Chem Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford, CA 94309 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; Scripps Research Institute; Stanford University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
RP Getzoff, ED (corresponding author), Scripps Res Inst, Dept Mol Biol, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
NR 27
TC 318
Z9 347
U1 1
U2 26
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 12
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6672
BP 206
EP 209
DI 10.1038/32462
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZB349
UT WOS:000072462700069
PM 9515969
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Smith, AB
   Jeffery, CH
AF Smith, AB
   Jeffery, CH
TI Selectivity of extinction among sea urchins at the end of the Cretaceous period
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB By compiling large databases and searching for environmental and palaeobiological correlates associated with survival, insight can be gained into the driving mechanisms involved in mass extinctions(1-4). Although this approach lacks precise temporal resolution and thus cannot be used to investigate how rapidly extinction took place, it provides a broad overview, less plagued by sampling problems caused by shifting facies. Here we present a global analysis of a major marine invertebrate group, the sea urchins, which suffered 36% extinction at genus level in the late Maastrichtian age and continuing high levels of extinction in the Danian age. No preferential survivorship was found for clades with widespread distribution, but there was a strong correlation between feeding strategy and survivorship at the end of the Cretaceous period. Surprisingly, however, clades whose larvae must feed to reach metamorphosis were not significantly harder hit than those with non-feeding larval development. Our results indicate that nutrient supply was a crucial factor in driving K/T-boundary extinctions, with selection more strongly focused on benthic adult than on larval planktotrophic stages.
C1 Nat Hist Museum, Dept Palaeontol, London SW7 5BD, England.
C3 Natural History Museum London
RP Smith, AB (corresponding author), Nat Hist Museum, Dept Palaeontol, Cromwell Rd, London SW7 5BD, England.
NR 18
TC 101
Z9 113
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 5
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6671
BP 69
EP 71
DI 10.1038/32155
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZA528
UT WOS:000072373000050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Spicer, CW
   Chapman, EG
   Finlayson-Pitts, BJ
   Plastridge, RA
   Hubbe, JM
   Fast, JD
   Berkowitz, CM
AF Spicer, CW
   Chapman, EG
   Finlayson-Pitts, BJ
   Plastridge, RA
   Hubbe, JM
   Fast, JD
   Berkowitz, CM
TI Unexpectedly high concentrations of molecular chlorine in coastal air
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID marine boundary-layer; surface air; sea-salt; mechanism
AB The fate of many atmospheric trace species, including pollutants such as nitrogen oxides and some volatile organic compounds, is controlled by oxidation reactions, In the daytime troposphere, these reactions are dominated by photochemically produced OH radicals; at night and in polluted environments, NO(3) radicals are an important oxidant(1). Ozone can contribute to the oxidation of atmospheric species during both day and night(1), In recent years, laboratory investigations(2-4), modelling studies(5-7), measured Cl deficits in marine aerosols(8) and species-nonspecific observations(9-11) of gaseous inorganic chlorine compounds other than HCl have suggested that reactive halogen species may contribute significantly to-or even locally dominate-the oxidative capacity of the lower marine troposphere. Here we report nighttime observations of molecular chlorine concentrations at a North American coastal site during onshore wind flow conditions that cannot be explained using known chlorine chemistry. The measured Cl(2) mixing ratios range from <10 to 150 parts per 10(12) (p.p.t.), exceeding those predicted(5) for marine air by more than an order of magnitude. Using the observed chlorine concentrations and a simple photochemical box model, we estimate that a hitherto unrecognized chlorine source must exist that produces up to 330 p.p,t, Cl(2) per day. The model also indicates that early-morning photolysis of molecular chlorine can yield sufficiently high concentrations of chlorine atoms to render the oxidation of common gaseous compounds by this species 100 times faster than the analogous oxidation reactions involving the OH radical, thus emphasizing the locally significant effect of chlorine atoms on the concentrations and lifetimes of atmospheric trace species in both the remote marine boundary layer and coastal urban areas.
C1 Battelle Mem Inst, Columbus, OH 43201 USA.
   Pacific NW Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA.
   Univ Calif Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
C3 Battelle Memorial Institute; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Irvine
RP Spicer, CW (corresponding author), Battelle Mem Inst, 505 King Ave, Columbus, OH 43201 USA.
EM spicerc@battelle.org
NR 26
TC 577
Z9 622
U1 4
U2 196
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 23
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6691
BP 353
EP 356
DI 10.1038/28584
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 103QF
UT WOS:000074968800046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bacon, S
AF Bacon, S
TI Decadal variability in the outflow from the Nordic seas to the deep Atlantic Ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID northern north-atlantic; denmark strait overflow; circulation; greenland; water; salinity; climate; model; tracers
AB The global thermohaline circulation is the oceanic overturning mode, which is manifested in the North Atlantic Ocean as northward-flowing surface waters which sink in the Nordic (Greenland, Iceland and Norwegian) seas and return southwards-after overflowing the Greenland-Scotland ridge-as deep water. This process has been termed the 'conveyor belt: and is believed to keep Europe 5-8 degrees C warmer than it would be if the conveyor were to shut down(1). The variability of today's conveyor belt is therefore an important component of climate regulation. The Nordic seas are the only Northern Hemisphere source of deep water and a previous study(3) has revealed no long-term variability in the outflow of deep water from the Nordic seas to the Atlantic Ocean. Here I use flows derived from hydrographic data to show that this outflow has approximately doubled, and then returned to previous values, over the past four decades. I present evidence which suggests that this variability is forced by variability in polar air temperature, which in turn may be connected to the recently reported Arctic warming(4).
C1 Southampton Oceanog Ctr, Southampton S014 3ZH, Hants, England.
C3 NERC National Oceanography Centre
RP Bacon, S (corresponding author), Southampton Oceanog Ctr, Room 256 43,Empress Dock, Southampton S014 3ZH, Hants, England.
EM S.Bacon@soc.soton.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 83
Z9 88
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 27
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6696
BP 871
EP 874
DI 10.1038/29736
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 114LW
UT WOS:000075611800042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Glinka, A
   Wu, W
   Delius, H
   Monaghan, AP
   Blumenstock, C
   Niehrs, C
AF Glinka, A
   Wu, W
   Delius, H
   Monaghan, AP
   Blumenstock, C
   Niehrs, C
TI Dickkopf-1 is a member of a new family of secreted proteins and functions in head induction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID homeobox gene; xenopus-embryos; spemann organizer; wnt genes; expression; mesoderm; homolog; laevis; receptor; sequence
AB The Spemann organizer in amphibian embryos is a tissue with potent head-inducing activity, the molecular nature of which is unresolved. Here we describe dickkopf-1 (dkk-1), which encodes Dkk-1, a secreted inducer of Spemann's organizer in Xenopus and a member of a new protein family. Injections of mRNA and antibody Indicate that dkk-1 is sufficient and necessary to cause head induction. dkk-1 is a potent antagonist of Wnt signalling, suggesting that dkk genes encode a family of secreted Wnt inhibitors.
C1 Deutsch Krebsforschungszentrum, Div Mol Embryol, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Deutsch Krebsforschungszentrum, Div Appl Tumorvirol, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Deutsch Krebsforschungszentrum, Div Mol Biol Cell 1, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
C3 Helmholtz Association; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Helmholtz Association; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Helmholtz Association; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)
RP Niehrs, C (corresponding author), Deutsch Krebsforschungszentrum, Div Mol Embryol, Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
NR 46
TC 1394
Z9 1692
U1 0
U2 61
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 22
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6665
BP 357
EP 362
DI 10.1038/34848
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YT444
UT WOS:000071604200044
PM 9450748
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Eberle, MA
   Forsyth, DW
AF Eberle, MA
   Forsyth, DW
TI Evidence from the asymmetry af fast-spreading ridges that the axial topographic high is due to extensional stresses
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mid-ocean ridges; east pacific rise; midocean ridges; mantle flow; model
AB Along fast-spreading mid-ocean ridges such as the East Pacific Rise, there is an axial topographic high, 5-20 km wide, which stands 200-400 m above the background slope caused by thermally induced seafloor subsidence. There are also smaller topographic lows flanking the axial high along most of the East Pacific Rise from 20 degrees S to 15 degrees N. The existence of these lows is predicted by models of the origin of the axial high. One model postulates that the axial high is created by buoyant uplift from a narrow zone of concentrated partial melt extending tens of kilometres down into the mantle(1-4). Another model requires no such buoyant zone, suggesting instead that the axial high is generated by dynamic, extensional stresses in the lithosphere and shallow asthenosphere(5). Here we show that the observed asymmetry of the nanking lows can be used to distinguish between these two proposed mechanisms. Although either model can be adapted to match the asymmetry on individual profiles, the along-axis variation in degree of symmetry favours the model of dynamic, extensional stresses for the origin of the axial high and its flanking lows.
C1 Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
C3 Brown University
RP Eberle, MA (corresponding author), Fac Sci, Lab Geophys & Planetol, 2 Rue Houssiniere, F-44072 Nantes, France.
NR 15
TC 18
Z9 18
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 23
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6691
BP 360
EP 363
DI 10.1038/28596
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 103QF
UT WOS:000074968800048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Murthy, VN
   Stevens, CF
AF Murthy, VN
   Stevens, CF
TI Synaptic vesicles retain their identity through the endocytic cycle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID frog neuromuscular-junction; hippocampal synapses; nerve-terminals; dynamin; pool; transmitter; membrane; rings
AB After fusion of synaptic vesicles with presynaptic membrane and secretion of the contents of the vesicles into the synaptic cleft (a process known as exocytosis), the vesicular membrane is retrieved by endocytosis (internalization) for re-use(1,2). Several issues regarding endocytosis at central synapses are unresolved, including the location of membrane retrieval (relative to the active zone, where exocytosis occurs), the time course of various endocytic steps, and the recycling path taken by newly endocytosed membranes. The classical model of synaptic-vesicle recycling, proposed by analogy to other cellular endocytic pathways, involves retrieval of the membrane, fusion of the membrane with endosome-like compartments and, finally, budding of new synaptic vesicles from endosomes(1), although the endosomal station may not be obligatory(3). Here we test the classical model by using the fluorescent membrane dye FM1-43 (refs 4-6) with quantitative fluorescence microscopy. We find that the amount of dye per vesicle taken up by endocytosis equals the amount of dye a vesicle releases on exocytosis; therefore, we conclude that the internalized vesicles do not, as the classical picture suggests, communicate with intermediate endosome-like compartments during the recycling process.
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, Howard Hughes Med Inst, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Salk Inst Biol Studies, Mol Neurobiol Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Salk Institute; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Salk Institute
RP Stevens, CF (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, Howard Hughes Med Inst, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM cfs@salk.edu
NR 17
TC 211
Z9 240
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 2
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6675
BP 497
EP 501
DI 10.1038/33152
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZF215
UT WOS:000072875200059
PM 9548254
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Attfield, JP
   Kharlanov, AL
   McAllister, JA
AF Attfield, JP
   Kharlanov, AL
   McAllister, JA
TI Cation effects in doped La2CuO4 superconductors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transition-temperature; crystal-structure; perovskites; dependence; ba; tc
AB The critical temperatures of (Ln(1-x)M(x))(2)CuO4 superconductors(1), in which Ln(3+) (La and other lanthanides) and M2+ (Ca, Sr, Ba) cations are randomly distributed amongst the 'type A' lattice sites, are known to depend on the doping level, x, and the mean A-site cation radius, [r(A)] (refs 2, 3). Here we show, by studying series of compositions with the same doping level and [r(A)], that the critical temperature decreases linearly with increasing A-site disorder, as quantified by the variance in the distribution of A-site cation radii. From this, we are able to show that, in the absence of disorder, the critical temperature should increase quadratically with [r(A)] for superconductors containing a single CuO2 layer. Our results therefore show that the critical temperature is very sensitive to lattice strains, as has also been shown for the metal to insulator transition temperature in the magnetoresistive (Ln(1-x)M(x))MnO3, perovskites(4).
C1 Univ Cambridge, Interdisciplinary Res Ctr Superconduct, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Chem, Cambridge CB2 1EW, England.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge
RP Attfield, JP (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Interdisciplinary Res Ctr Superconduct, Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England.
NR 18
TC 238
Z9 249
U1 1
U2 74
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 9
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6689
BP 157
EP 159
DI 10.1038/28120
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZZ203
UT WOS:000074705900046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Becker, S
   Groner, B
   Müller, CW
AF Becker, S
   Groner, B
   Müller, CW
TI Three-dimensional structure of the Stat3β homodimer bound to DNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID b p50 homodimer; electron-density maps; transcriptional activity; signal transducers; troponin-c; binding; stat; domain; recognition; activation
AB STAT proteins are a family of eukaryotic transcription factors that mediate the response to a large number of cytokines and growth factors. Upon activation by cell-surface receptors or their associated kinases, STAT proteins dimerize, translocate to the nucleus and bind to specific promoter sequences on their target genes. Here we report the first crystal structure of a STAT protein bound to its DNA recognition site at 2.25 Angstrom resolution. The structure provides insight into the various steps by which STAT proteins deliver a response signal directly from the cell membrane to their target genes in the nucleus.
C1 European Mol Biol Lab, Grenoble Outstn, F-38042 Grenoble 9, France.
   Inst Expt Canc Res, Tumor Biol Ctr, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany.
C3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
RP Müller, CW (corresponding author), European Mol Biol Lab, Grenoble Outstn, ILL BP 156, F-38042 Grenoble 9, France.
EM mueller@embl-grenoble.fr
NR 46
TC 706
Z9 834
U1 1
U2 51
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 9
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6689
BP 145
EP 151
DI 10.1038/28101
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZZ203
UT WOS:000074705900043
PM 9671298
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Grimes, JM
   Burroughs, JN
   Gouet, P
   Diprose, JM
   Malby, R
   Ziéntara, S
   Mertens, PPC
   Stuart, DI
AF Grimes, JM
   Burroughs, JN
   Gouet, P
   Diprose, JM
   Malby, R
   Ziéntara, S
   Mertens, PPC
   Stuart, DI
TI The atomic structure of the bluetongue virus core
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID infectious subviral particles; protein secondary structure; double-stranded-rna; pattern-recognition; vp7; crystallography; purification; interfaces; orbivirus; inclusion
AB The structure of the core particle of bluetongue virus has been determined by X-ray crystallography at a resolution approaching 3.5 Angstrom. This transcriptionally active compartment, 700 Angstrom in diameter, represents the largest molecular structure determined in such detail. The atomic structure Indicates how approximately 1,000 protein components self-assemble, using both the classical mechanism of quasi-equivalent contacts, which are achieved through triangulation, and a different method, which we term geometrical quasi-equivalence.
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Biochem, Lab Mol Biophys, Oxford OX1 3QU, England.
   AFRC, Inst Anim Hlth, Pirbright Lab, Woking GU24 0NF, Surrey, England.
   CNEVA Alfort, Lab Cent Rech Vet, F-94703 Maisons Alfort, France.
   Oxford Ctr Mol Sci, Oxford OX1 3QT, England.
C3 University of Oxford; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); Pirbright Institute; Babraham Institute; Ecole Nationale Veterinaire d'Alfort (ENVA); University of Oxford
RP Stuart, DI (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Biochem, Lab Mol Biophys, Rex Richards Bldg,S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3QU, England.
EM dave@biop.ox.ac.uk
NR 40
TC 483
Z9 566
U1 1
U2 45
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 1
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6701
BP 470
EP 478
DI 10.1038/26694
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 124ZG
UT WOS:000076212200047
PM 9774103
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Perl, AK
   Wilgenbus, P
   Dahl, U
   Semb, H
   Christofori, G
AF Perl, AK
   Wilgenbus, P
   Dahl, U
   Semb, H
   Christofori, G
TI A causal role for E-cadherin in the transition from adenoma to carcinoma
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transcription factor lef-1; beta-catenin; pancreatic-islets; growth-factor; expression; tumorigenesis; cells; progression; gene
AB Development of malignant tumours is in part characterized by the ability of a tumour cell to overcome cell-cell adhesion and to invade surrounding tissue. E-cadherin is the main adhesion molecule of epithelia(1-3), and it has been implicated in carcinogenesis because it is frequently lost in human epithelial cancers(4-6). Re-establishing the functional cadherin complex in tumour cell lines results in a reversion from an invasive to a benign epithelial phenotype(7), However, it remained unresolved whether the loss of E-cadherin-mediated cell adhesion was a cause or a consequence of tumour progression in vivo, Here we report that the loss of E-cadherin expression coincides with the transition from well differentiated adenoma to invasive carcinoma in a transgenic mouse model of pancreatic beta-cell carcinogenesis (Rip1Tag2)(8). Intercrossing Rip1Tag2 mice with transgenic mice that maintain E-cadherin expression in beta-tumour cells results in arrest of tumour development at the adenoma stage, whereas expression of a dominant-negative form of E-cadherin induces early invasion and metastasis. The results demonstrate that loss of E-cadherin-mediated cell adhesion is one rate-limiting step in the progression from adenoma to carcinoma.
C1 Res Inst Mol Pathol, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
   Umea Univ, Dept Microbiol, S-90187 Umea, Sweden.
C3 Vienna Biocenter (VBC); Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP); Umea University
RP Christofori, G (corresponding author), Res Inst Mol Pathol, Dr Bohr Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
NR 28
TC 1190
Z9 1391
U1 0
U2 70
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 12
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6672
BP 190
EP 193
DI 10.1038/32433
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZB349
UT WOS:000072462700065
PM 9515965
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Escalante, CR
   Yie, JM
   Thanos, D
   Aggarwal, AK
AF Escalante, CR
   Yie, JM
   Thanos, D
   Aggarwal, AK
TI Structure of IRF-1 with bound DNA reveals determinants of interferon regulation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crystal-structure; transcription factors; proteins; recognition; complex; binding; ifn; expression; domain; genes
AB The family of interferon regulatory factor (IRF) transcription factors is important in the regulation of interferons in response to infection by virus and in the regulation of interferon-inducible genes(1,2). The IRF family is characterized by a unique 'tryptophan cluster' DNA-binding region. Here we report the crystal structure of the IRF-1 region bound to the natural positive regulatory domain I (PRD I) DNA element from the interferon-beta promoter(1). The structure provides the first three-dimensional view of a member of the growing IRF family, revealing a new helix-turn-helix motif that latches onto DNA through three of the five conserved tryptophans. The moth selects a short GAAA core sequence through an obliquely angled recognition helix, with an accompanying bending of the DNA axis in the direction of the protein. Together, these features suggest a basis for the occurrence of GAAA repeats within IRF response elements and provide clues to the assembly of the higher-order interferon-beta enhancesome.
C1 CUNY Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Struct Biol Program, New York, NY 10029 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biophys, New York, NY 10032 USA.
C3 City University of New York (CUNY) System; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Columbia University
RP Aggarwal, AK (corresponding author), CUNY Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Struct Biol Program, Box 1677,1425 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029 USA.
NR 30
TC 343
Z9 397
U1 1
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 1
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6662
BP 103
EP 106
DI 10.1038/34224
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YP888
UT WOS:000071326100059
PM 9422515
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Liu, RC
   Odom, B
   Yamamoto, Y
   Tarucha, S
AF Liu, RC
   Odom, B
   Yamamoto, Y
   Tarucha, S
TI Quantum interference in electron collision
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID point contacts; shot-noise; transport
AB The indistinguishability of identical quantum particles can lead to quantum interferences that profoundly affect their scattering(1,2). If two particles collide and scatter, the process that results in the detection of the first particle in one direction and the second particle in another direction interferes quantum mechanically with the physically indistinguishable process where the roles of the particles are reversed. For bosons such as photons, a constructive interference between probability amplitudes can enhance the probability, relative to classical expectations, that both are detected in the same direction-this is known as 'bunching'. But for fermions such as electrons, a destructive interference should suppress this probability ('anti-bunching'); this interference is the origin of the Pauli exclusion principle, which states that two electrons can never occupy the same state. Although two-particle interferences have been shown for colliding photons(3,4), no similar demonstration for electrons exists(2,5,6). Here we report the realization of this destructive quantum interference in the collision of electrons at a beam splitter. In our experiments, the quantum interference responsible for the Pauli exclusion principle is manifest as the suppression in electron current noise after collision.
C1 Stanford Univ, Edward L Ginzton Lab, ERATO, Quantum Fluctuat Project, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Nippon Telegraph & Tel Corp, Basic Res Labs, Kanagawa 24301, Japan.
C3 Stanford University; NTT, Inc
RP Yamamoto, Y (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Edward L Ginzton Lab, ERATO, Quantum Fluctuat Project, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM yamamoto@loki.stanford.edu
NR 15
TC 207
Z9 219
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 15
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6664
BP 263
EP 265
DI 10.1038/34611
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YR328
UT WOS:000071484400043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chin, K
   Tokaryk, TT
   Erickson, GM
   Calk, LC
AF Chin, K
   Tokaryk, TT
   Erickson, GM
   Calk, LC
TI A king-sized theropod coprolite
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tyrannosaurus rex; body-mass; dinosaurs; digestion; bones
AB Fossil faeces (coprolites) provide unique trophic perspectives on ancient ecosystems. Yet, although thousands of coprolites have been discovered, specimens that can be unequivocally attributed to carnivorous dinosaurs are almost unknown. A few fossil faeces have been ascribed to herbivorous dinosaurs(1-3), but it is more difficult to identify coprolites produced by theropods because other carnivorous taxa coexisted with dinosaurs and most faeces are taxonomically ambiguous. Thus sizeable (up to 20 cm long and 10 cm wide) phosphatic coprolites from Belgium(4) and India(5,6) that have been attributed to dinosaurs might have been produced by contemporaneous crocodylians(7) or fish. But there is no ambiguity about the theropod origin of the Cretaceous coprolite we report here. This specimen is more than twice as large as any previously reported carnivore coprolite, and its great size and temporal and geographic context indicate that it was produced by a tyrannosaur, most likely Tyrannosaurus rex. The specimen contains a high proportion (30-50%) of bone fragments, and is rare tangible evidence of theropod diet and digestive processes.
C1 US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA.
   Royal Saskatchewan Museum, Eastend Fossil Res Stn, Eastend, SK S0N 0T0, Canada.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Museum Vertebrate Zool, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Museum Paleontol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Chin, K (corresponding author), US Geol Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd,MS 975, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA.
NR 30
TC 154
Z9 172
U1 0
U2 41
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 18
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6686
BP 680
EP 682
DI 10.1038/31461
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZV288
UT WOS:000074289600051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kahn, ML
   Zheng, YW
   Huang, W
   Bigornia, V
   Zeng, DW
   Moff, S
   Farese, RV
   Tam, C
   Coughlin, SR
AF Kahn, ML
   Zheng, YW
   Huang, W
   Bigornia, V
   Zeng, DW
   Moff, S
   Farese, RV
   Tam, C
   Coughlin, SR
TI A dual thrombin receptor system for platelet activation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular-cloning; peptides; mechanism
AB Plalelet-dependent arterial thrombosis triggers most heart attacks and strokes. Because the coagulation protease thrombin is the most potent activator of platelets', identification of the platelet receptors for thrombin is critical for understanding thrombosis and haemostasis. Protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1) is important for activation of human platelets by thrombin(2-6), but plays no apparent role in mouse platelet activation(7-9) PAR3 is a thrombin receptor that is expressed in mouse megakaryocytes(10). Here we report that thrombin responses in platelets from PAR3-deficient mice were markedly delayed and diminished but not absent. We have also identified PAR4, a new thrombin-activated receptor. PAR4 messenger RNA was detected in mouse megakaryocytes and a PAR4-activating peptide caused secretion and aggregation of PARS-deficient mouse platelets. Thus PAR3 is necessary for normal thrombin responses in mouse platelets, but a second PAR4-mediated mechanism for thrombin signalling exists. Studies with PAR-activating peptides suggest that PAR4 also functions in human platelets, which implies that an analogous dual-receptor system also operates isl humans. The identification of a two-receptor system for platelet activation by thrombin has important implications for the development of antithrombotic therapies.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Cardiovasc Res Inst, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Daiichi Res Ctr, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Med, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Gladstone Inst Cardiovasc Dis, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Cellular & Mol Pharmacol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; The J David Gladstone Institutes; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Coughlin, SR (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Cardiovasc Res Inst, Box 0130,505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM shaun.coughlin@quickmail.ucsf.edu
NR 28
TC 847
Z9 985
U1 0
U2 53
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 13
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6694
BP 690
EP 694
DI 10.1038/29325
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 110MD
UT WOS:000075384200047
PM 9716134
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jephcoat, AP
AF Jephcoat, AP
TI Rare-gas solids in the Earth's deep interior
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID noble-gases; evolution; constraints; temperature; atmosphere; bubbles; argon
AB Chemical inertness and surface volatility, combined with low abundance, have made the rare (noble) gases a unique trace-elemental and isotopic system for constraining the formation and evolution of the solid Earth and its atmosphere(1-3). Here I examine the implications of recent high-pressure measurements of the melting temperatures of heavy rare-gas solids-argon, krypton and xenon-with new diamond-anvil cell methods, together with their pressure-volume relationship, for the total rare-gas inventory of the Earth since its formation. The solid-liquid (melting) transition in these rare-gas solids rises significantly with pressure in the 50 GPa range(4,5), such that melting temperatures will exceed the geotherm at pressures of the Earth's transition zone;md lower mantle (depths greater than 410-670 km), The densities of condensed rare-gas solids obtained from recent pressure-volume measurements at high compressions also exceed Earth's mantle and core densities. These pressure-induced changes in the physical properties of rare-gas solids, combined with their expected low solubilities and diffusional growth mechanisms, suggest that dense solid or fluid inclusions of rare gases-initially at nanometre scales-would have formed in the Earth's interior and may have resulted in incomplete planetary degassing, Separation of dense solid inclusions into deeper regions during early planet formation could provide a straightforward explanation for the unexpectedly low absolute abundance of xenon observed in the atmospheres of both Earth and Mars.
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Earth Sci, Oxford OX1 3PR, England.
C3 University of Oxford
RP Jephcoat, AP (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Earth Sci, Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PR, England.
NR 31
TC 114
Z9 127
U1 1
U2 28
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 28
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6683
BP 355
EP 358
DI 10.1038/30712
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZQ593
UT WOS:000073883600051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Harris, WE
   Durrell, PR
   Pierce, MJ
   Secker, J
AF Harris, WE
   Durrell, PR
   Pierce, MJ
   Secker, J
TI Constraints on the Hubble constant from observations of the brightest red-giant stars in a Virgo-cluster galaxy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID leo-i-group; space-telescope; elliptical galaxy; sample selection; distance; branch; tip; calibration; m100; distributions
AB The nearest large groups of elliptical galaxies, in the Virgo and Fornax clusters, play a central role in determinations of the Hubble constant, H-0, and hence the cosmological rate of expansion. Because the relative distances between these two clusters and more remote clusters are well known, absolute distance determinations to Virgo and Fornax should establish the Hubble constant for the local Universe. In addition, elliptical galaxies reside predominantly in the cores of clusters, so distance calibrations for ellipticals should minimize the uncertainties due to the possibly large extent of the clusters along the line of sight. A powerful and direct way of establishing such distances is to use the brightest red-giant stars, which have nearly uniform luminosities(1.2). Here we report the direct observation of old red-giant-stars in a dwarf elliptical galaxy in the Virgo cluster. We determine a distance to this galaxy, and thus to the core of the Virgo cluster, of 15.7 +/- 1.5 megaparsecs, from which we estimate a Hubble constant of H-0 = 77 +/- 8 km s(-1) Mpc(-1). Under the assumption of a low-density Universe with the simplest cosmology, the age of the Universe is no more than 12-13 billion years.
C1 McMaster Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada.
   Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Astron, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
   Indiana Univ, Dept Astron, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA.
   Washington State Univ, Astron Program, Pullman, WA 99164 USA.
C3 McMaster University; University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University; Indiana University System; Indiana University Bloomington; Washington State University
RP Harris, WE (corresponding author), McMaster Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada.
NR 31
TC 36
Z9 37
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 3
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6697
BP 45
EP 47
DI 10.1038/25673
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 116JY
UT WOS:000075722200039
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jegalian, K
   Page, DC
AF Jegalian, K
   Page, DC
TI A proposed path by which genes common to mammalian X and Y chromosomes evolve to become X inactivated
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cpg islands; zfy; protein; methylation; expression; evolution; selection; region; escape; rps4
AB Mammalian X and Y chromosomes evolved from an autosomal pair; the X retained and the Y gradually lost most ancestral genes(1,2), In females, one X chromosome is silenced by X inactivation, a process that is often assumed to have evolved on a broadly regional or chromosomal basis(3). Here we propose that genes or clusters common to both the X and Y chromosomes (X-Y genes) evolved independently along a multistep path, eventually acquiring dosage compensation on the X chromosome. Three genes studied here, and other extant genes, appear to be intermediates. ZFX, RPS4X and SMCX were monitored for X inactivation in diverse species by assaying CpG-island methylation, which mirrors X inactivation in many eutherians. ZFX evidently escaped X inactivation in proto-eutherians, which also possessed a very similar Y-linked gene; both characteristics were retained in most extant orders, but not in myomorph rodents. For RPS4X, escape from X inactivation seems unique to primates. SMCX escapes inactivation in primates and myomorphs but not in several other lineages. Thus, X inactivation can evolve independently for each of these genes. We propose that it is an adaptation to the decay of a homologous, Y-linked gene.
C1 MIT, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Whitehead Inst, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Page, DC (corresponding author), MIT, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Whitehead Inst, 9 Cambridge Ctr, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
NR 30
TC 169
Z9 194
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 20
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6695
BP 776
EP 780
DI 10.1038/29522
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 112PR
UT WOS:000075503600044
PM 9723615
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nakamura, T
   Akutagawa, T
   Honda, K
   Underhill, AE
   Coomber, AT
   Friend, RH
AF Nakamura, T
   Akutagawa, T
   Honda, K
   Underhill, AE
   Coomber, AT
   Friend, RH
TI A molecular metal with ion-conducting channels
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID organic superconductors; transport; pressure; cells
AB Metallic behaviour is well known in charge-transfer complexes that contain stacks of planar, partially oxidized (or reduced) pi-conjugated molecules. Electronic conduction occurs in the partially occupied, delocalized pi bands formed by intermolecular orbital overlap, and some of these materials exhibit superconductivity(1,2). Counter-ions, present to achieve charge neutrality, usually play a passive role, although in some cases they couple to the electronic structure, for example by imposing a new structural periodicity (a superlattice) by orientational ordering(1). The development of molecular solids that can simultaneously support the transport of both electrons and ions is important for several fields, including the development of solid-state batteries(3,4), electroluminescent devices(5) and biomimetic systems(6,7). Crown ethers are promising components for such systems, as they provide cavities through which ion motion might occur. Here we report that the charge-transfer salt Li(0.6)(15-crown-5-ether) [Ni(dmit)(2)](2).H(2)O exhibits both electron and ion conductivity: the stacks of the nickel complex (dmit is an organic molecule) provide a pathway for electron conduction, and stacks of the crown ethers provide channels for lithium-ion motion. Evidence for the latter above 250 K is provided by NMR and conductivity studies. We also see evidence for coupling of the electron and ion motions. This compound might serve as a model for the development of other hybrid electronic/ionic conducting materials.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England.
   Hokkaido Univ, Res Inst Elect Sci, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060, Japan.
   Natl Inst Mat & Chem Res, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan.
   Univ Coll N Wales, Dept Chem, Bangor LL57 2UW, Gwynedd, Wales.
C3 University of Cambridge; Hokkaido University; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST); Bangor University
RP Friend, RH (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England.
EM rhf10@cam.ac.uk
NR 17
TC 178
Z9 179
U1 1
U2 138
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 9
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6689
BP 159
EP 162
DI 10.1038/28128
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZZ203
UT WOS:000074705900047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bond, AB
   Kamil, AC
AF Bond, AB
   Kamil, AC
TI Apostatic selection by blue jays produces balanced polymorphism in virtual prey
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID search images; visual-search; attention; populations; predators; pigeons; stimuli
AB Apostatic selection, in which predators overlook rare prey types while consuming an excess of abundant ones, has been assumed to contribute to the maintenance of prey polymorphisms(1-3). Such an effect requires predators to respond to changes in the relative abundance of prey, switching to alternatives when a focal prey type becomes less common(4,5). Apostatic selection has often been investigated using fixed relative proportions of prey(1,6), but its effects on predator-prey dynamics have been difficult to demonstrate(7). Here we report results from a new technique that incorporates computer-generated displays(8,9) into an established experimental system, that of blue jays (Cyanocitta cristata) hunting for cryptic Catocala moths(10). Digital prey images from a virtual population are presented to predators. The relative numbers that escape detection determine the subsequent abundance of each prey type. If apostatic selection does promote stability the system should converge on an equilibrium in which each prey type appears at a characteristic abundance. Our results show that the detection of cryptic prey does involve apostatic selection, and that such selection can function to maintain prey polymorphism.
C1 Univ Nebraska, Sch Biol Sci, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA.
   Univ Nebraska, Nebraska Behav Biol Grp, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA.
   Univ Nebraska, Dept Psychol, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA.
C3 University of Nebraska System; University of Nebraska Lincoln; University of Nebraska System; University of Nebraska Lincoln; University of Nebraska System; University of Nebraska Lincoln
RP Bond, AB (corresponding author), Univ Nebraska, Sch Biol Sci, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA.
NR 18
TC 123
Z9 139
U1 1
U2 111
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 8
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6702
BP 594
EP 596
DI 10.1038/26961
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 127QW
UT WOS:000076362900046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hamilton, MA
   Pearson, DG
   Thompson, RN
   Kelley, SP
   Emeleus, CH
AF Hamilton, MA
   Pearson, DG
   Thompson, RN
   Kelley, SP
   Emeleus, CH
TI Rapid eruption of Skye lavas inferred from precise U-Pb and Ar-Ar dating of the Rum and Cuillin plutonic complexes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tertiary volcanic province; isle-of-skye; nw scotland; igneous rocks; geochemistry; basalts; field; swarm; magma
AB The interpretation of rocks of the British Tertiary Volcanic Province has played an important role in the historical development of many concepts in igneous petrology. Exposures of lavas, sub-volcanic rocks and plutonic complexes have allowed a detailed understanding of the field relationships between such units in the context of flood-basalt magmatism(1-3). Nevertheless, age control has been a source of much controversy and a limiting factor in comparing these relationships to recent developments in the theoretical modelling of magmatism within continents(4). Here we report precise Pb-206/U-238 zircon ages of 60.53 +/- 0.08 Myr (2 sigma) for the Rum basic/ultrabasic pluton and 58.91 +/- 0.07 Myr for the Cuillin gabbros, Skye, which tightly constrain eruption of the greater than 1.5-km-thick Skye lavas to a maximum duration of 1.6 +/- 0.2 Myr. These dates yield magma production rates for the Skye lavas of about 2.2 x 10(-3) km(3) yr(-1) comparable with rates inferred for individual magmatic centres produced by melting related to mantle plumes below ocean basins. In addition, the approximately 30 km of lithospheric thinning suggested by magma chemistry is required to have occurred in less than 2 Myr.
C1 Univ Durham, Dept Geol Sci, Durham DH1 3LE, England.
   Geol Survey Canada, Continental Geosci Div, Ottawa, ON K1A 0E8, Canada.
   Open Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England.
C3 Durham University; Natural Resources Canada; Lands & Minerals Sector - Natural Resources Canada; Geological Survey of Canada; Open University - UK
RP Pearson, DG (corresponding author), Univ Durham, Dept Geol Sci, Durham DH1 3LE, England.
NR 28
TC 108
Z9 115
U1 0
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 16
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6690
BP 260
EP 263
DI 10.1038/28361
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 101CK
UT WOS:000074851900042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Agmon-Snir, H
   Carr, CE
   Rinzel, J
AF Agmon-Snir, H
   Carr, CE
   Rinzel, J
TI The role of dendrites in auditory coincidence detection
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID interaural time differences; medial superior olive; cochlear nucleus; brain-stem; neurons; cells; information; model; interneurons; integration
AB Coincidence-detector neurons in the auditory brainstem of mammals and birds use interaural time differences to localize sounds(1,2). Each neuron receives many narrow-band inputs from both ears and compares the time of arrival of the inputs with an accuracy of 10-100 mu s (refs 3-6). Neurons that receive low-frequency auditory inputs (up to about 2 kHz) have bipolar dendrites, and each dendrite receives inputs from only one ear(7,8). Using a simple model that mimics the essence of the known electrophysiology and geometry of these cells, we show here that dendrites improve the coincidence-detection properties of the cells. The biophysical mechanism for this improvement is based on the nonlinear summation of excitatory inputs in each of the dendrites and the use of each dendrite as a current sink for inputs to the other dendrite. This is a rare casein which the contribution of dendrites to the known computation of a neuron may be understood. Our results show that, in these neurons, the cell morphology and the spatial distribution of the inputs enrich the computational power of these neurons beyond that expected from 'point neurons' (model neurons lacking dendrites).
C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Zool, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
   NIDDK, Math Res Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
RP Carr, CE (corresponding author), Univ Maryland, Dept Zool, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
EM carr@zool.umd.edu
NR 30
TC 305
Z9 342
U1 0
U2 37
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 21
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6682
BP 268
EP 272
DI 10.1038/30505
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZP513
UT WOS:000073761000054
PM 9607764
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shingyoji, C
   Higuchi, H
   Yoshimura, M
   Katayama, E
   Yanagida, T
AF Shingyoji, C
   Higuchi, H
   Yoshimura, M
   Katayama, E
   Yanagida, T
TI Dynein arms are oscillating force generators
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sea-urchin sperm; iontophoretic application; microtubules invitro; flagellar axonemes; tetrahymena cilia; subunit; actomyosin; direction; atp
AB Eukaryotic flagella beat rhythmically(1). Dynein is a protein that powers flagellar motion, and oscillation may be inherent to this protein(2-5). Here we determine whether oscillation is a property of dynein arms themselves or whether oscillation requires an intact axoneme(6), which is the central core of the flagellum and consists of a regular array of microtubules. Using optical trapping nanometry(7,8), we measured the force generated by a few dynein arms on an isolated doublet microtubule, When the dynein arms on the doublet microtubule contact a singlet microtubule and are activated by photolysis of caged ATP(8), they generate a peak force of similar to 6 pN and move the singlet microtubule over the doublet microtubule in a processive manner. The force and displacement oscillate with a peak-to-peak force and amplitude of similar to 2 pN and similar to 30 nm, respectively. The geometry of the interaction indicates that very few (possibly one) dynein arms are needed to generate the oscillation. The maximum frequency of the oscillation at 0.75 mM ATP is similar to 70 Hz; this frequency decreases as the ATP concentration decreases. A similar oscillatory force is also generated by inner dynein arms alone on doublet microtubules that are depleted of outer dynein arms. The oscillation of the dynein arm may be a basic mechanism underlying flagellar beating.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Sci Biol, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   JRDC, ERATO, Yanagida Biotron Project, Osaka 5620035, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Inst Med Sci, Dept Fine Morphol, Minato Ku, Tokyo 1080071, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); University of Tokyo; University of Osaka
RP Shingyoji, C (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Sci Biol, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
EM chikako@biol.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 30
TC 206
Z9 226
U1 3
U2 25
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 18
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6686
BP 711
EP 714
DI 10.1038/31520
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZV288
UT WOS:000074289600060
PM 9641685
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Comiskey, B
   Albert, JD
   Yoshizawa, H
   Jacobson, J
AF Comiskey, B
   Albert, JD
   Yoshizawa, H
   Jacobson, J
TI An electrophoretic ink for all-printed reflective electronic displays
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB It has for many years been an ambition of researchers in display media to create a flexible low-cost system that is the electronic analogue of paper, In this context, microparticle-based displays(1-5) have long intrigued researchers. Switchable contrast in such displays is achieved by the electromigration of highly scattering or absorbing microparticles (in the size range 0.1-5 mu m), quite distinct from the molecular-scale properties that govern the behaviour of the more familiar liquid-crystal displays(6). Microparticle-based displays possess intrinsic bistability, exhibit extremely low power d.c. field addressing and have demonstrated high contrast and reflectivity. These features, combined with a near-lambertian viewing characteristic, result in an 'ink on paper' look(7). But such displays have to date suffered from short lifetimes and difficulty in manufacture. Here we report the synthesis of an electrophoretic ink based on the microencapsulation of an electrophoretic dispersions. The use of a microencapsulated electrophoretic medium solves the lifetime issues and permits the fabrication of a bistable electronic display solely by means of printing, This system may satisfy the practical requirements of electronic paper.
C1 MIT, Media Lab, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Jacobson, J (corresponding author), MIT, Media Lab, 20 Ames St, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
NR 18
TC 1013
Z9 1400
U1 4
U2 377
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 16
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6690
BP 253
EP 255
DI 10.1038/28349
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 101CK
UT WOS:000074851900040
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lockley, MG
AF Lockley, MG
TI The vertebrate track record
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tetrapod trackway; footprints; laetoli; dinosaurs; discovery; tanzania; site
AB A renaissance in the study of fossil footprints has been driven by a multitude of discoveries and the realization that vertebrate ichnology makes important contributions to our understanding of terrestrial vertebrates. More striking is the insight the track record gives us into bias and incompleteness in the vertebrate fossil record.
C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Geog Geol & Environm Sci, Denver, CO 80217 USA.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Denver
RP Lockley, MG (corresponding author), Univ Colorado, Dept Geog Geol & Environm Sci, CB 172,POB 173364, Denver, CO 80217 USA.
NR 68
TC 65
Z9 74
U1 1
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 3
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6710
BP 429
EP 432
DI 10.1038/24783
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 145KL
UT WOS:000077370100043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Storey, A
   Thomas, M
   Kalita, A
   Harwood, C
   Gardiol, D
   Mantovani, F
   Breuer, J
   Leigh, IM
   Matlashewski, G
   Banks, L
AF Storey, A
   Thomas, M
   Kalita, A
   Harwood, C
   Gardiol, D
   Mantovani, F
   Breuer, J
   Leigh, IM
   Matlashewski, G
   Banks, L
TI Role of a p53 polymorphism in the development of human papillomavirus-associated cancer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carcinoma cell-lines; renal-transplant recipients; lung-cancer; broad-spectrum; gene-product; e6; degradation; protein; type-16; binding
AB The E6 oncoprotein derived from tumour-associated human papillomaviruses (HPVs) binds to and induces the degradation of the cellular tumour-suppressor protein p53. A common polymorphism that occurs in the p53 amino-acid sequence results In the presence of either a proline or an arginine at position 72, The effect of this polymorphism on the susceptibility of p53 to EG-mediated degradation has been Investigated and the arginine form of p53 was found to be significantly more susceptible than the proline form. Moreover, allelic analysis of patients with HPV-associated tumours revealed a striking overrepresentation of homozygous arginine-72 p53 compared with the normal population, which indicated that individuals homozygous for arginine 72 are about seven times more susceptible to HPV-associated tumorigenesis than heterozygotes. The arginine-encoding allele therefore represents a significant risk factor in the development of HPV-associated cancers.
C1 Int Ctr Genet Engn & Biotechnol, I-34012 Trieste, Italy.
   Imperial Canc Res Fund, Skin Tumour Lab, London E1 2AT, England.
   McGill Univ, Inst Parasitol, St Anne De Bellevue, PQ H9X 3V9, Canada.
   McGill Univ, McGill Canc Ctr, St Anne De Bellevue, PQ H9X 3V9, Canada.
   St Bartholomews & Royal London Hosp, Sch Med & Dent, Queen Mary & Westfield Coll, Dept Med Microbiol, London E1 1BB, England.
C3 International Center for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology (ICGEB); Cancer Research UK; McGill University; McGill University; Barts Health NHS Trust; Royal London Hospital; University of London; Queen Mary University London
RP Banks, L (corresponding author), Int Ctr Genet Engn & Biotechnol, Padriciano 99, I-34012 Trieste, Italy.
NR 48
TC 829
Z9 913
U1 0
U2 34
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 21
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6682
BP 229
EP 234
DI 10.1038/30400
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZP513
UT WOS:000073761000041
PM 9607760
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Büchel, C
   Price, C
   Friston, K
AF Büchel, C
   Price, C
   Friston, K
TI A multimodal language region in the ventral visual pathway
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID temporal-lobe; cortex; extrastriate; words; activation; impairment; alexia; object; faces; area
AB Reading words and naming pictures involves the association of visual stimuli with phonological and semantic knowledge. Damage to a region of the brain in the left basal posterior temporal lobe (BA37), which is strategically situated between the visual cortex and the more anterior temporal cortex, leads to reading and naming deficits(1,2). Additional evidence implicating this region in linguistic processing comes from functional neuroimaging studies of reading in normal subjects(3-7) and subjects with developmental dyslexia(8,9). Here we test whether the visual component of reading is essential for activation of BA37 by comparing cortical activations elicited by word processing in congenitally blind, late-blind and sighted subjects using functional neuroimaging. Despite the different modalities used (visual and tactile), all groups of subjects showed a common activation of BA37 by words relative to non-word letter-strings. These findings agree with the proposal that BA37 is an association area that integrates converging inputs from many regions(10). Our study confirms a prediction of theories of brain function that depend on convergence zones; the absence of one input (that is, visual) does not alter the response properties of such a convergence region.
C1 Inst Neurol, Wellcome Dept Cognit Neurol, London WC1N 3BG, England.
C3 University of London; University College London
RP Büchel, C (corresponding author), Inst Neurol, Wellcome Dept Cognit Neurol, Queen Sq, London WC1N 3BG, England.
FU Wellcome Trust [051067] Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 319
Z9 347
U1 1
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 16
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6690
BP 274
EP 277
DI 10.1038/28389
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 101CK
UT WOS:000074851900047
PM 9685156
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Malville, JM
   Wendorf, F
   Mazar, AA
   Schild, R
AF Malville, JM
   Wendorf, F
   Mazar, AA
   Schild, R
TI Megaliths and Neolithic astronomy in southern Egypt
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The Sahara west of the Nile in southern Egypt was hyperarid and unoccupied during most of the Late Pleistocene epoch. About 11,000 years ago' the summer monsoons of central Africa moved into Egypt, and temporary lakes or playas were formed. The Nabta Playa depression, which is one of the largest in southern Egypt, is a kidney-shaped basin of roughly 10 km by 7 km in area(2-4). We report the discovery of megalithic alignments and stone circles ne?a to locations of Middle and Late Neolithic communities at Nabta, which suggest the early development of a complex society. The southward shift of the monsoons in the Late Neolithic age rendered the area once again hyperarid and uninhabitable some 4,800 radiocarbon years before the present (years BP). This well-determined date establishes that the ceremonial complex of Nabta, which has alignments to cardinal and solstitial directions, was a very early megalithic expression of ideology and astronomy. Five megalithic alignments within the playa deposits radiate outwards from megalithic structures, which may have been funerary structures. The organization of the megaliths suggests a symbolic geometry that integrated death, water, and the Sun. An exodus from the Nubian Desert at similar to 4,800 years sp may have stimulated social differentiation and cultural complexity in predynastic Upper Egypt.
C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   So Methodist Univ, Dept Anthropol, Dallas, TX 75275 USA.
   Egyptian Geol Survey, Cairo, Egypt.
   Polish Acad Sci, Inst Archaeol & Ethnol, PL-00140 Warsaw, Poland.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; Southern Methodist University; Polish Academy of Sciences; Institute of Archaeology & Ethnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences
RP Malville, JM (corresponding author), Univ Colorado, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
NR 11
TC 38
Z9 46
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 2
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6675
BP 488
EP 491
DI 10.1038/33131
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZF215
UT WOS:000072875200056
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Deisseroth, K
   Heist, EK
   Tsien, RW
AF Deisseroth, K
   Heist, EK
   Tsien, RW
TI Translocation of calmodulin to the nucleus supports CREB phosphorylation in hippocampal neurons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dependent protein-kinase; camp-responsive element; central-nervous-system; long-term-memory; c-fos expression; binding protein; pyramidal neurons; transcription; channels; calcium
AB Activation of the transcription factor CREB is thought to be important in the formation of long-term memory in several animal species(1-3). The phosphorylation of a serine residue at position 133 of CREB is critical for activation of CREB4. This phosphorylation is rapid when driven by brief synaptic activity in hippocampal neurons(5), It is initiated by a highly local, rise in calcium ion concentration(5) near the cell membrane, but culminates in the activation of a specific calmodulin-dependent kinase known as CaMK IV (ref. 7), which is constitutively present in the neuronal nucleus(7,8). It is unclear how the signal is conveyed from the synapse to the nucleus, We show here that brief bursts of activity cause a swift (similar to 1 min) translocation of calmodulin from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, and that this translocation is important for the rapid phosphorylation of CREB, Certain Ca2+ entry systems (L-type Ca2+ channels and NMDA receptors) are able to cause mobilization of calmodulin, whereas others (N- and P/Q-type Ca2+ channels) are not. This translocation of calmodulin provides a form of cellular communication that combines the specificity of local Ca2+ signalling with the ability to produce action at a distance.
C1 Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Beckman Ctr Mol & Genet Med, Dept Mol & Cellular Physiol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University
RP Tsien, RW (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Beckman Ctr Mol & Genet Med, Dept Mol & Cellular Physiol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
NR 30
TC 544
Z9 676
U1 0
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 12
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6672
BP 198
EP 202
DI 10.1038/32448
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZB349
UT WOS:000072462700067
PM 9515967
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Clayton, NS
   Dickinson, A
AF Clayton, NS
   Dickinson, A
TI Episodic-like memory during cache recovery by scrub jays
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nutcrackers nucifraga-columbiana; black-capped chickadees; food perishability; spatial memory; marsh tits; sites
AB The recollection of past experiences allows us to recall what a particular event was, and where and when it occurred(1,2), a form of memory that is thought to be unique to humans(3). It is known, however, that food-storing birds remember the spatial location(4-6) and contents(6-9) of their caches. Furthermore, food-storing animals adapt their caching and recovery strategies to the perishability of food stores(10-13), which suggests that they are sensitive to temporal factors. Here we show that scrub jays (Aphelocoma coerulescens) remember 'when' food items are stored by allowing them to recover perishable 'wax worms' (wax-moth larvae) and non-perishable peanuts which they had previously cached in visuospatially distinct sites, Jays searched preferentially for fresh wax worms, their favoured food, when allowed to recover them shortly after caching. However, they rapidly learned to avoid searching for worms after a longer interval during which the worms had decayed. The recovery preference of jays demonstrates memory of where and when particular food items were cached, thereby fulfilling the behavioural criteria for episodic-like memory in non-human animals.
C1 Univ Calif Davis, Sect Neurobiol Physiol & Behav, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Expt Psychol, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England.
C3 University of California System; University of California Davis; University of Cambridge
RP Clayton, NS (corresponding author), Univ Calif Davis, Sect Neurobiol Physiol & Behav, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
EM nsclayton@ucdavis.edu
NR 18
TC 1000
Z9 1146
U1 8
U2 386
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 17
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6699
BP 272
EP 274
DI 10.1038/26216
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 120TZ
UT WOS:000075974600049
PM 9751053
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mohr, JJ
   Reeh, N
   Madsen, SN
AF Mohr, JJ
   Reeh, N
   Madsen, SN
TI Three-dimensional glacial flow and surface elevation measured with radar interferometry
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ice-sheet motion; greenland; topography
AB Outlet glaciers-which serve to drain ice from ice sheets-seem to be dynamically less stable in North Greenland than in South Greenland(1-3). Storstrommen, a large outlet glacier in northeastern Greenland which surged between 1978 and 1984 (ref. 2), has been well studied. In general, neither glacier surge mechanisms nor the geographical distribution of the surges are well known. Conventional satellite radar interferometry can provide large-scale topography models with high resolution(4), and can measure the radar line-of-sight component of ice-flow vector(5), but cannot map full vector flow fields, Here we present an interferometry method that combines observations from descending and ascending satellite orbits which, assuming ice flow parallel to the topographic surface, allows us to use the differing view angles to estimate full three-dimensional surface flow patterns, The accuracy of our technique is confirmed by the good agreement between our radar-based now model and in situ Global Positioning System (GPS) reference data at Storstrommen, Radar measurements such as these, made regularly and at high spatial density, have the potential to substantially enhance our understanding of glacier dynamics and ice-sheet flow, as well as improve the accuracy of glacier mass-balance estimates.
C1 Tech Univ Denmark, Dept Electromagnet Syst, Danish Ctr Remote Sensing, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
C3 Technical University of Denmark
RP Madsen, SN (corresponding author), Tech Univ Denmark, Dept Electromagnet Syst, Danish Ctr Remote Sensing, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
NR 18
TC 156
Z9 163
U1 1
U2 36
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 15
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6664
BP 273
EP 276
DI 10.1038/34635
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YR328
UT WOS:000071484400047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Paul, AV
   van Boom, JH
   Filippov, D
   Wimmer, E
AF Paul, AV
   van Boom, JH
   Filippov, D
   Wimmer, E
TI Protein-primed RNA synthesis by purified poliovirus RNA polymerase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID genome-linked protein; dna-replication; initiation; 3ab; translation; sequence; virus; linkage; poly(a); entry
AB A small protein, VPg, is covalently linked to the 5' end of the plus-stranded poliovirus genomic RNA(1-3). Poliovirus messenger RNA, identical in nucleotide sequence to genomic RNA,is not capped at its 5' end by the methylated structure that is common to most eukaryotic mRNAs, These discoveries presented two problems. First, as cap structures are usually required for transition of mRNA into protein, how does this uncapped viral RNA act as a template for translation? Second, what is the function of VPg? The identification of the internal ribosomal-entry site, which allows the entry of ribosomes into viral mRNA independently of the 5' mRNA end, has solved the first conundrum(4-6). Here we describe the resolution of the second problem. VPg is linked to the genomic RNA through the 5'-terminal uridylic acid of the RNA. We show that VPg can be uridylylated by the poliovirus RNA polymerase 3D(pol). Uridylylated VPg can then prime the transcription of polyadenylate RNA by 3D(pol) to produce VPg-linked poly(U). Initiation of transcription of the poliovirus genome from the polyadenylated 3' end therefore depends on VPg.
C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Hlth Sci Ctr, Sch Med, Dept Mol Genet & Microbiol, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
   Leiden Univ, Gorlaeus Labs, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University; Leiden University - Excl LUMC; Leiden University
RP Paul, AV (corresponding author), SUNY Stony Brook, Hlth Sci Ctr, Sch Med, Dept Mol Genet & Microbiol, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
EM apaul@asterix.bio.sunysb.edu
NR 30
TC 302
Z9 367
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 21
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6682
BP 280
EP 284
DI 10.1038/30529
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZP513
UT WOS:000073761000057
PM 9607767
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Houart, C
   Westerfield, M
   Wilson, SW
AF Houart, C
   Westerfield, M
   Wilson, SW
TI A small population of anterior cells patterns for forebrain during zebrafish gastrulation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neuronal differentiation; expression; endoderm; brain; genes; head
AB During gastrulation in vertebrates, dorsal ectoderm is induced to form neural tissue that later gives rise to the brain and spinal card. This induction depends on signals arising from a group of cells on the dorsal side of the gastrula, This group of cells constitutes the organizer(1,2). It is thought that the organizer initially induces neural tissue with anterior, or forebrain, character, and that other signals subsequently posteriorize neural tissue in the trunk(2,3). Here we show that development of the anterior central nervous system of the zebrafish embryo also depends on a small group of ectodermal cells located in the prospective head region. Removal of these ectodermal cells during gastrulation perturbs subsequent neural patterning and results in widespread cell death, Transplantation of these cells shows that they can induce forebrain-specific gene expression in more posterior regions of the neural plate. Our results indicate that an early step in neural patterning is the establishment of a small population of signalling cells within the most anterior region of the embryo. These cells are required for patterning and survival of the anterior brain.
C1 Univ London Kings Coll, Randall Inst, Dev Biol Res Ctr, London WC2 5RL, England.
   Univ Oregon, Inst Neurosci, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
C3 University of London; King's College London; University of Oregon
RP Houart, C (corresponding author), Univ London Kings Coll, Randall Inst, Dev Biol Res Ctr, 26-29 Drury Lane, London WC2 5RL, England.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 22
TC 188
Z9 212
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 19
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6669
BP 788
EP 792
DI 10.1038/35853
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YX884
UT WOS:000072089500052
PM 9486648
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hu, ZH
   Thomas, PA
   Snigirev, A
   Snigireva, I
   Souvorov, A
   Smith, PGR
   Ross, GW
   Teat, S
AF Hu, ZH
   Thomas, PA
   Snigirev, A
   Snigireva, I
   Souvorov, A
   Smith, PGR
   Ross, GW
   Teat, S
TI Phase-mapping of periodically domain-inverted LiNbO3 with coherent X-rays
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID topography; inversion
AB A varying refractive index across a wavefront leads to a change in the direction of propagation of the wave(1,2). This provides the basis for phase-contrast imaging of transparent or weakly absorbing materials with highly coherent X-ray beams(3,4). Lattice distortions can also change the direction of propagation of a wave field diffracted from a crystal. Here we report the use of this principle to effect phase-contrast imaging of the domain structure of a ferroelectric material, lithium niobate. A periodically domain-inverted structure for quasi-phase-matching of second-harmonic generation is created in this material, in which the direction of spontaneous polarization is sequentially inverted. Because of complex interactions during domain-inversion processing, this is accompanied by lattice distortions across the domain walls. These distortions split the diffracted wavefront of a beam of coherent X-rays from an advanced synchrotron source, giving rise to a pattern of interference that reflects the underlying pattern of lattice distortions. These results show that this phase-contrast imaging technique with sub-micrometre spatial resolution permits the non-destructive, highly sensitive phase-mapping of various structural defects and distortions introduced into materials during processing.
C1 Univ Warwick, Dept Phys, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England.
   European Synchrotron Radiat Facil, F-38043 Grenoble, France.
   Univ Southampton, Optoelect Res Ctr, Southampton SO17 1BJ, Hants, England.
   SERC, Daresbury Lab, Warrington WA4 4AD, Cheshire, England.
C3 University of Warwick; European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF); University of Southampton; STFC Daresbury Laboratory
RP Thomas, PA (corresponding author), Univ Warwick, Dept Phys, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England.
EM phrve@csv.warwick.ac.uk
NR 20
TC 77
Z9 78
U1 1
U2 28
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 16
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6677
BP 690
EP 693
DI 10.1038/33637
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZH612
UT WOS:000073129000050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Khurana, KK
   Kivelson, MG
   Stevenson, DJ
   Schubert, G
   Russell, CT
   Walker, RJ
   Polanskey, C
AF Khurana, KK
   Kivelson, MG
   Stevenson, DJ
   Schubert, G
   Russell, CT
   Walker, RJ
   Polanskey, C
TI Induced magnetic fields as evidence for subsurface oceans in Europa and Callisto
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID internal structure; outer planets; ganymede; signature; water; io
AB The Galileo spacecraft has been orbiting Jupiter since 7 December 1995, and encounters one of the four galilean satellites-Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto-on each orbit. Initial results from the spacecraft's magnetometer(1,2) have indicated that neither Europe nor Callisto have an appreciable internal magnetic field, in contrast to Ganymede(3) and possibly Io(4). Here we report perturbations of the external magnetic fields (associated with Jupiter's inner magnetosphere) in the vicinity of both Europe and Callisto. We interpret these perturbations as arising from induced magnetic fields, generated by the moons in response to the periodically varying plasma environment. Electromagnetic induction requires eddy currents to now within the moons, and our calculations show that the most probable explanation is that there are layers of significant electrical conductivity just beneath the surfaces of both moons. We argue that these conducting layers may best be explained by the presence of salty liquid-water oceans, for which there is already indirect geological evidence(5,6) in the case of Europa.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; California Institute of Technology; California Institute of Technology; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)
RP Khurana, KK (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
NR 34
TC 513
Z9 592
U1 2
U2 124
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 22
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6704
BP 777
EP 780
DI 10.1038/27394
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 132AL
UT WOS:000076607400049
PM 9796812
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Richter, S
   Ott, U
   Begemann, F
AF Richter, S
   Ott, U
   Begemann, F
TI Tellurium in pre-solar diamonds as an indicator for rapid separation of supernova ejecta
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID interstellar grains; mass-spectrometry; meteorites; abundances; graphite; xenon
AB Carbon-rich 'carbonaceous' meteorites contain several types of dust grains with an isotopic signature that identifies them as being of pre-solar origin(1-3). Of these grains, diamonds are of particular interest: such grains are by far the most abundant, and they host an isotopically anomalous 'Xe-H' component (characterized by a relative overabundance of the heaviest stable isotopes of xenon) which constitutes a notable fraction of the total amount of xenon in unprocessed 'primitive' meteorites. The isotope abundance ratios of this Xe-H cannot be accounted for by the canonical processes responsible for nucleosynthesis of the elements heavier than iron, An ad hoc neutron-capture process has been postulated(4-6) to explain the observed isotope abundance ratios, but it has also been pointed out that standard 'r-process' nucleosynthesis (in supernovae) could work if the stable isotopes were somehow separated from their radioactive precursors in the first few hours after the explosion(7). One way to distinguish between these mechanisms is to determine anomalies correlated for the heavy stable isotopes of tellurium in pre-solar diamond grains, Here we report such measurements, which support the suggestion that the isotopes were separated: the competing neutron-capture process cannot produce the observed abundances.
C1 Max Planck Inst Chem, Otto Hahn Inst, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Ott, U (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Chem, Otto Hahn Inst, Becherweg 27, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
NR 22
TC 86
Z9 93
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 15
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6664
BP 261
EP 263
DI 10.1038/34605
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YR328
UT WOS:000071484400042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tans, SJ
   Verschueren, ARM
   Dekker, C
AF Tans, SJ
   Verschueren, ARM
   Dekker, C
TI Room-temperature transistor based on a single carbon nanotube
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tubules; growth
AB The use of individual molecules as functional electronic devices was first proposed in the 1970s (ref. 1). Since then, molecular electronics(2,3) has attracted much interest, particularly because it could lead to conceptually new miniaturization strategies in the electronics and computer industry. The realization of single molecule devices has remained challenging, largely owing to difficulties in achieving electrical contact to individual molecules. Recent advances in nanotechnology, however, have resulted in electrical measurements on single molecules(4-7). Here we report the fabrication of a field-effect transistor-a three-terminal switching device-that consists of one semiconductings(8-10) single-wall carbon nanotube(11,12) connected to two metal electrodes. By applying a voltage to a gate electrode, the nanotube can be switched from a conducting to an insulating state. We have previously reported(5) similar behaviour for a metallic single-wall carbon nanotube operated at extremely low temperatures. The present device, in contrast, operates at room temperature, thereby meeting an important requirement for potential practical applications. Electrical measurements on the nanotube transistor indicate that its operation characteristics can be qualitatively described by the semiclassical band-bending models currently used for traditional semiconductor devices. The fabrication of the three-terminal switching device at the level of a single molecule represents an important step towards molecular electronics.
C1 Delft Univ Technol, Dept Appl Phys, NL-2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands.
C3 Delft University of Technology
RP Dekker, C (corresponding author), Delft Univ Technol, Dept Appl Phys, Lorentzweg 1, NL-2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands.
NR 20
TC 5164
Z9 5938
U1 10
U2 1566
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 7
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6680
BP 49
EP 52
DI 
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZM028
UT WOS:000073497500042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sereno, AB
   Maunsell, JHR
AF Sereno, AB
   Maunsell, JHR
TI Shape selectivity in primate lateral intraparietal cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID posterior parietal cortex; prefrontal cortex; visual guidance; monkey; mechanisms; neurons; connections; perception; prehension; pathways
AB The extrastriate visual cortex can be divided into functionally distinct temporal and parietal regions, which have been implicated in feature-related ('what') and spatial ('where') vision, respectively(1). Neuropsychological studies of patients with damage to either the temporal or the parietal regions provide support for this functional distinction(2-4). Given the prevailing modular theoretical framework and the fact that prefrontal cortex receives inputs from both temporal and parietal streams(5,6), recent studies have focused on the role of prefrontal cortex in understanding where and how information about object identity is integrated with (or remains segregated from) information about object location(7-10). Here we show that many neurons in primate posterior parietal cortex (the 'where' pathway) show sensory shape selectivities to simple, two-dimensional geometric shapes while the animal performs a simple fixation task. In a delayed match-to-sample paradigm, many neuronal units also show significant differences in delay-period activity, and these differences depend on the shape of the sample. These results indicate that units in posterior parietal cortex contribute to attending to and remembering shape features in a way that is independent of eye movements, reaching, or object manipulation. These units show shape selectivity equivalent to any shown in the ventral pathway.
C1 Baylor Coll Med, Div Neurosci S603, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Rutgers State Univ, Ctr Mol & Behav Neurosci, Newark, NJ 07102 USA.
C3 Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Rutgers University Newark
RP Sereno, AB (corresponding author), Baylor Coll Med, Div Neurosci S603, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
EM sereno@cmbn.rutgers.edu
FU NEI NIH HHS [R01 EY005911] Funding Source: Medline
NR 26
TC 329
Z9 371
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 1
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6701
BP 500
EP 503
DI 10.1038/26752
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 124ZG
UT WOS:000076212200056
PM 9774105
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Munro, R
   Siddans, R
   Reburn, WJ
   Kerridge, BJ
AF Munro, R
   Siddans, R
   Reburn, WJ
   Kerridge, BJ
TI Direct measurement of tropospheric ozone distributions from space
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The role of ozone in absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation is well known, Ozone also makes a significant contribution to the radiative balance of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, such that changes in the distribution of ozone in these atmospheric regions will affect the radiative forcing of climate(1,2). Furthermore, tropospheric ozone is the source of the hydroxyl radical which controls the abundance and distribution of many atmospheric constituents, including greenhouse gases such as methane and hydrochlorofluorocarbons, Tropospheric ozone is produced photochemically in situ and is also transported down from the stratosphere, but the relative importance of these two sources to its global budget is poorly understood, High-quality tropospheric and lower-stratospheric ozone profile measurements are available from sondes and lidar techniques, but their geographical sampling is very limited. Complementary satellite measurements of the global ozone distribution in this height region are therefore required to quantify ozone's tropospheric budget and its participation in climate-forcing and tropospheric chemistry. Here we present direct measurements of tropospheric ozone concentrations from space, made by the European Space Agency's Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment. These results demonstrate the potential of satellite measurements to provide self-consistent tropospheric and stratospheric ozone distributions on a global scale.
C1 Rutherford Appleton Lab, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
RP Munro, R (corresponding author), Rutherford Appleton Lab, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England.
NR 17
TC 116
Z9 123
U1 1
U2 26
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 12
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6672
BP 168
EP 171
DI 10.1038/32392
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZB349
UT WOS:000072462700058
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gaspard, P
   Briggs, ME
   Francis, MK
   Sengers, JV
   Gammons, RW
   Dorfman, JR
   Calabrese, RV
AF Gaspard, P
   Briggs, ME
   Francis, MK
   Sengers, JV
   Gammons, RW
   Dorfman, JR
   Calabrese, RV
TI Experimental evidence for microscopic chaos
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nonequilibrium statistical-mechanics; lyapunov instability; transport-property; dynamical ensembles; kolmogorov-entropy; unit time; exponents; equilibrium; rotation; hyperion
AB Many macroscopic dynamical phenomena, for example in hydrodynamics and oscillatory chemical reactions, have been observed to display erratic or random time evolution, in spite of the deterministic character of their dynamics-a phenomenon known as macroscopic chaos(1-5). On the other hand, it has been long supposed that the existence of chaotic behaviour in the microscopic motions of atoms and molecules in fluids or solids is responsible for their equilibrium and non-equilibrium properties. But this hypothesis of microscopic chaos has never been verified experimentally. Chaotic behaviour of a system is characterized by the existence of positive Lyapunov exponents, which determine the rate of exponential separation of very close trajectories in the phase space of the system(6). Positive Lyapunov exponents indicate that the microscopic dynamics of the system are very sensitive to its initial state, which, in turn, indicates that the dynamics are chaotic; a small change in initial conditions will lead to a large chang in the microscopic motion. Here we report direct experimental evidence for microscopic chaos in fluid systems, obtained by the observation of brownian motion of a colloidal particle suspended in water. We find a positive lower bound on the sum of positive Lyapunov exponents of the system composed of the brownian particle and the surrounding fluid.
C1 Free Univ Brussels, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
   Univ Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
   Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
C3 Universite Libre de Bruxelles; Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park
RP Gaspard, P (corresponding author), Free Univ Brussels, CP 231 Campus Plaine,Blvd Triomphe, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
EM gaspard@ulb.ac.be
NR 33
TC 134
Z9 142
U1 0
U2 33
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 27
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6696
BP 865
EP 868
DI 10.1038/29721
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 114LW
UT WOS:000075611800040
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bowden, N
   Brittain, S
   Evans, AG
   Hutchinson, JW
   Whitesides, GM
AF Bowden, N
   Brittain, S
   Evans, AG
   Hutchinson, JW
   Whitesides, GM
TI Spontaneous formation of ordered structures in thin films of metals supported on an elastomeric polymer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Spontaneous generation of complex order in apparently simple systems is both arresting and potentially useful(1-11). Here we describe the appearance of complex, ordered structures induced by the buckling of thin metal films owing to thermal contraction of an underlying substrate. We deposit the films from the vapour phase on a thermally expanded polymer (polydimethylsiloxane, PDMS). Subsequent cooling of the polymer creates compressive stress in the metal Rim that is relieved by buckling with a uniform wavelength of 20-50 micrometres. The waves can be controlled and orientated by relief structures in the surface of the polymer, which can set up intricate, ordered patterns over large areas. We can account qualitatively for the size and form of the patterned features in terms of the non-uniform stresses developed in the film near steps on the polymer substrate. This patterning process may find applications in optical devices such as diffraction gratings and optical sensors, and as the basis for methods of strain analysis in materials.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Chem Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Engn Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University
RP Whitesides, GM (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Chem Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
NR 18
TC 2088
Z9 2435
U1 21
U2 1057
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 14
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6681
BP 146
EP 149
DI 10.1038/30193
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZN200
UT WOS:000073619900041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cho, KO
   Choi, KW
AF Cho, KO
   Choi, KW
TI Fringe is essential for mirror symmetry and morphogenesis in the Drosophila eye
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID limb development; gene-expression; compound eye; dorsal; furrow; initiation; propagation; activation; induction; boundary
AB An early event in Drosophila eye development is the division of the eye disc into dorsoventral domains. The dorsoventral pattern is displayed in the adult compound eye as a distinct mirror symmetry across the dorsoventral midline or equator(1,2). The dorsoventral axis is also implicated in organizing early development of the eye, as retinal differentiation is initiated at the posterior dorsoventral midline(3). Here we show that Fringe is expressed specifically in the ventral half of the undifferentiated eye disc, thus creating a dorsoventral boundary. Ectopic Fringe borders that are generated by clones of fringe(-) cells can reverse the planar polarity of photoreceptor clusters, indicating that the Fringe boundary is crucial for the induction of mirror symmetry. Lack of a Fringe boundary disrupts equatorial expression of Notch signalling proteins and causes a complete failure of eye development. Our results indicate that the formation of the Fringe boundary and subsequent Notch signalling at the equator are essential for organizing mirror symmetry and eye morphogenesis.
C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Cell Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Program Dev Biol, Dept Ophthalmol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
C3 Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine
RP Choi, KW (corresponding author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Cell Biol, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
NR 29
TC 151
Z9 190
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 19
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6708
BP 272
EP 276
DI 10.1038/24394
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 140VY
UT WOS:000077110400049
PM 9834034
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rocha, BA
   Scearce-Levie, K
   Lucas, JJ
   Hiroi, N
   Castanon, N
   Crabbe, JC
   Nestler, EJ
   Hen, R
AF Rocha, BA
   Scearce-Levie, K
   Lucas, JJ
   Hiroi, N
   Castanon, N
   Crabbe, JC
   Nestler, EJ
   Hen, R
TI Increased vulnerability to cocaine in mice lacking the serotonin-1B receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID progressive-ratio schedule; 5-ht1b; addiction; dopamine; proteins; alcohol; abuse; brain
AB There is increasing evidence that genetic factors can influence individual differences in vulnerability to drugs of abuse(1,2). Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), acting through many receptors can modulate the activity of neural reward pathways and thus the effects of various drugs of abuse(3-8). Here we examine the effects of cocaine in mice lacking one of the serotonin-receptor subtypes, the 5-HT1B receptor(9). We show that mice lacking 5-HT1B display increased locomotor responses to cocaine and that they are more motivated to self-administer cocaine. We propose that even drug-naive 5-HT1B-knockout mice are in a behavioural and biochemical state that resembles that of wild-type mice sensitized to cocaine by repeated exposure to the drug. This altered state might be responsible for their increased vulnerability to cocaine.
C1 Columbia Univ, Ctr Neurobiol & Behav, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Univ N Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Pharmacol, Ft Worth, TX 76107 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Mol Psychiat Lab, New Haven, CT 06508 USA.
   Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Portland, OR 97201 USA.
   Dept Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Portland, OR 97201 USA.
C3 Columbia University; University of North Texas System; University of North Texas Health Science Center; Yale University; Oregon Health & Science University; US Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Health Administration (VHA); VA Portland Health Care System
RP Hen, R (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Ctr Neurobiol & Behav, 722 W 168th St,PI Annes 731, New York, NY 10032 USA.
EM rh95@columbia.edu
FU NIAAA NIH HHS [P60 AA010760] Funding Source: Medline; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism [P60AA010760] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 29
TC 268
Z9 294
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 14
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6681
BP 175
EP 178
DI 10.1038/30259
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZN200
UT WOS:000073619900050
PM 9603521
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Blais, JM
   Schindler, DW
   Muir, DCG
   Kimpe, LE
   Donald, DB
   Rosenberg, B
AF Blais, JM
   Schindler, DW
   Muir, DCG
   Kimpe, LE
   Donald, DB
   Rosenberg, B
TI Accumulation of persistent organochlorine compounds in mountains of western Canada
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polychlorinated-biphenyls; arctic lake; snow; toxaphene; sediments; event
AB Persistent, semi-volatile organochlorine compounds, including toxic industrial pollutants and agricultural pesticides, are found everywhere on Earth, including in pristine polar and near-polar locations(1-4). Higher than expected occurrences of these compounds in remote regions are the result of long-range transport in the atmosphere, precipitation and 'cold condensation'-the progressive volatilization in relatively warm locations and subsequent condensation in cooler environments(3,4) which leads to enhanced concentrations at high latitudes. The upper reaches of high mountains are similar to high-latitude regions in that they too are characterized by relatively low average temperatures, but the accumulation of organochlorine compounds as a function of altitude has not yet been documented. Here we report organochlorine deposition in snow from mountain ranges in western Canada that show a 10- to 100-fold increase between 770 and 3,100 m altitude. In the case of less-volatile compounds, the observed increase by a factor of 10 is simply due to a 10-fold increase in snowfall over the altitude range of the sampling sites. Tn the case of the more-volatile organochlorines, cold-condensation effects further enhance the concentration of these compounds with increasing altitude. These findings demonstrate that temperate-zone mountain regions, which tend to receive high levels of precipitation while being close to pollutant sources, are particularly susceptible to the accumulation of semivolatile organochlorine compounds.
C1 Univ Alberta, Dept Biol Sci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada.
   Dept Fisheries & Oceans, Inst Freshwater, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada.
   Univ Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada.
   Environm Canada, Regina, SK S4P 4K1, Canada.
C3 University of Alberta; Fisheries & Oceans Canada; University of Alberta; Environment & Climate Change Canada
RP Blais, JM (corresponding author), Univ Alberta, Dept Biol Sci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada.
NR 22
TC 359
Z9 402
U1 2
U2 147
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 8
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6702
BP 585
EP 588
DI 10.1038/26944
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 127QW
UT WOS:000076362900043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fryer, CJ
   Archer, TK
AF Fryer, CJ
   Archer, TK
TI Chromatin remodelling by the glucocorticoid receptor requires the BRG1 complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mmtv promoter; in-vivo; transcriptional activation; steroid-receptors; nuclear receptors; binding; coactivator; nucleosome; protein; cbp
AB The assembly of transcriptional regulatory DNA sequences into chromatin plays a fundamental role in modulating gene expression(1,2). The promoter of the mouse mammary-tumour virus (MMTV) is packaged into a regular array of nucleosomes when it becomes stably integrated into mammalian chromosomes, and has been used to investigate the relationship between chromatin architecture and transcriptional activation by the hormone-bound glucocorticoid and progesterone receptors(3,4). In mammalian cells that express both of these receptors, the progesterone receptor activates transcription from transiently transfected MMTV DNA(5,6) but not from organized chromatin templates(7). Moreover, the activated progesterone receptor inhibits the chromatin remodelling and consequent transcriptional stimulation that is mediated by the glucocorticoid receptor. Here we investigate the mechanism of this inhibition by characterizing the interaction of the glucocorticoid receptor with transcriptional co-activator and chromatin remodelling protein complexes(2,8). We show that when this receptor is prevented from interacting with the hBRG1/BAF chromatin remodelling complex, it can activate transcription from transiently transfected DNA but not from organized chromatin templates. Our results indicate that it may be possible to separate the transcriptional activation and chromatin remodelling activities of proteins that interact with hormone receptors.
C1 Univ Western Ontario, London Reg Canc Ctr, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, London, ON N6A 4L6, Canada.
   Univ Western Ontario, London Reg Canc Ctr, Dept Biochem, London, ON N6A 4L6, Canada.
   Univ Western Ontario, London Reg Canc Ctr, Dept Oncol, London, ON N6A 4L6, Canada.
C3 Western University (University of Western Ontario); University Western Ontario Hospital; Western University (University of Western Ontario); University Western Ontario Hospital; Western University (University of Western Ontario); University Western Ontario Hospital
RP Archer, TK (corresponding author), Univ Western Ontario, London Reg Canc Ctr, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, 790 Commissioners Rd E, London, ON N6A 4L6, Canada.
NR 30
TC 420
Z9 480
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 7
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6680
BP 88
EP 91
DI 10.1038/30032
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZM028
UT WOS:000073497500054
PM 9590696
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Topham, MK
   Bunting, M
   Zimmerman, GA
   McIntyre, TM
   Blackshear, PJ
   Prescott, SM
AF Topham, MK
   Bunting, M
   Zimmerman, GA
   McIntyre, TM
   Blackshear, PJ
   Prescott, SM
TI Protein kinase C regulates the nuclear localization of diacylglycerol kinase-ζ
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular-cloning; substrate marcks; cell-cycle; membrane; family; phosphorylation; expression; location; isozyme; domain
AB Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) terminate signalling from diacylglycerol by converting it to phosphatidic acid(1-8) Diacylglycerol regulates cell growth and differentiation, and its transient accumulation in the nucleus may be particularly important in this regulation(9,10) Here we show that a fraction of DGK-zeta is found in the nucleus, where it regulates the amount of nuclear diacylglycerol. Reducing nuclear diacylglycerol levels by conditional expression of DGK-zeta attenuates cell growth. The nuclear-localization signal of DGK-zeta is located in a region that is homologous to the phosphorylation-site domain of the MARCKS protein. This is, to our knowledge, the first evidence that this domain, which is a major target for protein kinase C, can localize a protein to the nucleus. Two isoforms of protein kinase C, but not others, regulate the localization of DGK-zeta. Our results define a cycle in which diacylglycerol activates protein kinase C, which then regulates the metabolism of diacylglycerol by alternating the intracellular location of DGK-zeta. This maybe a general mechanism to control mitogenic signals that depend on nuclear diacylglycerol.
C1 Univ Utah, Huntman Canc Inst, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
   Univ Utah, Eccles Program Human Mol Biol & Genet, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
   Univ Utah, Dept Internal Med, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
   Natl Inst Environm Hlth, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA.
C3 Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah; Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah; Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)
RP Prescott, SM (corresponding author), Univ Utah, Huntman Canc Inst, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
NR 29
TC 258
Z9 280
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 13
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6694
BP 697
EP 700
DI 10.1038/29337
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 110MD
UT WOS:000075384200049
PM 9716136
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cole, ST
   Brosch, R
   Parkhill, J
   Garnier, T
   Churcher, C
   Harris, D
   Gordon, SV
   Eiglmeier, K
   Gas, S
   Barry, CE III
   Tekaia, F
   Badcock, K
   Basham, D
   Brown, D
   Chillingworth, T
   Connor, R
   Davies, R
   Devlin, K
   Feltwell, T
   Gentles, S
   Hamlin, N
   Holroyd, S
   Hornby, T
   Jagels, K
   Krogh, A
   McLean, J
   Moule, S
   Murphy, L
   Oliver, K
   Osborne, J
   Quail, MA
   Rajandream, MA
   Rogers, J
   Rutter, S
   Seeger, K
   Skelton, J
   Squares, R
   Squares, S
   Sulston, JE
   Taylor, K
   Whitehead, S
   Barrell, BG
AF Cole, ST
   Brosch, R
   Parkhill, J
   Garnier, T
   Churcher, C
   Harris, D
   Gordon, SV
   Eiglmeier, K
   Gas, S
   Barry, CE III
   Tekaia, F
   Badcock, K
   Basham, D
   Brown, D
   Chillingworth, T
   Connor, R
   Davies, R
   Devlin, K
   Feltwell, T
   Gentles, S
   Hamlin, N
   Holroyd, S
   Hornby, T
   Jagels, K
   Krogh, A
   McLean, J
   Moule, S
   Murphy, L
   Oliver, K
   Osborne, J
   Quail, MA
   Rajandream, MA
   Rogers, J
   Rutter, S
   Seeger, K
   Skelton, J
   Squares, R
   Squares, S
   Sulston, JE
   Taylor, K
   Whitehead, S
   Barrell, BG
TI Deciphering the biology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from the complete genome sequence
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID antigen; resistance; survival; leprae; repeat; search; cells; genes; dna
AB Countless millions of people have died from tuberculosis, a chronic infectious disease caused by the tubercle bacillus. The complete genome sequence of the best-characterized strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, H37Rv, has been determined and analysed in order to improve our understanding of the biology of this slow-growing pathogen and to help the conception of new prophylactic and therapeutic interventions. The genome comprises 4,411,529 base pairs, contains around 4,000 genes, and has a very high guanine + cytosine content that is reflected in the biased amino-acid content of the proteins. M. tuberculosis differs radically from other bacteria in that a very large portion of its coding capacity is devoted to the production of enzymes involved in lipogenesis and lipolysis, and to two new families of glycine-rich proteins with a repetitive structure that may represent a source of antigenic variation.
C1 Sanger Ctr, Hinxton CB10 1SA, England.
   Inst Pasteur, Unite Genet Mol Bacterienne, F-75724 Paris 15, France.
   Inst Pasteur, Unite Genet Mol Levures, F-75724 Paris 15, France.
   NIAID, TB Res Unit, Intracellular Parasites Lab, Rocky Mt Labs,NIH, Hamilton, MT 59840 USA.
   Tech Univ Denmark, Ctr Biol Sequence Anal, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
C3 Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID); Technical University of Denmark
RP Barrell, BG (corresponding author), Sanger Ctr, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, England.
EM stcole@pasteur.fr; barrell@sanger.ac.uk
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline; Intramural NIH HHS [Z01 AI000783] Funding Source: Medline
NR 50
TC 6597
Z9 12005
U1 3
U2 781
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 11
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6685
BP 537
EP +
DI 10.1038/31159
PG 23
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZT988
UT WOS:000074150100041
PM 9634230
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jones, JA
   Mosca, M
   Hansen, RH
AF Jones, JA
   Mosca, M
   Hansen, RH
TI Implementation of a quantum search algorithm on a quantum computer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB In 1982 Feynman(1) observed that quantum-mechanical systems have an information-processing capability much greater than that of corresponding classical systems, and could thus potentially be used to implement a new type of powerful computer. Three years later Deutsch(2) described a quantum-mechanical Turing machine, showing that quantum computers could indeed be constructed. Since then there has been extensive research in this field, but although the theory is fairly well understood, actually building a quantum computer has proved extremely difficult. Only two methods have been used to demonstrate quantum logic gates: ion traps(3,4) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)(5,6). NMR quantum computers have recently been used to solve a simple [GRAPHICS] quantum algorithm-the two-bit Deutsch problem(7,8). Here we show experimentally that such a computer can be used to implement a non-trivial fast quantum search algorithm initially developed by Grover(9,10), which can be conducted faster than a comparable search on a classical computer.
C1 Oxford Ctr Mol Sci, New Chem Lab, Oxford OX1 3QT, England.
   Univ Oxford, Clarendon Lab, Ctr Quantum Computat, Oxford OX1 3PU, England.
   Math Inst, Oxford OX1 3LB, England.
C3 University of Oxford; University of Oxford; University of Oxford
RP Jones, JA (corresponding author), Oxford Ctr Mol Sci, New Chem Lab, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3QT, England.
EM jones@bioch.ox.ac.uk
NR 15
TC 482
Z9 528
U1 2
U2 74
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 28
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6683
BP 344
EP 346
DI 10.1038/30687
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZQ593
UT WOS:000073883600047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dorsky, RI
   Moon, RT
   Raible, DW
AF Dorsky, RI
   Moon, RT
   Raible, DW
TI Control of neural crest cell fate by the Wnt signalling pathway
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID xenopus embryos; nervous-system; beta-catenin; zebrafish; expression; differentiation; restrictions; lineage
AB Environmental signals are important in the development of neural crest, during which process multipotent progenitor must choose from several fates(1-3). However, the nature of these environmental signals is unknown. A previous fate map of zebrafish cranial neural crest showed that lineage-restricted clones of pigment cells arise hom medial cells near the neural keel, and that clones of neurons arise from lateral cells farther from the neural keel(4), Wnt-1 and Wnt-3a are candidate genes for influencing neural crest fate, as they are expressed next to medial, but not lateral, crest cells. Here we determine the role of Wnt signals in modulating the fate of neural crest by injecting messenger RNAs into single, premigratory neural crest cells of zebrafish, Lineage analysis of injected cells shows that activation of Wnt signalling by injection of mRNA encoding cytoplasmic beta-catenin promotes pigment-cell formation at the expense of neurons and glia. Conversely, inhibition of the Wnt pathway, by injection of mRNAs encoding either a truncated form of the transcription factor Tcf-3 or a dominant-negative Wnt, promotes neuronal fates at the expense of pigment cells. We conclude that endogenous Wnt signalling normality promotes pigment-cell formation by medial crest cells and thereby contributes to the diversity of neural crest cell fates.
C1 Univ Washington, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Washington, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Washington, Sch Med, Dept Biol Struct, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Dorsky, RI (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
FU NINDS NIH HHS [R01 NS057220] Funding Source: Medline
NR 26
TC 407
Z9 504
U1 1
U2 41
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 26
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6709
BP 370
EP 373
DI 10.1038/24620
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 142MJ
UT WOS:000077204000050
PM 9845073
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Huang, HJ
   Liao, J
   Cohen, SN
AF Huang, HJ
   Liao, J
   Cohen, SN
TI Poly(A)- and poly(U)-specific RNA 3′ tail shortening by E-coli ribonuclease E
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; messenger-rna; antisense rnai; degradation; replication; proteins; cleaves; binding; complex; enzyme
AB Ribonuclease (RNase) E is an extensively studied enzyme from Escherichia coli whose site-specific endoribonuclease activity on single-stranded RNA has a central role in the processing of ribosomal RNA, the degradation of messenger RNA and the control of replication of ColE1-type plasmids (for recent reviews, see refs 1-3). Here we report a previously undetected activity of RNase E: the ability to shorten 3' poly(A)- and poly(U)-homopolymer tails on RNA molecules. This activity, which leaves a 6-nucleotide adenylate or a 1-nucleotide uridylate remnant on primary transcripts, resides in the amino-terminal region of RNase E and does not require other protein cofactors. Addition of a 3'-terminal phosphate group prevents both removal of the poly(A) tail and endonucleolytic cleavage within primary transcripts, but has no effect on the cleavage of transcripts with tails that have already been truncated. The ability of RNase E to shorten poly(A) tails, together with the effect of tail length on endonucleolytic cleavage within primary transcripts, suggests a mechanism by which RNase E may exercise overall control over RNA decay.
C1 Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University
RP Cohen, SN (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
NR 28
TC 71
Z9 76
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 1
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6662
BP 99
EP 102
DI 10.1038/34219
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YP888
UT WOS:000071326100058
PM 9422514
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Unrau, PJ
   Bartel, DP
AF Unrau, PJ
   Bartel, DP
TI RNA-catalysed nucleotide synthesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID prebiotic synthesis; binding-site; orotate phosphoribosyltransferase; salmonella-typhimurium; purine nucleosides; ribozyme; ligase
AB The 'RNA world' hypothesis proposes that early life developed by making use of RNA molecules, rather than proteins, to catalyse the synthesis of important biological molecules'. It is thought, however, that the nucleotides constituting RNA were scarce on early Earth(1-4), RNA-based life must therefore have acquired the ability to synthesize RNA nucleotides from simpler and more readily available precursors, such as sugars and bases. Plausible prebiotic synthesis routes have been proposed for sugars', sugar phosphates(6) and the four RNA bases(7-11), but the coupling of these molecules into nucleotides, specifically pyrimidine nucleotides, poses a challenge to the RNA world hypothesis(1-3). Here we report the application of in vitro selection to isolate RNA molecules that catalyse the synthesis of a pyrimidine nucleotide at their 3' terminus. The finding that RNA can catalyse this type of reaction, which is modelled after pyrimidine synthesis in contemporary metabolism, supports the idea of an RNA world that included nucleotide synthesis and other metabolic pathways mediated by ribozymes.
C1 MIT, Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Bartel, DP (corresponding author), MIT, Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, 9 Cambridge Ctr, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
NR 30
TC 213
Z9 266
U1 0
U2 35
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 17
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6699
BP 260
EP 263
DI 10.1038/26193
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 120TZ
UT WOS:000075974600045
PM 9751052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Monks, CRF
   Freiberg, BA
   Kupfer, H
   Sciaky, N
   Kupfer, A
AF Monks, CRF
   Freiberg, BA
   Kupfer, H
   Sciaky, N
   Kupfer, A
TI Three-dimensional segregation of supramolecular activation clusters in T cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID signal-transduction; b-cells; membrane; adhesion; proteins
AB Activation of T cells by antigen-presenting Cells (APCs) depends on the complex integration of signals that are delivered by multiple antigen receptors. Most receptor-proximal activation events in T cells(1,2) were identified using multivalent anti-receptor antibodies, eliminating the need to use the more complex APCs. As the physiological membrane-associated ligands ori the APC and the activating antibodies probably trigger the same biochemical pathways, it is unknown why the antibodies, even at saturating concentrations, fail to trigger some of the physiological T-cell responses(3). Here we study, at the level of the single cell, the responses of T cells to native ligands. We used a digital imaging system and analysed the three-dimensional distribution of receptors and intracellular proteins that cluster at the contacts between T cells and APCs during antigen-specific interactions(3,4). Surprisingly, instead of showing uniform oligomerization, these proteins clustered into segregated three-dimensional domains within the cell contacts. The antigen-specific formation of these new, spatially segregated supramolecular activation clusters may generate appropriate physiological responses and may explain the high sensitivity of the T cells to antigen.
C1 Natl Jewish Med & Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Div Basic Sci, Denver, CO 80206 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Immunol, Denver, CO 80262 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Cellular & Struct Biol, Denver, CO 80262 USA.
C3 National Jewish Health; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; University of Colorado Denver; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; University of Colorado Denver
RP Kupfer, A (corresponding author), Natl Jewish Med & Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Div Basic Sci, 1400 Jackson St, Denver, CO 80206 USA.
NR 16
TC 1989
Z9 2313
U1 1
U2 119
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 3
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6697
BP 82
EP 86
DI 10.1038/25764
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 116JY
UT WOS:000075722200051
PM 9738502
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU De Moraes, CM
   Lewis, WJ
   Paré, PW
   Alborn, HT
   Tumlinson, JH
AF De Moraes, CM
   Lewis, WJ
   Paré, PW
   Alborn, HT
   Tumlinson, JH
TI Herbivore-infested plants selectively attract parasitoids
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID host; wasps; semiochemicals; damage; odors
AB In response to insect herbivory, plants synthesize and emit blends of volatile compounds from their damaged and undamaged tissues, which act as important host-location cues for parasitic insects(1-3). Here we use chemical and behavioural assays to show that these plant emissions can transmit herbivore-specific information that is detectable by parasitic wasps (parasitoids), Tobacco, cotton and maize plants each produce distinct volatile blends in response to damage by two closely related herbivore species, Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa tea. The specialist parasitic wasp Cardiochiles nigriceps exploits these differences to distinguish infestation by its host, H. virescens, from that by H. zea. The production by phylogenetically diverse plant species and the exploitation by parasitoids of highly specific chemical signals, keyed to individual herbivore species, indicates that the interaction between plants and the natural enemies of the herbivores that attack them is more sophisticated than previously realized.
C1 ARS, USDA, IBPMRL, Tifton, GA 31793 USA.
   Univ Georgia, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Dept Entomol, Tifton, GA 31793 USA.
   ARS, USDA, CMAVE, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA.
C3 United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); University System of Georgia; University of Georgia; United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)
RP Lewis, WJ (corresponding author), ARS, USDA, IBPMRL, POB 748, Tifton, GA 31793 USA.
EM WJL@tifton.cpes.peachnet.edu
NR 22
TC 1038
Z9 1187
U1 5
U2 385
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 11
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6685
BP 570
EP 573
DI 10.1038/31219
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZT988
UT WOS:000074150100050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Francis, P
   Burton, MR
   Oppenheimer, C
AF Francis, P
   Burton, MR
   Oppenheimer, C
TI Remote measurements of volcanic gas compositions by solar occultation spectroscopy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sulfur-dioxide; mount etna; mt etna; emissions; atmosphere; plumes; particle; co2; so2
AB Volcanic gases have important effects on the atmosphere and climate(1,2) and are important indicators of subsurface magmatic processes(3,4) but they are difficult to measure. In situ sampling on volcanoes can provide detailed information(5-7) but is often impractical or hazardous. It is safer to apply remote techniques, for example correlation spectroscopy(8), which is now widely used to estimate emission rates of sulphur dioxide; but making remote measurements of other gas species has proved more difficult. Developments in Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, however,have shown promise(9-11). Here we report Fourier-transform infrared observations of volcanic plume compositions that we obtained by solar occultation at Mount Etna in 1997. We found molar ratios of SO2:HCl and SO2:HF to be similar to 4.0 and 10, corresponding to emission rates of HCl and HF of about 8.6 and 2.2 kgs(-1), respectively, confirming Mount Etna as the largest known sustained point source of these gases. Solar occultation spectroscopy has advantages over other methods as it enables measurement of plume compositions several kilometres downwind, without requiring hot rocks or lamp sources. The regular and frequent observation of volcanic gases provides a valuable tool for volcano surveillance, and data from plumes at different distances downwind of a volcano's summit may help us to understand the atmospheric chemistry involved in plume dispersal.
C1 Open Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Geog, Cambridge CB2 3EN, England.
C3 Open University - UK; University of Cambridge
RP Francis, P (corresponding author), Open Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, Bucks, England.
EM p.w.francise@pen.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 161
Z9 167
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 10
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6711
BP 567
EP 570
DI 10.1038/25115
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 147AY
UT WOS:000077466800055
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wentz, FJ
   Schabel, M
AF Wentz, FJ
   Schabel, M
TI Effects of orbital decay on satellite-derived lower-tropospheric temperature trends
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The 17-year lower-tropospheric temperature record derived from the satellite Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU)(1-3) shows a global cooling trend, from 1979 to 1995, of -0.05 K per decade at an altitude of about 3.5 km (refs 4, 5). Air temperatures measured at the Earth's surface, in contrast, have risen by approximately +0.13 K per decade over the same period(4,6). The two temperature records are derived from measurements of different physical parameters, and thus are not directly comparable. In fact, the lower stratosphere is cooling substantially (by about -0.5 K per decade)(5), so the warming trend seen at the surface is expected to diminish with altitude and change into a cooling trend at some point in the troposphere. Even so, it has been suggested that the cooling trend seen in the satellite data is excessive(4,7,8). The difficulty in reconciling the information from these different sources has sparked a debate in the climate community about possible instrumental problems and the existence of global warming(4,7,9). Here we identify an artificial cooling trend in the satellite-derived temperature series caused by previously neglected orbital-decay effects. We find a new, corrected estimate of +0.07 K per decade for the MSU-based temperature trend, which is in closer agreement with surface temperatures. We also find that the reported(7) cooling of the lower troposphere, relative to the middle troposphere, is another artefact caused by uncorrected orbital-decay effects.
C1 Remote Sensing Syst, Santa Rosa, CA 95401 USA.
RP Wentz, FJ (corresponding author), Remote Sensing Syst, 438 1st St,Suite 200, Santa Rosa, CA 95401 USA.
NR 14
TC 103
Z9 111
U1 1
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 13
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6694
BP 661
EP 664
DI 10.1038/29267
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 110MD
UT WOS:000075384200038
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mulle, C
   Sailer, A
   Pérez-Otaño, I
   Dickinson-Anson, H
   Castillo, PE
   Bureau, I
   Maron, C
   Gage, FH
   Mann, JR
   Bettler, B
   Heinemann, SF
AF Mulle, C
   Sailer, A
   Pérez-Otaño, I
   Dickinson-Anson, H
   Castillo, PE
   Bureau, I
   Maron, C
   Gage, FH
   Mann, JR
   Bettler, B
   Heinemann, SF
TI Altered synaptic physiology and reduced susceptibility to kainate-induced seizures in GluR6-deficient mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID kainic acid; pyramidal cells; receptors; expression; death; hippocampus; plasticity; synapses; cloning; ampa
AB L-glutamate, the neurotransmitter of the majority of excitatory synapses in the brain, acts on three classes of ionotropic receptors: NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate), AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid) and kainate receptors. Little is known about the physiological role of kainate receptors because in many experimental situations it is not possible to distinguish them from AMPA receptors(1,2). Mice with disrupted kainate receptor genes enable the study of the specific role of kainate receptors in synaptic transmission as well as in the neurotoxic effects of kainate. We have now generated mutant mice lacking the kainate-receptor subunit GluR6. The hippocampal neurons in the CA3 region of these mutant mice are much less sensitive to kainate. In addition, a postsynaptic kainate current evoked in CA3 neurons by a train of stimulation of the mossy fibre system is absent in the mutant(3,4). We find that GluR6-deficient mice are less susceptible to systemic administration of kainate, as judged by onset of seizures and by the activation of immediate early genes in the hippocampus. Our results indicate that kainate receptors containing the GluR6 subunit are important in synaptic transmission as well as in the epileptogenic effects of kainate.
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, Mol Neurobiol Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Salk Inst Biol Studies, Genet Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Fac Med, Dept Fisiol, Montevideo, Uruguay.
   City Hope Natl Med Ctr, Beckman Res Inst, Div Biol, Duarte, CA 91010 USA.
   Univ Bordeaux 2, CNRS, UMR 5541, F-33076 Bordeaux, France.
C3 Salk Institute; Salk Institute; Universidad de la Republica, Uruguay; City of Hope; Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite de Bordeaux
RP Heinemann, SF (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, Mol Neurobiol Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
NR 26
TC 410
Z9 465
U1 0
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 9
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6676
BP 601
EP 605
DI 10.1038/33408
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZG300
UT WOS:000072987200059
PM 9580260
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kemp, M
AF Kemp, M
TI Turrell's tunnelling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Turner delights his audiences with his magical depictions of nature on canvas. James Turrell is using nature itself as the canvas - by digging into a volcanic crater to create a new kind of observatory.
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Hist Art, Oxford OX1 2PG, England.
C3 University of Oxford
RP Kemp, M (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Hist Art, 35 Beaumont St, Oxford OX1 2PG, England.
NR 0
TC 1
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 8
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6663
BP 131
EP 131
DI 10.1038/34313
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YQ378
UT WOS:000071380900030
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Smart, RL
   Drimmel, R
   Lattanzi, MG
   Binney, JJ
AF Smart, RL
   Drimmel, R
   Lattanzi, MG
   Binney, JJ
TI Unexpected stellar velocity distribution in the warped Galactic disk
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID galaxy
AB It is now over 40 years since radio observations of neutral hydrogen revealed(1) the gaseous disk of our Galaxy to be warped. Subsequently, the warp has been detected in the distribution of Galactic dust(2), molecular clouds(3), and luminous stars(4,5). Roughly half of all spiral galaxies have similarly warped disks, which suggests that warps are a common and long-lived phenomenon. However, there is still no consensus as to what induces galactic disks to become warped: intergalactic winds, tidal interactions with satellites, magnetic pressure and massive dark haloes have all been proposed as causative agents. Here we use data from the Hipparcos satellite(6) to determine the small stellar motions in the plane of the sky (proper motions) that should accompany the warp, but which are undetectable in the gas. We find that although the spatial distribution of the stars is in line with previous studies of hydrogen, the velocity distribution has the opposite sign to that expected. Finding a plausible explanation of this result may be the key to solving the long-standing puzzle posed by galactic warps.
C1 Osservatorio Astron Torino, I-10025 Pino Torinese, TO, Italy.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Oxford OX1 3NP, England.
C3 Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); University of Oxford
RP Smart, RL (corresponding author), Osservatorio Astron Torino, I-10025 Pino Torinese, TO, Italy.
EM smart@to.astro.it
NR 16
TC 22
Z9 24
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 2
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6675
BP 471
EP 473
DI 10.1038/33096
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZF215
UT WOS:000072875200050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Garvie, LAJ
   Buseck, PR
AF Garvie, LAJ
   Buseck, PR
TI Ratios of ferrous to ferric iron from nanometre-sized areas in minerals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ray photoelectron-spectroscopy; oxidation-state; lower-mantle; quantitative-determination; electron-microprobe; fe-57 mossbauer; inclusions; diamonds; oxygen
AB Minerals with mixed valence states are widespread and form in many different rock types'. They can contain, for example, Fe(2+)-Fe(3+) and Mn(2+)-Mn(3+)-Mn(4+), with the ratios of oxidation states reflecting the redox conditions under which the host materials crystallized. The distribution of the ratio of iron (nr) to total iron content (Fe(3+)/Sigma Fe) in minerals reflects the oxidation states of their host rocks and is therefore important for answering fundamental questions about the Earth's evolution and structure(2-8). Iron is the most sensitive and abundant indicator of oxidation state, but many mineral samples are too fine-grained and heterogeneous to be studied by standard methods such as Mossbauer spectroscopy, electron microprobe, and wet chemistry. Here we report on the use of electron energy-loss spectroscopy with a transmission electron microscope to determine Fe(3+)/Sigma Fe in minerals at the nanometre scale. This procedure is efficient for determining Fe(3+)/Sigma Fe ratios of minor and major amounts of iron on a scale heretofore impossible and allows information to be obtained not only from ultra-fine grains but also, for example, at reaction fronts in minerals.
C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
   Arizona State Univ, Dept Chem Biochem, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
C3 Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe; Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe
RP Garvie, LAJ (corresponding author), Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
EM lgarvie@asu.edu
NR 31
TC 209
Z9 238
U1 1
U2 73
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 17
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6712
BP 667
EP 670
DI 10.1038/25334
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 150YT
UT WOS:000077694200051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rosenthal, PB
   Zhang, XD
   Formanowski, F
   Fitz, W
   Wong, CH
   Meier-Ewert, H
   Skehel, JJ
   Wiley, DC
AF Rosenthal, PB
   Zhang, XD
   Formanowski, F
   Fitz, W
   Wong, CH
   Meier-Ewert, H
   Skehel, JJ
   Wiley, DC
TI Structure of the haemagglutinin-esterase-fusion glycoprotein of influenza C virus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gp41 transmembrane glycoprotein; gp120 envelope glycoprotein; x-ray-diffraction; sialic-acid; receptor determinant; membrane-fusion; high-affinity; hemagglutinin; protein; binding
AB The spike glycoproteins of the lipid-enveloped orthomyxoviruses I and paramyxoviruses have three functions: to recognize the receptor on the cell surface, to mediate viral fusion with the cell membrane. and to destroy the receptor. In influenza C virus, a single glycoprotein, the haemagglutinin-esterase-fusion (HEF) protein, possesses all three functions (reviewed in ref, 1). In influenza A and B, the first two activities are mediated by haemagglutinin and the third by a second glycoprotein, neuraminidase. Here we report the crystal structure of the HEF envelope glycoprotein of influenza C virus. We have identified the receptor-binding site and the receptor-destroying enzyme (9-O-acetylesterase) sites, by using receptor analogues. The receptor-binding domain is structurally similar to the sialic acid-binding domain of influenza A haemagglutinin, but binds 9-O-acetylsialic acid. The esterase domain has a structure similar to the esterase from Streptomyces scabies and a brain acetylhydrolase(2,3). The receptor domain is inserted into a surface loop of the esterase domain and the esterase domain is inserted into a surface loop of the stem. The stem domain is similar to that of influenza A haemagglutinin, except that the triple-stranded, alpha-helical bundle diverges at both of its ends, and the amino terminus of HEF2 the fusion peptide, is partially exposed. The segregation of HEF's three functions into structurally distinct domains suggests that the entire stem region, including sequences at the amino and carboxy termini of HEF1 which precede the post-translational cleavage site between HEF1 and HEF2 forms an independent fusion domain which is probably derived from an ancestral membrane fusion protein.
C1 Harvard Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Tech Univ Munich, Abt Virol, D-80802 Munich 40, Germany.
   Scripps Res Inst, Dept Chem, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Natl Inst Med Res, London NW7 1AA, England.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University; Technical University of Munich; Scripps Research Institute; MRC National Institute for Medical Research
RP Wiley, DC (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, 7 Divin Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
NR 30
TC 193
Z9 226
U1 1
U2 30
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 5
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6706
BP 92
EP 96
DI 10.1038/23974
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 136HE
UT WOS:000076852700061
PM 9817207
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Secor, SM
   Diamond, J
AF Secor, SM
   Diamond, J
TI A vertebrate model of extreme physiological regulation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID burmese pythons; molurus
AB Investigation of vertebrate regulatory biology is restricted by the modest response amplitudes In mammalian model species that derive from a lifestyle of frequent small meals. By contrast, ambush-hunting snakes eat huge meals after long intervals. In juvenile pythons during feeding, there are large and rapid increases In metabolism and secretion, In the activation of enzymes and transporter proteins, and in tissue growth. These responses enable an economic hypothesis concerning the evolution of regulation to be tested. Combined with other experimental advantages, these features recommend juvenile pythons as the equivalent of a squid axon in vertebrate regulatory biology.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
RP Secor, SM (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
EM python@ucla.edu
NR 16
TC 241
Z9 284
U1 0
U2 49
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 15
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6703
BP 659
EP 662
DI 10.1038/27131
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 129PR
UT WOS:000076472600041
PM 9790187
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Andersson, SGE
   Zomorodipour, A
   Andersson, JO
   Sicheritz-Pontén, T
   Alsmark, UCM
   Podowski, RM
   Näslund, AK
   Eriksson, AS
   Winkler, HH
   Kurland, CG
AF Andersson, SGE
   Zomorodipour, A
   Andersson, JO
   Sicheritz-Pontén, T
   Alsmark, UCM
   Podowski, RM
   Näslund, AK
   Eriksson, AS
   Winkler, HH
   Kurland, CG
TI The genome sequence of Rickettsia prowazekii and the origin of mitochondria
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID staphylococcus-aureus; evolution; alignment; rna; system; genes
AB We describe here the complete genome sequence (1,111,523 base pairs) of the obligate intracellular parasite Rickettsia prowarekii, the causative agent of epidemic typhus, This genome contains 834 protein-ooding genes. The functional profiles of these genes show similarities to those of mitochondrial genes: no genes required for anaerobic glycolysis are found in either R. prowazekii or mitochondrial genomes, but a complete set of genes encoding components of the tricarboxyilc acid cycle and the respiratory-chain complex is found in R. prowarekii, In effect, ATP production In Rickettsia Is the same as that in mitochondria. Many genes involved in the biosynthesis and regulation of biosynthesis of amino acids and nucleosides in free-living bacteria are absent front R. prowazekii and mitochondria, Such genes seem to have been replaced by homologues in the nuclear (host) genome, the R. prowarekii genome contains the highest proportion of non-coding DNA (24%) detected so far in a microbial genome, Such non-coding sequences may be degraded remnants of 'neutralized' genes that await elimination from the genome, Phylogenetic analyses Indicate that R. prowazekii is more closely related to mitochondria than is any other microbe studied so far.
C1 Uppsala Univ, Dept Mol Biol, S-75124 Uppsala, Sweden.
   Univ S Alabama, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Mobile, AL 36688 USA.
C3 Uppsala University; University of South Alabama
RP Kurland, CG (corresponding author), Uppsala Univ, Dept Mol Biol, S-75124 Uppsala, Sweden.
EM chuck@xray.bmc.uu.se
NR 47
TC 1318
Z9 2082
U1 1
U2 172
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 12
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6707
BP 133
EP 140
DI 10.1038/24094
PG 12
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 139DU
UT WOS:000077013300041
PM 9823893
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sayos, J
   Wu, C
   Morra, M
   Wang, N
   Zhang, X
   Allen, D
   van Schaik, S
   Notarangelo, L
   Geha, R
   Roncarolo, MG
   Oettgen, H
   De Vries, JE
   Aversa, G
   Terhorst, C
AF Sayos, J
   Wu, C
   Morra, M
   Wang, N
   Zhang, X
   Allen, D
   van Schaik, S
   Notarangelo, L
   Geha, R
   Roncarolo, MG
   Oettgen, H
   De Vries, JE
   Aversa, G
   Terhorst, C
TI The X-linked lymphoproliferative-disease gene product SAP regulates signals induced through the co-receptor SLAM (Publication with Expression of Concern. See JAN, 2026)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article; Publication with Expression of Concern
ID lymphocytic activation molecule; t-cell activation; contig; proliferation; region
AB In addition to triggering the activation of B- or T-cell antigen receptors, the binding of a ligand to its receptor at the cell surface can sometimes determine the physiological outcome of interactions between antigen-presenting cells, Tend B lymphocytes. The protein SLAM (also known as CDw150), which is present on the surface of B and T cells, forms such a receptor-ligand pair as it is a self-ligand. We now show that a T-cell-specific, SLAM-associated protein (SAP), which contains an SH2 domain end a short tail, acts as an inhibitor by blocking recruitment of the SH2-domain-containing signal-transduction molecule SHP-2 to a docking site in the SLAM cytoplasmic region. The gene encoding SAP maps to the same area of the X chromosome as the locus for X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP) and we found mutations In the SAP gene in three XLP patients. Absence of the Inhibitor SAP In XLP patients affects T/B-cell Interactions Induced by SLAM, leading to an inability to control B-cell proliferation caused by Epstein-Barr virus infections.
C1 Harvard Univ, Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Sch Med, Div Immunol, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Univ Brescia, Dept Pediat, I-25125 Brescia, Italy.
   Harvard Univ, Childrens Hosp, Sch Med, Div Immunol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Telethon Inst Gene Therapy, Cellular Therapy Lab, I-20132 Milan, Italy.
   Novartis Forschungsinst Geselsch Mbh, A-1235 Vienna, Austria.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School; University of Brescia; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Fondazione Telethon
RP Sayos, J (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Sch Med, Div Immunol, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
EM jortega@bidmc.harvard.edu; terhorst@bidmc.harvard.edu
FU Telethon [TGT97000, TGT06S01] Funding Source: Medline
NR 23
TC 773
Z9 873
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 1
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6701
BP 462
EP 469
DI 10.1038/26683
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 124ZG
UT WOS:000076212200046
PM 9774102
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Peng, TH
   Wanninkhof, R
   Bullister, JL
   Feely, RA
   Takahashi, T
AF Peng, TH
   Wanninkhof, R
   Bullister, JL
   Feely, RA
   Takahashi, T
TI Quantification of decadal anthropogenic CO2 uptake in the ocean based on dissolved inorganic carbon measurements
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dioxide; air
AB About half of the 'anthropogenic' CO2 emitted to the atmosphere is taken up by the oceans and terrestrial biosphere(1), and the amount sequestered by the ocean is generally estimated using numerical ocean carbon-cycle models(2). But these models often differ markedly(3), resulting in different estimated spatial and temporal patterns and magnitudes of uptake. Because of its importance climatically, the CO2 flux needs to be verified using field measurements. Accurate estimates of CO2 uptake have been difficult to obtain, however, as the annual increase of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration in surface water due to anthropogenic input is similar to 0.05% of the total DIC, an order of magnitude lower than past measurement precision. Early measurement-based estimates(4,5) of total anthropogenic CO2 inventory in the ocean have recently been improved on(6,7), and new approaches have been proposed for determining changes in ocean DIC concentration over one to two decades(8,9). Here we use recent improvements in DIC measurement techniques to determine changes in DIC concentrations between 1978 and 1995 in the Indian Ocean. Our method subtracts decadal-scale natural variability, enabling the ocean anthropogenic CO2 increase in this region over the 17-year period to be determined. The calculated uncertainties and known measurement capabilities allow us to define the minimum sampling strategies that will be required to quantify the regional and global anthropogenic CO2 oceanic uptake over future decades.
C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA.
   NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
C3 National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; Atlantic Oceanographic & Meteorological Laboratory (AOML); National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; Columbia University
RP Peng, TH (corresponding author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA.
NR 27
TC 61
Z9 72
U1 0
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 10
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6711
BP 560
EP 563
DI 10.1038/25103
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 147AY
UT WOS:000077466800053
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU New, JH
   Sugiyama, T
   Zaitseva, E
   Kowalczykowski, SC
AF New, JH
   Sugiyama, T
   Zaitseva, E
   Kowalczykowski, SC
TI Rad52 protein stimulates DNA strand exchange by Rad51 and replication protein A
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; homologous recombination; mitotic recombination; escherichia-coli; repair; genes; reca; filament; binding; repeat
AB The generation of a double-strand break in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome is a potentially catastrophic event that can induce cell-cycle arrest or ultimately result in loss of cell viability. The repair of such lesions is strongly dependent on proteins encoded by the RAD52 epistasis group of genes (RAD50-55, RAD57, MRE11, XRS2)(1,2), as well as the RFA1(3,4) and RAD59 genes(5). rad52 mutants exhibit the most severe phenotypic defects in double-strand break repair(2), but almost nothing is known about the biochemical role of Rad52 protein. Rad51 protein promotes DNA strand exchange(6-8) and acts similarly to RecA protein(9). Yeast Rad52 protein interacts with Rad51 protein(10,11), binds single-stranded DNA and stimulates annealing of complementary single-stranded DNA(12). We find that Rad52 protein stimulates DNA strand exchange by targeting Rad51 protein to a complex of replication protein A (RPA) with single-stranded DNA. Rad52 protein affects an early step in the reaction, presynaptic filament formation, by overcoming the inhibitory effects of the competitor, RPA. Furthermore, stimulation is dependent on the concerted action of both Rad51 protein and RPA, implying that specific protein-protein interactions between Rad52 protein, Rad51 protein and RPA are required.
C1 Univ Calif Davis, Microbiol Sect, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   Univ Calif Davis, Sect Mol & Cellular Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Davis; University of California System; University of California Davis
RP Kowalczykowski, SC (corresponding author), Univ Calif Davis, Microbiol Sect, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
NR 24
TC 506
Z9 642
U1 0
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 22
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6665
BP 407
EP 410
DI 10.1038/34950
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YT444
UT WOS:000071604200060
PM 9450760
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wildöer, JWG
   Venema, LC
   Rinzler, AG
   Smalley, RE
   Dekker, C
AF Wildöer, JWG
   Venema, LC
   Rinzler, AG
   Smalley, RE
   Dekker, C
TI Electronic structure of atomically resolved carbon nanotubes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID scanning-tunneling-microscopy; si(111)2x1 surface; spectroscopy; microtubules; tubules; atoms
AB Carbon nanotubes can be thought of as graphitic sheets with a hexagonal lattice that have been wrapped up into a seamless cylinder. Since their discovery in 1991(1), the peculiar electronic properties of these structures have attracted much attention, Their electronic conductivity, for example, has been predicted(2-4) to depend sensitively on tube diameter and wrapping angle (a measure of the helicity of the tube lattice), with only slight differences in these parameters causing a shift from a metallic to a semiconducting state, In other words, similarly shaped molecules consisting of only one element (carbon) may have very different electronic behaviour, Although the electronic properties of multi-walled and single-walled nanotubes(5-12) have been probed experimentally, it has not yet been possible to relate these observations to the corresponding structure. Here we present the results of scanning tunnelling microscopy and spectroscopy on individual single-walled nanotubes from which atomically resolved images allow us to examine electronic properties as a function of tube diameter and wrapping angle, We observe both metallic and semiconducting carbon nanotubes and find that the electronic properties indeed depend sensitively on the wrapping angle, The bandgaps of both tube types are consistent with theoretical predictions, We also observe van Hove singularities at the onset of one-dimensional energy bands, confirming the strongly one-dimensional nature of conduction within nanotubes.
C1 Delft Univ Technol, Dept Appl Phys, NL-2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands.
   Delft Univ Technol, DIMES, NL-2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands.
   Rice Univ, Rice Quantum Inst, Ctr Nanoscale Sci & Technol, Dept Chem, Houston, TX 77251 USA.
   Rice Univ, Rice Quantum Inst, Ctr Nanoscale Sci & Technol, Dept Phys, Houston, TX 77251 USA.
C3 Delft University of Technology; Delft University of Technology; Rice University; Rice University
RP Dekker, C (corresponding author), Delft Univ Technol, Dept Appl Phys, Lorentzweg 1, NL-2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands.
NR 25
TC 2798
Z9 3194
U1 3
U2 761
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 1
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6662
BP 59
EP 62
DI 10.1038/34139
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YP888
UT WOS:000071326100046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Oosterkamp, TH
   Fujisawa, T
   van der Wiel, WG
   Ishibashi, K
   Hijman, RV
   Tarucha, S
   Kouwenhoven, LP
AF Oosterkamp, TH
   Fujisawa, T
   van der Wiel, WG
   Ishibashi, K
   Hijman, RV
   Tarucha, S
   Kouwenhoven, LP
TI Microwave spectroscopy of a quantum-dot molecule
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID artificial atoms; oscillations; states; single; band
AB Quantum dots are small conductive regions in a semiconductor, containing a variable number of electrons (from one to a thousand) that occupy well-defined, discrete quantum states-for which reason they are often referred to as artificial atoms(1). Connecting them to current and voltage contacts allows the discrete energy spectra to be probed by charge-transport measurements. Two quantum dots can be connected to form an 'artificial molecule'. Depending on the strength of the inter-dot coupling (which supports quantum-mechanical tunnelling of electrons between the dots), the two dots can form 'ionic' (refs 2-6) or 'covalent' bonds. In the former case, the electrons are localized on individual dots, while in the latter, the electrons are delocalized over both dots. The covalent binding leads to bonding and antibonding states, whose energy difference is proportional to the degree of tunnelling. Here we report a transition from ionic bonding to covalent bonding in a quantum-dot 'artificial molecule' that is probed by microwave excitations(5-8). Our results demonstrate controllable quantum coherence in single-electron devices, an essential requirement for practical applications of quantum-dot circuitry.
C1 Delft Univ Technol, Dept Appl Phys, NL-2600 GA Delft, Netherlands.
   Delft Univ Technol, DIMES, NL-2600 GA Delft, Netherlands.
   NTT, Basic Res Labs, Atsugi, Kanagawa 2430198, Japan.
   RIKEN, Inst Phys & Chem Res, Wako, Saitama 35101, Japan.
C3 Delft University of Technology; Delft University of Technology; NTT, Inc; RIKEN
RP Oosterkamp, TH (corresponding author), Delft Univ Technol, Dept Appl Phys, POB 5046, NL-2600 GA Delft, Netherlands.
NR 20
TC 541
Z9 563
U1 0
U2 72
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 29
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6705
BP 873
EP 876
DI 10.1038/27617
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 133XT
UT WOS:000076713400048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Oliver, R
   Ballester, JL
   Baudin, F
AF Oliver, R
   Ballester, JL
   Baudin, F
TI Emergence of magnetic flux on the Sun as the cause of a 158-day periodicity in sunspot areas
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID solar-flares; fundamental period; 154-day; complex; 155-day
AB The temporal behaviour of solar activity (as manifested in sunspots) has long been debated. The 11-year periodicity in the total number of sunspots is well established observationally, as is a periodicity of 152-158 days in the occurrence of high-energy solar flares that was seen during cycle 21 (refs 1-7). The cause of the latter periodicity is not clear, although several mechanisms have been proposed(8-10). Here we report a time-frequency analysis, using the wavelet technique, of sunspot areas between 1874 and 1993, which reveals a 158-day periodicity coincident with that of energetic solar flares. The signature of this periodicity is strongest in cycle 19, which was the most intense cycle of the century. The periodicity disappears after cycle 21. The analysis shows that the 158-day periodicity in both high-energy solar flares and sunspots is related to a periodic emergence of magnetic flux which only appears near the maxima of some solar cycles.
C1 Univ Illes Balears, Dept Fis, E-07071 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
   Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Universitat de les Illes Balears; Smithsonian Institution; Harvard University; Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
RP Ballester, JL (corresponding author), Univ Illes Balears, Dept Fis, E-07071 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
EM dfsjlb0@ps.uib.es
NR 23
TC 120
Z9 123
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 6
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6693
BP 552
EP 553
DI 10.1038/29012
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 107YN
UT WOS:000075238700038
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Williams, PJL
AF Williams, PJL
TI The balance of plankton respiration and photosynthesis in the open oceans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID coastal waters; organic-carbon; spring bloom; sargasso sea; pacific; flux; phytoplankton; assimilation; th-234; zone
AB Approximately half of plant production occurs in the oceans. As oceans are open systems, a degree of imbalance between biological production and consumption can, in principle, be sustained by the import or export of organic material. Deficits in the overall oceanic budget of organic matter must be made up by import from terrestrial, freshwater and estuarine ecosystems, mainly as river-borne material. As these inputs occur at the periphery of the ocean, their contribution is largely restricted to continental-shelf waters'. But it has been calculated(2)-using discrete in vitro observations-that in environments where net carbon fixation rates are low, respiration exceeds photosynthesis, therefore leaving the system with an organic carbon deficit, Such areas would include the central oligotrophic parts of the oceans, and it is difficult to envisage that such imbalances in these remote areas could be sustained by organic-matter import. Here I use an analysis of depth-integrated measures of production and respiration from five open-ocean regions to show that, in the upper 100 m of the water column, biological production generally exceeds consumption. This excess is sufficient to sustain estimated organic-matter export out of these surface waters, consistent with the conclusion from simple mass-balance calculations' that the open oceans as a whole are not substantially out of organic carbon balance. There is no evidence of the large regional imbalances observed previously(2). I conclude that the form of data analysis is critical.
C1 Univ Wales, Sch Ocean Sci, Bangor LL59 5EY, Gwynedd, Wales.
C3 Bangor University
RP Williams, PJL (corresponding author), Univ Wales, Sch Ocean Sci, Bangor LL59 5EY, Gwynedd, Wales.
EM oss074@sos.bangor.ac.uk
NR 29
TC 183
Z9 201
U1 0
U2 47
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 2
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6688
BP 55
EP 57
DI 
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZY030
UT WOS:000074579600045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kitada, T
   Asakawa, S
   Hattori, N
   Matsumine, H
   Yamamura, Y
   Minoshima, S
   Yokochi, M
   Mizuno, Y
   Shimizu, N
AF Kitada, T
   Asakawa, S
   Hattori, N
   Matsumine, H
   Yamamura, Y
   Minoshima, S
   Yokochi, M
   Mizuno, Y
   Shimizu, N
TI Mutations in the parkin gene cause autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID paired helical filaments; protein-degradation; lewy body; ubiquitin; disease; etiology; tau
AB Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disease with complex clinical features(1). Autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism (AR-JP)(2,3) maps to the long arm of chromosome 6 (6q25.2-q27) and is linked strongly to the markers D6S305 and D6S253 (ref. 4); the former is deleted in one Japanese AR-JP patient(5). By positional cloning within this microdeletion, we have now isolated a complementary DNA clone of 2,960 base pairs with a 1,395-base-pair open reading frame, encoding a protein of 465 amino acids with moderate similarity to ubiquitin at the amino terminus and a RING-finger motif at the carboxy terminus, The gene spans more than 500 kilobases and has 12 exons, five of which (exons 3-7) are deleted in the patient, Four other AR-JP patients from three unrelated families have a deletion affecting exon 4 alone. A 4.5-kilobase transcript that is expressed in many human tissues but is abundant in the brain, including the substantia nigra, is shorter in brain tissue from one of the groups of exon-4-deleted patients. Mutations in the newly identified gene appear to be responsible for the pathogenesis of AR-JP, and we have therefore named the protein product 'Parkin'.
C1 Keio Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Mol, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 1608582, Japan.
   Juntendo Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Hiroshima Univ, Sch Med, Dept Hlth Sci, Minami Ku, Hiroshima 7340037, Japan.
   Tokyo Metropolitan Ebara Hosp, Dept Neurol, Ota Ku, Tokyo 1450065, Japan.
C3 Keio University; Juntendo University; Hiroshima University
RP Shimizu, N (corresponding author), Keio Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Mol, Shinjuku Ku, 35 Shinanomachi, Tokyo 1608582, Japan.
EM shimizu@dmb.med.keio.ac.jp
NR 27
TC 4257
Z9 4989
U1 2
U2 298
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 9
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6676
BP 605
EP 608
DI 10.1038/33416
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZG300
UT WOS:000072987200060
PM 9560156
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McKendry, R
   Theoclitou, ME
   Rayment, T
   Abell, C
AF McKendry, R
   Theoclitou, ME
   Rayment, T
   Abell, C
TI Chiral discrimination by chemical force microscopy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID adhesion; friction; enantiomers; crystals
AB Chirality is a fundamental aspect of chemical biology, and is of central importance in pharmacology, Consequently there is great interest in techniques for distinguishing between different chiral forms of a compound. Chemical force microscopy is a technique that combines chemical discrimination with atomic force microscopy by chemical derivatization of the scanning probe tip. It has been applied to the study of hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions(1), the binding between biotin and streptavidin(2,3) and between DNA bases(4). Here we report on the use of chemical force microscopy to discriminate between chiral molecules. Using chiral molecules attached to the probe tip, we can distinguish the two enantiomers of mandelic acid arrayed on a surface, through differences in both the adhesion forces and the frictional forces measured by the probe.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Chem, Cambridge CB2 1EW, England.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP Rayment, T (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Chem, Lensfield Rd, Cambridge CB2 1EW, England.
NR 14
TC 205
Z9 218
U1 0
U2 45
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 5
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6667
BP 566
EP 568
DI 10.1038/35339
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YV594
UT WOS:000071842300045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Heinz, T
   Rudkevich, DM
   Rebek, J
AF Heinz, T
   Rudkevich, DM
   Rebek, J
TI Pairwise selection of guests in a cylindrical molecular capsule of nanometre dimensions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB 'Container' complexes in which a guest molecule is held mechanically within a cage-like host have been known for over a decade(.1,2). They provide a means to stabilize reactive intermediates(3) and to create new forms of stereoisomerism(4). Molecular capsules held together by hydrogen bonds are more recent; they are formed reversibly on timescales of milliseconds to hours, long enough for molecular motions(5) and even reactions(6) to be seen for the encapsulated species. Here we describe the synthesis and characterization of a hydrogen-bonded molecular capsule of nanometre dimensions, which is large enough to encapsulate two different molecules, This allows us to explore the size- and shape-selectivity of the encapsulation process: we see, for example, the exclusive formation of the hetero-guest pair when benzene and p-xylene are both added to a solution. This presumably reflects optimal occupancy of the capsule-two benzene guests leave too much empty space in the interior, and two p-xylene molecules make it too crowded.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, Skaggs Inst Chem Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, Dept Chem, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; Scripps Research Institute
RP Rebek, J (corresponding author), Scripps Res Inst, Skaggs Inst Chem Biol, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM jrebek@scripps.edu
NR 11
TC 408
Z9 443
U1 3
U2 59
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 20
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6695
BP 764
EP 766
DI 10.1038/29501
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 112PR
UT WOS:000075503600040
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shirahige, K
   Hori, Y
   Shiraishi, K
   Yamashita, M
   Takahashi, K
   Obuse, C
   Tsurimoto, T
   Yoshikawa, H
AF Shirahige, K
   Hori, Y
   Shiraishi, K
   Yamashita, M
   Takahashi, K
   Obuse, C
   Tsurimoto, T
   Yoshikawa, H
TI Regulation of DNA-replication origins during cell-cycle progression
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; s-phase; yeast origin; damage; checkpoint
AB We have shown previously that chromosome VI of Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains nine origins of DNA replication that differ in initiation frequency and replicate sequentially during the S phase of the cell cycle(1,2). Here we show that there are links between activation of these multiple origins and regulation of S-phase progression. We study the effects of a DNA-damaging agent, methyl methane sulphonate (MMS), and of mutations in checkpoint genes such as rad53 (ref. 3) on the activity of origins, measured by two-dimensional gel analysis, and on cell-cycle progression, measured by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. We find that when MMS slows down S-phase progression it also selectively blocks initiation from late origins. A rad53 mutation enhances late and/or inefficient origins and releases the initiation block by MMS. Mutation of rad53 also results in a late origin becoming early replicating, We conclude that rad53 regulates the timing of initiation of replication from late origins during normal cell growth and blocks initiation from late origins in MMS-treated cells. rad53 is, therefore, involved in the cell's surveillance of S-phase progression(4,5). We also find that orc2, which encodes subunit 2 of the origin-recognition complex(6,7), is involved in suppression of late origins.
C1 Nara Inst Sci & Technol, Nara 6300101, Japan.
   Ajinomoto Co Inc, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 2108680, Japan.
C3 Nara Institute of Science & Technology; Ajinomoto Co Inc
RP Yoshikawa, H (corresponding author), Nara Inst Sci & Technol, 8916-5 Takayama, Nara 6300101, Japan.
NR 12
TC 358
Z9 416
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 8
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6702
BP 618
EP 621
DI 10.1038/27007
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 127QW
UT WOS:000076362900053
PM 9783590
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hoofman, RJOM
   de Haas, MP
   Siebbeles, LDA
   Warman, JM
AF Hoofman, RJOM
   de Haas, MP
   Siebbeles, LDA
   Warman, JM
TI Highly mobile electrons and holes on isolated chains of the semiconducting polymer poly(phenylenevinylene)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID free-ion yields; poly(p-phenylene vinylene); transient photoconductivity; liquid benzene; transport
AB The nature of the charge carriers in 'conducting' polymers is of considerable interest at present(1,2), largely on the basis of the technological potential of these materials for use as the semiconducting layer in field-effect transistors (FETs) and the emissive layer in light-emitting diodes(3) (LEDs). One of the main outstanding questions concerns the relative importance of intra- versus inter-chain charge transfer in determining the overall rate of charge transport. Here we apply the pulse-radiolysis time-resolved microwave conductivity technique(4) to dilute solutions of a soluble dialkoxy derivative of the semiconducting polymer poIy(phenylene vinylene), PPV, by which means we determine the one-dimensional intra-chain mobilities of electrons and holes on isolated polymer chains free from inter-chain interactions. The values so obtained-0.5 and 0.2 cm(2)V(-1)s(-1) respectively-are considerably larger than the mobilities measured previously for bulk PPV-based materials(5-9). This suggests that considerable improvement in the performance characteristics (in particular switching time and maximum current) of organic FET and LED devices should be possible if material purity and structural order can be better controlled.
C1 Delft Univ Technol, Interfac Reactor Inst, NL-2629 JB Delft, Netherlands.
C3 Delft University of Technology
RP de Haas, MP (corresponding author), Delft Univ Technol, Interfac Reactor Inst, Mekelweg 15, NL-2629 JB Delft, Netherlands.
EM mhaas@iri.tudelft.nl
NR 24
TC 274
Z9 292
U1 2
U2 88
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 5
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6671
BP 54
EP 56
DI 10.1038/32118
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZA528
UT WOS:000072373000045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Peters, C
   Mayer, A
AF Peters, C
   Mayer, A
TI Ca2+/calmodulin signals the completion docking and triggers a late step of vacuole fusion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID adrenal chromaffin cells; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; in-vitro; yeast vacuoles; gtpase ypt7p; calmodulin; inheritance; exocytosis; calcium; endocytosis
AB The basic reaction mechanisms for membrane fusion in the trafficking of intracellular membranes and in exocytosis are probably identical(5). But in contrast to regulated exocytosis, intracellular fusion reactions are referred to as 'constitutive' as no final Ca2+-dependent triggering step has been observed. Although transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus in the cell depends on Ca2+ (ref. 6), as does endosome fusion(7) and assembly of the nuclear envelopes, it is unclear whether Ca2+ triggers these events. Membrane fusion involves several subreactions: priming, tethering and docking. Proteins that are needed for fusion include p115, SNAPs, NSF, SNAREs and small GTPases, which operate in these early reactions(1-3), but the machinery that catalyses the final mixing of biological membranes is still unknown. Here we show that Ca2+ is released from the vacuolar lumen following completion of the docking step. We have identified calmodulin as the putative Ca2+ sensor and as the fir component required in the post-docking phase of vacuole fusion. Calmodulin binds tightly to vacuoles upon Ca2+ release. Unlike synaptotagmin or syncollin in exocytosis(4), calmodulin does not act as a fusion damp but actively promotes bilayer mixing. Hence, activation of SNAREs is not sufficient to drive bilayer mixing between physiological membranes. We propose that Ca2+ control of the latest phase of membrane fusion maybe a conserved feature, relevant not only for exocytosis, but also for intracellular, 'constitutive' fusion reactions. However, the origin of the Ca2+ signal, its receptor and its mode of processing differ.
C1 Max Planck Gesell, Friedrich Miescher Lab, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
C3 Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen; Max Planck Society
RP Mayer, A (corresponding author), Max Planck Gesell, Friedrich Miescher Lab, Spemannstr 37-39, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
NR 30
TC 330
Z9 364
U1 1
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 10
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6711
BP 575
EP 580
DI 10.1038/25133
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 147AY
UT WOS:000077466800058
PM 9859992
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tegler, SC
   Romanishin, W
AF Tegler, SC
   Romanishin, W
TI Two distinct populations of Kuiper-belt objects
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID centaurs
AB The discovery of the first member of the Kuiper belt(1)-a formerly hypothetical ancient reservoir of objects located beyond Neptune's orbit-started a revolution in our understanding of the outer Solar System: there is no longer a sharp edge at Pluto's orbit. About 60 Kuiper-belt objects, intermediate in size between comets and planets, are now known(2) to exist on stable circular orbits around the Sun, and no doubt many more objects await discovery. But owing to the recent discovery and intrinsic faintness of these objects, little has been done to explore their physical and chemical properties(3-8). Here we report the results of a two-year survey of the broad-band optical colours of about one-quarter of the known Kuiper-belt objects. We find that their colours indicate the presence of two distinct populations: one consists of objects whose surface colours are only slightly redder than the colour of the Sun, while the other consists of the reddest objects known in the Solar System.
C1 No Arizona Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA.
   Univ Oklahoma, Dept Phys & Astron, Norman, OK 73019 USA.
C3 Northern Arizona University; University of Oklahoma System; University of Oklahoma - Norman
RP Tegler, SC (corresponding author), No Arizona Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA.
NR 17
TC 137
Z9 146
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 5
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6671
BP 49
EP 51
DI 10.1038/32108
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZA528
UT WOS:000072373000043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wyatt, AFG
AF Wyatt, AFG
TI Evidence for a Bose-Einstein condensate in liquid 4He from quantum evaporation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID heated metal-film; momentum distribution; ground-state; fraction; surface; helium; phonons; gas
AB Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) is a purely quantum phenomenon whereby a macroscopic number of identical atoms occupy the same single-particle state(1), Interest in this phenomenon has grown considerably following the direct demonstration of BEC in low-density gases of alkali metal atoms(2-4). It is therefore worth reconsidering the case of liquid He-4, which is generally accepted to have such a condensate(5), but for which similarly direct evidence is lacking(6). Nevertheless, theoretical models that depend on the existence of a condensate have proved successful at explaining many of the properties of this system(7-9), and BEC is considered to underlie the striking phenomena of superfluidity and quantized vorticity observed in liquid He-4. So the current issue is not whether there is a condensate in this system, but how to demonstrate its existence in a clear and simple way. Here I argue that an earlier measurement(10) of evaporation from liquid He-4 caused by a collimated beam of phonons provides such a demonstration. The calculated angular distribution of evaporated atoms agrees well with that measured if it is assumed that the atoms initially had zero momentum parallel to the surface of the liquid-this is to be expected if the atoms originate from a condensate. This process of quantum evaporation also opens the possibility for creating beams of phase-coherent atoms of short wavelength.
C1 Univ Exeter, Dept Phys, Exeter EX4 4QL, Devon, England.
C3 University of Exeter
RP Wyatt, AFG (corresponding author), Univ Exeter, Dept Phys, Exeter EX4 4QL, Devon, England.
EM A.F.G.Wyatt@exeter.ac.uk
NR 25
TC 49
Z9 56
U1 4
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 1
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6662
BP 56
EP 59
DI 10.1038/34134
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YP888
UT WOS:000071326100045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mishima, O
   Stanley, HE
AF Mishima, O
   Stanley, HE
TI Decompression-induced melting of ice IV and the liquid-liquid transition in water
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID network-forming fluids; supercooled water; 1st-order transition; neutron-scattering; density anomaly; phase-behavior; lattice model; stability; pressure; polyamorphism
AB Although liquid water has been the focus of intensive research for over 100 years, a coherent physical picture that unifies all of the known anomalies of this liquid(1-3) is still lacking, Some of these anomalies occur in the supercooled region, and have been rationalized on the grounds of a possible retracing of the liquid-gas spinodal (metastability limit) line into the supercooled liquid region(4-7) or alternatively the presence of a line of first-order liquid-liquid phase transitions in this region which ends in a critical points(8-14). But these ideas remain untested experimentally, in part because supercooled water can be probed only above the homogeneous nucleation temperature T-H at which water spontaneously crystallizes. Here we report an experimental approach that is not restricted by the barrier imposed by T-H, involving measurement of the decompression-induced melting curves of several high-pressure phases of ice in small emulsified droplets. We find that the melting curve for ice IV seems to undergo a discontinuity at precisely the location proposed for the line of liquid-liquid phase transitions(8). This is consistent with, but does not prove, the coexistence of two different phases of (supercooled) liquid water. From the experimental data we calculate a possible Gibbs potential surface and a corresponding equation of state for water, from the forms of which we estimate the coordinates of the liquid-liquid critical point to be at pressure P-c approximate to 0.1 GPa and temperature T-c approximate to 220 K.
C1 Natl Inst Res Inorgan Mat, Ibaraki, Osaka 3050044, Japan.
   Boston Univ, Ctr Polymer Studies, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
C3 National Institute for Materials Science; Boston University; Boston University
RP Mishima, O (corresponding author), Natl Inst Res Inorgan Mat, 1-1 Namiki, Ibaraki, Osaka 3050044, Japan.
EM mishima@nirim.go.jp
NR 33
TC 509
Z9 539
U1 2
U2 102
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 12
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6672
BP 164
EP 168
DI 10.1038/32386
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZB349
UT WOS:000072462700057
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Leakey, MG
   Feibel, CS
   McDougall, I
   Ward, C
   Walker, A
AF Leakey, MG
   Feibel, CS
   McDougall, I
   Ward, C
   Walker, A
TI New specimens and confirmation of an early ape for Australopithecus anamensis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 1974-1977 collections; hadar formation; ethiopia; hominid
AB The discovery of Australopithecus anamensis fossils(1) from strata lying between tephra dated at 4.17 and 4.12 million years ago, and from slightly higher strata not well constrained in age by overlying dated units, provoked the claim that more than one species might be represented: it was suggested that the stratigraphically higher fossils, which include the important tibia, humerus and a large, presumed male, mandible (KNM-KP 29287), might belong to a later, more derived hominid(2). We have recovered new fossils from Kanapoi and Allia Bay Kenya, during field work in 1995-1997 that confirm the primitive status of Austalopithecus anamensis, the earliest species of Australopithecus. Isotope dating confirms A. anamensis' intermediate age as being between those of Ardipithecus ramidus(3,4) and Australopithecus afarensis(5,6). New specimens of maxilla, mandible and capitate show that this species is demonstrably more primitive than A. afarensis. A lower first deciduous molar (dm1) is intermediate in morphology between that reported for Ardipithecus ramidus(4) and A. afarensis(7). Single-crystal 40Ar-39Ar age determinations on the Kanapoi Tuff show that, except for a large mandible, all of the hominid fossils from Kanapoi are from sediments deposited between 4.17 +/- 0.03 and 4.07 +/- 0.02 million years ago.
C1 Natl Museums Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya.
   Rutgers State Univ, Dept Anthropol, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA.
   Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Earth Sci, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
   Univ Missouri, Dept Antropol & Pathol, Columbia, MO 65211 USA.
   Univ Missouri, Dept Anat Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA.
   Penn State Univ, Dept Anthropol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Penn State Univ, Dept Biol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Australian National University; University of Missouri System; University of Missouri Columbia; University of Missouri System; University of Missouri Columbia; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park
RP Leakey, MG (corresponding author), Natl Museums Kenya, POB 40658, Nairobi, Kenya.
EM mfgupa@iconnect.co.ke
NR 15
TC 212
Z9 249
U1 0
U2 29
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 7
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6680
BP 62
EP 66
DI 10.1038/29972
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZM028
UT WOS:000073497500046
PM 9590689
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sohn, RA
   Fornari, DJ
   Von Damm, KL
   Hildebrand, JA
   Webb, SC
AF Sohn, RA
   Fornari, DJ
   Von Damm, KL
   Hildebrand, JA
   Webb, SC
TI Seismic and hydrothermal evidence for a cracking event on the East Pacific Rise crest at 9° 50′ N
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sea-floor; volcanic-eruption; ridge; fluids
AB Interaction between the hydrothermal system and the axial magma chamber at a mid-ocean ridge spreading centre takes place in a boundary layer of crust that separates circulating sea water from basaltic melt(1). The nature of heat now through this region is Critical because it determines the pressure-temperature conditions of the water-rock interaction and regulates the total heat flux through the system(2). Here we combine seismic, thermal and chemical time-series data from high-temperature vents on the East Pacific Rise axis at 9 degrees 50.2'N to Link a microearthquake swarm with changes measured in vent fluids. Four days after the earthquake swarm opened fractures near the base of the circulation system, a sudden increase in fluid temperature in the overlying 'Bio9' black-smoker vent was observed Temperatures peaked at the vent 11 days after the swarm and gradually declined back to just above pre-swarm levels (365 degrees C) over the next 70 days. These observations ape consistent with the Bio9 hydrothermal system tapping a previously isolated region of crust, and an upflow fluid residence time of 4 days, compared to previous lower-resolution estimates of 3 years or less(3).
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Geol & Geophys, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
   Univ New Hampshire, Dept Earth Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA.
   Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Durham, NH 03824 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; University System Of New Hampshire; University of New Hampshire; University System Of New Hampshire; University of New Hampshire
RP Sohn, RA (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, 8602 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
NR 12
TC 104
Z9 119
U1 1
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 12
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6707
BP 159
EP 161
DI 10.1038/24146
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 139DU
UT WOS:000077013300049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lessard, N
   Paré, M
   Lepore, F
   Lassonde, W
AF Lessard, N
   Paré, M
   Lepore, F
   Lassonde, W
TI Early-blind human subjects localize sound sources better than sighted subjects
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cats superior colliculus; auditory space; cerebral-cortex; plasticity; neurons; map; compensation; midbrain; motion; brain
AB Do blind persons develop capacities of their remaining senses that exceed those of sighted individuals? Besides anecdotal suggestions, two views based on experimental studies have been advanced(1). The first proposes that blind individuals should be severely impaired, given that vision is essential to develop spatial concepts(2), The second suggests that compensation occurs through the remaining senses, allowing them to develop an accurate concept of space(3). Here we investigate how an ecologically critical function, namely three-dimensional spatial mapping, is carried out by early-blind individuals with or without residual vision. Subjects were tested under monaural and binaural listening conditions. We find that early-blind subjects can map the auditory environment with equal or better accuracy than sighted subjects. Furthermore, unlike sighted subjects, they can correctly localize sounds monaurally, Surprisingly, blind individuals with residual peripheral vision localized sounds less precisely than sighted or totally blind subjects, confirming that compensation varies according to the aetiology and extent of blindness(4). Our results resolve a long-standing controversy in that they provide behavioural evidence that totally blind individuals have better auditory ability than sighted subjects, enabling them to compensate for their loss of vision.
C1 Univ Montreal, Dept Psychol, Grp Rech Neuropsychol Expt, Montreal, PQ H3C 3J7, Canada.
   Univ Montreal, Ctr Rech Sci Neurol, Montreal, PQ H3C 3J7, Canada.
C3 Universite de Montreal; Universite de Montreal
RP Lepore, F (corresponding author), Univ Montreal, Dept Psychol, Grp Rech Neuropsychol Expt, CP 6128,Succ Ctr Ville, Montreal, PQ H3C 3J7, Canada.
EM leporef@ere.umontreal.ca
NR 20
TC 460
Z9 529
U1 1
U2 48
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 17
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6699
BP 278
EP 280
DI 10.1038/26228
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 120TZ
UT WOS:000075974600051
PM 9751055
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Paillard, D
AF Paillard, D
TI The timing of Pleistocene glaciations from a simple multiple-state climate model
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID circulation; cycles; system
AB The Earth's climate over the past million years has been characterized by a succession of cold and warm periods, known as glacial-interglacial cycles, with periodicities corresponding to those of the Earth's main orbital parameters; precession (23 kyr), obliquity (41 kyr) and eccentricity (100 kyr), The astronomical theory of climate, in which the orbital variations are taken to drive the climate changes, has been very successful in explaining many features of the palaeoclimate records(1). Nevertheless, the timing of the main glacial and interglacial periods remains puzzling in many respects(2-5). In particular, the main glacial-interglacial switches occur approximately every 100 kyr, but the changes in insolation forcing are very small in this frequency band. Similarly, an especially warm interglacial episode, about 400,000 years ago(7), occurred at a time when insolation variations were minimal. Here I propose that multiple equilibria in the climate system can provide a resolution of these problems within the framework of astronomical theory. I present two simple models that successfully simulate each glacial-interglacial cycle over the late Pleistocene epoch at the correct time and with approximately the correct amplitude. Moreover, in a simulation over the past 2 million years, the onset of the observed prominent similar to 100-kyr cycles around 0.8 to 1 million years ago is correctly reproduced.
C1 Ctr Etud Saclay, CEA, DSM, Lab Modelisat Climat & Environm, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
C3 Universite Paris Saclay; CEA
RP Paillard, D (corresponding author), Ctr Etud Saclay, CEA, DSM, Lab Modelisat Climat & Environm, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
EM paillar@aster-ix.saclay.cea.fr
NR 26
TC 299
Z9 327
U1 1
U2 57
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 22
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6665
BP 378
EP 381
DI 10.1038/34891
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YT444
UT WOS:000071604200051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Noguchi, M
AF Noguchi, M
TI Clumpy star-forming regions as the origin of the peculiar morphology of high-redshift galaxies
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID on spiral galaxy; hubble deep field; surface photometry; galactic disks; telescope; wfpc2; light
AB Many high-redshift galaxies have peculiar morphologies and photometric properties(1-5). It is not clear whether these peculiarities originate in galaxy-galaxy interactions (or mergers) or are intrinsic to the galaxies, a natural consequence of the star formation process in primeval systems. Here I report the results of numerical simulations of protogalaxy evolution, which show that the gas-rich disk of a young galaxy becomes gravitationally unstable and fragments into massive clumps of sub-galactic size. Most of the stars are formed in these discrete clumps, thereby providing a natural explanation for the peculiar morphology of high-redshift galaxies. The dynamical evolution of these young systems is dominated by the clumps and ultimately leads to structures resembling present-day galaxies, with a spheroidal bulge and an exponential disk I interpret the differences between the Hubble types of galaxies as resulting from different timescales of disk formation. Finally, the model provides a causal link between the emergence of quasar activity and the dynamical evolution of the host galaxy.
C1 Tohoku Univ, Inst Astron, Aoba Ku, Sendai, Miyagi 98077, Japan.
C3 Tohoku University
RP Noguchi, M (corresponding author), Tohoku Univ, Inst Astron, Aoba Ku, Sendai, Miyagi 98077, Japan.
EM noguchi@astroa.astr.tohoku.ac.jp
NR 27
TC 126
Z9 129
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 19
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6673
BP 253
EP 256
DI 10.1038/32596
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZC739
UT WOS:000072612300038
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Iyudin, AF
   Schönfelder, V
   Bennett, K
   Bloemen, H
   Diehl, R
   Hermsen, W
   Lichti, GG
   van der Meulen, RD
   Ryan, J
   Winkler, C
AF Iyudin, AF
   Schönfelder, V
   Bennett, K
   Bloemen, H
   Diehl, R
   Hermsen, W
   Lichti, GG
   van der Meulen, RD
   Ryan, J
   Winkler, C
TI Emission from 44Ti associated with a previously unknown Galactic supernova
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ray line emission; models
AB Nearly 400 years have passed since a supernova was last observed directly in the Milky Way (by Kepler, in 1604). Numerous Galactic supernovae are expected to have occurred since then(1), but only one (Cassiopeia A) may have been seen(2). The historical record of supernovae is therefore incomplete, as demonstrated by the spatial distribution of young supernova remnants(3). The discovery(4,5) of gamma-ray emission from the decay of Ti-44 nuclei associated with Cassiopeia A, the youngest known remnant, has revealed a new way to search for the remnants of other relatively recent supernovae (less than similar to 1,000 years old). Here we report the discovery of 44Ti line emission from a previously unknown young supernova remnant, in the direction of the Vela remnant. We estimate a distance of similar to 200 parsecs and an age of similar to 680 years for the remnant, making it the closest young remnant to the Earth. Why it was not recorded historically remains unknown.
C1 Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, D-85740 Garching, Germany.
   Estec, Div Astrophys, NL-2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands.
   SRON Utrecht, NL-3584 CA Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Durham, NH 03824 USA.
C3 Max Planck Society; European Space Agency; European Space Research & Technology Centre; University System Of New Hampshire; University of New Hampshire
RP Iyudin, AF (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, Postfach 1603, D-85740 Garching, Germany.
NR 22
TC 173
Z9 184
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 12
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6707
BP 142
EP 144
DI 10.1038/24106
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 139DU
UT WOS:000077013300043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pasquarello, A
   Hybertsen, MS
   Car, R
AF Pasquarello, A
   Hybertsen, MS
   Car, R
TI Interface structure between silicon and its oxide by first-principles molecular dynamics
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID core-level shifts; si-sio2 interface; si(001)-sio2 interface; electronic-property; x-ray; si; oxidation; backscattering; spectroscopy; systems
AB The requirement for increasingly thin (<50 Angstrom) insulating oxide layers in silicon-based electronic devices highlights the importance of characterizing the Si-SiO2 interface structure at the atomic scale. Such a characterization relies to a large extent on an understanding of the atomic-scale mechanisms that govern the oxidation process. The widely used Deal-Grove model invokes a two-step process in which oxygen first diffuses through the amorphous oxide network before attacking the silicon substrate, resulting in the formation of new oxide at the buried interface(1). But it remains unclear how such a process can yield the observed near-perfect interface(2-12). Here we use first-principles molecular dynamics(13-15) to generate a model interface structure by simulating the oxidation of three silicon layers. The resulting structure reveals an unexpected excess of silicon atoms at the interface, yet shows no bonding defects. Changes in the bonding network near the interface occur during the simulation via transient exchange events wherein oxygen atoms are momentarily bonded to three silicon atoms-this mechanism enables the interface to evolve without leaving dangling bonds.
C1 Inst Romand Rech Numer Phys Mat, PHB Ecublens, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
   Univ Geneva, Dept Condensed Matter Phys, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
   Lucent Technol, Bell Labs, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
C3 University of Geneva; AT&T; Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies
RP Pasquarello, A (corresponding author), Inst Romand Rech Numer Phys Mat, PHB Ecublens, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
EM Alfredo.Pasquarello@epfl.ch
NR 28
TC 240
Z9 253
U1 1
U2 109
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 5
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6706
BP 58
EP 60
DI 10.1038/23908
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 136HE
UT WOS:000076852700050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lopinski, GP
   Moffatt, DJ
   Wayner, DD
   Wolkow, RA
AF Lopinski, GP
   Moffatt, DJ
   Wayner, DD
   Wolkow, RA
TI Determination of the absolute chirality of individual adsorbed molecules using the scanning tunnelling microscope
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tunneling microscopy; surface; si(100)-(2x1); adsorption; ethylene; parameters; chemistry; states; bond
AB The adsorption of organic molecules on solid substrates is a fundamental step in many important heterogeneous catalytic processes, and is also becoming an increasingly significant aspect of surface modification in microelectronics and sensing technology. The conformation of adsorbed molecules not only influences the outcome of surface-catalysed reactions but also becomes important for recognition processes involved in chemical sensors. The scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) is uniquely able to monitor surface structures at the individual-molecule level(1), and has been shown previously to be capable of distinguishing between different molecular conformations on a surface(2). Here we show that the geometric configuration (cis or trans) of several simple alkenes chemisorbed on the silicon (100) surface can be determined using the STM, through its ability to identify individual methyl groups. Because both the position and the orientation of these groups can be seen, we can determine the absolute configuration (R or S) for each of the chiral centres formed on chemisorption. Thus the STM can probe enantioselective processes at surfaces at the single-molecule level, and may assist in the development of structured chiral surfaces capable of complex recognition tasks.
C1 Natl Res Council Canada, Steacie Inst Mol Sci, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
C3 National Research Council Canada
RP Wolkow, RA (corresponding author), Natl Res Council Canada, Steacie Inst Mol Sci, 100 Sussex Dr, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
NR 20
TC 231
Z9 250
U1 2
U2 89
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 30
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6679
BP 909
EP 911
DI 10.1038/31913
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZK759
UT WOS:000073359900044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Goldring, O
AF Goldring, O
TI Not enough places to go in Europe
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 19
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6669
BP 821
EP 822
DI 10.1038/35925
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YX884
UT WOS:000072089500064
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lewis, JE
   Kristan, WB
AF Lewis, JE
   Kristan, WB
TI A neuronal network for computing population vectors in the leech
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID local bending reflex; sensory information; neural networks; interneurons
AB The correlation of neuronal activity with sensory input and behavioural output has revealed that information is often encoded in the activity of many neurons across a population, that is, a neural population code is used(1,2). The possible algorithms that downstream networks use to read out this population code have been studied by manipulating the activity of a few neurons in a population(3,4). We have used this approach to study population coding in a small network underlying the leech local bend, a body bend directed away from a touch stimulus(5), Because of the small size of this network we are able to monitor and manipulate the complete set of sensory inputs to the network. We show here that the population vector(6) formed by the spike counts of the active mechanosensory neurons is well correlated with bend direction, A model based on the known connectivity of the identified neurons in the local bend network can account for our experimental results, and is suitable for reading out the neural population vector, Thus, for the first time to our knowledge, it is possible to link a proposed algorithm for neural population coding with synaptic and network mechanisms in an experimental system.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Biol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Kristan, WB (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Biol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
NR 22
TC 96
Z9 102
U1 1
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 1
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6662
BP 76
EP 79
DI 10.1038/34172
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YP888
UT WOS:000071326100051
PM 9422507
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kiefer, JR
   Mao, C
   Braman, JC
   Beese, LS
AF Kiefer, JR
   Mao, C
   Braman, JC
   Beese, LS
TI Visualizing DNA replication in a catalytically active Bacillus DNA polymerase crystal
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; klenow fragment; kinetic mechanism; nucleic-acids; fidelity; binding
AB DNA polymerases copy DNA templates with remarkably high fidelity, checking for correct base-pair formation both at nucleotide insertion and at subsequent DNA extension steps(1-3). Despite extensive biochemical, genetic and structural studies(2,4), the mechanism by which nucleotides are correctly incorporated is not known, Here we present high-resolution crystal structures of a thermostable bacterial (Bacillus stearothermophiIus) DNA polymerase large fragment(5) with DNA primer templates bound productively at the polymerase active site. The active site retains catalytic activity, allowing direct observation of the products of several rounds of nucleotide incorporation, The polymerase also retains its ability to discriminate between correct and incorrectly paired nucleotides in the crystal, Comparison of the structures of successively translocated complexes allows the structural features for the sequence-independent molecular recognition of correctly formed base pairs to be deduced unambiguously. These include extensive interactions with the first four to five base pairs in the minor groove, location of the terminal base pair in a pocket of excellent steric complementarity favouring correct base-pair formation, and a conformational switch from B-form to underwound A-form DNA at the polymerase active site.
C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Biochem, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Stratagene, La Jolla, CA 92017 USA.
C3 Duke University
RP Beese, LS (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Biochem, Box 3711, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
NR 30
TC 501
Z9 570
U1 1
U2 42
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 15
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6664
BP 304
EP 307
DI 10.1038/34693
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YR328
UT WOS:000071484400057
PM 9440698
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU An, WG
   Kanekal, M
   Simon, MC
   Maltepe, E
   Blagosklonny, MV
   Neckers, LM
AF An, WG
   Kanekal, M
   Simon, MC
   Maltepe, E
   Blagosklonny, MV
   Neckers, LM
TI Stabilization of wild-type p53 by hypoxia-inducible factor 1α
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna-binding activity; growth-factor gene; factor-i; transcription factor; erythropoietin gene; signal-transduction; activation; expression; receptor; protein
AB Although hypoxia (lack of oxygen in body tissues) is perhaps the most physiological inducer of the wild-type p53 gene(1), the mechanism of this induction is unknown. Cells may detect low oxygen levels through a haem-containing sensor protein(2), The hypoxic state can be mimicked by using cobalt chloride and the iron chelator desferrioxamine(2-5): like hypoxia, cobalt chloride and desferrioxamine activate hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1 alpha) (ref. 6), which stimulates the transcription of several genes that are associated with hypoxia(6-9). Here we show that these treatments induce accumulation of wild-type p53 through HIF-1 alpha-dependent stabilization of p53 protein. Induction of p53 does not occur in either a mutant hepatoma cell line that is unable to induce HIF-1 alpha (ref. 10) or embryonic stem cells derived from mice lacking HIF-1 beta (ref. 11). HIF-1 alpha is found in p53 immunoprecipitates from II MCF7 cells that express wild-type p53 and are either hypoxic or have been exposed to desferrioxamine. Similarly, anti-haemagglutinin immunoprecipitates from lysates of normoxic PC3M cells that had been co-transfected with haemagglutinin-tagged HIF-1 alpha and wild-type p53 also contain p53. Transfection of normoxic MCF7 cells with HIF-1 alpha. stimulates a co-transfected p53-dependent reporter plasmid and increases the amount of endogenous p53. Our results suggest that hypoxic induction of transcriptionally active wild-type p53 is achieved as a result of the stabilization of p53 by its association with HIF-1 alpha.
C1 NCI, Med Branch, NIH, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
   NCI, Dept Cell & Canc Biol, Med Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Med, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Mol Genet & Cell Biol, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Pathol, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); University of Chicago; University of Chicago; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Chicago
RP Neckers, LM (corresponding author), NCI, Med Branch, NIH, Key W Facil,9610 Med Ctr Dr,Room 300, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
EM len@helix.nih.gov
NR 23
TC 758
Z9 867
U1 1
U2 68
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 26
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6674
BP 405
EP 408
DI 10.1038/32925
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZD694
UT WOS:000072713600056
PM 9537326
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hansell, DA
   Carlson, CA
AF Hansell, DA
   Carlson, CA
TI Deep-ocean gradients in the concentration of dissolved organic carbon
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pacific-ocean; bottom waters; radiocarbon; atlantic
AB There is as much carbon in dissolved organic material in the oceans as there is CO2 in the atmosphere(1), but the role of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the global carbon cycle is poorly understood. DOC in the deep ocean has long been considered to be uniformly distributed(2,3) and hence largely refractory to biological decay(4), But the turnover of DOC, and therefore its contribution to the carbon cycle, has been evident from radiocarbon dating studies(5,6). Here we report the results of a global survey of deep-ocean DOC concentrations, including the region of deep-water formation in the North Atlantic Ocean, the Circumpolar Current of the Southern Ocean, and the Indian and Pacific oceans. DOC concentrations decreased by 14 micromolar from the northern North Atlantic Ocean to the northern North Pacific Ocean, representing a 29% reduction in concentration. We evaluate the spatial patterns in terms of source/sink processes. Inputs of DOC to the deep ocean are identifiable in the mid-latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere, but the mechanisms have not been identified with certainty.
C1 Bermuda Biol Stn Res Inc, St Georges GE01, Bermuda.
RP Hansell, DA (corresponding author), Bermuda Biol Stn Res Inc, St Georges GE01, Bermuda.
EM dennis@bbsr.edu
NR 30
TC 302
Z9 349
U1 3
U2 106
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 17
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6699
BP 263
EP 266
DI 10.1038/26200
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 120TZ
UT WOS:000075974600046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Braud, VM
   Allan, DSJ
   O'Callaghan, CA
   Söderström, K
   D'Andrea, A
   Ogg, GS
   Lazetic, S
   Young, NT
   Bell, JI
   Phillips, JH
   Lanier, LL
   McMichael, AJ
AF Braud, VM
   Allan, DSJ
   O'Callaghan, CA
   Söderström, K
   D'Andrea, A
   Ogg, GS
   Lazetic, S
   Young, NT
   Bell, JI
   Phillips, JH
   Lanier, LL
   McMichael, AJ
TI HLA-E binds to natural killer cell receptors CD94/NKG2A, B and C
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID monoclonal-antibody; cd94; antigen; recognition; peptide; identification; lymphocytes; alleles; form
AB The protein HLA-E is a non-classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule of limited sequence variability. Its expression on the cell surface is regulated by the binding of peptides derived from the signal sequence of some other MHC class I molecules(1,2). Here we report the identification of ligands for HLA-E. We constructed tetramers(3) in which recombinant HLA-E and beta 2-microglobulin were refolded with an MHC leader-sequence peptide, biotinylated, and conjugated to phycoerythrin-labelled Extravidin. This HLA-E tetramer bound to natural killer (NK) cells and a small subset of T cells from peripheral blood. On transfectants, the tetramer bound to the CD94/NKG2A, CD94/NKGK2B and CD94/NKG2C NK cell receptors, but did not bind to the immunoglobulin family of NK cell receptors (KIR). Surface expression of HLA-E was enough to protect target cells from lysis by CD94/NKG2A(+) NK-cell clones. A subset of HLA class I alleles has been shown to inhibit killing by CD94/NKG2A(+) NK-cell clones(4-6). Only the HLA alleles that possess a leader peptide capable of upregulating HLA-E surface expression confer resistance to NK-cell-mediated lysis, implying that their action is mediated by HLA-E, the predominant ligand for the NK cell inhibitory receptor CD94/NKG2A.
C1 John Radcliffe Hosp, Inst Mol Med, Oxford OX3 9DS, England.
   DNAX Res Inst Mol & Cellular Biol Inc, Dept Immunol, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.
   John Radcliffe Hosp, Nuffield Dept Surg, Oxford OX3 9DU, England.
C3 University of Oxford; Merck & Company; Dnax Research Institute Of Molecular & Cellular Biology Inc.; University of Oxford
RP Braud, VM (corresponding author), John Radcliffe Hosp, Inst Mol Med, Oxford OX3 9DS, England.
NR 27
TC 1921
Z9 2182
U1 4
U2 77
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 19
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6669
BP 795
EP 799
DI 10.1038/35869
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YX884
UT WOS:000072089500054
PM 9486650
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Katz, BA
   Clark, JM
   Finer-Moore, JS
   Jenkins, TE
   Johnson, CR
   Ross, MJ
   Luong, C
   Moore, WR
   Stroud, RM
AF Katz, BA
   Clark, JM
   Finer-Moore, JS
   Jenkins, TE
   Johnson, CR
   Ross, MJ
   Luong, C
   Moore, WR
   Stroud, RM
TI Design of potent selective zinc-mediated serine protease inhibitors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID complex; binding; trypsin; bis(5-amidino-2-benzimidazolyl)methane; derivatives; chemistry; amidines; model
AB Many serine proteases are targets for therapeutic intervention because they often play key roles in disease(1). Small molecule inhibitors of serine proteases with high affinity are especially interesting as they could be used as scaffolds from which to develop drugs selective for protease targets. One such inhibitor is bis(5-amidino-2-benzimidazolyl)methane (BABIM), standing out as the best inhibitor of trypsin (by a factor of over 100) in a series of over 60 relatively closely related analogues(2-4). By probing the structural basis of inhibition, we discovered, using crystallographic methods, a new mode of high-affinity binding in which a Zn2+ ion is tetrahedrally coordinated between two chelating nitrogens of BABIM and two active site residues, His 57 and Ser 195. Zn2+, at subphysiological levels, enhances inhibition by over 10(3)-fold. The distinct Zn2+ coordination geometry implies a strong dependence of affinity on substituents. This unique structural paradigm has enabled development of potent, highly selective, Zn2+-dependent inhibitors of several therapeutically important serine proteases, using a physiologically ubiquitous metal ion.
C1 Arris Pharmaceut Corp, S San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Katz, BA (corresponding author), Arris Pharmaceut Corp, 385 Oyster Point Blvd,Suite 3, S San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
NR 30
TC 157
Z9 178
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 5
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6667
BP 608
EP 612
DI 10.1038/35422
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YV594
UT WOS:000071842300058
PM 9468142
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kulkarni, SR
   Djorgovski, SG
   Ramaprakash, AN
   Goodrich, R
   Bloom, JS
   Adelberger, KL
   Kundic, T
   Lubin, L
   Frail, DA
   Frontera, F
   Feroci, M
   Nicastro, L
   Barth, AJ
   Davis, M
   Filippenko, AV
   Newman, J
AF Kulkarni, SR
   Djorgovski, SG
   Ramaprakash, AN
   Goodrich, R
   Bloom, JS
   Adelberger, KL
   Kundic, T
   Lubin, L
   Frail, DA
   Frontera, F
   Feroci, M
   Nicastro, L
   Barth, AJ
   Davis, M
   Filippenko, AV
   Newman, J
TI Identification of a host galaxy at redshift z=3.42 for the γ-ray burst of 14 December 1997
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID standard stars
AB Knowledge of the properties of gamma-ray bursts has increased substantially following recent detections of counterparts at X-ray, optical and radio wavelengths. But the nature of the underlying physical mechanism that powers these sources remains unclear. In this context, an important question is the total energy in the burst, for which an accurate estimate of the distance is required. Possible host galaxies have been identified for the first two optical counterparts discovered, and a lower If mit obtained for the redshift of one of them, indicating that the bursts lie at cosmological distances. A host galaxy of the third optically detected burst has now been identified and its redshift determined to be z = 3.42, When combined with the measured flux of gamma-rays from the burst, this large redshift implies an energy of 3 x 10(53) erg In the gamma-rays alone, If the emission is isotropic, This Is much larger than the energies hitherto considered, and it poses a challenge for theoretical models of the bursts.
C1 CALTECH, Palomar Observ 105 24, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Interuniv Ctr Astron & Astrophys, Poona 411007, Maharashtra, India.
   WM Keck Observ, Kamuela, HI 96743 USA.
   Natl Radio Astron Observ, Socorro, NM 87801 USA.
   CNR, Ist Tecnnol Studio Radiazioni Extraterr, I-40129 Bologna, Italy.
   Univ Ferrara, Dipartmento Fis, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy.
   CNR, Ist Astrofis Spaziale, I-00133 Rome, Italy.
   CNR, Ist Fis Cosm App Info, I-90146 Palermo, Italy.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology; Inter-University Centre for Astronomy & Astrophysics; National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); University of Ferrara; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Kulkarni, SR (corresponding author), CALTECH, Palomar Observ 105 24, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
NR 49
TC 399
Z9 417
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 7
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6680
BP 35
EP 39
DI 10.1038/29927
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZM028
UT WOS:000073497500038
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nason, JD
   Herre, EA
   Hamrick, JL
AF Nason, JD
   Herre, EA
   Hamrick, JL
TI The breeding structure of a tropical keystone plant resource
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID barro-colorado-island; female fig wasps; neotropical tree; gene flow; conservation; dispersal; consequences; phenology; evolution; density
AB Despite the recognized importance of maintaining viable populations of keystone plant resources in tropical wildlife parks and forested preserves, the critical question of what constitutes effective breeding units of these species has not been directly addressed. Here we use paternity analysis techniques to reconstruct the genotypes of pollen donor trees and to estimate pollen dispersal distances and breeding population size parameters for Panamanian populations of seven species of monoecious strangler figs (Ficus, Moraceae), a particularly widespread and influential group of keystone producers(1-3). Despite the minute size (1-2 mm) and short lifespan (2-3 d) of the species-specific wasp pollinators (Agaonidae, Chalcidoidea), pollen dispersal was estimated to occur routinely over distances of 5.8-14.2 km between widely spaced host trees, As a result of such extensive pollen movement, breeding units of figs comprise hundreds of intermating individuals distributed over areas of 106-632 km(2), an order of magnitude larger than has been documented for any other plant species. Moreover, these results should be generalizable to the 350 or so monoecious fig species that share this pollination system(4). The large areal extent of breeding units of these keystone plant resources has important implications for our understanding of both the evolution of tropical biodiversity and its maintenance by applied conservation efforts.
C1 Univ Iowa, Dept Biol Sci, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
   Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, Ancon, Panama.
   Univ Georgia, Dept Bot, Athens, GA 30602 USA.
   Univ Georgia, Dept Genet, Athens, GA 30602 USA.
C3 University of Iowa; Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; University System of Georgia; University of Georgia; University System of Georgia; University of Georgia
RP Nason, JD (corresponding author), Univ Iowa, Dept Biol Sci, 312 Chem Bldg, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
EM john-nason@uiowa.edu
NR 31
TC 248
Z9 284
U1 0
U2 78
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 12
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6668
BP 685
EP 687
DI 10.1038/35607
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YW872
UT WOS:000071982500049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Inouye, S
   Andrews, MR
   Stenger, J
   Miesner, HJ
   Stamper-Kurn, DM
   Ketterle, W
AF Inouye, S
   Andrews, MR
   Stenger, J
   Miesner, HJ
   Stamper-Kurn, DM
   Ketterle, W
TI Observation of Feshbach resonances in a Bose-Einstein condensate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID collisions; atoms; gas
AB It has long been predicted that the scattering of ultracold atoms can be altered significantly through a so-called 'Feshbach resonance'. Two such resonances have now been observed in optically trapped Bose-Einstein condensates of sodium atoms by varying an external magnetic field. They gave rise to enhanced inelastic: processes and a dispersive variation of the scattering length by a factor of over ten. These resonances open new possibilities for the study and manipulation of Bose-Einstein condensates.
C1 MIT, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Elect Res Lab, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Ketterle, W (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
NR 24
TC 1845
Z9 2025
U1 1
U2 162
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 12
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6672
BP 151
EP 154
DI 10.1038/32354
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZB349
UT WOS:000072462700052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Enari, M
   Sakahira, H
   Yokoyama, H
   Okawa, K
   Iwamatsu, A
   Nagata, S
AF Enari, M
   Sakahira, H
   Yokoyama, H
   Okawa, K
   Iwamatsu, A
   Nagata, S
TI A caspase-activated DNase that degrades DNA during apoptosis, and its inhibitor ICAD
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fas-mediated apoptosis; nf-kappa-b; cell-death; ice-like; protease; proteins; family; fragmentation; identification; involvement
AB The homeostasis of animals is regulated not only by the growth and differentiation of cells, but also by cell death through a process known as apoptosis. Apoptosis is mediated by members of the caspase family of proteases, and eventually causes the degradation of chromosomal DNA. A caspase-activated deoxyribonuclease (CAD) and its inhibitor (ICAD) have now been identified in the cytoplasmic fraction of mouse lymphoma cells. CAD is a protein of 343 amino acids which carries a nuclear-localization signal; ICAD exists in a long and a short form. Recombinant ICAD specifically inhibits CAD-induced degradation of nuclear DMA and its DNase activity. When CAD is expressed with ICAD In COS cells or in a cell-free system, CAD is produced as a complex with ICAD: treatment with caspase 3 releases the DNase activity which causes DNA fragmentation in nuclei. ICAD therefore seems to function as a chaperone for CAD during its synthesis, remaining complexed with CAD to inhibit its DNase activity; caspases activated by apoptotic stimuli then cleave ICAD, allowing CAD to enter the nucleus and degrade chromosomal DNA.
C1 Osaka Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Osaka 565, Japan.
   Kirin Brewery Co Ltd, Cent Lab Key Technol, Kanagawa 236, Japan.
   Osaka Biosci Inst, Osaka 565, Japan.
C3 University of Osaka; Kirin Brewery Company Limited
RP Nagata, S (corresponding author), Osaka Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, 2-2 Yamada Oka, Osaka 565, Japan.
NR 44
TC 2733
Z9 3246
U1 1
U2 147
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 1
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6662
BP 43
EP 50
DI 10.1038/34112
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YP888
UT WOS:000071326100042
PM 9422506
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Benoit, M
   Marx, D
   Parrinello, M
AF Benoit, M
   Marx, D
   Parrinello, M
TI Tunnelling and zero-point motion in high-pressure ice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID integral molecular-dynamics; hydrogen-bond; phase-transitions; gpa; vii; compression; efficient; symmetry; abinitio
AB The microscopic structure of ice poses a long-standing challenge to theory(1-3). Because of their low mass, the protons in the hydrogen bonds that define the structures of crystalline ice are susceptible to quantum-mechanical effects such as tunnelling(1,4-8). High pressure pro,ides a means of controlling the length of the hydrogen bonds in order to investigate such effects, In particular, Holzapfel predicted 26 years ago that, under pressure, hydrogen bonds might be transformed from the highly asymmetric O-H ... O configuration to a symmetric state in which the proton lies midway between the two oxygens(9), leading to a non-molecular symmetric phase of ice, now denoted as ice 'X'. The existence of this phase has been inferred from spectroscopy(10-14), but has still not been observed directly, Here we investigate the role of quantum effects in proton ordering and hydrogen-bond symmetrization within ice at high pressure by using a simulation technique that treats both electrons and nuclei quantum-mechanically(15-17). We find that the proton-ordered structure at low pressure, with asymmetric hydrogen bonds (ice VIII), transforms on increasing pressure to a proton-disordered asymmetric I phase (ice VII) owing to translational proton tunnelling, On further compression, the zero-point fluctuations lead to strongly delocalized protons and hydrogen-bond symmetrization, even though the underlying character of the proton-transfer potential remains a double well, Only at still higher pressures does the double-well potential become transformed into a single well, whereupon the protons again become increasingly localized.
C1 Max Planck Inst Festkorperforsch, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
   Univ Montpellier 2, Lab Verres, F-34095 Montpellier, France.
C3 Max Planck Society; Universite de Montpellier
RP Marx, D (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Festkorperforsch, Heisenbergstr 1, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
NR 33
TC 379
Z9 405
U1 1
U2 110
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 19
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6673
BP 258
EP 261
DI 10.1038/32609
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZC739
UT WOS:000072612300040
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ekström, G
   Dziewonski, AM
AF Ekström, G
   Dziewonski, AM
TI The unique anisotropy of the Pacific upper mantle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID wave dispersion; earth structure; love-wave; velocity; inversion; heterogeneity; models
AB The development and interpretation of tomographic models of the Earth's mantle have usually proceeded under the assumption that fast and slow seismic velocity anomalies represent a spatially heterogeneous temperature field associated with mantle convection. Implicit in this approach is an assumption that either the effect of anisotropy on seismic velocities is small in comparison with isotropic thermal or compositional effects, or that the tomographic results represent the average isotropic heterogeneity, even if individual seismic observations are affected by anisotropic structure. For example, velocity anomalies in the upper portions of the oceanic mantle are commonly interpreted in terms of the progressive cooling(1,2) (and localized reheating(3)) of a mechanical and thermal boundary layer consisting of rigid oceanic lithosphere and an underlying, less viscous, asthenosphere. Here, however, we present results from a global three-dimensional tomographic model of shear-wave velocity which shows that the uppermost mantle beneath the central Pacific Ocean is considerably more complicated than this simple model. Over a broad area, with its centre near Hawaii, the seismic data reveal a regional anomaly in elastic anisotropy which produces variations of seismic velocities that are at least as large as those due to thermal effects. Because seismic anisotropy is an indicator of strain in Earth materials, our tomographic results can be used to put constraints on both buoyancy forces (thermal effects) and flow patterns in the upper mantle.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University
RP Ekström, G (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, 20 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM ekstrom@seismology.harvard.edu
NR 33
TC 348
Z9 389
U1 0
U2 40
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 9
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6689
BP 168
EP 172
DI 10.1038/28148
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZZ203
UT WOS:000074705900050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chin, WC
   Orellana, MV
   Verdugo, P
AF Chin, WC
   Orellana, MV
   Verdugo, P
TI Spontaneous assembly of marine dissolved organic matter into polymer gels
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID humic substances; accumulation; colloids; carbon; ocean; phase; sea
AB A large pool of organic carbon resides in the world's oceans in the form of dissolved organic matter (DOM)(1,2). DOM is operationally defined as the fraction of organic matter that passes through a filter with a given pore size (which can range from less than 0.1 mu m to 0.46 mu m). This fraction has a longer oceanic residence time-and is generally less biodegradable-than particulate organic matter (POM)(1-4). Processes transforming DOM into POM are therefore crucial for our understanding of the cycling of organic material in the oceans(1-4). The aggregation of marine colloids, which constitute 10-40% of DOM(2,3,5), is thought to be an important step in the transformation of DOM into POM(3). it has been suggested that colloids, as well as transparent exopolymer particles and large aggregates ('marine snow') can be viewed as polymer gels(6-8). Whether free DOM polymers can indeed spontaneously assemble to form polymer gels has, however, not yet been shown, Here we present experimental observations that demonstrate that marine polymer gels can assemble from free DOM polymers, and that their formation mechanism, physical characteristics and mineralization can be understood in terms of polymer gel theory(9-11). The principles and methods of polymer gel physics thus have the potential to provide profound new insights into the processes controlling-the exchange between the DOM and POM pools and the cycling of marine organic matter.
C1 Univ Washington, Dept Bioengn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Verdugo, P (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Dept Bioengn, Box 357962, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
NR 29
TC 657
Z9 731
U1 2
U2 224
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 5
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6667
BP 568
EP 572
DI 10.1038/35345
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YV594
UT WOS:000071842300046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Edwards, G
   Dora, KA
   Gardener, MJ
   Garland, CJ
   Weston, AH
AF Edwards, G
   Dora, KA
   Gardener, MJ
   Garland, CJ
   Weston, AH
TI K+ is an endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor in rat arteries
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID smooth-muscle; potassium channels; dependent hyperpolarization; mesenteric-artery; cerebral-artery; nitric-oxide; coronary; cells; relaxation; mechanisms
AB In arteries, muscarinic agonists such as acetylcholine release an unidentified, endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) which is neither prostacyclin nor nitric oxide(1-3). Here we show that EDHF-induced hyperpolarization of smooth muscle and relaxation of small resistance arteries are inhibited by ouabain plus Ba2+; ouabain is a blocker of Na+/K+ ATPase(4) and Ba2+ blocks inwardly rectifying K+ channels(5). Small increases in the amount of extracellular K+ mimic these effects of EDHF in a ouabain- and Ba2+-sensitive, but endothelium-independent, manner. Acetylcholine hyperpolarizes endothelial tells and increases the K+ concentration in the myoendothelial space; these effects are abolished by charybdotoxin plus apamin. Hyperpolarization of smooth muscle by EDHF is also abolished by this toxin combination, but these toxins do not affect the hyperpolarization of smooth muscle by added K+. These data show that EDHF is K+ that effluxes through charybdotoxin- and apamin-sensitive K+ channels on endothelial cells. The resulting increase in myoendothelial K+ concentration hyperpolarizes and relaxes adjacent smooth-muscle cells by activating Ba2+-sensitive K+ channels and Na+/K+ ATPase, These results show that fluctuations in K+ levels originating within the blood vessel itself are important in regulating mammalian blood pressure and flow.
C1 Univ Manchester, Sch Biol Sci, Div Physiol Pharmacol & Toxicol, Manchester M13 9PT, Lancs, England.
   Univ Bristol, Dept Pharmacol, Bristol BS8 1TD, Avon, England.
C3 University of Manchester; University of Bristol
RP Weston, AH (corresponding author), Univ Manchester, Sch Biol Sci, Div Physiol Pharmacol & Toxicol, G38 Stopford Bldg, Manchester M13 9PT, Lancs, England.
EM aweston@man.ac.uk
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 939
Z9 1054
U1 0
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 19
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6708
BP 269
EP 272
DI 10.1038/24388
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 140VY
UT WOS:000077110400048
PM 9834033
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Elliot, JL
   Hammel, HB
   Wasserman, LH
   Frenz, OG
   McDonald, SW
   Person, MJ
   Olkin, CB
   Spencer, JR
   Stansberry, JA
   Buie, MW
   Pasachoff, JM
   Babcock, BA
   McConnochie, TH
AF Elliot, JL
   Hammel, HB
   Wasserman, LH
   Frenz, OG
   McDonald, SW
   Person, MJ
   Olkin, CB
   Spencer, JR
   Stansberry, JA
   Buie, MW
   Pasachoff, JM
   Babcock, BA
   McConnochie, TH
TI Global warming on Triton
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atmosphere; model; migration; neptune
AB Triton, Neptune's largest moon, has been predicted to undergo significant seasonal changes that would reveal themselves as changes in its mean frost temperature(1-3). But whether this temperature should at the present time be increasing, decreasing or constant depends on a number of parameters (such as the thermal properties of the surface, and frost migration patterns) that are unknown. Here we report observations of a recent stellar occultation by Triton which, when combined with earlier results, show that Triton has undergone a period of global warming since 1989, Our most conservative estimates of the rate of temperature and surface-pressure increase during this period imply that the atmosphere is doubling in bulk every 10 years-significantly faster than predicted by any published frost model for Triton(2,3) Our result suggests that permanent polar caps on Triton plap a dominant role in regulating seasonal atmospheric changes. Similar processes should also be active on Pluto.
C1 MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Lowell Observ, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA.
   Williams Coll, Dept Astron, Williamstown, MA 01267 USA.
   Williams Coll, Dept Phys, Williamstown, MA 01267 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Williams College; Williams College
RP Elliot, JL (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
NR 21
TC 57
Z9 59
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 25
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6687
BP 765
EP 767
DI 10.1038/31651
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZW652
UT WOS:000074433100041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mook, HA
   Dai, PC
   Hayden, SM
   Aeppli, G
   Perring, TG
   Dogan, F
AF Mook, HA
   Dai, PC
   Hayden, SM
   Aeppli, G
   Perring, TG
   Dogan, F
TI Spin fluctuations in YBa2Cu3O6.6
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID magnetic fluctuations; superconducting la2-xsrxcuo4; neutron-scattering; susceptibility; dynamics
AB An important feature of the high-transition-temperature (high-T-c) copper oxide superconductors is the magnetism that results from the spins associated with the incomplete outer electronic shells (3d(9)) of the copper ions. Fluctuations of these spins give rise to magnetic excitations of the material, and might mediate the electron pairing that leads to superconductivity. If the mechanism for high-T-c superconductivity is the same for all copper oxide systems, their spin fluctuations should be universal. But so far, the opposite has seemed to be the case: neutron scattering data reveal clear differences between the spin fluctuations for two major classes of high-T-c materials, La2-xSrxCuO4 (refs 1-3) and YBa2Cu3O7-x (refs 4-6), whose respective building blocks are CuO2 layers and bilayers. Here we report two-dimensional neutron-scattering imaging of YBa2Cu3O6.6, which reveals that the low-frequency magnetic excitations are virtually identical to those of similarly doped La2-xSrxCuO4. Thus, the high-temperature (T-c less than or similar to 92 K) superconductivity of the former materials may be related to spatially coherent low-frequency spin excitations that were previously thought to be unique to the lower-T-c (<40 K) single-layer La2-xSrxCuO4 family.
C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA.
   Univ Bristol, HH Wills Phys Lab, Bristol BS8 1TL, Avon, England.
   NEC Res Inst, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
   Rutherford Appleton Lab, ISIS Facil, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England.
   Univ Washington, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Oak Ridge National Laboratory; University of Bristol; NEC Corporation; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Mook, HA (corresponding author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA.
NR 18
TC 303
Z9 312
U1 1
U2 48
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 8
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6702
BP 580
EP 582
DI 10.1038/26931
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 127QW
UT WOS:000076362900041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU O'Neill, RJW
   O'Neill, MJ
   Graves, JAM
AF O'Neill, RJW
   O'Neill, MJ
   Graves, JAM
TI Undermethylation associated with retroelement activation and chromosome remodelling in an interspecific mammalian hybrid
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transposable elements; methylation; speciation; drosophila; evolution; genm; rna
AB Genetic models(1,2) predict that genomic rearrangement in hybrids can facilitate reproductive isolation and the formation of new species by preventing gene flow between the parent species and hybrid (sunflowers are an example(3)). The mechanism underlying hybridization-induced chromosome remodelling is as yet unknown, although mobile element activity has been shown to be involved in DNA rearrangement in some dysgenic Drosophila hybrids(4,5), It has been proposed that DNA methylation evolved as a means of repressing the movement of mobile elements (the host defence model(6,7)). If such a protective mechanism were to fail, mobile elements could be activated, and could cause major and rapid genome alterations(8,9), Here we demonstrate the occurrence of genome-wide undermethylation, retroviral element amplification and chromosome remodelling in an interspecific mammalian hybrid (Macropus eugenii X Wallabia bicolor). Atypically extended centromeres of Macropus eugenii derived autosomes in the hybrid were composed primarily of an unmethylated, amplified retroviral element not detectable in either parent species. These results, taken with the observation of deficient methylation and de novo chromosome change in other mammalian hybrids, indicate that the failure of DNA methylation and subsequent mobile-element activity in hybrids could facilitate rapid karyotypic evolution.
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Mol Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   La Trobe Univ, Dept Genet & Human Variat, Bundoora, Vic 3083, Australia.
C3 Princeton University; La Trobe University
RP O'Neill, RJW (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
NR 24
TC 374
Z9 408
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 7
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6680
BP 68
EP 72
DI 10.1038/29985
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZM028
UT WOS:000073497500048
PM 9590690
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Oschlies, A
   Garcon, V
AF Oschlies, A
   Garcon, V
TI Eddy-induced enhancement of primary production in a model of the north Atlantic Ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID euphotic zone; nitrate; circulation; variability; ecosystem; nitrogen; fluxes; carbon
AB In steady state, the export of photosynthetically fixed organic matter to the deep ocean has to be balanced by an upward flux of nutrients into the euphotic zone(1). Indirect geochemical estimates(2) of the nutrient supply to surface waters have been substantially higher than direct biological and physical measurements(3), particularly in subtropical regions. A possible explanation for the apparent discrepancy is that the sampling strategy of the direct measurements has under-represented episodic nutrient injections forced by mesoscale eddy dynamics, whereas geochemical tracer budgets integrate fluxes over longer time and space scales. Here we investigate the eddy-induced nutrient supply by combining two methods potentially capable of delivering synoptic descriptions of the ocean's state on a basin scale. Remotely sensed sea-surface height data from the simultaneous TOPEX/Poseidon and ERS-1 satellite missions are assimilated into a numerical eddy-resolving coupled ecosystem-circulation model of the North Atlantic Ocean. Our results indicate that mesoscale eddy activity accounts for about one-third of the total nux of nitrate into the euphotic zone (taken to represent new production) in the subtropics and at mid-latitudes. This contribution is not sufficient to maintain the observed primary production in parts of the subtropical gyre, where alternative routes of nitrogen supply will have to be considered.
C1 CNRS, UMR 5566, LEGOS, F-31401 Toulouse 4, France.
   Univ Kiel, Inst Meereskunde, D-24105 Kiel, Germany.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Earth Sciences & Astronomy (INSU); Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES); Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD); Laboratoire d'Etudes en Geophysique et oceanographie spatiales; University of Kiel
RP Oschlies, A (corresponding author), CNRS, UMR 5566, LEGOS, 18 Ave Edouard Belin, F-31401 Toulouse 4, France.
NR 27
TC 376
Z9 405
U1 1
U2 59
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 16
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6690
BP 266
EP 269
DI 10.1038/28373
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 101CK
UT WOS:000074851900044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Staels, B
   Koenig, W
   Habib, A
   Merval, R
   Lebret, M
   Torra, IP
   Delerive, P
   Fadel, A
   Chinetti, G
   Fruchart, JC
   Najib, J
   Maclouf, J
   Tedgui, A
AF Staels, B
   Koenig, W
   Habib, A
   Merval, R
   Lebret, M
   Torra, IP
   Delerive, P
   Fadel, A
   Chinetti, G
   Fruchart, JC
   Najib, J
   Maclouf, J
   Tedgui, A
TI Activation of human aortic smooth-muscle cells is inhibited by PPARα but not by PPARγ activators
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID factor-kappa-b; pharmacokinetic property; therapeutic use; expression; cyclooxygenase-2; dyslipidemia; synthase-2; receptor; angina; serum
AB Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are key players in lipid and glucose metabolism and are implicated in metabolic disorders predisposing to atherosclerosis, such as dyslipidaemia and diabetes(1). Whereas PPAR gamma promotes Lipid storage by regulating adipocyte differentiation, PPAR alpha stimulates the beta-oxidative degradation of fatty acids. PPAR alpha-deficient mice show a prolonged response to inflammatory stimuli, suggesting that PPAR alpha is also a modulator of inflammation(2). Hypolipidaemic fibrate drugs are PPAR alpha ligands that inhibit the progressive formation of atherosclerotic lesions, which involves chronic inflammatory processes: even in the absence of their atherogenic lipoprotein-lowering effect(4,5). Here we show that PPAR alpha is expressed in human aortic smooth-muscle cells, which participate in plaque formation and post-angioplasty re-stenosis(3). In these smooth-muscle cells, we find that PPAR alpha ligands, and not PPAR gamma ligands, inhibit interleukin-1-induced production of interleukin-6 and prostaglandin and expression of cyclooxygenase-2. This inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 induction occurs transcriptionally as a result of PPAR alpha repression of NF-kappa B signalling, In hyperlipidaemic patients, fenofibrate treatment decreases the plasma concentrations of interleukin-6, fibrinogen and C-reactive protein. We conclude that activators of PPAR alpha inhibit the inflammatory response of aortic smooth-muscle cells and decrease the concentration of plasma acute-phase proteins, indicating that PPAR alpha in the vascular wall may influence the process of atherosclerosis and re-stenosis.
C1 Inst Pasteur, Dept Atherosclerose, INSERM, U325, F-59019 Lille, France.
   Univ Lille 2, Fac Pharm, F-59006 Lille, France.
   Univ Ulm, Dept Internal Med Cardiol 2, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.
   INSERM, U348, F-75745 Paris 10, France.
   INSERM, U141, F-75745 Paris 10, France.
   IFR Circulat Lariboisiere, F-75745 Paris 10, France.
C3 Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Pasteur Network; Universite de Lille; Institut Pasteur Lille; Universite de Lille; Ulm University; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm)
RP Staels, B (corresponding author), Inst Pasteur, Dept Atherosclerose, INSERM, U325, 1 Rue Calmette, F-59019 Lille, France.
EM Bart.Staels@pasteur-lille.fr
NR 30
TC 1001
Z9 1092
U1 1
U2 42
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 25
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6687
BP 790
EP 793
DI 10.1038/31701
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZW652
UT WOS:000074433100050
PM 9655393
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Weaver, AJ
   Eby, M
   Augustus, FF
   Wiebe, EC
AF Weaver, AJ
   Eby, M
   Augustus, FF
   Wiebe, EC
TI Simulated influence of carbon dioxide, orbital forcing and ice sheets on the climate of the Last Glacial Maximum
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atlantic thermohaline circulation; sea-surface temperature; younger dryas; ocean; age; model; records; growth; cycle
AB A coupled atmosphere-ocean-sea-ice model is used to investigate the climate of the Last Glacial Maximum (similar to 21,000 years ago) and the relative climate-forcing effects of atmosphere CO2, the Earth's orbital parameters and Ice-sheet albedo. Tropical temperatures are found to be similar to 2.2 degrees C less than today's-slightly colder than indicated by the CLIMAP palaeoclimate reconstruction. This result is consistent with a low to medium climate sensitivity to radiative perturbations. Temperatures are colder still in the northern North Atlantic region, owing to a weakening and shallowing of the thermohaline circulation, A sensitivity analysis suggests that changes in ocean circulation since the Last Glacial Maximum have not contributed directly to the global-mean temperature change since that time.
C1 Univ Victoria, Sch Earth & Ocean Sci, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada.
C3 University of Victoria
RP Weaver, AJ (corresponding author), Univ Victoria, Sch Earth & Ocean Sci, POB 3055, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada.
EM weaver@ocean.seos.uvic.ca
NR 49
TC 202
Z9 220
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 27
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6696
BP 847
EP 853
DI 10.1038/29695
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 114LW
UT WOS:000075611800036
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mao, HK
   Shu, JF
   Shen, GY
   Hemley, RJ
   Li, BS
   Singh, AK
AF Mao, HK
   Shu, JF
   Shen, GY
   Hemley, RJ
   Li, BS
   Singh, AK
TI Elasticity and rheology of iron above 220 GPa and the nature of the Earth's inner core
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID static compression; lattice strains; anisotropy; pressure; stress; model
AB Recent numerical-modelling and seismological results have raised new questions about the dynamics(1,2) and magnetism(3,4) of the Earth's core. Knowledge of the elasticity and texture of iron(5,6) at core pressures is crucial for understanding the seismological observations, such as the low attenuation of seismic waves, the low shear-wave velocity(7,8) and the anisotropy of compressional-wave velocity(9-11). The density and bulk modulus of hexagonal-close-packed iron have been previously measured to core pressures by static(12) and dynamic(13,14) methods. Here we study, using radial X-ray diffraction(15) and ultrasonic techniques(16), the shear modulus, single-crystal elasticity tensor, aggregate compressional- and shear-wave velocities, and orientation dependence of these velocities in iron. The inner core shear-wave velocity is lower than the aggregate shear-wave velocity of iron, suggesting the presence of low-velocity components or anelastic effects in the core. Observation of a strong lattice strain anisotropy in iron samples indicates a large (similar to 24%) compressional-wave anisotropy under the isostress assumption, and therefore a perfect alignment of crystals(6) would not be needed to explain the seismic observations. Alternatively the strain anisotropy may indicate stress variation due to preferred slip systems.
C1 Carnegie Inst Washington, Geophys Lab, Washington, DC 20015 USA.
   Carnegie Inst Washington, Ctr High Presure Res, Washington, DC 20015 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Consortium Adv Radiat Source, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   SUNY Stony Brook, Inst Mineral Phys, Ctr High Pressure Res, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
   Natl Aerosp Lab, Div Sci Mat, Bangalore 560017, Karnataka, India.
C3 Carnegie Institution for Science; Carnegie Institution for Science; University of Chicago; State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University; Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) - India; CSIR - National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL)
RP Mao, HK (corresponding author), Carnegie Inst Washington, Geophys Lab, 5251 Broad Branch Rd NW, Washington, DC 20015 USA.
NR 29
TC 236
Z9 265
U1 2
U2 47
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 31
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6713
BP 741
EP 743
DI 10.1038/25506
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 151WC
UT WOS:000077742800029
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Alpert, P
   Kaufman, YJ
   Shay-El, Y
   Tanre, D
   da Silva, A
   Schubert, S
   Joseph, JH
AF Alpert, P
   Kaufman, YJ
   Shay-El, Y
   Tanre, D
   da Silva, A
   Schubert, S
   Joseph, JH
TI Quantification of dust-forced heating of the lower troposphere
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID north-atlantic; saharan dust; aerosols; climate; impact; oceans
AB Aerosols may affect climate through the absorption and scattering of solar radiation and, in the case of Large dust particles, by interacting with thermal radiation(1-3). But whether atmospheric temperature responds significantly to such forcing has not been determined; feedback mechanisms could increase or decrease the effects of the aerosol forcing. Here we present an indirect measure of the tropospheric temperature response by explaining the 'errors' in the NASA/Goddard model/data-assimilation system. These errors, which provide information about physical processes missing from the predictive model, have monthly mean patterns that bear a striking similarity to observed patterns of dust over the eastern tropical North Atlantic Ocean. This similarity, together with the high correlations between latitudinal location of inferred maximum atmospheric heating rates and that of the number of dusty days, suggests that dust aerosols are an important source of inaccuracies in numerical weather-prediction models in this region. For the average dust event, dust is estimated to heat the lower atmosphere (1.5-3.5 km altitude) by similar to 0.2 K per day. At about 30 dusty days per year, the presence of the dust leads to a regional heating rate of similar to 6 K per year.
C1 Tel Aviv Univ, Dept Geophys & Planetary Sci, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
   NASA, Climate & Radiat Branch, GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
   Univ Sci & Tech Lille Flandres Artois, Opt Atmospher Lab, F-59655 Villeneuve Dascq, France.
   NASA, Data Assimilat Off, GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
C3 Tel Aviv University; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Universite de Lille; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
RP Alpert, P (corresponding author), Tel Aviv Univ, Dept Geophys & Planetary Sci, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
EM pinhas@cyclone.tau.ac.il
NR 24
TC 173
Z9 189
U1 1
U2 27
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 24
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6700
BP 367
EP 370
DI 10.1038/26456
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 122QW
UT WOS:000076083800049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schechter, AMR
   Simmonds, RW
   Packard, RE
   Davis, JC
AF Schechter, AMR
   Simmonds, RW
   Packard, RE
   Davis, JC
TI Observation of 'third sound' in superfluid 3He
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 3rd sound; films; helium; phase; size; flow
AB Waves on the surface of a fluid provide a powerful tool for studying the fluid itself and the surrounding physical environment. For example, the wave speed is determined by the force per unit mass at the surface, and by the depth of the fluid(1): the decreasing speed of ocean waves as they approach the shore reveals the changing depth of the sea and the strength of gravity. Other examples include propagating waves in neutron-star oceans(2) and on the surface of levitating liquid drops(3). Although gravity is a common restoring force, others exist, including the electrostatic force which causes a thin Liquid film to adhere to a solid. Usually surface waves cannot occur on such thin films because viscosity inhibits their motion. However, in the special case of thin films of superfluid He-4, surface waves do exist and are called 'third sound'. Here we report the detection of similar surface waves in thin films of superfluid He-3. We describe studies of the speed of these waves, the properties of the surface force, and the film's superfluid density.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Davis, JC (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM jcdavis@socrates.berkeley.edu
NR 30
TC 42
Z9 45
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 10
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6711
BP 554
EP 557
DI 10.1038/25090
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 147AY
UT WOS:000077466800051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Maranger, R
   Bird, DF
   Price, NM
AF Maranger, R
   Bird, DF
   Price, NM
TI Iron acquisition by photosynthetic marine phytoplankton from ingested bacteria
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID equatorial pacific; ocean; growth; phagotrophy; limitation; ecosystems; carbon; rates
AB Iron is unique among biologically essential trace metals in having a higher particulate than dissolved concentration in ocean surface waters(1). Uptake of dissolved iron is generally considered to be the norm for phytoplankton, as even the smallest iron-bearing particles are unavailable for transport into cells(2,3). But the oceanic dissolved fraction is so small, and the particulate fraction so inert(2), that phytoplankton production is limited by a dearth of available iron in some regions(4). Here we use incubation experiments to show that Ochromonas sp., a common photosynthetic flagellate from the Pacific Ocean, can obtain iron directly in particulate form, by ingesting bacteria. Iron acquisition is highly efficient; Ochromonas assimilates 30% of the ingested ration, acquiring a high intracellular iron concentration and maintaining a significantly faster growth rate than when iron is provided in the dissolved phase. Phytoplankton capable of such phagotrophy (so-called mixotrophic species) may thus be able to assimilate iron in both particulate and dissolved forms in the ocean. Moreover, when iron availability is limited, the iron 'cost' of growth is diminished because Ochromonas derives a greater fraction of its energy from the bacteria. Analysis of standing stocks and clearance rates of plankton in the equatorial Pacific shows that the iron flux through mixotrophic flagellates can amount to 35-58% of the total Fe uptake by the entire autotrophic community. Our results suggest that the phagotrophic ingestion of bacteria may be an effective adaptive strategy for photosynthetic organisms to obtain iron for growth in iron-limited regions of the sea.
C1 McGill Univ, Dept Biol, Montreal, PQ H3A 1B1, Canada.
   Univ Quebec, Dept Sci Biol, Montreal, PQ H3C 3P8, Canada.
C3 McGill University; University of Quebec; University of Quebec Montreal
RP Price, NM (corresponding author), McGill Univ, Dept Biol, 1205 Dr Penfield Ave, Montreal, PQ H3A 1B1, Canada.
EM nprice@biol.lan.mcgill.ca
NR 31
TC 105
Z9 116
U1 1
U2 51
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 19
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6708
BP 248
EP 251
DI 10.1038/24352
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 140VY
UT WOS:000077110400042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Okuda-Ashitaka, E
   Minami, T
   Tachibana, S
   Yoshihara, Y
   Nishiuchi, Y
   Kimura, T
   Ito, S
AF Okuda-Ashitaka, E
   Minami, T
   Tachibana, S
   Yoshihara, Y
   Nishiuchi, Y
   Kimura, T
   Ito, S
TI Nocistatin, a peptide that blocks nociceptin action in pain transmission
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID opioid receptor family; orphanin-fq; tissue distribution; regional distribution; prostaglandin e(2); molecular-cloning; gene; neuropeptide; precursor; member
AB Prolonged tissue damage or injury often leads to chronic pain states such that noxious stimuli evoke hyperalgesia and innocuous tactile stimuli evoke pain (allodynia)(1,2), The neuropeptide nociceptin(3,4), also known as orphanin FQ (ref. 5), is an endogenous ligand for the orphan opioid-like receptor(6-8) which induces both hyperalgesia and allodynia when administered by injection through the theca of the spinal cord into the subarachnoid space (that is, intrathecally)(4,9). Here we show that the nociceptin precursor(3,10-13) contains another biologically active peptide which we call nocistatin, Nocistatin blocks nociceptin-induced allodynia and hyperalgesia, and attenuates pain evoked by prostaglandin E-2. It is the carboxy-terminal hexapeptide of nocistatin (Glu-Gln-Lys-Gln-Leu-Gin), which is conserved in bovine, human and murine species, that possesses allodynia-blocking activity, We have also isolated endogenous nocistatin from bovine brain, Furthermore, intrathecal pretreatment with anti-nocistatin antibody decreases the threshold for nociceptin-induced allodynia, Although nocistatin does not bind to the nociceptin receptor, it binds to the membrane of mouse brain and of spinal cord with high affinity, Our results show that nocistatin is a new biologically active peptide produced from the same precursor as nociceptin and indicate that these two peptides may play opposite roles in pain transmission.
C1 Kansai Med Univ, Dept Med Chem, Moriguchi, Osaka 570, Japan.
   Osaka Med Coll, Dept Anesthesiol, Takatsuki, Osaka 569, Japan.
   Osaka Med Coll, Dept Biochem, Takatsuki, Osaka 569, Japan.
   Natl Univ Singapore, Sch Biol Sci, Singapore 119260, Singapore.
   Osaka Biosci Inst, Dept Neurosci, Suita, Osaka 565, Japan.
   Prot Res Fdn, Peptide Inst Inc, Minoh 562, Japan.
C3 Kansai Medical University; Osaka Medical & Pharmaceutical University; Osaka Medical & Pharmaceutical University; Nanyang Technological University; National University of Singapore
RP Ito, S (corresponding author), Kansai Med Univ, Dept Med Chem, Moriguchi, Osaka 570, Japan.
NR 22
TC 207
Z9 223
U1 1
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 19
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6673
BP 286
EP 289
DI 10.1038/32660
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZC739
UT WOS:000072612300048
PM 9521323
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Perlmutter, S
   Aldering, G
   Della Valle, M
   Deustua, S
   Ellis, RS
   Fabbro, S
   Fruchter, A
   Goldhaber, G
   Groom, DE
   Hook, IM
   Kim, AG
   Kim, MY
   Knop, RA
   Lidman, C
   McMahon, RG
   Nugent, P
   Pain, R
   Panagia, N
   Pennypacker, CR
   Ruiz-Lapuente, P
   Schaefer, B
   Walton, N
AF Perlmutter, S
   Aldering, G
   Della Valle, M
   Deustua, S
   Ellis, RS
   Fabbro, S
   Fruchter, A
   Goldhaber, G
   Groom, DE
   Hook, IM
   Kim, AG
   Kim, MY
   Knop, RA
   Lidman, C
   McMahon, RG
   Nugent, P
   Pain, R
   Panagia, N
   Pennypacker, CR
   Ruiz-Lapuente, P
   Schaefer, B
   Walton, N
TI Discovery of a supernova explosion at half the age of the Universe
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ia supernovae; cosmological constant; light-curve
AB The ultimate fate of the Universe, infinite expansion or a big crunch, can be determined by using the redshifts and distances of very distant supernovae to monitor changes in the expansion rate, We can now find(1) large numbers of these distant supernovae, and measure their redshifts and apparent brightnesses; moreover, recent studies of nearby type Ia supernovae have shown how to determine their intrinsic luminosities(2-4)-and therefore with their apparent brightnesses obtain their distances, The >50 distant supernovae discovered so far provide a record of changes in the expansion rate over the past several billion years(5-7). However, it is necessary to extend this expansion history still farther away (hence further back in time) in order to begin to distinguish the causes of the expansion-rate changes-such as the slowing caused by the gravitational attraction of the Universe's mass density, and the possibly counteracting effect of the cosmological constants. Here we report the most distant spectroscopically confirmed supernova, Spectra and photometry from the largest telescopes on the ground and in space show that this ancient supernova is strikingly similar to nearby, recent type Ia supernovae, When combined with previous measurements of nearer supernovae(2,5), these new measurements suggest that we may live in a low-mass-density universe.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Ctr Particle Astrophys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Padua, Dipartimento Astron, I-35122 Padua, Italy.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Cambridge, Inst Astron, Cambridge CB3 0HA, England.
   Univ Paris 06, LPNHE, F-75252 Paris 05, France.
   Univ Paris 07, LPNHE, F-75252 Paris 05, France.
   Observ Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
   Space Telescope Sci Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
   Univ Stockholm, Dept Phys, S-11385 Stockholm, Sweden.
   European So Observ, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
   Coll France, F-75231 Paris, France.
   European So Observ, Santiago 19, Chile.
   ESA, Dept Space Sci, Div Astrophys, F-75738 Paris 15, France.
   Univ Barcelona, Fac Phys, Dept Astron, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
   Yale Univ, Dept Phys, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Isaac Newton Grp, E-38780 Santa Cruz De La Palma, Canary Islands, Spain.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of Padua; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of Cambridge; Sorbonne Universite; Universite Paris Cite; Universite Paris Cite; Sorbonne Universite; Space Telescope Science Institute; Stockholm University; European Southern Observatory; Universite PSL; College de France; European Southern Observatory; University of Barcelona; Yale University; Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes
RP Perlmutter, S (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, 1 Cyclotron Rd,MS 50-232, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM saul@lbl.gov
NR 28
TC 2324
Z9 2403
U1 1
U2 62
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 1
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6662
BP 51
EP 54
DI 10.1038/34124
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YP888
UT WOS:000071326100043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ferré-D'Amaré, AR
   Zhou, KH
   Doudna, JA
AF Ferré-D'Amaré, AR
   Zhou, KH
   Doudna, JA
TI Crystal structure of a hepatitis delta virus ribozyme
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hdv antigenomic ribozyme; self-cleavage activity; interference analysis; pseudoknot structure; hammerhead ribozyme; rna sequences; cleaving rna; site; pair; core
AB The self-cleaving ribozyme of the hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is the only catalytic RNA known to be required for the viability of a human pathogen. We obtained crystals of a 72-nucleotide, self-cleaved form of the genomic HDV ribozyme that diffract X-rays to 2.3 Angstrom resolution by engineering the RNA to bind a small, basic protein without affecting ribozyme activity. The co-crystal structure shows that the compact catalytic core comprises five helical segments connected as an intricate nested double pseudoknot. The 5'-hydroxyl leaving group resulting from the self-scission reaction is buried deep within an active-site cleft produced by juxtaposition of the helices and five strand-crossovers, and is surrounded by biochemically important backbone and base functional groups in a manner reminiscent of protein enzymes.
C1 Yale Univ, Dept Mol Biophys & Biochem, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Yale Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
C3 Yale University; Yale University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Doudna, JA (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Dept Mol Biophys & Biochem, POB 6666, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
EM doudna@csb.yale.edu
NR 49
TC 640
Z9 805
U1 0
U2 64
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 8
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6702
BP 567
EP 574
DI 10.1038/26912
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 127QW
UT WOS:000076362900038
PM 9783582
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gauss, R
   Seifert, R
   Kaupp, UB
AF Gauss, R
   Seifert, R
   Kaupp, UB
TI Molecular identification of a hyperpolarization-activated channel in sea urchin sperm
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dependent protein-kinase; potassium channel; functional expression; gated channel; camp; drosophila; family; rod; sequence; genes
AB Sea urchin eggs attract sperm through chemotactic peptides, which evoke complex changes in membrane voltage and in the concentrations of cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP and Ca2+ ions (see ref. 1 for a review). The intracellular signalling pathways and their cellular targets are largely unknown. We have now cloned, from sea urchin testis, the complementary DNA encoding a channel polypeptide, SPIH, Functional expression of SPIH gives rise to weakly K+-selective hyperpolarization-activated channels, whose activity is enhanced by the direct action of cAMP. Thus, SPIH is under the dual control of voltage and cAMP. The SPIH channel, which is confined to the sperm flagellum, may be involved in the control of flagellar beating. SPM currents exhibit all the hallmarks of hyperpolarization-activated currents (I-h)(2,3), which participate in the rhythmic firing of central neurons, control pacemaking in the heart, and curtail saturation by bright light in retinal photoreceptors(2,3). Because of their sequence(4) and functional properties, I-h channels form a class of their own within the superfamily of voltage-gated and cyclic-nucleotide-gated channels.
C1 Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Biol Informat Verarbeitung, D-52425 Julich, Germany.
C3 Helmholtz Association; Julich Research Centre
RP Kaupp, UB (corresponding author), Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Biol Informat Verarbeitung, Postfach 1913, D-52425 Julich, Germany.
EM a.eckert@fz-juelich.de
NR 30
TC 382
Z9 410
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 11
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6685
BP 583
EP 587
DI 10.1038/31248
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZT988
UT WOS:000074150100054
PM 9634235
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fiorillo, CD
   Williams, JT
AF Fiorillo, CD
   Williams, JT
TI Glutamate mediates an inhibitory postsynaptic potential in dopamine neurons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cerebellar granule cells; ventral tegmental area; excitatory amino-acid; synaptic potentials; rat; receptors; conductance; brain; ca-2+-atpase; activation
AB Rapid information transfer within the brain depends on chemical signalling between neurons that is mediated primarily by glutamate and GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), acting at ionotropic receptors to cause excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs or IPSPs), respectively. In addition, synaptically released glutamate acts on metabotropic receptors to excite neurons on a slower timescale through second-messenger cascades, including phosphoinositide hydrolysis'. We now report a unique IPSP mediated by the activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors. Tn ventral midbrain dopamine neurons, activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1) mobilized calcium from caffeine/ryanodine-sensitive stores and increased an apamin-sensitive potassium conductance. The underlying potassium conductance and dependence on calcium stores set this IPSP apart from the slow IPSPs described so far(2-4). The mGluR-induced hyperpolarization was dependent on brief exposure to agonist, because prolonged application of exogenous agonist desensitized the hyperpolarization and caused the more commonly reported depolarization(1,5,6). The rapid rise and brief duration of synaptically released glutamate in the extracellular space can therefore mediate a rapid excitation through activation of ionotropic receptors, followed by inhibition through the mGluR1 receptor. Thus the idea that glutamate is solely an excitatory neurotransmitter must be replaced with a more complex view of its dual function in synaptic transmission.
C1 Oregon Hlth Sci Univ, Vollum Inst, Portland, OR 97201 USA.
C3 Oregon Health & Science University
RP Williams, JT (corresponding author), Oregon Hlth Sci Univ, Vollum Inst, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Pk Rd, Portland, OR 97201 USA.
NR 30
TC 237
Z9 272
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 2
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6688
BP 78
EP 82
DI 10.1038/27919
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZY030
UT WOS:000074579600052
PM 9665131
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jones, CW
   Tsuji, K
   Davis, ME
AF Jones, CW
   Tsuji, K
   Davis, ME
TI Organic-functionalized molecular sieves as shape-selective catalysts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID zeolites; silica
AB Zeolites and related crystalline molecular sieves can possess catalytically active acid sites, as well as uniformly sized and shaped pores and voids, that allow for their industrial use as shape-selective catalysts(1). Some catalytic reactions that are not mediated by acids (such as oxidation) have also been shown to occur in zeolites in a shape-selective manner(2), but the diversity in active sites in these materials remains restricted. For mesoporous materials(3), the diversity in catalytic activity has been broadened by grafting organosilanes that contain organic functional groups onto the internal pore surfaces(4-6) or by incorporating them into the structure during the synthesis process(7-12). The former approach has not proven straightforward for microporous zeolites because a large fraction of the grafted functional groups become attached instead to the exterior surfaces of the crystal, there there is no shape selectivity(13). The synthesis of zeolites and molecular sieves using organosilanes as structure-directing agents has been accomplished(14),(15), but the subsequent creation of porosity requires the complete loss of the organic functional groups. Here we report a new methodology that overcomes these problems and allows the production of microporous molecular sieves containing organic functionalities within their pores. During the initial synthesis phase, phenethyl groups covalently tethered to silicon atoms are incorporated into the framework. The external surface-bound functionalities and the structure-directing agents residing within the intracrystalline spaces are then removed to create a microporous material. Subsequent sulphonation of the phenyl rings produces intrapore sulphonic acid sites that perform shape-selective catalysis. Different active-site types can be created by attaching other functional groups to the framework silicon, and we therefore expect that our method will lead to the formation of a wide range of shape-selective catalysts.
C1 CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology
RP Davis, ME (corresponding author), CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
NR 18
TC 304
Z9 347
U1 2
U2 138
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 7
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6680
BP 52
EP 54
DI 10.1038/29959
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZM028
UT WOS:000073497500043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Boyes, J
   Byfield, P
   Nakatani, Y
   Ogryzko, V
AF Boyes, J
   Byfield, P
   Nakatani, Y
   Ogryzko, V
TI Regulation of activity of the transcription factor GATA-1 by acetylation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna-binding domain; histone acetyltransferase; megakaryocytic differentiation; zinc-finger; activation; chromatin; complex; cgata-1; protein; cells
AB Modification of histones, DNA-binding proteins found in chromatin, by addition of acetyl groups occurs to a greater degree when the histones are associated with transcriptionally active DNA(1,2). A breakthrough in understanding how this acetylation is mediated was the discovery that various transcriptional co-activator proteins have intrinsic histone acetyltransferase activity (for example, Gcn5p (ref. 3), PCAF(4), TAF(II)250 (ref. 5) and p300/ CBp(6,7)). These acetyltransferases also modify certain transcription factors (TFIIE beta, TFIIF, EKLF and p53 (refs 8-10)). GATA-1 is an important transcription factor in the haematopoietic lineage(11) and is essential for terminal differentiation of erythrocytes and megakaryocytes(12,13). It is associated in vivo with the acetyltransferase p300/CBP14, sere we report that GATA-1 is acetylated in vitro by p300. This significantly increases the amount of GATA-1 bound to DNA and alters the mobility of GATA-1-DNA complexes, suggestive of a conformational change in GATA-1. GATA-1 is also acetylated in vivo and acetylation directly stimulates GATA-1-dependent transcription. Mutagenesis of important acetylated residues shows that there is a relationship between the acetylation and in viva function of GATA-1. We propose that acetylation of transcription factors can alter interactions between these factors and DNA and among different transcription factors, and is an integral part of transcription and differentiation processes.
C1 Inst Canc Res, Chester Beatty Labs, Sect Gene Funct & Regulat, London SW3 6JB, England.
   Hammersmith Hosp, MRC, Ctr Clin Sci, London W12 0NN, England.
   NICHHD, Lab Mol Growth Regulat, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust; University of London; Institute of Cancer Research - UK; Imperial College London; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD)
RP Boyes, J (corresponding author), Inst Canc Res, Chester Beatty Labs, Sect Gene Funct & Regulat, 237 Fulham Rd, London SW3 6JB, England.
NR 27
TC 627
Z9 711
U1 1
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 10
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6711
BP 594
EP 598
DI 10.1038/25166
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 147AY
UT WOS:000077466800063
PM 9859997
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Love, SP
   Goff, F
   Counce, D
   Siebe, C
   Delgado, H
AF Love, SP
   Goff, F
   Counce, D
   Siebe, C
   Delgado, H
TI Passive infrared spectroscopy of the eruption plume at Popocatepetl volcano, Mexico
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spectral radiometer; remote detection; galeras-volcano; gas; so2; chemistry; vulcano; deaths; tool; hcl
AB Volcanic gases provide important insights into deep-Earth processes, and gas composition and flux variations show promise as predictors of eruptive activity(1-3). But data correlating gas composition with eruptions are sparse, largely because such studies have traditionally involved direct sampling inside a volcanic crater-a hazardous operation that has resulted in numerous deaths(4,5). Crater-rim-based spectroscopy(6-9), closed-path spectroscopy of gases sampled from aircraft(10), and time-averaged studies using volatile traps(11-13) allow measurements to be taken from safer distances. But when a full-scale explosive eruption threatens, even these methods become dangerous as the hazard radius expands to many kilometres. Previously, only sulphur dioxide has been reliably measurable at such large distances, using correlation spectroscopy(14). Here we describe techniques that extend the useful range of passive infrared spectroscopy to monitor many gases at distances of over 17 km. We demonstrate the use of these techniques in a high-temporal-resolution study of short-term compositional variations associated with an explosive eruption at Mexico's Popocatepetl volcano on 25-26 February 1997. We observed a steady increase in SiF4/SO2 over several days preceding the eruption, followed by a tenfold decrease in this ratio over a few hours immediately afterwards.
C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, NIS Div, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, EES Div, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Geofis, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico
RP Love, SP (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, NIS Div, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
EM splove@lanl.gov
NR 33
TC 105
Z9 111
U1 0
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 10
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6711
BP 563
EP 567
DI 10.1038/25109
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 147AY
UT WOS:000077466800054
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bowen, WR
   Sharif, AO
AF Bowen, WR
   Sharif, AO
TI Long-range electrostatic attraction between like-charge spheres in a charged pore
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID microscopy; particles
AB The existence of long-range attractive electrostatic forces between particles of like charge is one of the great current controversies of colloid science. The established theory (Dejaguin-Landau-Vervey-Overbeek; DLVO) of colloidal interactions predicts that an isolated pair of like-charged colloidal spheres in an electrolyte should experience a purely repulsive screened electrostatic (coulombic) interaction(1,2). Direct measurements of such interactions have shown quantitative agreement with DLVO theory(3-5). Recent experiments, however, provide evidence that the effective interparticle potential can have a long-range attractive component in more concentrated suspensions(6,7) and for particles confined by charged glass walls(3,5,8-10). It is apparent that the long-range attraction in concentrated systems is due to multi-body interactions and may have a similar explanation to the attraction observed for otherwise confined colloids. Theoretical explanations have been proposed(11-13) but remain the subject of controversy(14-15). Here we present a quantitative theoretical explanation of these attractive forces between confined colloidal particles, based on direct solutions of the nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann equation for two like-charged spheres confined in a cylindrical charged pore. The calculations show that the attraction may be explained by the redistribution of the electric double layers of ions and counterions in solution around the spheres, owing to the presence of the wall; there is thus no need to revise the established concepts underlying theories of colloidal interactions.
C1 Univ Wales, Dept Chem & Biol Proc Engn, Ctr Complex Fluids Proc, Biochem Engn Grp, Swansea SA2 8PP, W Glam, Wales.
RP Bowen, WR (corresponding author), Univ Wales, Dept Chem & Biol Proc Engn, Ctr Complex Fluids Proc, Biochem Engn Grp, Singleton Pk, Swansea SA2 8PP, W Glam, Wales.
NR 20
TC 141
Z9 155
U1 0
U2 55
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 18
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6686
BP 663
EP 665
DI 10.1038/31418
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZV288
UT WOS:000074289600045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yin, MJ
   Yamamoto, Y
   Gaynor, RB
AF Yin, MJ
   Yamamoto, Y
   Gaynor, RB
TI The anti-inflammatory agents aspirin and salicylate inhibit the activity of IκB kinase-β
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sodium-salicylate; activation; alpha; phosphorylation; immunosuppression; glucocorticoids; induction; pathway; tnf
AB NF-kappa B comprises a family of cellular transcription factors that are involved in the inducible expression of a variety of cellular genes that regulate the inflammatory response(1,2). NF-kappa B is sequestered in the cytoplasm by inhibitory proteins, I kappa B, which are phosphorylated by a cellular kinase complex known as IKK. IKK is made up of two kinases, IKK-alpha and IKK-beta, which phosphorylate I kappa B, leading to its degradation and translocation of NF-kappa B to the nucleus(3-9). IKK kinase activity is stimulated when cells are exposed to the cytokine TNF-cu or by overexpression of the cellular kinases MEKK1 and NIK10,11. Here we demonstrate that the anti-inflammatory agents aspirin and sodium salicylate specifically inhibit IKK-beta activity in vitro and in vivo. The mechanism of aspirin and sodium salicylate inhibition is due to binding of these agents to IKK-beta to reduce ATP binding. Our results indicate that the anti-inflammatory properties of aspirin and salicylate are mediated in part by their specific inhibition of IKK-beta, thereby preventing activation by NF-kappa B of genes involved in the pathogenesis of the inflammatory response.
C1 Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Harold Simmons Canc Ctr, Dept Med,Div Hematol Oncol, Dallas, TX 75235 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas
RP Gaynor, RB (corresponding author), Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Harold Simmons Canc Ctr, Dept Med,Div Hematol Oncol, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75235 USA.
EM gaynor@utsw.swmed.edu
NR 26
TC 1417
Z9 1604
U1 0
U2 57
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 5
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6706
BP 77
EP 80
DI 10.1038/23948
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 136HE
UT WOS:000076852700057
PM 9817203
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Arber, S
   Barbayannis, FA
   Hanser, H
   Schneider, C
   Stanyon, CA
   Bernard, O
   Caroni, P
AF Arber, S
   Barbayannis, FA
   Hanser, H
   Schneider, C
   Stanyon, CA
   Bernard, O
   Caroni, P
TI Regulation of actin dynamics through phosphorylation of cofilin by LIM-kinase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID depolymerizing factor; zinc-finger; identification; protein; motifs
AB Cell division, cell motility and the formation and maintenance of specialized structures in differentiated cells depend directly on the regulated dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton(1,2). To understand the mechanisms of these basic cellular processes, the signalling pathways that link external signals to the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton need to be characterized(2,3). Here we identify a pathway for the regulation of cofilin, a ubiquitous actin-binding protein that is essential for effective depolymerization of actin filaments(4-8). LIM-kinase 1, also known as KIZ, is a protein kinase with two amino-terminal LIM motifs(9-11) that induces stabilization of F-actin structures in transfected cells. Dominant-negative LIM-kinase1 inhibits the accumulation of the F-actin. Phosphorylation experiments in vivo and in vitro provide evidence that cofilin is a physiological substrate of LIM-kinase 1. Phosphorylation by LIM-kinase 1 inactivates cofilin, leading to accumulation of actin filaments. Constitutively active Rac augmented cofilin phosphorylation and LIM-kinase 1 autophosphorylation whereas phorbol ester inhibited these processes. Our results define a mechanism for the regulation of cofilin and hence of actin dynamics in vivo. By modulating the stability of actin cytoskeletal structures, this pathway should play a central role in regulating cell motility and morphogenesis.
C1 Friedrich Miescher Inst, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.
   Walter & Eliza Hall Inst Med Res, Melbourne, Vic 3050, Australia.
C3 Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research; Walter & Eliza Hall Institute
RP Caroni, P (corresponding author), Friedrich Miescher Inst, Maulbeerstr 66, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.
NR 22
TC 1204
Z9 1414
U1 1
U2 74
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 25
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6687
BP 805
EP 809
DI 10.1038/31729
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZW652
UT WOS:000074433100054
PM 9655397
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kato, Y
   Tapping, RI
   Huang, S
   Watson, MH
   Ulevitch, RJ
   Lee, JD
AF Kato, Y
   Tapping, RI
   Huang, S
   Watson, MH
   Ulevitch, RJ
   Lee, JD
TI Bmk1/Erk5 is required for cell proliferation induced by epidermal growth factor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID activated protein-kinases; signal-transduction; expression; pathway; gene; transformation; rearrangement; system; origin; jun
AB Epidermal growth factor (EGF) induces cell proliferation in a variety of cell types by binding to a prototype transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor(1,2). Ligation of this receptor by EGF activates Erk1 and Erk2, members of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase family, through a Res-dependent signal transduction pathway(3-5). Despite our detailed understanding of these events, the exact mechanism by which EGF causes cells to proliferate is unclear. Big MAP kinase (Bmk1), also known as Erk5, is a member of the MAP kinase family that is activated in cells in response to oxidative stress, hyperosmolarity and treatment with serum(6,7). Here we show that EGF is a potent activator of Bmk1. In contrast to Erk1/2, EGF-mediated activation of Bmk1 occurs independently of Ras and requires the MAP-kinase kinase Mek5. Expression of a dominant-negative form of Bmk1 blocks EGF-induced cell proliferation and prevents cells from entering the S phase of the cell cycle. These results demonstrate that Bmk1 is part of a distinct MAP-kinase signalling pathway that is required for EGF-induced cell proliferation and progression through the cell cycle.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, Dept Immunol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute
RP Lee, JD (corresponding author), Scripps Res Inst, Dept Immunol, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM jdlee@scripps.edu
NR 29
TC 368
Z9 431
U1 0
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 15
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6703
BP 713
EP 716
DI 10.1038/27234
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 129PR
UT WOS:000076472600056
PM 9790194
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Keppens, V
   Mandrus, D
   Sales, BC
   Chakoumakos, BC
   Dai, P
   Coldea, R
   Maple, MB
   Gajewski, DA
   Freeman, EJ
   Bennington, S
AF Keppens, V
   Mandrus, D
   Sales, BC
   Chakoumakos, BC
   Dai, P
   Coldea, R
   Maple, MB
   Gajewski, DA
   Freeman, EJ
   Bennington, S
TI Localized vibrational modes in metallic solids
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lafe4p12; antimonides; earth
AB Filled skutterudite antimonides(1,2) are cubic compounds with the formula RM4Sb12, where R is a rare-earth element (such as La or Ce), and M is a transition metal (for example, Fe or Co). The rare-earth ion is weakly bound in an oversized atomic cage formed by the other atoms. Its presence has been shown to cause a dramatic reduction in the lattice component of the thermal conductivity, while having little effect on the electronic properties(3-5) of the compound. This combination of properties makes filled skutterudites of interest as thermoelectric materials. It has been suggested(4) that localized, incoherent vibrations of the rare-earth ion are responsible for the reduction in thermal conductivity, but no direct evidence for these local vibrational modes exists. Here we report the observation of local modes in La-filled skutterudites, using heat capacity, elastic constant and inelastic neutron scattering measurements. The La atoms show unusual thermodynamic behaviour, characterized by the presence of two low-energy localized modes. Our results suggest that consideration of local modes will play an important role in the design of the next generation of thermoelectric materials.
C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Solid State, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Inst Pure & Appl Phys Sci, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Rutherford Appleton Lab, ISIS Facil, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Oak Ridge National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
RP Sales, BC (corresponding author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Solid State, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA.
EM vb4@ornl.gov
NR 14
TC 510
Z9 544
U1 1
U2 161
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 29
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6705
BP 876
EP 878
DI 10.1038/27625
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 133XT
UT WOS:000076713400049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sieger, MT
   Simpson, WC
   Orlando, TM
AF Sieger, MT
   Simpson, WC
   Orlando, TM
TI Production of O2 on icy satellites by electronic excitation of low-temperature water ice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID d2o ice; ganymede; oxygen; ions
AB The signature of condensed molecular oxygen has been reported in recent optical-reflectance measurements of the jovian moon Ganymede(1), and a tenuous oxygen atmosphere has been observed on Europa(2). The surfaces of these moons contain large amounts of water ice, and it is thought that O-2 is formed by the sputtering of ice by energetic particles from the jovian magnetosphere(3-8). Understanding how O-2 might be formed from low-temperature ice is crucial for theoretical and experimental simulations of the surfaces and atmospheres of icy bodies in the Solar System. Here we report laboratory measurements of the threshold energy, cross-section and temperature dependence of O-2 production by electronic excitation of ice in vacuum, following electron-beam irradiation. Molecular oxygen is formed by direct excitation and dissociation of a stable precursor molecule, rather than (as has been previously thought) by diffusion and chemical recombination of precursor fragments. The large cross-section for O-2 production suggests that electronic excitation plays an important part in the formation of O-2 on Ganymede and Europa.
C1 Pacific NW Lab, WR Wiley Environm Mol Sci Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
RP Orlando, TM (corresponding author), Pacific NW Lab, WR Wiley Environm Mol Sci Lab, MS K8-88,POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA.
EM tm_orlando@pnl.gov
NR 23
TC 139
Z9 150
U1 0
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 6
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6693
BP 554
EP 556
DI 10.1038/29015
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 107YN
UT WOS:000075238700039
PM 9707116
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jayaraman, KS
AF Jayaraman, KS
TI India seeks tighter controls on germplasm
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 1
TC 2
Z9 3
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 9
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6676
BP 536
EP 536
DI 10.1038/33240
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZG300
UT WOS:000072987200014
PM 9560138
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Finch, EA
   Augustine, GJ
AF Finch, EA
   Augustine, GJ
TI Local calcium signalling by inositol-1,4, 5-trisphosphate in Purkinje cell dendrites
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rat cerebellar slices; long-term depression; glutamate receptors; activation; trisphosphate; neurons; 1,4,5-trisphosphate; ca2+; potentiation; localization
AB The second messenger inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP(3)) releases Ca2+ from intracellular Ca2+ stores by activating specific receptors on the membranes of these stores(1). In many cells, InsP(3) is a global signalling molecule that liberates Ca2+ throughout the cytoplasm(1,2) . However, in neurons the situation might be different(3,4), because synaptic activity may produce InsP(3) at discrete locations. Here we characterize InsP(3) signalling in postsynaptic cerebellar Purkinje neurons, which have a high level of InsP(3) receptors(5). We find that repetitive activation of the synapse between parallel fibres and Purkinje cells causes InsP(3)-mediated Ca2+ release in the Purkinje cells. This Ca2+ release is restricted to individual postsynaptic spines, where both metabotropic glutamate receptors(6,7) and InsP3 receptors(5) are located, or to multiple spines and adjacent dendritic shafts. Focal photolysis of caged InsP(3) (ref. 8) in Purkinje cell dendrites also produces Ca2+ signals that spread only a few micrometres from the site of InsP(3) production. Uncaged InsP(3) produces a long-lasting depression of parallel-fibre synaptic transmission that is limited to synapses where the Ca2+ concentration is raised. Thus, in Purkinje cells InP3 acts within a restricted spatial range that allows it to regulate the function of local groups of parallel-fibre synapses.
C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Neurobiol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
C3 Duke University
RP Augustine, GJ (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Neurobiol, POB 3209, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
EM georgea@neuro.duke.edu
NR 29
TC 442
Z9 487
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 31
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6713
BP 753
EP 756
DI 10.1038/25541
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 151WC
UT WOS:000077742800033
PM 9874372
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ait-Si-Ali, S
   Ramirez, S
   Barre, FX
   Dkhissi, F
   Magnaghi-Jaulin, L
   Girault, JA
   Robin, P
   Knibiehler, M
   Pritchard, LL
   Ducommun, B
   Trouche, D
   Harel-Bellan, A
AF Ait-Si-Ali, S
   Ramirez, S
   Barre, FX
   Dkhissi, F
   Magnaghi-Jaulin, L
   Girault, JA
   Robin, P
   Knibiehler, M
   Pritchard, LL
   Ducommun, B
   Trouche, D
   Harel-Bellan, A
TI Histone acetyltransferase activity of CBP is controlled by cycle-dependent kinases and oncoprotein E1A
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID creb-binding-protein; transcription factor; coactivator; p300; differentiation; product
AB Transforming viral proteins such as E1A force cells through the restriction point of the cell cycle into S phase by forming complexes with two cellular proteins(1-3): the retinoblastoma protein (Rb)(4) a transcriptional co-repressor(5), and CBP/p300 (ref. 6), a transcriptional co-activator(7-9). These two proteins locally influence chromatin structure: Rb recruits a histone deacetylase(10-12) whereas CBP is a histone acetyltransferase(13,14). Progression through the restriction point is triggered by phosphorylation of Rb, leading to disruption of Rb-associated repressive complexes and allowing the activation of S-phase genes(15). Here we show that CBP, like Rb, is controlled by phosphorylation at the G1/S boundary, increasing its histone acetyltransferase activity. This enzymatic activation is mimicked by E1A.
C1 CNRS, UPR 9079, Lab Oncogenese Differenciat & Transduct Signal, F-94801 Villejuif, France.
   Coll France, INSERM, U114, F-75005 Paris, France.
   Univ Toulouse 3, CNRS, UPR 9062, IPBS, F-31077 Toulouse, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite PSL; College de France; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier
RP Harel-Bellan, A (corresponding author), CNRS, UPR 9079, Lab Oncogenese Differenciat & Transduct Signal, IFC-01, F-94801 Villejuif, France.
EM ahbellan@vjf.cnrs.fr
NR 30
TC 263
Z9 297
U1 1
U2 11
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 12
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6707
BP 184
EP 186
DI 10.1038/24190
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 139DU
UT WOS:000077013300056
PM 9823900
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Norman, MR
   Ding, H
   Randeria, M
   Campuzano, JC
   Yokoya, T
   Takeuchi, T
   Takahashi, T
   Mochiku, T
   Kadowaki, K
   Guptasarma, P
   Hinks, DG
AF Norman, MR
   Ding, H
   Randeria, M
   Campuzano, JC
   Yokoya, T
   Takeuchi, T
   Takahashi, T
   Mochiku, T
   Kadowaki, K
   Guptasarma, P
   Hinks, DG
TI Destruction of the Fermi surface underdoped high-Tc superconductors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID angle-resolved photoemission; normal-state; electronic-structure; bi2sr2cacu2o8+delta; gap
AB The Fermi surface-the set of points in momentum space describing gapless electronic excitations-is a central concept in the theory of metals. In this context, the normal 'metallic' state of the optimally doped high-temperature superconductors is not very unusual: above the superconducting transition temperature, T-c, there is evidence for a large Fermi surface(1-3) despite the absence of well-defined elementary excitations. In contrast, the normal state of underdoped high-temperature superconductors differs in that there is evidence for a 'pseudogap' above T-c (refs 4-6). Here we examine, using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, the temperature dependence of the Fermi surface in underdoped Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta. We find that, on cooling the sample, the pseudogap opens up at different temperatures for different points in momentum space. This leads to an initial breakup of the Fermi surface, at a temperature T*, into disconnected arcs, which then shrink with decreasing temperature before collapsing to the point nodes of the superconducting ground state below T-c. This unusual behaviour, where the Fermi surface does not form a continuous contour in momentum space as in conventional metals, is unprecedented in that it occurs in the absence of long-range order. Moreover, although the superconducting gap below T-c evolves smoothly into the pseudogap above T-c, the pseudogap differs in its unusual temperature-dependent anisotropy, implying an intimate but non-trivial relationship between the pseudogap and the superconducting gap.
C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA.
   Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, Chicago, IL 60607 USA.
   Tata Inst Fundamental Res, Mumbai 400005, India.
   Tohoku Univ, Dept Phys, Sendai, Miyagi 980, Japan.
   Nagoya Univ, Dept Crystalline Mat Sci, Nagoya, Aichi 46401, Japan.
   Natl Res Inst Met, Ibaraki, Osaka 305, Japan.
   Univ Tsukuba, Inst Mat Sci, Ibaraki, Osaka 305, Japan.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Argonne National Laboratory; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Chicago; University of Illinois Chicago Hospital; Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR); Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Mumbai; Tohoku University; Nagoya University; National Institute for Materials Science; University of Tsukuba
RP Campuzano, JC (corresponding author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA.
NR 12
TC 967
Z9 1033
U1 1
U2 142
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 12
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6672
BP 157
EP 160
DI 10.1038/32366
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZB349
UT WOS:000072462700054
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Halpern, JP
   Thorstensen, JR
   Helfand, DJ
   Costa, E
AF Halpern, JP
   Thorstensen, JR
   Helfand, DJ
   Costa, E
TI Optical afterglow of the γ-ray burst of 14 December 1997
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stars
AB The very recent detection of the faint host galaxy of one gamma-ray burst(1-4), and the determination of a cosmological redshift for another(5), demonstrates that these events are the most luminous phenomena in the Universe, emitting more energy in radiation than a supernova over just a few seconds. The source of this energy is still unknown, but may become clear through studies of the counterparts at longer wavelengths. Here we report the detection of an optical counterpart to a gamma-ray burst (GRB971214) that occurred on 14 December 1997, It faded rapidly over a two-week period. just like the previous two optical transients(1,6-11); which dispels any doubt that the three events are the optical afterglows of gamma-ray bursts. The 14 December optical transient is the faintest of the three, and also is much redder than the other two. This reddening probably arises because of scattering by interstellar dust along the line of sight, which is presumably present in the denser regions of the host galaxy, where stars form. This suggests that the burst's progenitor did not stray too far from the point of its birth, which, regardless of the nature of the source, appears to be in a region of dense gas.
C1 Columbia Univ, New York, NY 10027 USA.
   Dartmouth Coll, Wilder Lab 6127, Hanover, NH 03755 USA.
   CNR, Ist Astrofis Spaziale, I-00044 Frascati, Italy.
C3 Columbia University; Dartmouth College; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)
RP Halpern, JP (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, 550 W 120th St, New York, NY 10027 USA.
NR 35
TC 43
Z9 46
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 7
PY 1998
VL 393
IS 6680
BP 41
EP 43
DI 10.1038/29935
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZM028
UT WOS:000073497500039
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stern, EA
   Jaeger, D
   Wilson, CJ
AF Stern, EA
   Jaeger, D
   Wilson, CJ
TI Membrane potential synchrony of simultaneously recorded striatal spiny neurons in vivo
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID microexcitable zones; primate neostriatum; projection neurons; rat neostriatum; firing patterns; in-vivo; responses; microstimulation; organization; oscillation
AB The basal ganglia are an interconnected set of subcortical regions whose established role in cognition and motor control remains poorly understood An important nucleus within the basal ganglia, the striatum, receives cortical afferents that convey sensorimotor, limbic and Cognitive information(1). The activity of medium-sized spiny neurons in the striatum seems to depend on convergent input within these information channels(2). To determine the degree of correlated input, both below and at threshold for the generation of action potentials, we recorded intracellularly from pairs of spiny neurons in vivo. Here we report that the transitions between depolarized and hyperpolarized states were highly Correlated among neurons. Within individual depolarized states, some significant synchronous fluctuations in membrane potential occurred, but action potentials were not synchronized. Therefore, although the mean afferent signal across fibres is highly correlated among striatal neurons, the moment-to-moment variations around the mean, which determine the timing of action potentials, are not. We propose that the precisely timed, synchronous component of the membrane potential signals activation of cell assemblies and enables firing to occur. The asynchronous component, with low redundancy, determines the fine temporal pattern of spikes.
C1 Univ Tennessee, Coll Med, Dept Anat & Neurobiol, Memphis, TN 38163 USA.
   Emory Univ, Dept Biol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
C3 University of Tennessee System; University of Tennessee Health Science Center; Emory University
RP Stern, EA (corresponding author), Univ Tennessee, Coll Med, Dept Anat & Neurobiol, 855 Monroe Ave, Memphis, TN 38163 USA.
EM edstern@marlin.utmem.edu
NR 30
TC 281
Z9 319
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 30
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6692
BP 475
EP 478
DI 10.1038/28848
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 105NT
UT WOS:000075080400051
PM 9697769
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhu, TF
   Korber, BT
   Nahmias, AJ
   Hooper, E
   Sharp, PM
   Ho, DD
AF Zhu, TF
   Korber, BT
   Nahmias, AJ
   Hooper, E
   Sharp, PM
   Ho, DD
TI An African HIV-1 sequence from 1959 and implications for the origin of the epidemic
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID maximum-likelihood; immunodeficiency virus; dna-sequences; aids; infection; manchester; evolution; history; genes; trees
AB There is considerable genetic diversity among viruses of different subtypes (designated A to J) in the major group of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the form of HIV that is dominant in the global epidemic(1-3). If available, HIV-1 sequences pre-dating the recognition of AIDS could be crucial in defining the time of origin and the subsequent evolution of these viruses in humans. The oldest known case of HIV-1 infection was reported to be that of a sailor from Manchester who died of an AIDS-like illness in 1959 (refs 4-6); however, the authenticity of this case has not been confirmed(7,8). Genetic analysis of sequences from clinical materials obtained from 1971 to 1976 from members of a Norwegian family infected earlier than 1971 showed that they carried viruses of the HIV-1 outlier group(9,10), a variant form that is mainly restricted to West Africa(1). Here we report the amplification and characterization of viral sequences from a 1959 African plasma sample that was previously found to be HIV-1 seropositive(11). Multiple phylogenetic analyses not only authenticate this case as the oldest known HIV-1 infection, but also place its viral sequence near the ancestral node of subtypes B and D in the major group, indicating that these HIV-1 subtypes, and perhaps all major-group viruses, may have evolved from a single introduction into the African population not long before 1959.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, Aaron Diamond AIDS Res Ctr, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   Santa Fe Inst, Santa Fe, NM 87501 USA.
   Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA.
   Univ Nottingham, Queens Med Ctr, Dept Genet, Nottingham NG7 2UH, England.
C3 Rockefeller University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; The Santa Fe Institute; Emory University; University of Nottingham
RP Ho, DD (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Aaron Diamond AIDS Res Ctr, 455 1st Ave, New York, NY 10016 USA.
NR 30
TC 310
Z9 519
U1 0
U2 51
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 5
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6667
BP 594
EP 597
DI 10.1038/35400
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YV594
UT WOS:000071842300054
PM 9468138
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Raff, M
AF Raff, M
TI Cell suicide for beginners
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID caenorhabditis-elegans; nervous-system; death; survival; bcl-2; apoptosis; encodes; protein; mice
C1 UCL, MRC, Lab Mol & Cell Biol, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   UCL, Dept Biol, London WC1E 6BT, England.
C3 University of London; University College London; University of London; University College London
RP Raff, M (corresponding author), UCL, MRC, Lab Mol & Cell Biol, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, England.
EM m.raff@ucl.ac.uk
NR 32
TC 563
Z9 656
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 12
PY 1998
VL 396
IS 6707
BP 119
EP 122
DI 10.1038/24055
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 139DU
UT WOS:000077013300030
PM 9823889
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Montali, A
   Bastiaansen, G
   Smith, P
   Weder, C
AF Montali, A
   Bastiaansen, G
   Smith, P
   Weder, C
TI Polarizing energy transfer in photoluminescent materials for display applications
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polymers
AB Combinations of sheet polarizers and colour filters form the basis of numerous products(1-4)-most notably colour liquid-crystal displays(2,4)-that require polarized chromatic light. But this combination of elements does not make efficient use of light, as a substantial fraction of the incident light is converted into thermal energy(3,4), limiting the brightness and energy efficiency of the resulting devices. Here we show that these limitations can be overcome by using polymer-based photoluminescent polarizers. Our polarizers operate on a two-step principle: randomly orientated 'sensitizer' molecules harvest the incident light by isotropic absorption and then efficiently transfer the energy to a uniaxially orientated photoluminescent polymer, from which coloured light with a high degree of linear polarization is emitted. In principle, isotropic-to-polarized conversion efficiencies approaching unity could be attainable by this approach.
C1 ETH Zurich, Inst Polymere, Dept Mat, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich
RP Weder, C (corresponding author), ETH Zurich, Inst Polymere, Dept Mat, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
NR 24
TC 229
Z9 252
U1 1
U2 59
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 19
PY 1998
VL 392
IS 6673
BP 261
EP 264
DI 10.1038/32616
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZC739
UT WOS:000072612300041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Briffa, KR
   Schweingruber, FH
   Jones, PD
   Osborn, TJ
   Shiyatov, SG
   Vaganov, EA
AF Briffa, KR
   Schweingruber, FH
   Jones, PD
   Osborn, TJ
   Shiyatov, SG
   Vaganov, EA
TI Reduced sensitivity of recent tree-growth to temperature at high northern latitudes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID maximum-latewood-density; ring-width; boreal forest; projections; america; alaska; canada; co2
AB Tree-ring chronologies that represent annual changes in the density of wood formed during the late summer can provide a proxy for local summertime air temperature(1). Here we undertake an examination of large-regional-scale wood-density/air-temperature relationships using measurements from hundreds of sites at high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere. When averaged over large areas of northern America and Eurasia, tree-ring density series display a strong coherence with summer temperature measurements averaged over the same areas, demonstrating the ability of this proxy to portray mean temperature changes over sub-continents and even the whole Northern Hemisphere. During the second half of the twentieth century, the decadal-scale trends in wood density and summer temperatures have increasingly diverged as wood density has progressively fallen. The cause of this increasing insensitivity of wood density to temperature changes is not known, but if it is not taken into account in dendroclimatic reconstructions, past temperatures could be overestimated. Moreover, the recent reduction in the response of trees to air-temperature changes would mean that estimates of future atmospheric CO2 concentrations, based on carbon-cycle models that are uniformly sensitive to high-latitude warming, could be too low.
C1 Univ E Anglia, Climat Res Unit, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England.
   Swiss Fed Inst Forest Snow & Landscape Res, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
   Russian Acad Sci, Inst Plant & Anim Ecol, Ural Branch, Ekaterinburg 620219, Russia.
   Russian Acad Sci, Inst Forest, Siberian Branch, Krasnoyarsk, Russia.
C3 University of East Anglia; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow & Landscape Research; Russian Academy of Sciences; Institute of Plant & Animal Ecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Russian Academy of Sciences; Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Krasnoyarsk Science Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Sukachev Institute of Forest, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences
RP Briffa, KR (corresponding author), Univ E Anglia, Climat Res Unit, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England.
EM k.briffa@uea.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 616
Z9 710
U1 6
U2 238
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 12
PY 1998
VL 391
IS 6668
BP 678
EP 682
DI 10.1038/35596
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA YW872
UT WOS:000071982500047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chen, RZ
   Pettersson, U
   Beard, C
   Jackson-Grusby, L
   Jaenisch, R
AF Chen, RZ
   Pettersson, U
   Beard, C
   Jackson-Grusby, L
   Jaenisch, R
TI DNA hypomethylation leads to elevated mutation rates
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID homologous recombination; v(d)j recombination; methylation; cells; mouse; methyltransferase; expression; gene
AB Genome-wide demethylation has been suggested to be a step in carcinogenesis(1). Evidence for this notion comes from the frequently observed global DNA hypomethylation in tumour cells(2), and from a recent study suggesting that defects in DNA methylation might contribute to the genomic instability of some colorecal tumour cell lines(3). DNA hypomethylation has also been associated with abnormal chromosomal structures, as observed in cells from patients with ICF (Immunodeficiency, Centromeric instability and Facial abnormalities) syndrome(4,5) and in cells treated with the demethylating agent 5-azadeoxycytidine(6). Here we report that murine embryonic stem cells nullizygous for the major DNA methyltransferase (Dnmt1) gene exhibited significantly elevated mutation rates at both the endogenous hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (Hprt) gene and an integrated viral thymidine kinase (tk) transgene. Gene deletions were the predominant mutations at both loci. The major cause of the observed tk deletions was either mitotic recombination or chromosomal loss accompanied by duplication of the remaining chromosome. Our results imply an important role for mammalian DNA methylation in maintaining genome stability.
C1 Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Jaenisch, R (corresponding author), Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, 9 Cambridge Ctr, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
NR 27
TC 753
Z9 883
U1 1
U2 32
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 3
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6697
BP 89
EP 93
DI 10.1038/25779
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 116JY
UT WOS:000075722200053
PM 9738504
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Varma, R
   Mayor, S
AF Varma, R
   Mayor, S
TI GPI-anchored proteins are organized in submicron domains at the cell surface
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID detergent insolubility; alkaline-phosphatase; cross-linking; mdck cells; cholesterol; caveolae; transport; membranes; receptor; folate
AB Lateral heterogeneities in the classical fluid-mosaic model of cell membranes are now envisaged as domains or 'rafts' that are enriched in (glyco)sphingolipids, cholesterol, specific membrane proteins and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins(1). These rafts dictate the sorting of associated proteins and/or provide sites for assembling cytoplasmic signalling molecules(2). However, there is no direct evidence that rafts exist in living cells(3,4). We have now measured the extent of energy transfer between isoforms of the folate receptor bound to a fluorescent analogue of folic acid, in terms of the dependence of fluorescence polarization on fluorophore densities in membranes(5). We find that the extent of energy transfer for the GPI-anchored folate-receptor isoform is density-independent, which is characteristic of organization in sub-pixel-sized domains at the surface of living cells; however, the extent of energy transfer for the transmembrane-anchored folate-receptor isoform was density-dependent, which is consistent with a random distribution. These domains are likely to be less than 70 nm in diameter and are disrupted by removal of cellular cholesterol. These results indicate that lipid-linked proteins are organized in cholesterol-dependent submicron-sized domains. Our methodology offers a new way of monitoring nanometre-scale association between molecules in living cells.
C1 Natl Ctr Biol Sci, TIFR Ctr, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India.
C3 Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR); National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS)
RP Mayor, S (corresponding author), Natl Ctr Biol Sci, TIFR Ctr, IISc Campus,POB 1234, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India.
NR 31
TC 1018
Z9 1143
U1 2
U2 101
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 20
PY 1998
VL 394
IS 6695
BP 798
EP 801
DI 10.1038/29563
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 112PR
UT WOS:000075503600050
PM 9723621
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brotherton, DH
   Dhanaraj, V
   Wick, S
   Brizuela, L
   Domaille, PJ
   Volyanik, E
   Xu, X
   Parisini, E
   Smith, BO
   Archer, SJ
   Serrano, M
   Brenner, SL
   Blundell, TL
   Laue, ED
AF Brotherton, DH
   Dhanaraj, V
   Wick, S
   Brizuela, L
   Domaille, PJ
   Volyanik, E
   Xu, X
   Parisini, E
   Smith, BO
   Archer, SJ
   Serrano, M
   Brenner, SL
   Blundell, TL
   Laue, ED
TI Crystal structure of the complex of the cyclin D dependent kinase Cdk6 bound to the cell-cycle inhibitor p19INK4d
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tgf-beta; protein; identification; phosphorylation; p15(ink4b); activation; p16(ink4); p27(kip1); melanoma; ankyrin
AB The crystal structure of the cyclin D-dependent kinase Cdk6 bound to the p19(INK4d) protein has been determined at 1.9 Angstrom resolution. The results provide the first structural Information for a cyclin D-dependent protein kinase and show how the INK4 family of CDK inhibitors bind. The structure indicates that the conformational changes Induced by p19(INK4d) Inhibit both productive binding of ATP and the cyclin-induced rearrangement of the kinase from an Inactive to an active conformation. The structure also shows how binding of an INK4 inhibitor would prevent binding of p27(Kip1), resulting In Its redistribution to other CDKs. identification of the critical residues involved in the Interaction explains how mutations in Cdk4 and p16(INK4a) result in loss of kinase inhibition and cancer.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Biochem, Cambridge Ctr Mol Recognit, Cambridge CB2 1GA, England.
   Mitotix Inc, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Dupont Merck Pharmaceut Co, Wilmington, DE 19880 USA.
   Ctr Nacl Biotecnol, Dept Immunol & Oncol, E-28049 Madrid, Spain.
C3 University of Cambridge; DuPont; DuPont USA; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia (CNB)
RP Laue, ED (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Biochem, Cambridge Ctr Mol Recognit, 80 Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge CB2 1GA, England.
EM e.d.laue@bioc.cam.ac.uk
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 49
TC 178
Z9 195
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 17
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6699
BP 244
EP 250
DI 10.1038/26164
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 120TZ
UT WOS:000075974600041
PM 9751051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shirazi, S
   Davies, IR
AF Shirazi, S
   Davies, IR
TI Electrochemical detection of nitrite and nitrate using a microreductor chamber
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB `Nitric oxide (NO) is quickly oxidized to nitrite and nitrate in aqueous and biological solutions, making direct measurement of this labile compound difficult, Quantitative analysis of nitrite and nitrate has been used extensively as an indirect measurement of endogenous production of NO in biological systems, The colorimetric reaction of nitrite with Griess reagent is probably the most commonly used technique for analysis of total nitrite and nitrate, This technique is useful for the measurement of basal NO production with a lower detection limit of 25 nM, yet is not suitable for kinetic studies and suffers from interference from free thiols, proteins and other plasma constituents(1,2). Furthermore, only a limited number of samples can be analysed at a time on a continuous basis because the development of the colour reaction may take 5 min or more. Here we report an electrochemical method of detection of nitrite and nitrate, which has several advantages over photometric analysis.
C1 World Precis Instruments, Astonbury Farm Business Ctr, Stevenage SG2 7EG, Herts, England.
   World Precis Instruments, Sarasota, FL 34240 USA.
RP Davies, IR (corresponding author), World Precis Instruments, Astonbury Farm Business Ctr, Stevenage SG2 7EG, Herts, England.
NR 2
TC 2
Z9 2
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 15
PY 1998
VL 0
IS 
BP 6
EP 6
DI 
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA ZE486
UT WOS:000072797700001
DA 2026-03-09
ER

